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Analog Devices and Circuits: Prof D John Pradeep VIT

The document discusses frequency response and transfer functions of circuits. It defines key terms like frequency response, system transfer function, and bode plots. It then provides examples of deriving the transfer function and sketching the bode plot for different circuits. The concepts of time constants, open/short circuit time constants, and cutoff frequencies are also introduced. Worked examples are included to illustrate these frequency domain analysis techniques.

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Nilanjan Banerjee
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46 views31 pages

Analog Devices and Circuits: Prof D John Pradeep VIT

The document discusses frequency response and transfer functions of circuits. It defines key terms like frequency response, system transfer function, and bode plots. It then provides examples of deriving the transfer function and sketching the bode plot for different circuits. The concepts of time constants, open/short circuit time constants, and cutoff frequencies are also introduced. Worked examples are included to illustrate these frequency domain analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

Nilanjan Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Devices and circuits

Prof D John Pradeep


VIT
Frequency response
• What is frequency response of a system?
• What is a system transfer function?
• How to derive transfer function of a circuit?
• What is a bode plot?
• How to sketch a bode plot if system transfer
function is given?
Frequency response
• The frequency response is the relationship
between the system input and output in the
Fourier Domain.
• It is a measure of magnitude and phase of the
output as a function of frequency, in
comparison to the input.
• In case of amplifiers, the dependence of the
system gain to frequency is given by frequency
response.
Frequency response
• Typical frequency response of an amplifier
Frequency response
Remember the circuit?? CE amplifier
• Remember this circuit?? • If the value of β is given,
then the voltage gain of the
amplifier can be calculated.
Steps involved:
• Perform dc analysis
• Draw the ac equivalent
circuit
• Calculate gain.
In this case   50.5 /
Frequency response
• Will the gain of CE amplifier be same w.r.t to
variation in input signal frequency??
• Gain of -50.5 hold good only in mid-band.
• The impedances of capacitors ,  ,  are
frequency selective. They play a significant role in
characterizing the lower cut off frequency of the
amplifier frequency response.
• Transistors have internal capacitances which
should be taken into account at very high
frequencies.
Frequency response
• Frequency response of a circuit is determined
by complex frequency variable s.
• s = jω
• For frequency response analysis,
a capacitor is represented by complex

impedance

an inductor is represented by complex
impedance sL
Transfer function
• It is a ratio of output quantity to an input quantity
of a system.
• In our course of study, the general input and
output quantities we use are currents and
voltages.
• The four general transfer functions are:
Voltage transfer function
Current transfer function
Trans-resistance transfer function
Trans-conductance transfer function
Transfer function
• General form of transfer function is given as
         … … .
         … … .
Here zi ‘s are zeros and pi ‘s are poles of the
transfer function.
Transfer function
• Derive voltage transfer function for circuit
given in figure 2.
Transfer function
• Derive voltage transfer function for circuit
given in figure 3.
Transfer function
• A transfer function is defined in complex
domain. So, it has magnitude and phase.
• Approximate plots of magnitude and phase of
a transfer function can be given by Bode plots.
Bode plot
• Draw Bode plot for the circuit given in figure
below.

Magnitude:
Bode plot
Magnitude in dB:
Bode plot
• The first term in the magnitude is a constant
and is independent of frequency and the ratio
is less than one. In log scale, it is less than 0
dB.
First term:

Magnitude plot of first term:


Bode plot
• The magnitude plot of second term is a line
passing through 0 dB at f = 1/2πτs with a slope
of 20 dB/decade or 6 dB/Octave.
Second term:

Magnitude plot of second term:


Bode plot
• The magnitude plot of third term is 0 dB when
f << 1/2πτs, and is equal to -3 dB at f = 1/2πτs,
and it falls off with a slope of -20 dB/decade
for f >> 1/2πτs
Third term:

Magnitude plot of third term:


Bode plot
• The over all transfer function:
Magnitude plot
Phase plot
Phase plot
Bode plot
• Draw Bode plot for the circuit given in figure
below.

Magnitude:
Magnitude plot
Phase plot
Time constants
• Draw Bode plot for the circuit given in figure
below.
Time constants
   
•     0
  !
 !


•   "  # # 
    !
  !
Time constants
• Cs affects low frequency response and Cp
affects high frequency response.
• In real circuits, we use Cp << Cs and Rs and Rp
are of same magnitude.
• Keeping in mind above two realistic
constraints, we define two time constants for
the circuit.
a) open circuit time constant and
b) short circuit time constant
Open circuit time constant
• As Cp << Cs, for low frequencies, Cp can be
treated as open circuit.
• The effective resistance seen by the capacitor
Cs is (Rs + Rp).
• The time constant associated with Cs is
τs = Cs(Rs + Rp).
• As Cp was open circuited, this time constant is
called open circuit time constant.
Short circuit time constant
• As Cp << Cs, for high frequencies, Cs can be
treated as short circuit.
• The effective resistance seen by the capacitor
Cp is (Rs || Rp).
• The time constant associated with Cp is
τp = Cp(Rs || Rp).
• As Cs was short circuited, this time constant is
called short circuit time constant.
Cut-off / corner frequencies
• From open circuit time constant, we define
lower corner frequency fL
• From short circuit time constant, we define
upper corner frequency fU.

• $%  and $( =
&' &')
• We define bandwidth BW = fU – fL.
Reference
• “Electronic circuits Analysis and Design”
Donald A Neamen, Mc Graw Hill, 3rd edition.

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