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Class Xi Physics

This document discusses scalar product (dot product) of vectors. It defines scalar product, explains that it is commutative, and gives expressions to find the angle between vectors and the projection of one vector onto another. It also defines work done by a force and mentions different types of work.

Uploaded by

honey1002
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
179 views16 pages

Class Xi Physics

This document discusses scalar product (dot product) of vectors. It defines scalar product, explains that it is commutative, and gives expressions to find the angle between vectors and the projection of one vector onto another. It also defines work done by a force and mentions different types of work.

Uploaded by

honey1002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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