M icrowave Engineering Laboratory,

Dept. of electronics science , university of Delh i south campus

Experiment 1

AIM-1: Measurement of frequency and wavelength using microwave test bench . find out the error between
wavelength obtained from frequency meter and slotted line section .

2. Apparatus used:

Gunn power supply, Klystron mount, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variab le attenuator, Slotted section waveguide,
VSW R meter, Movable short/matched termination.

3. Theory:

GUNN POW ER SUPPLY:- Model X-110 Gunn Po wer Supply comprises of regulated D.C. power
suppl y and a s quare wave generator . The D.C. Voltage is variable fro m 0 to 12.0 volts . The square wave of
generators is variable fro m 0 to 10 Vo lts.

KLYSTRON M OUNT TUBE:- Th is consists of reflex klystron . It uses velocity modulation in order to
transform continuous electron beam into corresponding microwave power.

ISOLATOR: - it passes micro wave signal only in one direction and blocks signal going in other direction.

FREQUENCY:- it is uses to frequency measurement .

SLOTTED LINE SECTION:- it should cover desired frequency and should be equipped with accurate scale.

VSW R M ETER: - it is used for standing wave measurement with suitable detector and slotted line (o r
waveguide) section. it is used to measure VSW R or SW R. It is designed such that it avoids harmonics of line
frequency.

LOAD:- it is microwave matched termination at desired characteris tics impedance either 50 or 75oh m. It is used
to absorb microwave power.

Klystron power supply VSWR meter

Klystron mount tube isolator variable attenuator frequency meter slotted line load

Fig.1.1 Setup for measurement of wavelength and frequency (a) Schematic and (b) Block diagram

3.1. Relation between frequency (fc and f0 ) and wavelength ( c , 0, g ).

Cutoff frequency (fc ):- the cut off frequency of an electric of an electromagnetic waveguide is the lowest frequency for
which a mode will propagate in it.
 For TEmn modes the cut off frequency is given by

2 2 2 2
c m n 1 m n
fc =     or    
2  a  b 2   a  b

Frequency meter (f0 ) :- it is used to frequency measurement.

Gu ide wavelength ( g ):- it is distance travelled by the wave in order to undergo a phase shift of 2π radians.

The relation between two is as follo ws.

1 1 1
2
 2
 2
0 g c

Also it can be written as,

g  0
2
 
1  0

 c 

 Where 0 c , then g  0

 Where 0  c , then g becomes ∞

 When 0> c , then g becomes imaginary, that means no propagation in the waveguide.

Where 0 is the free space wavelength?

3.2. Dominant mode in rectangular waveguide (TE10 ) .

For dominant mode TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide c , 0 , and g are related as below.

Where, 0 is free space wavelength, g is the guide wavelength and c is cut off wavelength.

For TE10 mode,

c = 2a, where ‘a’ is the broad dimension of waveguide.

3.3. Calculation of guide wavelength using slotted line section.

f0 = 10.79 GHz , a=2.286cm , b= 1.27cm .

d( minimum) , cm d( ma ximum) , c m
14.8 cm 11 cm
16.6 cm 12.8 cm

guide wavelength using slotted line section ( g)

guide wavelength using measurement section ( g ) 3.5 cm

Gu ide wavelength ( g ):-

g =
2(d 2 – d 1 )max

g =
2(12.8 – 11) max

g = 3.6 cm

4. Measurement in calculation.

f0 = 10.79 GHz, a=2.286 cm

c
Free space wavelength ( 0) = , where ‘c’ is speed of light in free space (3×108 m/s)
f0

3 10 8
0=  2.78cm
10.79 109

For TE10 mode, c = 2a, where ‘a’ is the broad dimension of waveguide.

c = 2×2.286 cm = 4.572 cm

Gu ide wavelength ( g ):-

g  0
2
 
1  0

 c 

2.78cm
g 
2
 2.78cm 
1  
 4.572cm 

2.78cm
g  = 3.5 cm
1  0.37

actualwaveguide  calculationwaveguide
Percentage error (%) = 100
actualwaveguide

3.6  3.5
Percentage error (%)=  100  2.85 %
3.5
5. Learning fro m this experiment.

Fro m this experiment we can absorb at different frequency measure for d ifferent waveguide and percentage
error. One can correlate the above mentioned, if we change the slotted line then the percentage error and actual
waveguide changing, and can develop better understanding of the rectangular waveguide.

6. Precaution:-

Rotate the meter switch of power supply to Gunn voltage position and set Gunn voltage at 10volt ( you should
not move Gunn voltage higher than 10 volt )with help of Gunn voltage knob (you should not touch this knob till
the end of the experiment) .

Dept: electronics science (First semester)

S. No: 05

Name: ANUP KUMA R

Date of sub: 13/8/ 2019