Subject Code / Name : CE6403 / APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

UNIT-I
UNIFORM FLOW
PART-A
1. What is Specific Energy and what is the condition for getting only one depth for a given
specific energy? (AU 2017) 2
Specific Energy of a flowing liquid is defined as energy per unit weight of the liquid with
respect to the bottom of the channel.
E = h + V2
2g
Condition for getting only one depth for a given Specific Energy:
For given specific energy, condition for getting only one depth lies in the fact Froude’s
number > = 1 with increase in velocity.
2. What are the different types of flow in open channel? (AU 2016)
The flow in open channel is classified into the following types:
 Steady and unsteady flow
 Uniform and non- uniform flow
 Laminar and turbulent flow
 Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow.
3. What is a prismatic Channel ? (AU 2016)
Prismatic Channel is defined as a channel with constant beds slope and the same cross section
along its length. A free surface is a surface having constant pressure such as atmospheric
pressure. The channel may be rectangular, trapezoidal or circular in shape.
4. Define Specific Energy. (AU 2016)
Specific Energy of a flowing liquid is defined as energy per unit weight of the liquid with
respect to the bottom of the channel.
E = h + V2
2g
5. Define steady flow and unsteady flow. (AU 2015)
Steady Flow: The Steady flow is defined as the flow characteristics such as depth of flow,
velocity of flow, rate of flow at any point in open channel flow do not change with respect to
time, the flow is said to be steady flow.
Unsteady: The unsteady flow is defined as the flow if at any point in open channel flow, the
velocity of flow, depth of flow or rate of flow at any point in open channel flow changes with
respect to time, the flow is said to be steady flow.
6. Define channel of most economical sections. (AU 2015)
The most economical sections is defined as the channel which given maximum discharge for a
given cross – sectional area and led slope is called a channel of most economical gross-section.
It can also be defined as the channel that has a minimum wetted perimeter, so that there is a
minimum resistance to flow and thus resulting in a maximum discharge. It is called most
economical sections.
7. Write the basin’s formula for the discharge in the canal. (AU 2017) 3
The following formula used in the discharge of the canal

C = Bazin’s constant
m = hydraulic mean depth
K = dimensionless factor

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8. Write down the Manning’s formula for determining velocity of flow in an open channel.
(AU 2014)
V = 1/n (R2/3 S1/2)
Where
N = Manning roughness co efficient.
V = Mean velocity of flow in m/s
R = Hydraulic radius of the channel in m
S = Channel bed slope
9. Draw velocity distribution of the trapezoidal channel. (AU 2016) 3

10. Define critical depth. (AU 2013)

It is defined as the depth of flow of water at which the specific energy is minimum. The depth
of flow of water is known as critical depth.
hc =(q2/g)1/3
q = discharge per unit width.
g = acceleration due to gravity.
11. Distinguish between critical and subcritical flow. (AU 2014) 2
Critical flow: Depth of flow of water at which the specific energy is minimum is called as
critical flow. Otherwise, flow corresponding to critical depth is called as critical flow.
For a critical depth, Froude number
F = VS/√Gd = 1
Where
d = Hydraulic mean depth
Sub critical flow: When the depth of flow in a channel is greater than the critical depth yc, the
flow is called as sub critical flow. It is otherwise, called as streaming flow or tranquil flow.
For sub critical flow, Froude number, F<1
12. Define open channel flow. (AU 2014) 3
The open channel flow is defined as the flow of liquid with a free surface (i.e., surface exposed
to atmosphere) through any passage is known as open channel flow. The liquid flowing
through any closed passage without touching the top can also treated as open channels.
Examples:
 Flow in natural waterfalls, river and streams
 Flow in artificial or man-made channels such as irrigation channels and flumes.
 Closed conduit or pipe carries liquid partially (sewers that carry domestic or industrial
waste water).Generally, liquid flowing in open channel is water.
13. Write the Chezy’s formula used for the discharge measurement. (AU 2011)
The Chezy’s formulas used for the discharge measurement are
Q =AC √mi
Where
Q =discharge
A=cross sectional area
C=Chezy’s constant , m=hydraulic depth

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 Subject Code / Name : CE6403 / APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

14. What are the conditions for maximum velocity in circular channel? (AU 2011)
The following conditions for the maximum velocity in circular channel are
 Depth of water in the circular channel should be equal to 0.81 times the diameter of
channel
 The hydraulic mean depth is equal to 0.3 times the diameter of the circular channel.
15. Define hydraulic mean depth. (AU 2010)
D = Hydraulic depth in m
Hydraulic depth = Cross section area flow/Top width
It is defined as the ratio of Cross Section Area to the top Width.
16. What are the instruments used for measuring velocity in open channels?
(AU 2009) 4
Velocity of flow is measured by various instruments such as
 Pitot tube,
 Current meter,
 hot wire anemometer,
 floats and Laser
 Doppler velocimetry
17. Define uniform flow. Give examples. (AU 2008)
Uniform flow is a defined as the fluid flow in which the velocity of any given instant does not
change both in magnitude and direction with respect to space. Mathematically,

Example:
 Open channel flow with constant depth of water
 Flow through uniform diameter pipes.
18. List the factors affecting Manning’s roughness coefficient. (AU 2008)
The following factors affecting Manning’s roughness coefficient are:
 Surface roughness
 Vegetation growth
 Channel irregularities
 Sitting and scouring
 Stage (water surface elevation) and discharge
 Transport of suspended and bed material
19. Different between normal depth and critical depth? (AU 2012)
Critical depth: The depth of flow at which the specific energy is minimum is called critical
depth.
Normal Depth: The depth of uniform flow in a channel is called normal depth.
20. Differentiate closed conduit flow and open channel flow. (AU 2007)
S.No Closed conduit flow Open channel flow
1. Water does not have with free surface. Water flows with a free surface.
Water does not contact with atmosphere
Water contents with
2. pressure but it has only hydraulic
atmospheric pressure.
pressure.
Flow may be due to either by pump
3. Flow is obtained only by gravity.
pressure or by gravity flow

21. What are the different types of flow in open channel? (AU 2012)
The flow in open channel is classified into the following types:
 Steady and unsteady flow
 Uniform and non- uniform flow
 Laminar and turbulent flow
 Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow.

