ECE 308 -10

Z Transform

Z. Aliyazicioglu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Cal Poly Pomona

Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems

• Z-transform is an alternative representation of a discrete

signal.
• Z-Transform is important in the analysis and characterization
of LTI systems
• Z-Transform play the same role in the analysis of discrete
time signal and LTI systems as Laplace transform does in
the analysis of continuous time signal and LTI systems.
• Z-transform provides us with a mean of characterizing an LTI
system and its response to various signals by its pole-zero
locations.

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
The direct Z-Transform

• The z-transform of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as

∞
X ( z) = ∑ x ( n) z
n =−∞
−n
The direct z-transform

where z is complex variable. z = re jθ

The inverse procedure is called inverse z-transform. So
relationship can give as
z
x ( n) ↔ X ( z )

We also denote the z-transform as X ( z ) ≡ Z [ x ( n) ]

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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it is exists only
for the series convergence. The region of convergence (ROC) of
X(z) is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite
value.

Example x ( n ) = {1, 2,5,7,0,1} Sequence

↑

Z-transform X ( z ) = 1 + 2 z −1 + 5 z −2 + 7 z −3 + z −5 ROC : z ≠ 0

z k (k > 0) becomes unbounded for z=∞

z − k ( k > 0) becomes unbounded for z=0
In many cases , we can express the sum of the finite or infinite
series for z-transform in a closed-form expression.

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
In many cases , we can express the sum of the finite or infinite
series for z-transform in a closed-form expression.
n
Example: 1 Find the z-transform
x ( n) =   u ( n)
2
 1  1   1   1  
2 3 4

x(n) = 1, ,   ,   ,   ,...

 2      
2 2 2 
2 3 4
1 −1  1  −2  1  −3  1  −4
X ( z) = 1 + z +   z +   z +   z + ...
2 2 2 2
∞ ∞ n n
1 1 
X ( z ) = ∑   z − n = ∑  z −1 
n =0  2  n=0  2  Z-transform

1 −1 1 1
If z < 1 or z > X ( z) =
1 −1 ROC: 1
2 2 1− z z >
2 2
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Reminder,
1
1 + A + A2 + A3 + .... = if A < 1
1− A

The complex variable z can be written in polar form as

z = re jθ
The X(z) can be expressed as
∞
X ( z) z = re jθ
= ∑ x( n) r
n =−∞
− n − jθ n
e

∞ ∞
X ( z) = ∑ x ( n) r
n =−∞
− n − jθ n
e ≤
n=−∞
∑ x ( n) r − n < ∞
−1 ∞ ∞ ∞
x ( n) x ( n)
≤ ∑
n =−∞
x ( n) r − n + ∑
n =0 r n
= ∑ x ( − n) r n + ∑ n
n =1 n =0 r

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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of LTI
Systems

In the first sum, there must be exist values of r small enough so

that x(− n)r n is absolutely summable.

In the second sum, there must exist values of r large enough so

that x(n) / r n is absolutely summable.

Since the convergence of X(z) requires that both sums, the ROC
of X(z) is specified the common region where the both sum are
finite.

If there is no common region , then X(z) does not exist.

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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Example.1:
α n n ≥ 0 Find z-transform of x(n)
x (n) = α u (n) = 
n

0 n < 0
Im(z)
∞ ∞
X ( z ) = ∑α n z − n = ∑ (α z −1 ) n |α| Re(z)
n =0 n =0

if α z −1 < 1 the power series is

1
X ( z) = z >α
1 − α z −1 ROC:

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Example.1: Find z-transform of x(n)

 0 n≥0
x(n) = −α nu (− n − 1) =  n
−α n ≤ −1 Im(z)

−1 ∞
|α| Re(z)
X ( z) = ∑ (−α n ) z − n = −∑ (α −1 z )m
n =−∞ m=1

if α z
−1
< 1 the power series is

α −1 z 1 ROC: z <α
X ( z) = − =
1 − α −1 z 1 − α z −1

1
Z-transform is Z {α nu (n)} = Z {−α nu (−n − 1)} =
1 − α z −1
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Example.1: Im(z)
Find z-transform of x(n)
|b|

x( n) = α n u ( n) + b n u (− n − 1) |α|
Re(z)

