International Journal of Language and Linguistics

2015; 3(5-1): 1-9

Published online April 29, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijll)
doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.s.2015030501.11
ISSN: 2330-0205 (Print); ISSN: 2330-0221 (Online)

Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last

Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Mehwish Noor1, *, Moazzam Ali1, Fakharh Muhabat1, Bahram Kazemian2
1
Department of English, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
2
Department of English, College of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Email addresses:
noorlinguist@gmail.com (M. Noor), m_linguist@yhoo.com (M. Ali), bahram_kazemian@yahoo.com (B. Kazemian),
biyakhan38@yahoo.com (F. Muhabat)

To cite this article:

Mehwish Noor, Moazzam Ali, Fakharh Muhabat, Bahram Kazemian. Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH). International Journal of Language and Linguistics. Special Issue: Critical Discourse Analysis, Rhetoric, and
Grammatical Metaphor in Political and Advertisement Discourses. Vol. 3, No. 5-1, 2015, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.ijll.s.2015030501.11

Abstract: The study highlights the functional and semantic properties of the last address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The
study is based upon Halliday’s (1985) SFL Mood analysis. The data obtained from the last address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
are analyzed in tables. The analysis of 56 clauses reveals that 32 are declarative, 22 are imperative; whereas, only one is
interrogative clause. A brief discussion explains the functional structural meanings based on clausal Mood classification. The
study of the religious text discusses interpersonal metafunction of language. It highlights the power relations of the participants.
The study fills the gap of SFL based linguistic study of the religious texts. The research shall act as a torch light for young
researchers for further investigation in this regard.
Keywords: SFL Mood Analysis, the Holy Prophet (PBUH), Religious Sermon, Metasunctions, Interpersonal Metaphor

the argument of the clause whereas Adjunct determines the

1. Introduction location, time, place and manner of the events. Polarity is
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SLF) is an effective way another element of Mood Block. It can be negative or positive
to analyze language on semiotic terms. The chief proponent of which expresses the aspect of the clause (White, 2000).
this approach is M. A. K. Halliday (Costetchi, 2013). It is The sequence of Subject and Finite determines the speech
based on non-transformation generative grammar which roles that a clause indicates. Subject^ Finite (^= followed by),
classifies words according to their roles within the structure for instance, shows Declarative Mood. Finite^ Subject, on the
(Moji, 2011). It focuses on the functions of language with contrary, signals Interrogative Mood.
reference to different contexts. It offers applied orientations to SFL provides an active approach to analyze language. The
linguistics’ study (Christi & Unsworth, 2000). Choice of study focuses on Mood analysis (in tabulated forms) of the last
words is, actually, meaning in the principle of Functional Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The study paves the
grammar. This principle focuses on the functions that words path for future researchers to understand and analyze religious
perform and the meaning determined by the choice of these text with reference to their religious and social context.
words (Ye, 2010). 1.1. Theoretical Framework
The constituents of Mood analysis describe interpersonal
metafunction of language. Mood and Residue are two main The study is based on Hallidyan (1994) SFL Mood analysis
elements of the analysis. The Mood element comprises in tabular orientation. The last address of the Holy Prophet
Subject and Finite sub-elements whereas Predicator, (PBUH) has been selected as a sample of the study. This
Complement and Adjunct are sub-elements of Residue. sermon enjoys a universal and transcendental appeal. It needs
Subject (the nominal group) determines the Mood of the entire comprehension at various linguistic levels.
clause. (Banks, 2002). Finite expresses tense and the view of This approach provides a solid theoretical underpinning to
the speaker or writer (Butt et al, 2003). The part of the verb the study in order to understand the religious address and its
that shows event is called Predicator. Complement satisfies functional meaning.