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PART – B
1. A trapezoidal channel having a cross sectional area A1, wetted perimeter P1. Manning’s co-
efficient ‘n’ and laid to a slope S, base width b, carries a certain discharge Q1 at a depth of flow
equal to ‘d’. To increase the discharge, the base width of the channel is widened by ‘x’, keeping
all other parameters viz., S, d, side slope and n are same. Q 2 is the new discharge in the channel.
Prove that,
(Q2/Q1)3 (1 + (x/P1))2 = (1 + (xd/A1))5 (AU 2017)
2. Derive the geometrical properties of a most economical triangular channel section. (AU 2017)
3. (i) The Specific Energy for a 3m wide channel is 8 Nm/N. What is the maximum possible
Discharge in the channel?
(ii) Show that in a rectangular channel, maximum discharge occurs when the flow is critical for
a given value of specific energy . (AU 2016)
4. (i) How are the flows classified under specific energy concepts?
(ii) A 3m wide rectangular channel conveys 12 m 3 of water at a depth of 2m. Calculate Specific
Energy, Critical Depth, Critical Velocity, Minimum Specific Energy ,Froude number & State
whether flow is sub critical or Supercritical. (AU 2016)
5. Derive an expression for critical Depth and Critical Velocity. (AU 2016)
6. Define open channel flow and its types brief them ? (AU 2015- 3)
7. A most economical trapezoidal section is required to give a maximum discharge of 20 m 3/s
of water. The slope of the channel bottom is 1 in 1500.taking C = 70, in Chezy’s equations,
Determine the dimension of the channel (AU 2015)
8. Derive the geometrical properties of a most economical triangular channel section
(AU 2014-2)
9. Find the rate of flow conveyance for as rectangular channel 5 m wide for uniform flow at depth
of 1.5 m the channel is having a bed slope of 1 in 1000. Take Chezy’s constant C =50 also state
where the flow is tranquil or rapid. (AU 2015)
10. calculate the specific energy of 12m 3/s of water flowing with a velocity of 1.5m/s in a
rectangular channel 7.5m wide. Find the depth of water in the channel when the specific
energy would be minimum. What would be the value of critical velocity and minimum specific
energy? (AU 2016) 2
11. (i) Explain the salient features of Specific Energy curve.
(ii) Determine the critical depth for a specific energy of 1.5 m in the following channels
 Rectangular channel
 Triangular channel
 Trapezoidal channel. (AU 2012)
12. (i) How do you determine velocity of flow in open channel? (AU 2016)
(ii) The bed width of a trapezoidal channel section is 40 m and the side slope is 2 horizontal to
1 vertical. The discharge in the canal is 60 cumecs. The Manning’s ‘n’ is 0.015 and the bed slope
is 1 in 5000. Determine the normal depth. (AU 2012)
13. (i)How the flows are classified under specific energy concepts?
(ii) A 8m wide channel conveys 15 m3 of water at a depth of 1.2m.
Determine
 Specific Energy of the flowing water
 Critical depth, critical velocity and minimum specific energy
 Froude number and state whether the flow is subcritical or supercritical.
14. Calculate the specific energy of 12m3/sec of water flowing with a velocity of 1.5 m/s in a
rectangular channel 7.5m wide. Find the depth of water in the channel when the specific
energy would be minimum. What would be the value of critical velocity as well as minimum
specific energy? (AU 2016) 3
15. A trapezoidal channel with side slopes of 2 horizontal: 3 vertical has to carry 20 m 3/sec. Find
the slope of the channel when the bottom width of the channel is m and the depth of the water
is 3 m. Take Manning’s n = 0.03. (AU 2011)
16. Explain the computation of uniform flow using Manning’s and Chezy’s method.
(AU 2010)

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17. How do you classify open channels? Explain in detail. Also explain the velocity distribution in
open channel. (AU 2010)
18. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Critical flow and its computations
(ii) Channel Transition (AU 2010)
19. (i) Define specific energy. How would you express the specific energy for a wide rectangular
channel with depth of flow ‘D’ and velocity of flow ‘V’? Draw the typical specific energy diagram
and explain its features.
(ii) Calculate the specific energy, critical depth and velocity for the flow of 10m 3/s in a cement
lined rectangular channel 0.5m wide with 2m depth of water. Is the given flow subcritical or
supercritical? (AU 2010)
20. (i) Define Froude number FR. Describe the flow for FR = 1 , FR < 1 and FR >1. Represent a
discharge versus depth curve for a constant specific energy and explain its features.
(ii) A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6.1m and side slopes of 2H: 1V. When the
depth of flow is 1.07 m, the flow is 10.47 m 3/s what is the specific energy of flow? Is the flow
tranquil or rapid? (AU 2010)
UNIT- II
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
PART-A
1. Distinguish between draw down and back water curves. (AU 2016)
Drawdown curve: When the depth of flow decreases along the flow direction (dy/dx)
becomes negative and the surface profile is called a drawdown curve.
Backwater curve: When the depth of flow (y) increases in the direction of flow, slope of water
surface is positive (upward slope) and the water surface is known as Backwater curve.
2. State the uses of hydraulic jump. (AU 2016)
The hydraulic jump is state that kinetic energy of flow after the hydraulic jump is greatly
reduced, which may prevent erosion of the channel boundaries of downstream side. A channel
is prismatic. Kinetic energy correction factor is very close to unity.
3. Write down the dynamic equation for gradually varied flow. (or)
Write down the characteristics of GVF. (AU–2017-4)
Slope of free water surfaces dy/dx = S-Se /1-(V /gy)
2

Where
S = Slpoe of the bed
Se = Slope of the energy line
y = depth of flow of a rectangular channel
V = velocity of flow
4. Classify surface profiles in a channel. (AU 2015)
Based on channel slopes, channels can be classified into five types as stated earlier.
 Mild slope (M)
 Critical slope (C)
 Steep slope (S)
 Horizontal slope (H)
 Adverse slope (A)
5. State the assumptions made in the derivation of dynamic equation for gradually varied
flow. (AU – 2010 - 2)
The following assumptions are made for analyzing the gradually varied flow:
 The flow is steady
 The pressure distribution over the channel section is hydrostatic, i.e. stream lines are
practically straight and parallel.
 The head loss is same as for uniform flow.
 A channel is prismatic.
 Kinetic energy correction factor is very close to unity.
 Roughness coefficient is constant along the channel length.

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6. What are the condition for obtaining most economical circular channel section for
maximum velocity and discharge? (AU 2010)
(i)Condition for maximum velocity of circular section
 Depth of flow is 0.81 times the diameter of the circular channel.
 Hydraulic radius is equal to 0.3 times the diameter of channel
 Angle subtended by water surface from the centre, 20=257 030’

(ii) Condition for maximum discharge of circular section

 Depth of flow is 0.91 times the diameter of the circular channel.
 Hydraulic radius is equal to 0.286 times the diameter of channel.
 Angle subtended by water surface from the centre, 20=308 0.
7. Show that maximization of discharge required minimization of the wetted perimeter of
the channel for a given area of flow. (AU 2010)
The maximization of discharge required minimization of the wetted perimeter of the channel
for a given area of flow is channel slope, roughness coefficient and area of flow, the maximum
discharge of channel is obtained when the wetted perimeter is minimum.
For wetted perimeter (p) to be minimum, (dp/dy) = 0
If second derivative of P is positive, the condition of minimum P is obtained.
8. Explain the terms of gradually varied flow. (AU 2009 - 2)
The gradually varied flow is defined as the If the depth of flow changes gradually over a long
length of the channel, the flow is said to gradually varied flow (GVF).
9. Write the expression to determine the length of the backwater curve. (AU 2009)
Length of backwater curve I = (E2-E1 /S-Se)
Where
E2 = Energy head at section 2-2
E1 = Energy head at section 2-2
Se = Slope of energy line
10. What is backwater curve in gradually varied flow profile and give practical example for
getting this type of profile. (AU 2016)
When the depth of flow (y) increases in the direction of flow, slope of water surface (dy/dx) is
positive (upward slope) and the water surface is known as Backwater curve. Due to
obstruction (dam), the water level raises and it has maximum depth of water near to the dam
as shown in figure is an example for back water curve
11. Distinguish between uniform & non-uniform flow. (AU - 2017 -5)
Uniform flow
If the depth of flow, slope of the bed of channel and cross section remain constant with
respect to distance is called uniform flow.

