Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review and Related Literature

This chapter presents a review of related literature that were found relevant

and the bases or understanding the nature of the study.

Although various programs of waste separation at source have been

deployed over the last decades in developing countries, they have stopped at the

level of pilot-programs and have generally not been replicable. This empirical study

aims to investigate the factors influencing the intentions in separating waste of

residential households in Vietnam's capital city, Hanoi. The waste separation

intentions of respondents were judged by the amount of the cash fine that each

household was willing to pay as a commitment to participation. An econometric

analysis was employed to demonstrate that trust, personal moral norms, perceived

difficulties and reciprocity are important factors explaining the residents' behavioral

intentions in waste separation. These findings suggest that apart from the

improvement of institutional capacity and guarantee of satisfactory facilities and

vehicles, communication campaigns to consolidate trust and inspire moral

obligations of residents also have an essential role to play in overcoming the

common dilemmas of solid waste management in a typical city of a developing

country such as Hanoi, Vietnam.*

Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries with the highest population (about

220 millions) and growth rate of 1.2% per year (World Bankc, 2009). The
population growth brings about the increasing amount of the waste which becomes

a problem faced by the government. Some factors influencing the quality of the

service such as, lack of policies/strategies and financial support, low involvement

of private sectors, inefficiency, and low community awareness led to The low Level

of Service (LoS) of municipal waste management (MWM). The problem occurred

in all steps of solid waste management (storage, collection, transferring,

transporting and treatment) with the tendency to rise at the end point, landfill.

Based on the study of waste management conducted by UNEP in 2004, it showed

that only 33% of the indicators for LoS of MSW has been fulfilled by the

government. It means that the level of service of waste management was still low.

There were surely many factors influencing the low LoS of waste management in

Indonesia. Therefore, the study attempted to make review of the development of

swaste management implementation in Indonesia by comparing the conditions in

1999, in 2004 and in recent time. The same indicators have been evaluated and

showed that only one indicator has been changed during two decades. The result

may be used as the input for specific analysis addressed to the cause study.*

Local waste management has so far been characterized by end-of-pipe

solutions, landfilling, incineration and recycling. End-of-pipe solutions build on a

different mind-set than life cycle-based approaches, and for this reason, local

waste managers are reluctant to consider strategies for waste prevention. To

accelerate the transition of waste and resource management towards a more

integrated management, waste prevention needs to play a large role in the local

waste management. In this review article, we collect knowledge from the scientific
community on waste prevention of relevance to local waste management. We

analyze the trends in the waste prevention literature by organizing the literature

into four categories. The result indicate an increasing interest in waste prevention,

but not much literature specially concerns the integration of the prevention into the

local waste management. However, evidence from the literature can inform local

waste management on the prevention; how individuals in household can be

motivated to reduce waste; and how the effects of prevention measures can be

monitored. Nevertheless, knowledge is still lacking on local waste prevention,

especially regarding the methods for monitoring and how local waste management

systems can be designed to encourage waste reduction in the households. We

end the article with recommendations for future research. The literature review can

be useful for both practitioners in the waste sectors for the academics seeking an

overview of previous research on waste prevention. *

Palafox, feline A. (2012), finally, in Metro Manila, Marikina is well-known for

having maintained its cleanliness because of its strict implementation of solid

waste management policies and also because of its effective programs. One of its

remarkable program is the Food waste Truck Program, which implements the

collection of kitchen waste from restaurant and food stalls. These waste are then

transformed into fertilizer to be used in the city’s urban garden. There is also an

Eco-Savers Program to raise awareness among the children and youth on the

importance of proper waste management by allowing them to participate in the

recycle trading activity.

effective waste management system in the country is by ensuring the active

participation of all the stakeholders of the LGU or the nation as a whole. By allowing

the stakeholders to be involves in such projects and programs, they do not only

become more aware of the need to maintain the cleanliness of their surroundings

and protect the environment, but they also learn to incorporate of the proper

practices of solid waste management in their daily lives.*12

Improper waste disposal is one of the most important concerns in almost all

areas in the Philippines. Republic Act (R. A.) No. 9003, otherwise known as the

“Philippine Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000” required Local

