UNIT III

ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 Discrete Time Fourier Transform
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform of a discrete line signal x(n) is expressed as

DTFT is periodic units period . So any interval of length is sufficient for the complete
specification of the spectrum. Generally, we draw the spectrum in the fundamental
internal
Linearity property of DTFT

If

According to definition of DTFT

Comparing each summation term with definition of DTFT then we can write

Problems

1. x(n) = δ(n)

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 2. x(n) = ejΩn

3. x(n) = (3/4)n u(n)

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE
 Properties of DTFT

Convolution Property

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

Multiplication Property

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 Z- Transformation
The Z-transform of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as the power series

where z is a complex variable. The Z-transform of a signal x(n) is denoted by

whereas the relationship between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by

The z-transform is a infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which this series
converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all s values ofz for which X(z)
attains a finite value. Thus any time we cite a z-transform. We should also indicate its ROC.
What is Region of convergence?
Ans. The z-transform is an infinite power series; it exists only for those values of z for which the
series converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of X (z) is set of all values of z for which X
(z) attains a finite value. The ROC of a finite duration signal is the entire z-plane, except possibly
the point . These points are excluded because z-n (when n > 0) becomes
unbounded for z =∞ and zn (when n > 0) becomes unbounded for z = 0.

What is the relationship between Z transform and the Discrete Fourier transform?
Ans. Let us consider a sequence x(n) having z-transform with ROC that includes the

unit circle. If X(z) is sampled at the N equally spaced points on the unit circle. If X(z) is sampled
at N equally spaced pomts on the unit circle.

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

We obtain

Expression is (2) identical to the Fourier transform X(w) evaluated at the N. equally spaced.
Frequencies

If the sequence x(n) has a finite duration of length N or less, the sequence can be recovered from
its N-point DFT. Hence its Z-transform is uniquely determined by its N-point DFI’.
Consequently, X(z) can be expressed as a function of the DFT {X(k)} as follows

When evaluated on the unit circle (3) yields the Fourier transform of the finite duration
sequence in terms of its DFT in the form:

This expression for Fourier transform is a polynomial interpolation formula for X(w)expressed in
terms of the, values {x(k)) of the polynomial at a set of equally spaced discrete frequencies

What is the application’s of z-transform?

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 Ans. 1. z-transform is an important tool in the analysis of signals and linear time invarient
systems.
2. It is used for the analysis of discrete time systems in frequency domain which in generally
more efficient than time domain analysis.
3. It is used for filtering process.
4. Causality of discrete time LTL system.
5. Stability of discrete time LTI system.
6. Determination of poles and zeros of rational z-transform.
Properties of the z transform

 Linearity:
Z{afn+ bgn} = aF(z) + bG(z) and ROC is Rf¿ Rg which follows from definition of z-
transform.
 Time Shifting

If we have f [ n ] ⇔ F ( z ) then
f [ n−n 0 ] ⇔ z
−n 0
F(z)

The ROC of Y(z) is the same as F(z) except that there are possible pole additions or deletions at z
= 0 or z = .
Proof:
y [ n ] =f [ n−n 0 ]
Let then
∞
Y ( z )= ∑ f [ n−n0 ] z−n
n=−∞

Assume k = n- n0 then n=k+n0, substituting in the above equation we have:

∞
−k−n0 −n
Y ( z )= ∑ f [k ] z =z 0 F [ z ]
k=−∞

 Multiplication by an Exponential Sequence

Let
y [ n ] =z n0 f [ n ] then
Y ( z )=X
( ) z
z0
Proof:

() ()
∞ ∞ −n
z z
Y ( z )= ∑ z n0 x [ n ] z−n = ∑ x [ n]
z0
=X
z0
n=−∞ n=−∞

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

The consequence is pole and zero locations are scaled by z0. If the ROC of X(z) is rR<|z|<rL,
then the ROC of Y(z) isrR< |z/z0| <rL, i.e., |z0|rR < |z| < |z0|rL