Non uniform flow

Flow properties, such as depth of flow, velocity of flow are not constant with respect to
distance is called non uniform flow.

12. Give the formulas related to Direct Step Method (AU 2012)
There are a host of methods for competing the GVF profiles. The direct step method is a simple
procedure suitable for use in prismatic channels. Their basic equation.
de/dx = SO -Sf
Where
Sf = friction slope

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13. What are the three methods to calculate Surface profiles in prismatic channel? (AU 2013)

The three methods to calculate surface profiles are

 Direct step method.
 Standard step method
 Graphical integration method.
14. What are the points to be remembered while studying the flow profiles? (AU 2013)
The flow profiles approach the normal depth line tangentially. But there is an exception for the
profiles on critical slopes. The profiles C1 and C2 are practically horizontal.
 The flow profiles approach the critical depth line perpendicularly. But there is an exception for
the profiles on critical slopes.
 All the profiles in zone 1 and 3 are backwater curve.
 All the profiles in zone 2 are drawn down curves.
 All the profiles in zone 3 commence form the bed of the channel.
15. What is Mild slope? (AU 2013)
The channel bottom is said as mild when the bottom slopes. So is less than critical slope Sc. In
this case the normal depth of flow is greater than critical depth.
16. What are the basic equations of GVF?
The basic equations of GVF
V= (1/n)R2/3 Sf1/2
Sf = n2V2/R4/3 = n2Q2/A2R4/3
17. Define spatially varied flow
Spatially varied flow is defined as the flow varies with longitudinal distance called spatially
varied flow
Examples: Lateral channel spillways, lateral weirs, channels with permeable boundaries
18. What are the types of spatially varied flow?
Spatially varied flow can be steady or unsteady
Steady flow: the flow discharge is steady but it varies along the channel length
Example: Flow over a bottom rack
Unsteady flow: the production of surface runoff due to rainfall is known as overland flows
19. State any two assumptions in the dynamic equations of GVF. (AU 2011)
The channel slope is small so that the depth measured vertically is the same as depth
measures normal to the channel bottom. Kinetic energy correction factors is very close to
unity.
20. How spatially varied flow is classified based on discharge.
Spatially varied floe can be also classified two types are
 Discharge increase with distance – lateral inflow
 Discharge decreases with distance- lateral outflow.
PART-B

1. State and discuss the assumptions made in the derivation of the dynamic equation for
gradually varied flow. Starting from first principles, derive equations for the slope of the water
surface in gradually varied flow with respect to
i) Channel bed
ii) Horizontal (AU 2017)
2. Explain the features of water surface flow profile classification. (AU 2017)
3. (i)Show that the hydraulic radius is half of the flow depth for the most economical trapezoidal
channel section.
(ii) Determine the most economical section of rectangular channel carrying water at the rate of
0.6 cumecs. The bed slope is 1 in 2000. Assume Chezy’s constant C = 50. (AU 2016)
4. (i) A river 100 m wide and 3m deep has an average bed slope of 0.0005. Estimate the length of
the GVF profile produced by a low weir which raises the water surface just upstream of it by
1.5 m. Assume N = 0.035. Use direct step method with three steps.

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(ii) A rectangular flume 2 m wide discharge at the rate 2 m 3/s .the bed slope of the flume is 1 is
2500. At a certain section the depth of flow is 1 m calculate the discharge of the section
downstream where the depth of flow is 0.9m solve by single step methods assume n = 0.0014
(AU 2016)
5. A trapezoidal channel with side slopes 1 : 1 has to be designed to convey 15 m 3/s at a velocity
of 3 m/sec so that amount of concrete lining for the bed and sides is minimum. Calculate the
area of lining required for one metre length of the channel. (AU 2016)
6. (i) How the Stream Discharge is measured by Chemical Method ? Explain.
(ii) Derive Chezy’s Formula to find velocity of flow in channel. (AU 2016)
7. How do you classify surface profiles? Briefly explain the various salient features of various
profiles. (AU 2010)
8. (i) A V – shaped open channel of included angle 90º conveys a discharge of 0.05 m 3/s when the
depth of flow at the center is 0.225 m. Assuming that C = 50 m = 0.5 in the Chezy’s
equation, calculate the slope of the channel.
(ii) Calculate the dimensions of the rectangular cross-section of an open channel which
requires minimum area to convey 10 m 3/s. The slope being in 1500. Take the Manning’s
constant ‘N’ as 0.013. (AU 2010)
9. Derive the expressions for the most economical depths of flow of water in terms of the
diameter of the channel of circular cross-section:
(i) For maximum velocity and
(ii) For maximum discharge. (AU 2010)
10. A power canal of trapezoidal section has to be excavated through hard clay at the least cost.
Determine the dimensions of the channel given, discharge equal to 14 m 3/s, bed slope 1/2500,
Manning’s n = 0.02. (AU 2011)
11. (i) How do you determine velocity of flow in open channel?
(ii)The bed width of a trapezoidal channel section is 40 m and the side slope is 2 horizontal to
1 vertical. The discharge in the canal is 60 cumecs. The Manning’s ‘n’ is 0.015 and the bed slope
is 1 in 5000. Determine the normal depth. (AU 2012)
12. (i)A rectangular channel of width 15m has abed slope of 0.00075 and Manning’s n = 0.016.
Compute the normal depth to carry a discharge of 50m 3/s?
(ii)Explain the graphical method of determination of normal depth for a trapezoidal channel.
(AU 2013)
13. (i)Find the rate of flow and conveyance for a rectangular channel 7.5 m wide for uniform flow
at a depth of 2.25 m. the channel is having bed slope as 1 in 1000. Take chezy’s constant c = 55
(ii)For a rectangular channel with bottom width 40 m and side slopes 2H:IV, Manning’s N is
0.015 and bottom slope is 0.0002.if it carries 60 m3/s discharge, determine the normal depth.
(AU 2014)
14. A 50 m long laboratory flume has a rectangular section with a width of 2m and ends in a free
overall. The channel is made of glass and the bed drops by 5 cm in the entire length. At a
certain discharge, it was seen that the depth near the channel entrance was more or less
constant at 0.5 m. Use the direct step method to obtain the length of profile. Use two equal
depth increments. (AU 2010)
15. i)Briefly explain the direct step methods and standard step methods to determine the
gradually varied floe profiles
ii) Derive the dynamic equation of gradually varied flow (AU 2014)
12. A trapezoidal channel is 8m wide at bed and the depth of flow as 2m.the bed fall is 0.5m per
km. The side’s slopes are 1:1 taking Bazin’s constant as 2.35 find the discharge thought the
channel. (AU 2012)
13. Derive the dynamic equations for gradually varied flow? with respect to a)channel bed,
b)horizontal
(ii)A river 100 m wide and 3m deep has an average bed slope of 0.0005. Estimate the length of
the GVF profile produced by a low weir which raises the water surface just upstream of it by
1.5 m. Assume N = 0.035. Use direct step method with three steps. (AU 2013)
14. Discuses the different surface profiles for the various bottom slope condition of a channel

