Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Machining and Machine Tools

Lecture No. 2 Instructional objectives (contents) :

(a) state the working principles of machine tools.

(i) illustrate the concept of Generatrix and

Directrix
(ii) demonstrate tool-work motions.
(iii) give idea about machine tool drives

(b) show configurations of machine tools and state

their use

(contd.) 1
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Instructional objectives (contents) : (contd.)

(c) State how machine tools are specified

• Centre lathes
• Drilling machines
• Milling machines
• Shaping machines
• Planing machines

(d) Classify machine tools with examples

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(a) Working principle of Machine Tools

Machine Tools – produce geometrical surfaces :
• flat surfaces
• cylindrical surfaces
• contour surfaces
Major functional components of machine tool
• devices for holding job and tool
• drive(s) for providing power and motions
• kinematic system(s) to transmit motion and
power to the tool and job
• automation and control system
• structure / body – strong and rigid 3
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Machine tools produce geometrical surfaces

with the help of
 tool and work
 tool – work motions
 Generatrix (G) and Directrix (D)
Examples
i) Generation of flat surface

G
D

D
G

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Generation of cylindrical surfaces

External surfaces

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(ii) Tool – work motions

• Formative motions :
• cutting motion (CM)
• feed motion (FM)

G D

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• Auxiliary motions :

• indexing motion – e.g., in milling gear teeth

• additional feed motion – radial feed in gear
shaping machines
• relieving motion – e.g., machining flanks of
form milling cutters

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Production of flat surfaces

• by shaping machine tool

work
Desired
G flat
surface
D
CM FM
• by planing machine 8
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Generatrix and Directrix are obtained by :

• Tracing
• Forming
• Tangent tracing
• Generation
Example 1 tangent tracing in milling
Cutter path trochoidal

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Example 2 Form milling

G–x–T–F
D – FM – W – T.Tr
CM 10
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Example 3 Generation principle

Here the G or D is obtained

as an envelope being
tangent to the instantaneous
positions of a line or surface
which is rolling on another
surface

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Drilling : originates circular hole

CM

FM G

D
G

Boring – enlarges & finishes existing cylindrical holes

(a) Vertical Boring : G – CM – T – Tr
D – FM – T – Tr
(b) Horizontal Boring G –
D– 12
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(iii) Machine Tool Drives.

refers to source and transmission of
• motion and • power.
Source(s) of power and motion
• electrical motors
• hydraulic power drive
Machine Tools need wide ranges of speed & feed for:
 machining different jobs (material & size)
 using different tools (matl., geometry & size)
 various types of operations
 varying degree of surface finish.
(contd.) 13
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Machine Tool drive may be
• stepped drive :
• step pulley
•gear boxes
•chain drive
• stepless drive :
• cone pulley drive
•variable speed AC or DC motors
•stepper and servo-motors
•hydraulic drive

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(b) Configuration & use of basic machine tools

(i) Centre Lathe -
• configuration
Tool post
Tool Job(rod)
Headstock

Leadscrew
feedscrew

Bed
Saddle

Major components and their function : 15

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• Common machining operations done in

centre lathes
turning facing grooving forming threading

External

Internal

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(ii) Shaping machine

Configuration and applications

clapperbox
ram
tool
Job housing
Vice
Power
Powerdrive

drive

bed

base
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(iii) Planing machine
Configuration and applications

frame

tool
Job
table

power
bed drive

base
Difference of planing machine from shaping machine
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(iv) Drilling machine

Configuration and
applications
Feed
gear
box Speed
gear
box

Spindle
Column
Drill
Job

bed

base
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(v) Milling machine

Configuration
ram

Cutter
job

Speed
Gear
Feed Box
GB

base
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Common applications of milling machines

surfacing slotting slitting grooving forming

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(c) MACHINE TOOL - SPECIFICATION

o Centre lathe

• Maximum diameter and length of job

that can be accommodated
• Power of the main drive (motor)
• Range of spindle speeds
• Range of feeds
• Space occupied by the machine.

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o shaping machine

• length and breadth of the bed

• maximum axial travel and vertical travel of
the bed
• maximum stroke length (of the ram / tool)
• range of number of strokes per minute
• range of table feed
• power of the main drive
• space occupied by the machine

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o drilling machine

• maximum drill size (diameter) that can be used

• size and taper of the hole in the spindle
• range of spindle speeds
• range of feeds
• power of the main drive
• range of the axial travel of the spindle
• floor space occupied by the machine

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o milling machine

• type: ordinary or swiveling bed type

• size of the work table
• range of travels of the table in X-Y-Z directions
• arbour size (diameter)
• power of the main drive
• range of spindle speed
• range of table feeds in X-Y-Z directions
• floor space occupied

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(d) Broad classification of Machine Tools : -
(i) According to configuration (direction of main axis)
• horizontal –
• vertical –
• inclined –
(ii) According to purpose :
• general purpose –
• single purpose –
• special purpose –
(iii) According to size / duty
• heavy duty –
• medium duty –
• small (table top) –
• micro size – (contd.) 26
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(iv) According to type of blank

• bar type –
• chucking type –
• housing type –
(v) According to precision :
• ordinary
• precision / high precision
(vi) According to degree of automation
• non-automatic –
• semi-automatic –
• automatic –
(contd.) 27
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Broad classification of Machine Tools : -
(vii) According to type of automation
• fixed or hard automation
• flexible automation

(viii) According to number of spindles

• single spindle –
• multi-spindle (2-8) –
(ix) According to system configuration
• stand alone type –
• machining system –
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Exercise – 2
1. Show the tool-work motions and the Generatrix
and Directrix in external thread cutting in centre
lathe. Also state how those ‘G’ & ‘D’ are obtained.
2. In which conventional machine tools flat surface
can be produced ?
3. State the major differences between shaping
machine and planing machine.
4. In which machine tools both the cutting motion &
the feed motion are imparted to the tool ?
5. How is feed expressed in turning, shaping,
drilling and milling ?
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Answers of the questions given in exercise - 2
Ans. of Q. 1 CM D

G–x–T –F
D – (CM+FM) – (T+W) - T

G
FM
Ans. of Q.2
Flat surfaces can be produced in
• centre lathes – e.g., facing
• shaping, slotting and planing machines
• milling machines 30
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Ans. Of Q. 3
Shaping machine Planing machine
• for small and med. • for med. and large
size jobs size jobs
• job (on table)
• tool reciprocates and
reciprocates and
provide CM
provide CM
• feed motion is given • feed motion is given
to the job to the tool
• G – CM – T – Tr • G – CM – W – Tr
D – FM – W – Tr D – FM – T – Tr 31
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Ans. of Q. 4
Both CM and FM are imparted to the tool in
• drilling machine
• vertical boring machine

Ans. of Q. 5
• turning – mm/rev
• shaping – mm/stroke
• drilling machine – mm/rev
• milling machine – mm/min
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