DEBOTTAM GUHA

ECE
BATCH –(X)
ROLL-1030
ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
 TUNE

 A tuner is an equipment which detects radio-frequency signals usually of low

amplitudes ,amplifies them and converts them into a form suitable for further
processing. A radio tuner receives radio broadcasts and converts them into audio-
frequency signals which can be fed into an amplifier driving a loudspeaker. FM tuner,
AM tuner, DAB tuner, etc. are types of radio tuner dealing with transmissions using
different methods of modulation. The term tuner is used both for part of a radio receiver
which also contains an amplifier section and for a boxed piece of equipment to be
connected to a separate amplifier.

The simple tuner consists of a circuit in which an inductor and a capacitor are connected in
parallel. The capacitor is usually made to be variable (although the inductor can made variable it
requires a more complex mechanism and is rarely used). This creates a resonant circuit which
responds to an alternating current of one frequency. In general, radio makers will use a rule of
thumb of 1.5 picofarads per metre wavelength. Common inductance values are 4.1 milliHenries
for long wave, 370 microHenries for medium, and 130 nanoHenries for VHF (FM) between 88
and 108 MHz. In a superheterodyne radio the capacitor that tunes the "tank" will be ganged with
another; this alters the local oscillator to provide a constant intermediate frequency.

 A television tuner converts an RF television transmission into audio and video signals
which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture. Different tuners are used
for different television standards such as PAL, NTSC, ATSC, SECAM, DVB-C, DVB-T,
T-DMB, open cable. For example, as the United States switches off its NTSC analog
television services in 2009, ATSC tuners will be used to convert existing analog receivers
for over-the-air reception.

•
 LC CIRCUIT OR TANK CIRCUIT

An LC circuit is a resonant circuit or tuned circuit that consists of an inductor, represented by

the letter L, and a capacitor, represented by the letter C. When connected together, an electric
current can alternate between them at the circuit's resonant frequency.

LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal
at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. They are key components in many
applications such as oscillators, filters, tuners and frequency mixers. An LC circuit is an
idealized model since it assumes there is no dissipation of energy due to resistance. For a model
incorporating resistance see RLC circuit.

An LC circuit can store electrical energy vibrating at its resonant frequency. A capacitor stores
energy in the electric field between its plates, depending on the voltage across it, and an inductor
stores energy in its magnetic field, depending on the current through it. If a charged capacitor is
connected across an inductor, charge will start to flow through the inductor, building up a
magnetic field around it, and reducing the voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the charge on
the capacitor will be gone. However, the current will continue, because inductors resist changes
in current, and energy will be extracted from the magnetic field to keep it flowing. The current
will begin to charge the capacitor with a voltage of opposite polarity to its original charge. When
the magnetic field is completely dissipated the current will stop and the charge will again be
stored in the capacitor (with the opposite polarity) and the cycle will begin again, with the
current in the opposite direction.

The charge flows back and forth between the plates of the capacitor, through the inductor. The
energy oscillates back and forth between the capacitor and the inductor until (if not replenished
by power from an external circuit) internal resistance makes the oscillations die out. Its action,
known mathematically as a harmonic oscillator, is similar to a pendulum swinging back and
forth, or water sloshing back and forth in a tank. For this reason the circuit is also called a tank
circuit. The oscillations can be very fast, typically hundreds to billions of times per second.
 RESONANCE EFFECT

The resonance effect occurs when inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in absolute
value. (Notice that the LC circuit does not, by itself, resonate. The word resonance refers to a
class of phenomena in which a small driving perturbation gives rise to a large effect in the
system. The LC circuit must be driven, for example by an AC power supply, for resonance to
occur (below).) The frequency at which this equality holds for the particular circuit is called the
resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the LC circuit is

where L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads. The angular frequency
has units of radians per second.

The equivalent frequency in units of hertz is

LC circuits are often used as filters; the L/C ratio determines their "Q" and so selectivity. For a
series resonant circuit, the higher the inductance and the lower the capacitance, the narrower the
filter bandwidth. For a parallel resonant circuit the opposite applies. Positive feedback around the
tuned circuit ("regeneration") can also increase selectivity (see Q multiplier and Regenerative
circuit).

Stagger tuning can provide an acceptably wide audio bandwidth, yet good selectivity.
 SERIES LC CIRCUIT
Resonance

Here R, L, and C are in series in an ac circuit. Inductive reactance magnitude ( ) increases as

frequency increases while capacitive reactance magnitude ( ) decreases with increase in
frequency. At a particular frequency these two reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in
sign. The frequency at which this happens is the resonant frequency ( ) for the given circuit.

Hence, at  :

Converting angular frequency into hertz we get

Here f is the resonant frequency. Then rearranging,

In a series ac circuit, XC leads by 90 degrees while XL lags by 90. Therefore, they cancel each
other out. The only opposition to a current is coil resistance. Hence in series resonance the
current is maximum at resonant frequency.

 At , current is maximum. Circuit impedance is minimum. In this state a circuit is called an

acceptor circuit.
 Below , . Hence circuit is capacitive.
 Above , . Hence circuit is inductive.

Impedance

First consider the impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of
the inductive and capacitive impedances:
 Z = ZL + ZC

By writing the inductive impedance as ZL = jωL and capacitive impedance as and

substituting we have

Writing this expression under a common denominator gives

Note that the numerator implies if ω2LC = 1 the total impedance Z will be zero and otherwise
non-zero. Therefore the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as
a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.

PARALLEL LC CIRCUIT

Resonance

Here a coil (L) and capacitor (C) are connected in parallel with an ac power supply. Let R be the
internal resistance of the coil. When XL equals XC, the reactive branch currents are equal and
opposite. Hence they cancel out each other to give minimum current in the main line. Since total
current is minimum, in this state the total impedance is maximum.

Resonant frequency given by: .

Note that any reactive branch current is not minimum at resonance, but each is given separately
by dividing source voltage (V) by reactance (Z). Hence I=V/Z, as per Ohm's law.

 At fr,line current is minimum. Total impedance is maximum. In this state cct is called rejector
circuit.
 Below fr, circuit is inductive.
  Above fr,circuit is capacitive.

[edit] Impedance

The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given
by:

and after substitution of ZL and ZC and simplification, gives

Note that but for all other values of ω2LC the impedance is finite (and
therefore less than infinity). Hence the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter
having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.
 APPLICATIONS OF RESONANCE EFFECT
1. Most common application is tuning. For example, when we tune a radio to a particular
station, the LC circuits are set at resonance for that particular carrier frequency.
2. A series resonant circuit provides voltage magnification.
3. A parallel resonant circuit provides current magnification.
4. A parallel resonant circuit can be used as load impedance in output circuits of RF
amplifiers. Due to high impedance, the gain of amplifier is maximum at resonant
frequency.
5. A parallel resonant circuit can be used in induction heating.
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AMPLIFIER

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