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(AU 2014)
15. A rectangular flume 2 m wide discharge at the rate 2 m 3/s .the bed slope of the flume is 1 is
2500. At a certain section the depth of flow is 1 m calculate the discharge of the section
downstream where the depth of flow is 0.9m solve by single step methods assume n = 0.0014
(AU 2014)
UNIT- III
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
PART-A
1. What are surges in an open channel flow? (AU 2016)
If the flow in a channel is increased by sudden increase in the opening of sluice gate, a wave is
farmed which towards downstream. On the other hand, if the flow is decreased by sudden
partial closure of the gate, the waves so formed travels upstream of the gate. Such waves,
having a significant height are known as surges or surge waves.

2. Define Impulse Momentum Principle. (AU 2016)

Impulse momentum Principle states that, “ force acting on a fluid element of mass ‘m’ is equal
to the change in momentum which means product of mass and velocity. It obey Newton’s
second law of motion.
3. Define rapidly varied flow in open channel. (AU 2014 - 3)
If the depth of flow changes quickly over a small length of the channel, the flow is said to be
gradually varied flow (GVF). Example: Back water in a dam. Depth of water increases rapidly
over a short length of the channel is called rapidly varied flow.
4. Classify surface profiles in a channel. (AU 2016)
Based on channel slopes, channels can be classified into five types as stated earlier.
 Mild slope (M)
 Critical slope (C)
 Steep slope (S)
 Horizontal slope (H)
 Adverse slope (A)
5. Define the Afflux. (AU 2011 - 2)
Afflux is defined as the maximum increase in water level due to obstruction in the path of flow
of water.
6. What is hydraulic jump in horizontal bed channel? (AU 2015 - 2)
The hydraulic jump in horizontal bed channel is defined as the rise of water level which takes
place due to the transformation of the shooting to the streaming flow is known as hydraulic
jump.
7. State the uses of hydraulic jump. (AU 2012)
The hydraulic jump is state that kinetic energy of flow after the hydraulic jump is greatly
reduced, which may prevent erosion of the channel boundaries of downstream side.
8. Define loss of energy due to hydraulic jump. (AU 2014)
hL = (y2-y1)/4y1 y2
where
y1 = depth of flow at section 1-1
y2 = depth of flow at section 2-2
9. Define surges. (AU 2015)
The surges defined as the flow a property, such as discharge or depth varies suddenly is called
surge. There are two types of surges such as Positive and Negative Surges.
Example: sudden closure of gate.
10. Explain the classification of hydraulic jumps. (AU 2010)
Based on Froude number (F), hydraulic jump can be classified into 5 types.
 Undulation jump: The Froude number F ranges from 1 to1.7 and the liquid surface does not
rise shortly but having undulations of radically decreasing size.
 Weak jump: The Froude number F ranges from1.7 to 2.5 and the liquid surface remains
smooth.

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 Oscillating jump: The Froude number F ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 and there is an oscillating jet
which enters the jump bottom and oscillating to the surface.
 Steady jump: The Froude number F ranges from 4.5 to9 and energy loss due to steady jump
in between 45 and 70%.
 Strong jump: The Froude number greater than 9 and the downstream water surface is
rough. Energy loss due to strong jump may be up to 85%.
11. What are meant by positive and negative surges? (AU 2012)
The surges defined as the flow a property, such as discharge or depth varies suddenly is called
surge. The important types are given below.
 Positive surge – a surge producing increase in depth
 Negative surge – a surge producing decrease in depth.
12. What is hydraulic jump in horizontal bed channel? (AU 2013)
The height of water at the section 1-1 is small. Towards downstream the height or depth of
water increases rapidly over a short length of the channel. This is because at the section 1-1
the flow is a shooting flow as the depth of water at section 1-1is less than critical depth.
Shooting flow is an unstable type of flow and does not continue on the downstream side. Then
this the shooting will convert into a streaming or tranquil flow and hence depth of water will
increase. This sudden increase of depth of water is called a hydraulic jump or a standing way.
13. What are the assumptions made for deriving an expression for the depth of hydraulic
jump?
The following assumptions made are:
 The flow is uniform and pressure distribution is due to hydrostatic before and after the jump.
 Losses due to friction on the surface of the bed of the channel are small and hence neglected.
 The slope of the bed of the channel is small. so that the component of the fluid in the direction
of flow is negligibly small.
 The momentum correction factor is unity.
14. Define length of hydraulic jump.
It is defined as the length between the two sections where one section is taken before the
hydraulic jump and the second section is taken immediately after the jump. For a rectangular
channel from experiments, it has been found to be equal to J to Y times the height of the
hydraulic jump.
15. Define energy dissipation. (AU 2017) 2
The energy dissipation is defined as the when the hydraulic jumps takes place, a loss of energy
occurs due to eddy formation and turbulence. This loss of energy or energy dissipation is equal to
the different of specific energies at two different sections.
16. Define transition depth (or) Write down the application of transition. (AU 2017) 2
It is defined as the depth at which the normal discharge (Q n) is equal to the critical discharge (QC)
and the slope of the gradually varied flow profile is horizontal.
17. Write the expression for hydraulic jump. (AU 2013)
(
Where
Depth of hydraulic jump =y1 – y2
Y1 = depth of flow at section
Y2 = depth of flow at section 2-2
F1 = Froude number at section 1-1
18. State the uses of hydraulic jump. (AU 2013)
The hydraulic jump is state that kinetic energy of the flow after the hydraulic jump is greatly
reduced which may prevent the erosion of the channel boundaries of downstream side.
19. Define hydraulic jump. (AU 2015)
The hydraulic jump is defined as the rise of water level which takes place due to
transformation of the unstable shooting flow (Super-critical) to the stable streaming
flow(Sub-critical flow) TheHydraulic jump converts kinetic energy of stream rapidly flowing
into potential energy.