 Differentiation of X(z)
If we have f [ n ] ⇔ F ( z ) then
dF ( z )
nf [ n ] ⃗z − z
z and ROC = Rf
Proof:
∞
F ( z )= ∑ f [ n ] z−n
n=−∞
∞ ∞
dF ( z )
−z =− z ∑ −n f [ n ] z = ∑ −n f [ n ] z−n
−n−1
dz n=−∞ n=−∞
dF ( z ) ⃗
−z z nf [ n ]
dz
 Conjugation of a Complex Sequence

If we have f [n ] ⇔ F ( z )
¿ ¿ ¿
then
f [ n ] ⃗
z F ( z ) and ROC = R f

 Time Reversal
If we have f [ n ] ⇔ F ( z ) then

f ¿ [ −n ] ⃗z F ¿ ( 1/ z ¿ )
A comprehensive summery for the z-transform properties is shown in Table

TABLE SUMMERY OF Z-TRANSFORM PROPERTIES

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 Problems on Z Transforms
1. Example 1
.
The X (z) is finite for all values of because

The ROC is entire z-.plane.

2. Example 2 unit step sequence u(n):

x ( nT )= { 1
0
n≥0
n< 0
Solution:
X ( z )=x (0)+x (T ) z−1 +⋯
=1+z−1 +z −2 +⋯
1
=
1−z −1
3. Example 3 :
x (nT )=e−αt|t=nT =e−α nT =(e−αT )n (α>0)
=k n (k=eαT )
Solution:

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 X (z )=x (0 )+x (T ) z−1 +x (2T ) z−2 +⋯
=1+kz−1 +k 2 z−2 +⋯
=1+(k−1 z)−1 +(k −1 z )−2 +⋯
δ=k−1 z
−1 −2
= 1+δ +δ +⋯
=
1
−1
=
1
−1
(|k−1 z|−1<1⇒ ¿ ) ¿ ¿¿
1−δ 1−kz
1
¿
⇒ X ( z)= −αT −1
1−e z
4. Example Find the z transform of 3n + 2 × 3n.
SolutionFrom the linearity property Z{3n + 2 × 3n} = 3Z{n} + 2Z{3n}
z
Z {n }= 2 Z { 3 n}=
z
( z −1 ) and ( z −3 )
(rnwith r = 3). Therefore
3z 2z
+
2 ( z−3 )
Z{3n + 2 × 3n}= ( z−1 )
5. Example :Find the z-transform of each of the following sequences:
(a) x(n)= 2nu(n)+3(½)nu(n)
(b) x(n)=cos(n 0)u(n).
Solution:
(a) Because x(n) is a sum of two sequences of the form  nu(n), using the linearity property
of the z-transform, and referring to Table 1, the z-transform pair
13 −1
z 4−
1 3 2
X ( z )= + =
1−2 z−1 1− 1 z −1
2
1
( 1−2 z ) 1− z −1
2 ( )
(b) For this sequence we write
x(n) = cos(n 0) u(n) = ½(ejn 0 + e -jn 0) u(n)
Therefore, the z-transform is
1 1 1 1
X ( z )= +
2 1−e 0 z−1 2 1−e jn ω0 z−1
jnω −

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 with a region of convergence |z| >1. Combining the two terms together, we
have
1−( cos ω 0 ) z−1
X ( z )=
1−2 ( cos ω0 ) z−1 + z−2

6. Example Find z transform of

Ans. We have standard z-transform pair.

7. Example Determine to z-transform of the following signal

Ans.

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

Z Transform of some important functions

1 1
2

6 n

10

11

12

13

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE
 The Inverse z-Transform

The z-transform is a useful tool in linear systems analysis. However, just as important as
techniques for finding the z-transform of a sequence are methods that may be used to invert the
z-transform and recover the sequencex(n)from X(z). Three possible approaches are described
below.
What are the various methods to find out inverse z transform?
Ans. (a) Cauchy Rihemen’s theorem
(b) Long division method.
(c) Partial function.