Government Units (LGUs) to establish a Local Government Solid Waste

Management Plan (LGSWMP). Within this context, the local government of

Ozamiz City in partnership with Misamis University undertook this study to gather

data, on the current status of solid wastes, and to make a projection on the amount

of wastes which will be collected for the next ten years. Result showed that among

the four categories, biodegradable predominates followed by residual wastes. The

household wastes constituted 88.9% by weight and 85.9% by volume of the total

wastes. These results can be used in establishing a comprehensive and

sustainable Solid Waste Management (SWM) plan which requires appropriate

strategies and mechanics in addressing the problem on waste disposal.*

In our city, sometime we see overloading dustbins near public place and

beside road. This it creates unhygienic environment. To avoid this ugly situation,

we are going to implement a project called “Breathe Safe: A smart garbage

collection system for Dhaka City”. All dustbins are interfaced with microcontroller

based system having Ultrasonic sensor for waste level detection and Wi-Fi module

to connect to the internet. Real-time status of all dustbins will be shown on an

Android application and also shortest direction will be provided on map. Main goal

is of this project is to maintain a healthy environment in our city and reduce human

sufferings.*

This study deals with generation, composition, collection, transportation and

disposal, as well as the percent cost of the waste management on the basis of

60% collection of the total waste and the cost of proposed improved system of

management on the basis of 100% waste collection using the IWM-2 LCI model.

A GIS map of Data Ganj Bakhsh Town (DGBT of Lahore City District Showing

communal storage facilities is also provided. DGBT has a population of 1,624,169

living in 232,024 dwellings. The total waste generated per year is 500,000 tons, or

0.84/kg/cap/day. Presently 60% of the MSW is collected and disposed in open

dumps, while 40% is not collected and lies along roadsides, streets railways lines,

depressions, vacant plots, drains, storm drains and open sewers. In DGBT, 129

container of 5-m3 capacity, 120 container of 10-m3 capacity and 380 skip of 2.5-

m3 capacity are placed for waste collection. The overall collection and disposal

cost of the MSW of DGBT is $3,177,900/yr, which is $10.29/ton. Modeling was

basis of 100% service. The modelled cost is $8.3/per ton, which is 20% less than

the present cost, but the overall cost of 100% collection and disposal increases to

%4,155,737/yr.*

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people

in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were

gathered through an interview with household members using open-ended

questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as well as

scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg

of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly

generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans,

boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/-plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The

respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other

waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting,

however, that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households

rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except

Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck

arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-

up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a

breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household respondents

said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever

suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are

responsible for household waste management. Scavengers generally look for

of income, which is generally not enough for their meals. They are also aware that

their work affects their health. Most of the respondents said that garbage collection

and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study

showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila.*

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze

the solid waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of

their compliance with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City,

Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served as basis in developing a

handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).*

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the

implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen

here took at one-day seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at

the Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29.Motiong Mayor Francisco

M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-

workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal Planning and

Development Officer, Engr. NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen

were educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so

that they would be acquainted with and help implement the law in their respective

barangays and propagate environmental preservation. He said the town

government will strictly implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all
of Motiong’s barangays and urged the barangay officials to put up a Materials

Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can segregate bio-degradable and non-

biodegradable waste materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as,

according to Langi, “there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).*

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The reviewed literature and studies have both similarities and differences

as that of the current study. Information used in this synthesis came from a variety

of resources. A review of available reference literature and studies provided a

foundation of understanding. However, the following are the specific differences.

The factors influencing the intentions in separating waste of residential

households in Vietnam's capital city, Hanoi brings the

In Indonesia, population growth brings increasing amount of the waste

which becomes a problem faced by the government.

(Ballados, 2010) Explains that solid waste management is not well

implemented in Metro, Manila. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground

for disease-causing organisms. It is possible that the dumping in certain areas

caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and

household helpers are responsible for household waste management. Scavengers

generally look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it
is their only source of income, which is generally not enough for their meals. They

are also aware that their work affects their health. Most of the respondents said

that garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the government.

NOTES

2US Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Municipal Solid Waste in United

States: 2011 Facts and Figures. Washington, DC: GPO, May 2013. Retrieved

from http://discardstudies.com/2013/12/06/san-francisco-famous-08-waste-

diversion-rate-anatomy-of-an-exemplar/

3 https://bigthink.com/politics-current-affairs/india-trash-mountain

5Bernardo, E.C. (2008). PubMed.Com. US National Library of Medicine National

Institutes of health. Solid Waste Management Practice of Household in Manila,

Philippines. Retrieved from http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18991942

6https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.philstar.com/business/2019/07/05/-

1932006/philippines-leader-garbage/amp/