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20. What is meant by surges? (AU 2015)

If the flow in a channel is increased by sudden increase in the opening of sluice gate, a wave is
farmed which towards downstream. On the other hand, if the flow is decreased by sudden
partial closure of the gate, the waves so formed travels upstream of the gate. Such waves,
having a significant height are known as surges or surge waves.
21. State the flow condition for the occurrence of hydraulic jump. (AU 2015)
Streaming or tranquil flow occurs after the formation of hydraulic jump. Shooting or
supercritical flow is an unstable flow and it does not continue on the downstream side of a
surplus weir. Then this shooting will convert itself in to a streaming or tranquil flow and hence,
the depth of water will increase.
22. Define Weak jump and Oscillating jump.
 Weak jump: The Froude number F ranges from1.7 to 2.5 and the liquid surface remains
smooth.
 Oscillating jump: The Froude number F ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 and there is an oscillating jet
which enters the jump bottom and oscillating to the surface.
PART-B
1. Define Surge. What are its types? How the energy dissipated? Explain in detail. (AU 2017)
2. Define hydraulic jump. What are its types? How the energy dissipated? Explain in detail.
(AU 2017)
3. (i) Discuss the types of Surges briefly.
(ii) A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of 7.75 m 3/s per meter width. At the
downstream horizontal apron the depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m. What tail water depth
is needed to form a hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find its type, length, head loss and
energy loss as a percentage of the initial energy. (AU 2016)
4. (i)Explain the classification of hydraulic jumps. List out the assumptions made in the analysis
of Hydraulic Jump.
(ii) Water flows from a sluice in to a very rectangular channel. The channel has a bed slope of 1
in 1000. The sluice is regulated to discharge 6 m 3/s per m width of channel, the depth of
venacontracta being 0.5 m will a hydraulic jump from? if so Determine its location use a single
depth for the computation with manning’s constant n=0.015 (AU 2016)
5. In a rectangular channel of 0.5 m width, a hydraulic jump occurs at a point where depth of
water flow is 0.15 m and Froude number is 2.5. Determine
(i) The specific energy
(ii) The critical and subsequent depths
(iii) Loss of head and
(iv) Energy dissipated. (AU 2016)
6. What are the conditions for the formation of hydraulic jumps? (AU 2016)
7. (i) Explain the classification of hydraulic jumps.
(ii) A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of 7.75 m 3/s per meter width. At the
downstream horizontal apron the depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m. What tail water depth
is needed to form a hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find its type, length, head loss and
energy loss as a percentage of the initial energy. (AU 2010)
8. In a rectangular channel of 0.5 m width, a hydraulic jump occurs at a point where depth of
water flow is 0.15 m and Froude number is 0.5. Determine
(i) The specific energy
(ii) The critical and subsequent depths
(iii) Loss of head and
(iv) Energy dissipated. (AU – 2015 - 2)
9. A river of 45 m wide has a normal depth of flow of 3 m and an average bed slope of in 10,000.A
weir is build across the river raising the water surface level at the weir site to 5 m above the
bottom of the river. Assuming that the back water curve is an arc of circle; calculate the
approximate length of the curve. Manning’s n = 0.025. (AU 2011)

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10. (i) What are the assumptions made in the analysis of rapidly gradually varied flow?
(ii) The bed width of a rectangular channel is 24 m and the depth of flow is 6m. The discharge
in the canal is 86 cumecs. The bed slope of the channel is 1 in 4000. Assume Chezy’s constant C
= 60. Determine the slope of the free water surface. (AU – 2016 - 2)
11. (i) What are the conditions for the formation of hydraulic jump?
(ii) In a rectangular channel of bed width 0.5 m, a hydraulic jump occurs at a point where
depth of flow is 0.15 m and Froude’s number is 2.5. Determine
(1) The specific energy
(2) The critical depth
(3) The subsequent depths
(4) Loss of head
(5) Energy dissipated. (AU 2012)
12. (i) A rectangular channel carries a flow with a velocity of 0.65m/s and depth of 1.4m. If the
discharge is abruptly increased three fold by sudden lifting of a gate on the upstream side,
estimate the velocity and height of the resulting surge?
(ii)With neat diagrams explain different types of channel transitions. (AU 2013)
13. (i)Write the gradually varied flow equation in an open channel flow. Deduce the equation for a
wide rectangular channel using Manning’s and chezy’s equation.
(ii)Explain with a neat diagram the surges produced when (i) a sluice gate is suddenly raised
sluice gate is suddenly lowered.
14. (i)What do you understand by critical depth of an open channel when the flow in it not
uniform?
(ii) Derive the expression for critical depth and critical velocity. (AU 2014)
15. A venturiflume is 1.30 m wide at entrance and 0.65 m in the throat. Neglecting hydraulic losses
in the flume .calculate the flow if the depths at the entrance and throat are 0.65 m respectively.
a hump is now installed at the throat, of height 200 mm, so that a standing wave (hydraulic
jump) is formed beyond the throat. When is the increase in the upstream depth when is the
increase in the upstream depth when the same flow as before passes through the flume?
(AU 2014)
16. (i) Explain the various type of channel slopes with neat sketches and also write the various
curves formed in each slope
(ii) Write the types of hydraulic jump with neat sketches (AU 2011)
17. (i)Define surges. When are its types? How the energy dissipated? explain the details
(ii) Derive the dynamic equation of gradually varied flow
(iii) Briefly explain the direct step methods and standard step methods to determine the
gradually varied flow (AU 2014)
18. Derive the term i) afflux ii) break water curve. Derive an expression for the length of break
water curve? (AU 2014)
19. Water flows from a sluice in to a very rectangular channel. The channel has a bed slope of 1 in
1000. The sluice is regulated to discharge 6 m3/s per m width of channel, the depth of
venacontracta being 0.5 m will a hydraulic jump from? if so determine its location use a single
depth for the computation with manning’s constant n=0.015 (AU 2015)
20. The depth and velocity of flow in a rectangular channel are 1 m and 1.5 m/s respectively. If the
rate of inflow at the upstream end is suddenly doubled, what will be the height and absolute
velocity of the resulting surge and the celerity of the wave? (AU 2015)
UNIT –IV
TURBINES
PART-A
1. What is the purpose of providing a casing in turbine? (AU 2017)
The purpose of providing a casing in turbine is to safeguard the vanes in which water flows
continuously along the runner.
2. What is radial flow turbine? (AU 2017)
Radial Flow: The francis turbine had a purely radial flow turbine; the water radially enters the
runner at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its center.