ROC for X(z)

∞ −1 ∞ ∞
X ( z ) = ∑ (α ) z n −n
+ ∑b z n −n
= ∑ (α z ) + ∑ (b z )
−1 n −1 m

n =0 n =−∞ n =0 m =1

From the first power series if α z < 1 or z > α and from the
−1

second power series if b z < 1 or z < b , then

−1

We have two cases:

b < α There is no common region, X(z) does not exist.
b > α There is common region, which is , Then we obtain

1 1 b −α
X ( z) = − = ROC α < z < b
1−α z −1
1 − b z α + b − z − α bz −1
−1

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Signal X(n) z-transform X(z) ROC

δ ( n) 1 All z
1
u ( n) z >1
1 − z −1

1
a n u ( n) z >a
1 − az −1
az −1
na n u ( n) z >a
(1 − az −1 ) 2

− a nu ( − n − 1) 1
z <a
1 − az −1
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
The direct Z-Transform
∞
X ( z) = ∑ x ( n) z
n =−∞
−n
z = re jθ

The inverse procedure is called inverse z-transform. So

relationship can give as
z
x ( n) ↔ X ( z )
Im
Example: x ( n ) = ( 0.5) u ( n )
n

∞ ∞ 0.5
X ( z ) = ∑ ( 0.5) z − n = ∑ ( 0.5z −1 )
n n Re
n =0 n =0

1
Z-transform X ( z) = ROC: z > 0.5
1 − 0.5 z −1

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Example.2: Find z-transform of x(n)

 0 n≥0
x ( n ) = −0.5n u ( −n − 1) =  Im(z)
 −0.5 n ≤ −1
n

−1 ∞ 0.5 Re(z)
X ( z) = ∑ ( −0.5n ) z − n = −∑ (0.5−1 z )m
n =−∞ m =1

−1
if 0.5z < 1 the power series is

0.5−1 z 1 ROC: z < 0.5

X ( z) = − =
1 − 0.5−1 z 1 − 0.5z −1

1
Z-transform is Z {α nu (n)} = Z {−α nu (−n − 1)} =
1 − α z −1
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Example.3: Im(z)
Find z-transform of x(n)
|b|

x( n) = α n u ( n) + b n u (− n − 1) |α|
Re(z)

ROC for X(z)

∞ −1 ∞ ∞
X ( z ) = ∑ (α ) z n −n
+ ∑b z n −n
= ∑ (α z ) + ∑ (b z )
−1 n −1 m

n =0 n =−∞ n =0 m =1

From the first power series if α z < 1 or z > α and from the
−1

second power series if b z < 1 or z < b , then

−1

We have two cases:

b < α There is no common region, X(z) does not exist.
b > α There is common region, which is , Then we obtain

1 1 b −α
X ( z) = − = ROC α < z <b
1−α z −1
1 − b z α + b − z − α bz −1
−1

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
The Inverse z-Transform:
x(n) can be obtain from X(z) using the Cauchy integral theorem.
Multiplying both side z n-1 and integral both sides over a closed
contour with in ROC of X(z) which encloses the origin.
∞

v∫C
X ( z ) z n−1dz = v∫
C
∑ x(k ) z
k =−∞
n −1− k
dz
∞

v∫ X ( z ) z n−1dz = ∑ x(k ) v∫ z n−1−k dz

C C
k =−∞

The Cauchy integral theorem, which states that

1 1 k = n
2π j v∫
z n−1−k dz = 
C
0 k ≠ n
Applying this the previous equation, we have inversion formula
1
2π j v∫ C
x( n) = X ( z ) z n−1dz
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform
z z
Linearity: If x1 (n) ↔ X 1 ( z ) And x2 (n) ↔ X 2 ( z )
z
Then x(n) = a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n) ↔ a1 X 1 ( z ) + a2 X 2 ( z )

Example: x(n) = 3(2n ) − 4(3n )  u (n)

x1 (n) = 2n u (n) x2 (n) = 3n u (n) x(n) = 3x1 (n) − 4 x2 (n)