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2604000

2 Mehwish Noor et al.: Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

1.2. Research Objectives interpersonal relationships of the participants. The current

research focuses on religious Address of the Holy Prophet
a) To analyze the structural aspects of the language of the (PBUH) with the application of the same principle to analyze
religious sermon, its meaning. The researchers find a gap in the previous studies
b) To evaluate the functional meaning of the text under and select this address on the basis of its universality and
study. uniqueness. The study offers a great deal of interest to
evaluate religious text, spoken or written, in order to
2. Literature Review comprehend the surface as well as deep structure of the
language.
SFL is a widespread approach to analyze language with Martinez (2001) examines objectivity in research articles
respect to its functional meaning. Young and Harrison (2004) with SFL application and proposes objectivity in the
state it as a useful orientation to carry out CDA (Critical presentation of the text. Present study finds SFL Mood
Discourse Analysis). The researchers have the same views and analysis more objective than the transitivity analysis done by
find it a useful tool to analyze language with respect to its Martinez. Mood analysis provides a framework to the study to
social and discourse function in social interactions. analyze language through its structural and functional
SFL has been applied by various researchers from different dimensions.
dimensions. Ayoola and Olusanya (2013) study it with respect Eventually, some other conspicuous attempts have been
to relational aspects of political advertisements. They made in Grammatical Metaphor, Rhetoric and Critical
maintain that there is no direct relation between interpersonal Discourse Analysis to sift through various texts and discourses
meanings of language with its lexico-grammar structure. It and to identify multiple tools exploited by orators and authors
supports the common held view about language which imparts in political, scientific etc. texts to make the texts persuasive,
meaning above than its structural and literal meaning. influential, and appealing and obscure as well (Behnam &
O’Halloran (2008) opines that the integration of Kazemian, 2013; Kazemian et al, 2013; Kazemian & Hashemi,
metafunctions of language (e.g. Interpersonal) with semiotic 2014a, b; Kazemian, 2014).
resources to understand meaning is a great significance of
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The significance of
that study is the analysis of language along with its visual 3. Research Methodology
orientation in print media. Religious preaching is a very important function of
Post (2008) investigates stylistic and communicative language that enjoys a particular religious and social context.
aspects of two texts of the same subject matter through the The sermon has been analyzed at different levels. Clause is the
application of the principles of SFL and finds it effective to highest constituent at rank scale that is further classified into
analyze them. The study highlights the construction of SFPCA {subject, Finite (negative/positive), Predicator,
realities through the functional properties of language. The complement and Adjunct} elements. Final classification
application of SFL is very vast and productive. Banks (2002) contains the main two elements of Mood analysis: Mood
proposes SFL as a useful model to analyze text. The author block and Residue. A brief descriptive discussion, according
uses mini corpus for that purpose that strengthens his claim. to the clausal Mood, has been presented at the end of the
Moji (2011) analyses editorial’s language by using SFL paper.
tools and propounds this genre of language simple and direct.
Ye (2010) examines Barak Obama’s Victory speech through
SFL perspective and identifies different Moods of the clauses. 4. Data Analysis
The current study focuses on classification of the clauses of Translated manuscript of the address of the Holy Prophet
the sermon and the interpersonal meaning with respect to (PBUH) in English (Bayram, 2010) has been selected as data
clausal Mood. sample. Classification of the clauses has been done according
Kamalu and Tamunobelema (2013) study religious to their semantic unity due to the fact that SFL considers
identities and ideologies construed in literary text. They find context and meaning essential. Data analysis in tabulated form
SFL Mood analysis useful to understand the structural based is presented as follows:
Clause 01. O People, lend me an attentive ear.

O People lend Me an attentive ear

Adjunct: Vocative Subject Finite Predicator Complement Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 02. for I know not whether after this year.

For I know not Whether after this year

Subject Finite Predicator: negative Adjunct: conjunctive Adjunct: circumstantial
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2604000

 International Journal of Language and Linguistics 2015; 3(5-1): 1-9 3

Clause 03. I shall ever be amongst you again.

I Shall ever Unhealthy Mothers morning

Subject Finite: modal Adjunct: Mood Adjunct: Circumstantial Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 04. Therefore, listen to what I am saying to you very carefully.

Therefore listen to what I am saying to you very carefully

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 05. and take these words to those who could not be present here today.

And Take these words to those who could not be present here today.
Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 06. O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as sacred.

O People Just as You Regard This month, this day, this city as sacred
Adjunct: Vocative Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 07. so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust.

So Regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 08. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners.

Return The goods entrusted to you To their rightful owners

Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 09. Hurt no one.

Hurt No one
Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 10. so that no one may hurt you.

So that No one may Hurt You

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite: Modal Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 11. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord.

Remember That you will indeed meet your Lord

Finite Predicator Adjunct: conjunctive Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE RESIDUE

Clause 12. and that He will indeed reckon your deeds.

and that He Will Indeed Reckon Your deeds

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite: Modal Adjunct: Mood Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 13. Allah has forbidden you to take usury (interest).

ALLAH has Forbidden You To take usury (interest)

Subject Finite Predicator Complement Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE
4 Mehwish Noor et al.: Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Clause 14. therefore all interest obligations shall henceforth be waived.

Therefore All interest obligation shall Henceforth be waived

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite: Modal Adjunct: Conjunctive Predicator
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 15. Your capital, however, is yours to keep.

Your capital However Is Yours to keep

Subject Adjunct: Mood predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 16. You will neither inflict nor suffer any inequity.

You Will neither, nor Inflict, suffer Any inequity

Subject Finite: Modal: Negative Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 17. I cancel the debts of interest payable to my uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib.

I Cancel The debts of interest Payable to my uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 18. “O People, your wives have a certain right over you.

O people, Your wives Have A certain right over you

Adjunct: vocative Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 19. and you have a certain right over them.

And You Have A certain right over them

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 20. Treat them well.

Treat Them Well

Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 21. and be kind to them.

And Be Kind To them

Adjunct: conjunctive Predicator complement Adjunct: circumstantial
RESIDUE

Clause 22. for they are your partners and committed helpers.

For They Are Your partners and committed helpers

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 23. “Beware of Shaytaan.

Beware Of Shaytaan
Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 24. he is desperate to direct you away from the worship of Allah.