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3. What are the types of turbine according to direction of flow through runner?
(AU 2016)
 Tangential flow turbine
 Radial flow turbine
 Axial flow turbine
 Mixed flow turbine
4. What is draft tube? (AU 2016 - 2)
The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner to
the tail race. It is used for discharging water from exist of the turbine to the tail race. This pipe
of gradually increasing area is called a draft tube.
5. Explain impulse turbine Reaction turbine, (AU 2010)
 If at the inlet of the turbine the energy available is only kinetic energy the turbine is known as
impulse turbine.
 If at the inlet of the turbine the water possesses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy the
turbine is known as reaction turbine.
6. Define (a) Hydraulic Efficiency, (b) mechanical efficiency, (c) volumetric efficiency,
(d) Overall efficiency (AU 2012)
 It is defined as the ratio of power delivered to the runner to the power supplied at the inlet.
 It is defined as the ratio of power at the shaft of the turbine to the power delivered by the
water to runner.
 It is defined as the ratio of volume of water actually striking the runner to the Volume of water
supplied to the runner.
 It is defined as the ratio of shaft power by water power.
7. Explain tangential flow turbine (AU 2008)
If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known as the tangential flow
turbine.
8. Explain inward flow radial turbine, outward flow radial turbine (AU 2009)
 If the water flows from outwards to inwards radially the turbine is called inward radial flow
turbine.
 If the water flows radially from inwards to outwards the turbine is known as outward radial
flow turbine.
9. What are the uses of draft tube? (AU – 2014 - 2)
 The net head on the turbine increases.
 Due to increase in net head the power and efficiency of the turbine also increases.
 The large amount of rejected kinetic energy is converted in to useful pressure energy.
10. What are the classifications of hydraulic turbine according to the type of energy at inlet?
(AU 2010)
 Impulse turbine and
 Reaction turbine
11. What are types of draft tube? (AU 2011)
 Conical draft tube
 Simple elbow tube
 Moody spreading tube
 Draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet
12. What is Pelton wheel ?
Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the
bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the Turbine is only
kinetic energy. This turbine is used for high heads.
13. What are the cases to be considered in the impact of jet? (AU 2011)
The following cases of the impact of jet i.e, the force exerted by the jet on a plate, will be
considered,
 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate when
i) Plate is vertical to the jet
ii) Plate is inclined to the jet

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iii) Plate is curved.

 Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate,
i) Plate is vertical to the jet
ii) Plate is inclined to the jet and Plate is curved.
14. What are the different flows types of a turbine? (AU 2012)
 Tangential flow turbine
 Radial flow turbine
 Inward radial flow turbine
 Outward radial flow turbine
 Axial flow & Mixed flow.
15. What do you know about pelton wheel and its parts? (AU 2013)
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. Water strikes the bucket along the tangent
of the runner. Kinetic energy turbine used for high heads.
Parts
 Nozzle & flow regulating arrangement
 Runner & bucket
 Casing & Breaking jet
16. List out the important efficiencies of a turbine. ( AU 2012)
 Hydraulic efficiency
 Mechanical efficiency
 Volumetric efficiency & Overall efficiency
17. What is impact of jet and impact jet ratio?
Impact Jet: Impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on a plate which may be stationary
or moving.
Impact jet ratio: the ratio of pitch diameter ‘D’ of the pelton wheel of the diameter of the jet‘d’
it is denoted by m
18. Define hydraulic machines.
Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either hydraulic energy
(energy possessed by water) into mechanical energy (which is further converted into
electrical energy) or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
19. Define efficiency of draft tube.
It is defined as the ratio of actual conversion of kinetic head into pressure head in the draft
tube to the kinetic head at the inlet of the draft tube.
20. Define Cavitations. (AU 2014)
Cavitations is defined as phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles in a region of a flowing
liquid where the pressure in the liquid is falls below than vapour pressure and sudden
collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher pressure.
21. What is meant by reaction turbine? State an example. (AU 2015)
The reaction turbine is defined as the only small amount of available hydraulic energy is
converted into kinetic energy.
Example: Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine
22.Distinguish between radial flow and axial flow turbine. (AU 2015)
Radial Flow: The francies turbine had a purely radial flow turbine; the water radially enters
the runner at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its center.
Axial flow: if the water flow parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is
known as axial flow turbine.
PART-B
1. (i) Distinguish between radial flow and axial flow turbines. (7)
(ii) Define the following for a turbine : (3 X 2 = 6)
(1) Manometric Efficiency
(2) Volumetric Efficiency
(3) Mechanical Efficiency (AU 2017)

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2. A Kaplan turbine is to design to develop 8600 kW. The net available head is 6.6 m. If the speed
ration is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.60, overall efficiency is 84 % and the diameter of the boss
is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and the specific
speed of the turbine. (AU 2017)
3. A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9530 kW when working under a head of 300 m. The
runner may rotate at 550 rpm. The co-efficient of velocity is 0.97 and the speed ratio as 0.48.
Assuming jet ratio as 10 and overall efficiency as 85%, Design the following :
(i) Number of jets
(ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Quantity of water required (Part - C)(AU 2017)
4. (i) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 8825 KW when working under a head of 300 m. The
runner may rotate at 540 rpm. Assuming the jet ratio as 10, speed ratio as 0.46 and overall
efficiency as 84%, determine the following:
(i) Quantity of water required (ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Number of jets
(ii) Write briefly about classification of turbines. (AU 2016)
5. A Jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved vanes mounted on a
wheel which is rotating at 300 rpm. The jet makes an angle of 30o with the tangent to the
wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 4 m/s at an angle of 120 o to the tangent of
wheel at outlet. Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction. The outer and inner radii
of the wheel are 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively. Determine: (i) the vane angles at inlet and outlet
(ii) work done per second per kg (iii)efficiency of the wheel. (AU 2016)
6. A Pelton turbine is required to develop 8575 KW when working under a head of 250 m. The
runner may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming the jet ratio as 10, speed ratio as 0.46 and overall
efficiency as 82%, determine the following:
(i) Quantity of water required (ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Number of jets (AU 2016)
7. A Kaplan turbine is to design to develop 9100 kW. The net available head is 5.6 m. the speed
ration is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.65.the overall efficiency is 86 % and the diameter of the
base is one –third the diameter of the runner. Determine the diameter of the runner, speed and
specific speed of the turbine. (AU 2016)
8. (i) Distinguish between radial flow and axial flow turbines.
(ii) A Pelton wheel is required to develop 9560 kW when working under the head of 350 m. The
speed of the pelton wheel is 750 rpm. The coefficient of velocity is 0.985 and the speed ratio is
0.45. Assuming jet ratio as 10 and overall efficiency as 85%.
Determine (i) The number of jets
(ii) The diameter of the wheel
(iii) The quantity of water required (AU 2015)
9. A Pelton wheel operates with a jet of jet of 150 mm diameter under the head of 500 m, its mean
runner diameter is 0.25 m and it rates with a speed of 375 rpm. The angle of bucket tip at
outlet as 15º, coefficient of velocity is 0.98, mechanical losses equal to 3% of power supplied
and the reduction in relative velocity of water while passing through bucket is 15%.
Find (i) the force of jet on the bucket
(ii) the power developed
(iii) bucket efficiency
(iv) overall efficiency. (AU 2010)
10. Derive the equation for power and work done for the impact of jets on moving curved vanes.
11. (i)Explain the classification of turbines. (AU 2010)
Classify the turbines based on :
(i) Action of water on turbine blades. (ii) Head on turbine.
(ii) Direction of flow through turbine runner. (iv) Specific speed.
(v) Disposition of turbines shaft.

