Static Mechanical System

Section1:

Stress ,Shear force and bending moment:

consider a beam that is subject to load, as in Figure 1, is cut, then for maintaining equilibrium a
shear force (Q) and a bending moment (M) must be applied at each portion of the beam. The
magnitudes of shear force and bending moment is different with different the type of loading
along with the positions at which loads act on the beam and are also related to the stresses and
deflections induced in the beam.

Relationship between shear force and bending moment:

If a small piece(element) of a beam is subjected to a load w then the following relationship

holds:

d2M/dx2 = dF /dx = -W

Bending equation:

If a beam has two axes of symmetry in the xy plane then the following equation holds:

Mz/Iz = E/Rz =σ/y

where Mz is the bending moment,

Rz is the radius of curvature,

Iz the moment of inertia,

E the modulus of elasticity,

y the distance from the principal axis and

σ is the stress.
 Figure 1

Stress Distribution in simple supported beam:

We know that stresses at the principal axis are zero that increase toward the outer most fibers.
First of all we find the stresses at the outermost fibers of beam by applying the maximum
distance from principal axis in stress calculating formula. Then we draw the stress distribution
from value zero of stress at principal axis to the outer most fibers that have maximum value of
stresses. There are two face of outermost fibers (face below the principal axis and face above the
principal axis).One face has compressive stresses (inward direction) and other face has tensile
stresses (outward direction) depend on the moment (+ve or –ve).Stress distribution are shown in
fig:
 Figure 2

Standard rolled steel section for beams and columns

There are standard handbooks which provide the values of section modules for different section
beams. The mostly data and guidance are in British standard.

Beam
To select the correct size of beam for a particular task, the following steps should be in consideration

 If the selected beam is to thin it should buckle under applied loading

 `If the selected beam is to thick then there is a cost implication.
 In selecting beams, the modulus can be obtained by following formula

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑍= =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

 If the allowable stresses are the same for both tension and compression, then a cross-sectional
shape which has its neutral axis at the mid height of the beam selected
 To minimize the weight of a beam, abeam can be selected that has not only has the required
sectional modulus but also the smallest cross-sectional area and the smallest mass per unit length.

Columns
Columns are loaded by direct compressive stress

There are two mode of failures

 Kneeing
 Buckling

The critical buckling stress depends on the material the critical buckling stress depends on the material
concerned and how slender the column is. A concerned and how slender the column is. A measure of
slenderness used is known as the measure of slenderness used is known as the slenderness ratio.
 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

The effective L depends on how the beam is The effective L depends on how the beam is supported

 For a pin ended member Le = L

 Fixed ended member Le = 0.7 L
Shear stresses in circular Shafts

The simple torsion equation is written as

Shows shearing stress on different section of distance r from axis and following plan shown in
figure

Figure 4

The max value of shearing stress of solid circular shaft is calculated by

TORSION OF HOLLOW SHAFTS:

The torsion from the solid shaft of circular shaft is limit working stresses to the outer surface.
The torsion of hollow shaft is calculated with the same assumption of the solid shaft. So same
torsion is applied but used in eight reduction

.
 Dynamic Mechanical System:

Section 2:

Energy transfer in mechanical system

Many mechanical energy systems to transfer the energy from one point to another point the input
and output. Hydraulic system is considered as one of the mechanical system discussed. The
system is simple as single prime mover and automobile engine connected to a load wheel,
through gears and fluid coupling as shown in figure
 Figure 5

These systems receive energy from one type of input and convert it to another form of
energy. The most common types of energy are mechanical, fluid and thermo. Examples
of energy conversions are electrical to mechanical, a motor; mechanical to fluid, a pump.
Can you think of others?

Other forms of energy may be involved either as a source or an intermediate step,

chemical, nuclear, magnetic.
When the output of the energy conversion is mechanical energy, it is called a prime-mover. The
input and output of an energy converter can be defined in terms of two quantities of
power (HP,KW)

Gyroscopic effects:

Consider a rotor which spins about its geometric axis (Figure 2) with an angular velocity ω.
Then two forces F acting on the axle to form a torque T, whose vector is along the x axis, will
produce a rotation about the y axis. This is known as precession, and it has an angular velocity
Ω. It is also the case that if the rotor is precessed then a torque Twill be produced, where T is
given by

T = IXX ωΩ.

When this is observed it is the effect of gyroscopic reaction torque, which is in the opposite
direction to the gyroscopic torque.

Figure 6
Velocity and acceleration vectors diagram in planar mechanisms:

In order to determine the velocity and acceleration of a mechanism it is first to draw velocity and
acceleration vector diagrams.

Velocities:

If in a rigid link AB of length l the end A is moving with a different velocity to the end B, then
the velocity of A relative to B is in a direction perpendicular to AB (Figure 3). When a block
slides on a rotating link the velocity is made up of two components, one being the velocity of the
block relative to the link and the other the velocity of the link.

Accelerations:

If the link has an angular acceleration α then there will be two components of acceleration in the
diagram, a tangential component αl and a centripetal component of magnitude ω2 l acting
towards A. The total acceleration is composed of four parts: first; the centripetal acceleration
towards O of magnitude ω2 l; second, the tangential acceleration αl; third, the acceleration of the
block relative to the link; fourth, a tangential acceleration of magnitude 2vω known as Coriolis
acceleration. The direction of Coriolis acceleration is determined by rotating the sliding velocity
vector through 90o in the direction of the link angular velocity ω.
Figure 7
 Mechanical Power Transmission System

Section 3:

SCREW THREAD

A screw thread or thread composed of the helical structure used for convert linear movements
or force and rotational movement. Screw thread is form of helix in the cone or cylinder with
made the straight or tapered thread.

LEAD SCREW

A lead screw is used in the machine for making linear motion from the motor. In the lead
thread the energy loses in the form of the friction because the contact area of the male and
female portion is very large. They are not used in the high power transmission. It only used in
the lower power or position mechanism.

Figure 8
SCREW JACKS
A screw jack is simple made of the lead screw with heavy vertical screw and load is chamber on
the upper portion with stationary supported frame resisting on the ground. There is hole with
handle for metal bar for the rotating collar.

The effort for distance movement

𝑋𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑅
Where R is effort is applied in the radius. The distance change by load
XL= pitch = p
The Velocity Ratiois
𝑉. 𝑅. = 𝑋𝐸 + 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑅/𝑃

Figure: 9

Distance change in force XE = 2πR

Where R radius of force.
Distance changed by effort XL= P= pitch
Compound gear velocity ratio torque system

Compound gear in chain of gear train in which second is used as input and first and third is used
as output. Figure showing the chain of gear. Gear B is output and C is input in second pair. Gear
B and C same shaft locked and move with same speed.

Figure 10
The velocity of each tooth on first and second is the same
Conditions for constant velocity ratio within joined shafts:

Suppose there is universal joint between shaft then for constant velocity ratio.

1. Yokes must be placed in the same plane at both end of the shaft.

2. Drive angle of each coupling shafts should be equal to each other.

Figure 11
 Velocity ratio =ωB /ωA =cosɸ/1-cos2α*sin2ɸ

Where,

ωA ,ωB =Angular velocities of shafts.

ɸ=Drive Angle with horizontal axis.

Figure 12