Its z-transform: X ( z) = 3 X1 ( z) − 4 X 2 ( z)
z 1
α n u ( n) ↔ ROC: z >α
1 − α z −1
The intersection of the ROC of X1(z) and X2(z) is |z|.3
3 4
X ( z) = − ROC: z >3
1 − 2 z −1 1 − 3 z −1
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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform
z
Time Shifting If x(n ) ↔ X ( z )
z
Then x(n − k ) ↔ z − k X ( z )
,
ROC: same as X(z) accept for |z|=0 if k>0 and |z|=∞ if k<0

Example: x1 (n ) = {1, 2,5,7,0,1}

↑

−1 −2 −3
Its z-transform: X 1 ( z ) = 1 + 2 z + 5 z + 7 z + z
−5
ROC: z ≠0

x2 (n) = x1 (n + 2)
X 2 ( z ) = z 2 + 2 z1 + 5 + 7 z −1 + z −3 ROC: z ≠∞ z ≠0

x2 (n) = x1 (n − 2)
X 3 ( z ) = z −2 + 2 z −3 + 5 z −4 + 7 z −5 + z −7 ROC: z ≠0
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform
z
Scaling in the z-domain If x (n ) ↔ X ( z ) ROC: r1 < z < r2
z
Then a n x(n) ↔ X (a −1 z ) ROC: a r1 < z < a r2
for any constant a, real or complex
Example: x(n) = a n (cos ω 0 n)u (n)
z 1 − z −1 cos ω 0
( cosω0 n ) u (n) ↔ ROC: z >1
1 − 2 z −1 cos ω 0 + z −2

1 − az −1 cos ω 0
Its z-transform: X ( z) =
1 − 2az −1 cos ω 0 + a 2 z −2
ROC: z >a

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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform
z
Time reversal If x (n ) ↔ X ( z ) ROC: r1 < z < r2

z 1 1
Then x(−n) ↔ X ( z −1 ) ROC: < z <
r1 r2

Example: x ( n) = u ( − n)
z 1
u ( n) ↔ ROC: z >1
1 − z −1

z 1
z-transform: u ( − n) ↔ ROC: z <1
1− z
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform
z
Differentiation in the z-domain If x (n ) ↔ X ( z ) ROC: r1 < z < r2
z dX ( z )
Then nx ( n) ↔ − z ROC: r1 < z < r2
dz

Example: x( n) = na n u (n)
z 1
a n u ( n) ↔
1 − az −1 ROC: z > a
z-transform:

z d  1  az −1
na nu (n) ↔ X ( z ) = − z   = z > a
dz  1 − az −1  (1 − az −1 )2 ROC:
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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform

Convolution of two sequences If

z z
x1 (n) ↔ X 1 ( z ) and x2 (n) ↔ X 2 ( z )
z
Then x (n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n) ↔ X ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )

ROC: is the intersection of X1(z) and X2(z) and

Example: x1 (n) = {1, −2,1} 1 0≤n≤5

x2 ( n) = 
0 elsewhere
X 1 ( z ) = 1 − 2 z −1 + z −2 X 2 ( z ) = 1 + z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + z −4 + z −5
z-transform:

X ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z ) = 1 − z −1 − z −6 + z −7 ROC: z ≠0
x ( n) = {1, −1,0,0,0,0, −1,1}
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Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of

LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform

Correlation of two sequences:

z z
x1 (n) ↔ X 1 ( z ) and x2 (n) ↔ X 2 ( z )
∞ z
Then rx1x2 (l ) = ∑ x ( n) x ( n − l )
n=−∞
1 2 ↔ Rx1x2 ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z −1 )

Example: The autocorrelation of signal

x ( n) = a n u ( n) − 1 < a < 1

1 1 1
X ( z) = ROC: z >a X ( z −1 ) = ROC: z >
1 − az −1 1 − az a

1 1 1
Rx1x1 ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 1 ( z −1 ) Rx1x1 ( z ) = =
1 − az −1 1 − az 1 − a ( z + z −1 ) + a 2
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 Z Transform and Its Application to the Analysis of
LTI Systems
Properties of z-Transform

The initial Value Theorem:

If x(n) is causal (x(n)=0 for n<0 )

x(0) = lim X ( z )
z →∞

Example:

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