I. Partial Fraction Expansion

Example 1 :Suppose that a sequence x(n)has a z-transform

Solution:
With a region of convergence |z|>½ . Because p = q = 2, and the two poles are simple, the partial
fraction expansion has the form

The constant C is found by long division:

Therefore, C = 2 and we may write X(z) as follows:

Next, for the coefficients A1and A2we have

and

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

Thus, the complete partial fraction expansion becomes

Finally, because the region of convergence is the exterior of the circle |z| > 1, x(n) is the right-
sided sequence

II. Power Series

The z-transform is a power series expansion,

where the sequence values x(n)are the coefficients of z -n in the expansion. Therefore, if we can
find the power series expansion for X(z), the sequence values x(n)may be found by simply
picking off the coefficients of z –n.
Example 2 : Consider the z-transform

Solution:
The power series expansion of this function is

Therefore, the sequence x(n) having this z-transform is

III. Contour Integration

Another approach that may be used to find the inverse z-transform of X(z) is to use
contour integration. This procedure relies on Cauchy's integral theorem, which states that if C is
a closed contour that encircles the origin in a counterclockwise direction,

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

With

Cauchy's integral theorem may be used to show that the coefficients x(n) may be found from X(z)
as follows:

whereCis a closed contour within the region of convergence of X(z) that encircles the origin in a
counterclockwise direction. Contour integrals of this form may often by evaluated with the help
of Cauchy's residue theorem,

If X(z) is a rational function of z with a first-order pole at z =  k,

Contour integration is particularly useful if only a few values of x(n) are needed.
Example 3:
Find the inverse of each of the following z-transforms:

Solution:
a) Because X(z) is a finite-order polynomial, x(n) is a finite-length sequence. Therefore, x(n)
is the coefficient that multiplies z-1 in X(z). Thus, x(0) = 4 and x(2) = x(-2) = 3.
b) This z-transform is a sum of two first-order rational functions of z. Because the region of
convergence of X(z) is the exterior of a circle, x(n) is a right-sided sequence. Using the z-
transform pair for a right-sided exponential, we may invert X(z) easily as follows:

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

 c) Here we have a rational function of z with a denominator that is a quadratic in z. Before
we can find the inverse z-transform, we need to factor the denominator and perform a
partial fraction expansion:

Because x(n) is right-sided, the inverse z-transform is

d) One way to invert this z-transform is to perform a partial fraction expansion. With

the constants A, B1, and B2are as follows:

Inverse transforming each term, we have

Example 4 Find the inverse z-transform of the second-order system

Here we have a second-order pole at z = ½. The partial fraction expansion for X(z) is

The constant A1 is

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

and the constant A2 is

Therefore,

and

Example 5 Find the inverse z-transform of X(z) = sin z.

Solution
To find the inverse z-transform of X(z) = sin z, we expand X(z) in a Taylor series about z = 0 as
follows:

Because

we may associate the coefficients in the Taylor series expansion with the sequence values x(n).
Thus, we have

Example 6: Evaluate the following integral:

where the contour of integration C is the unit circle.

Solution:

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE

Recall that for a sequence x(n) that has a z-transform X(z), the sequence may be recovered using
contour integration as follows:

Therefore, the integral that is to be evaluated corresponds to the value of the sequence x(n) at n =
4 that has a z-transform

Thus, we may find x(n) using a partial fraction expansion of X(z) and then evaluate the sequence
at n = 4. With this approach, however, we are finding the values of x(n) for all n. Alternatively,
we could perform long division and divide the numerator of X(z) by the denominator.
The coefficient multiplying z-4 would then be the value of x(n) at n = 4, and the value of the
integral. However, because we are only interested in the value of the sequence at n = 4, the
easiest approach is to evaluate the integral directly using the Cauchy integral theorem.
The value of the integral is equal to the sum of the residues of the poles of X(z)z3 inside the unit
circle. Because

has poles at z =1/2 and z =2/3,

and
Therefore, we have

EC T43-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ECE