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(ii) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of 300 m. The
runner may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming the jet ratio as 10, speed ratio as 0.46 and overall
efficiency as 85%, determine the following:
(i) Quantity of water required
(ii) Diameter of the wheel
(ii) Number of jets
(iv) Number of buckets. (AU 2010)
12. In an inward flow reaction turbine, head on turbine is 32 m. The external an internal diameters
are 0.44 m and 0.72 m respectively. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and
equal to 3 m/s. The guide blade angle is 10º and runner vanes are rigid at inlet. If the discharge
at outlet is radial, determine
(i) The speed of the turbine
(ii) The vane angle at outlet of the runner and
(iii) Hydraulic efficiency. (AU 2011)
13. (i) Distinguish between impulse and reaction turbines.
(ii) A Pelton wheel is required to develop 8825 kW when working under the head of 300 m. The
speed of the pelton wheel is 540 rpm. The coefficient of velocity is 0.98 and the speed ratio is
0.46. Assuming jet ratio as 10 and overall efficiency as 84%.
Determine (i) The number of jets
(ii) The diameter of the wheel
(iii) The quantity of water required (AU 2012)
14. (i) What are the various types of draft tube?
(ii) A Francis turbine is to be designed to develop 360 kW under a head of 70 m and a speed of
750 rpm. The ratio of width of runner to diameter of runner ‘n’ is 0.1. The inner diameter of the
runner is half the outer diameter. The flow ratio is 0.15. The hydraulic efficiency is 95% and the
mechanical efficiency is 84%. Four percent of the circumferential area of runner is to be
occupied by the thickness of the vanes. The velocity of flow is constant and the discharge is
radial at exit. (AU 2012)
Determine:
(i) The diameter of the wheel (ii) The quantity of water supplied
(ii) The guide vane angle at inlet and (iv) Runner vane angles at inlet and exit.

15. (i)Jet water having a velocity of 40 m/s strikes a curved vane which is moving with a velocity
of 20 m/s .the jet makes an angle of 30 o with the direction of motion of vane at inlet and leaves
at an angle of 90o to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. draw the velocity triangles at inlet
and outlet and determine the vane angles at inlet and outlet so that the water enters and leaves
the vane without shock
(ii) Derive the impulse momentum principle. (AU 2015)
16. (i)A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specification power (breaker or shaft) =
9560 KW. Head = 350 m, Speed = 750 rpm, overall efficiency = 85% jet diameter not to be
exceed 1/6 of the wheel diameter, take C = 0.985,Speed Ratio = O.45 (AU – 2015 - 2)
Determine:
(i)The wheel diameter (ii)Diameter of jet (iii)The number of jet required
(ii) Write down the difference between radial flow and axial flow turbine
17. Derive the equation for power and work done for the impact of jets on moving curved vanes.
Explain the classification of turbines. (AU 2013)
18. Jet water having the velocity of 40m/s strike a curved vane, which is moving with an velocity of
20m/s. The jet makes an angle of 300.with the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Draw the
velocity triangle at inlet and outlet and determine the vane angle at inlet and outlet
(AU 2014)
19. Pelton wheel operates with a jet of jet of 150 mm diameter under the head of 500 m, its mean
runner diameter is 0.25 m and it rates with a speed of 375 rpm. The angle of bucket tip at
outlet as 15º, coefficient of velocity is 0.98, mechanical losses equal to 3% of power supplied
and the reduction in relative velocity of water while passing through bucket is 15%. Find (i)

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the force of jet on the bucket (ii) the power developed (iii) bucket efficiency and (iv) overall
efficiency. (AU 2013)
20. A Kaplan turbine is to design to develop 9000 kW. The net available head is 5.6 m. the speed
ration is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.68.the overall efficiency is 86 % and the diameter of the
boss is one –third the diameter of the runner. Determine the diameter of the runner, speed and
specific speed of the turbine (AU 2015)
21. A pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications shaft power = 11,772 kW, head
= 380 m; speed = 750 rpm; overall efficiency = 80%; jet diameter is not to exceed 1/6 of the
wheel diameter.
Determine the following
(i)wheel diameter
(ii) Number of jets required
(iv) Diameter of jet
Assume kV =0.985 and Ku =0.45 (AU 2015)
UNIT –V
PUMPS
PART-A
1. Why cavitation is considered as undesirable phenomenon in pump? (AU 2017)
Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in the region where the
pressure of the liquid fall below the vapour pressure and sudden collapse of tighter pressure
occurs. When metallic surface subjected to high pressure which causes pitting action. Thus
cavities are formed on the metallic surface and hence this is named as cavitations.
2. Define negative slip. (AU 2016-2)
Slip is defined as the difference between theoretical discharges and actual discharge.
If actual discharge is greater than theoretical discharge negative value is found this negative
value is called negative slip.
3. What is Manometric Head ? (AU 2016)
Manometric Head is defined as a height of manometric fluid inside the measurng tube.It can be
seen in centrifugal pump,reciprocating pump etc.
4. What is an indicator diagram? (AU 2017-3)
Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head and distance traveled by the piston
from inner dead center for one complete revolution.
5. What is centrifugal pump? (AU 2011)
The hydraulic machines which convert mechanical energy in to pressure energy by means of
centrifugal force is called centrifugal pump. It acts a reverse of inward radial flow turbine.
6. What are the main parts of centrifugal pump? (AU 2012)
 Suction pipe with foot valve and strainer
 Impeller
 Casing
 Delivery pipe
7. What is Air vessel? (AU 2009)
Air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at the
bottom of the chamber. It is used to obtain a continuous supply of water at uniform rate to save
a considerable amount of work and to run the pump at high speed without separation
8. What is the purpose of an air vessel fitted in the pump? (AU 2010)
 To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.
 To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the
suction and delivery pipes, and
 To run the pump at a high speed without separation.
9. What is separation of reciprocating pump?
If the pressure in the cylinder is below the vapour pressure, dissolved gasses will be liberated
from the liquid and cavitations will takes place. The continuous flow of liquid will not ex it
which means separation of liquid takes place. The pressure at which separation takes place is

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called separation pressure and head corresponding to the separation pressure is called
separation pressure head.
10. What is the work saved by fitting a air vessel in a single acting, double acting pump?
 Work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting pump is 84.87%,
 In a double acting pump the work saved is 39.2%.
11. Define specific speed of a pump. (AU – 2012-2)
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is define as the speed of a geometrically similar
pumps which will deliver unit quantity.
12. What is the function of foot value in a pump? (AU 2011)
The foot value is a one way value located above the strainer into the suction pipe. it is used to
fill the pump with liquid, before it started and prevents back flow, when the pump is stop.