He Is Desperate to direct you From the worship of Allah

Subject Predicator complement Adjunct: circumstantial
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE
 International Journal of Language and Linguistics 2015; 3(5-1): 1-9 5

Clause 25. so beware of him in the matters of religion.

So Beware Of him In the matters of religion

Adjunct: conjunctive Finite Predicator complement Adjunct: circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 26. O People, Listen carefully.

O people Listen Carefully

Adjunct: vocative Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 27. all believers are brothers.

All believers Are Brothers

Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 28. You are not allowed to take the things belonging to another Muslim.

You Are not Allowed to take The things belonging to another Muslim
Subject Finite: Negative Predicator: Modulated: complex Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 29. unless he gives it to you willingly.

Unless he Gives It To you Willingly

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator complement Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 30. “O People, none is higher than another.

O People None Is Higher than another

Adjunct: vocative Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 31. unless he is higher in the obedience to Allah.

Unless He Is Higher in the obedience to ALLAH

Adjunct: conjunctive Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 32. No Arab is superior to a non-Arab except in piety.

No Arab Is Superior to a non-Arab except in piety

Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 33. “O People, reflect on my words.

O People Reflect On my words

Adjunct: vocative Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 34. I leave behind two things, the Holy Quran and my Example.

I Leave Behind two things, the Holy Quran and my Example

Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 35. and if you follow these two.

And if You Follow These two

Adjunct: conjunctives Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE
6 Mehwish Noor et al.: Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Clause 36. you will not go astray.

You Will not Go Astray

Subject Finite: Negative Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 37. Listen to me carefully.

Listen To me Carefully
Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 38. Worship Allah.

Worship ALLAH
Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 39. and offer Salaah.

And Offer Salaah

Adjunct: conjunctives Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 40. observe Saum (fasting) in the month of Ramadan.

Observe Saum (fasting) In the month of Ramadan

Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 41. and pay Zakaah.

And Pay Zakaah

Adjunct: conjunctives Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 42. O People be mindful of those who work under you.

O people Be Mindful of those who work under you

Adjunct: Vocative Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 43. Feed and clothe them.

Feed and clothe Them

Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 44. as you feed and clothe yourself.

As You Feed and clothe Yourself

Adjunct: conjunctives Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 45. O People, no prophet or messenger will come after me.

O People No prophet or messenger will Come After me

Adjunct: Vocative Subject Finite: Modal Predicator Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD : Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 46. and no new faith will emerge.

And No new faith Will Emerge

Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Finite: Model Predicator
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE
 International Journal of Language and Linguistics 2015; 3(5-1): 1-9 7

Clause 47. “All those who listen to me will pass on my words to others, and those to others again.

All those who listen to me Will Pass on My words To others, and those to others again
Subject Finite: Modal Predicator Complement Adjunct: circum
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 48. “Have I conveyed the Message of Allah to you, O! People?”

Have I conveyed The message of ALLAH To you O People

Finite Subject Predicator complement Complement Adjunct: Voc
MOOD: Interrogative RESIDUE

Clause 49. The Sahaba answered in one voice, “Yes, you have.

The Sahaba answered In one voice Yes, you have

Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct: circumstantial Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 50. Allah is the Witness.

ALLAH Is The Witness

Subject Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 51. The Holy Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) then said, “O! Allah, You are my Witness.”

The Holy Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) Then Said O ALLAH, You are my Witness
Subject Adjunct: Circumstantial Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE MOOD RESIDUE

Clause 52. As the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) finished his sermon.

As The Prophet(Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) Finished His sermon

Adjunct: Conjunctive Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 53. Allah Almighty revealed the following last verse of the Holy Quraan.

ALLAH Almighty Revealed The following last verse of the Holy Quraan
Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 54. Today, I have perfected your religion for you.

Today I have Perfected Your religion for you

Adjunct: Circumstantial Subject Finite Predicator Complement Complement
RESIDUE MOOD: Declarative RESIDUE

Clause 55. completed my favor upon you.

Completed My favor Upon you

Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct: Circumstantial
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

Clause 56. and have chosen Islam as the way of your life.”

And Have chosen Islam As the way of your life

Adjunct: Conjunctive Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD: Imperative RESIDUE

4.1. Data Discussion expression conclusive, strong and factual whereas Imperative
Mood expresses authority. It presents a deletion of the Subject
Data analysis presents Mood of the clauses which further (agent/ doer) and describes the status and/or power relations of
reflects their functional meanings. Three types of clausal the participants involved in the discourse. On the other hand,
Moods have been found during analysis; Declarative, Interrogative Mood also reflects interpersonal relations of the
Imperative and Interrogative. Each of the type indicates participants with respect to their status and social roles
different sort of interpersonal relationship among the (Kamalu and Tamunobelema, 2013).
participants. Declarative Mood of the clause shows the
8 Mehwish Noor et al.: Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Declarative Mood has been found most frequently in the evaluation in terms of linguistics.
data analyzed. 32 /56 clauses are of declarative Mood which
indicate that the communicated information is very strong and
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