13. What are pumps and give the formulas used for centrifugal pump? (AU 2012)
 Hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called
pumps.
 The hydraulic energy in the farm of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted
into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on a fluid, the hydraulic machine
is called centrifugal pump.
 Centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means
that the flow in centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions.
14. What are the different heads and efficiencies of a centrifugal pump? (AU 2012)
 Suction head (hs)
 Delivery head (hd)
 Static head (hs)
 Manometric head (hm)
15. Define Efficiencies of a centrifugal pump
 Manometric efficiency
 Overall efficiency
 Mechanical efficiency
16. What is priming? How it can be avoided? (AU 2015)
It is defined as the operation in which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and a portion of the
delivery pipe up to the delivery value is completely filled up from outside source with the
liquid to be lifted by the pump.
17. What are air vessels? State their purpose. (AU 2015)
The air vessels are a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and the
liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber these is an opening through
which the liquid exerts the air vessels, or out from the vessel.
18. What are the main parts of centrifugal pump?
1. Suction pipe with foot valve and strainer
2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Delivery pipe
19. Write down the use of centrifugal pump?
1. Used in deep sump and basement
2. The high discharge capacity
3. It is driven by electric motors
20. Define multistage pump.
If centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers the pump is called Multistage pump. To
produce a high head impellers are connected in series .To produce high discharge impellers
are connected in parallel.
21. What is the purpose of an air vessel fitted in the pump?
1. To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.
2. To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the
suction and delivery pipes, and

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3. To run the pump at a high speed without separation.

22. What is Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump in Per second ?
For Single acting
Discharge (Q)=ALN/60
Where
A=Area of the Cylinder in m2
L=Length of Stroke in m.
N=Speed of Crank in rpm
For Double acting
Q=2ALN/60
A=Area of the Cylinder in m2
L=Length of Stroke in m.
N=Speed of Crank in rpm
PART-B
1. (i)List the factors involved in the selection of pump. (7)
(ii)Draw and explain the Muschel curves of Pump. (6) (AU 2017)
2. Explain with a neat sketch the construction details and working principles of a reciprocating
pump. (AU 2017)
3. Write in detail about the application of hydraulic devices (any five). (Part - C)(AU 2017)
4. What is a reciprocating Pump? Describe the principle and working of a reciprocating pump
with a neat sketch. (AU 2016)
5. A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 400 mm in diameter and 200 mm wide at outlet.
The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45° and reduce the circumferential area by 10 %.
The Manometric Efficiency is 90 % and overall efficiency is 80 %. Determine the head
generated by the Pump when running at 1000 rpm delivering 50 lps. What would be the shaft
horse power ? (AU 2016)
6. Draw the ideal indicator diagram and include the acceleration head and frictional head during
the different strokes. And also write down the total work done during the suction stroke and
middle of the delivery stroke. (AU 2016)
7. Calculate the vane angle at the inlet of centrifugal pump impeller having outer diameter equal
to two times the inner diameter and running at 1000 rpm working against the head of 40m.
The velocity of the flow through the impeller is constant at 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at
an angle of 40° at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at outlet is
50mm. Determine (i) Work done by impeller on water per second (ii) Manometric Efficiency
(AU 2016)
8. A single acting reciprocating pump having a cylinder diameter of 150 mm and stroke of 300
mm is used to raise the water through a height of 20 m. Its crank rotates at 60 rpm. Find the
theoretical power required to run the pump and the theoretical discharge. If actual discharge is
5 lit/s find the percentage of slip. If delivery pipe is 100 mm in diameter and is 15 m long, find
the acceleration head at the beginning of the stroke. (AU 2014)
9. Discuss in detail the working of Centrifugal pump. Also write a note on working of jet pump.
(AU 2013)
10. The impeller of a centrifugal pump having external and internal diameters 500 mm and 250
mm respectively, width at outlet 50 mm and running at 1200rpm. Works against a head of
48m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 3 m/s. The vanes are
set back at an angle of 40º at outlet. Determine (i) Inlet Vane angle,(ii) Work –done by the
impeller and manometric efficiency. (AU 2011)
11. (i) Define (i) Manometric efficiency ,(ii) Volumetric efficiency ,(iii) Mechanical efficiency
(iv) Overall Efficiency of Centrifugal pump.
(ii) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450 mm and internal
diameter of 200 mm. The speed of the pump is 1440 rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow
through the impeller at 2.5 m/s and that the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25°,
Determine:(i) The inlet vane angle,(ii) The angle, the absolute velocity of water at exit makes
with the tangent and,(iii) The work done per unit weight. (AU 2012)

AHE 27 KCE/CIVIL/QB/II YR/AHE

 Subject Code / Name : CE6403 / APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

12. Explain the working principle of double acting reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. (AU 2012)
(i) What is meant by priming a centrifugal pump and why it is needed?
(ii)With the aid of an indicator diagram discuss the effect of acceleration on the work done
and pressure head of a reciprocating pump (AU 2014)
13. Calculate the vane angle at the inlet of centrifugal pump impeller having 200mm dia at inlet
and 400 mm dia at outlet. The impeller vane set at the angle of 450 to the outer rim and the
entry of the pump is radial. the pump runs at 1000rpm and the velocity of the flow through the
impeller is constant at 3m/s.Calculate the work done per KN of the water and velocity as well
as direction of the water at outlet. (AU 2014)
14. What indicator diagram? Explain with neat sketch and include the acceleration head and
frication head during different strokes. And also write down the total work done? (AU 2013)
15. What is priming in a centrifugal pump? What is the necessity of using multistage centrifugal
pumps? explain the principles of centrifugal pumps? (AU – 2013 - 2)
16. Explain with neat sketch the construction details and working principles of a reciprocating
pump? (AU – 2014-2)
17. A double –acting reciprocating pump, running at 40 rpm, is discharging 1 m 3/s water. The
pump has a stroke length of 400 mm. the diameter of the piston is 200 mm. the delivery and
suction head are 20 m and 5 m respectively. find the slip of the pump and power required it
drive the pump (AU 2015)
18. A centrifugal pump delivers salt water against a head of 15 m at a speed of 100 rpm. The vanes
are curved backward at 30º with the periphery. Obtain the discharge for an impeller diameter
of 30 cm and outlet width of 5 cm at a manometric efficiency of 90%.
19. A single acting reciprocating pump having a cylinder diameter of 150 mm and stroke of 300
mm is used to raise the water through a height of 20 m. Its crank rotates at 60 rpm. Find the
theoretical power required to run the pump and the theoretical discharge. If actual discharge is
5 lit/s find the percentage of slip. If delivery pipe is 100 mm in diameter and is 15 m long, find
the acceleration head at the beginning of the stroke.

AHE 28 KCE/CIVIL/QB/II YR/AHE