Unit I

Multiple Integrals useful in

Engineering

Session 1 & 2
Outline:
At the end of these sessions you should be able to,
• Evaluate surface integrals over rectangular region

• Evaluate surface integrals over non-rectangular

region

• Evaluate volume integrals using polar coordinates.

Review
Definite integral for functions of one
variable
• Suppose that we want
to find the area of the
region 𝑆 that lies under
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
from 𝑎 to 𝑏.

• We sub divide the area

into 𝑛 strips with equal
width.
Then each strip is approximated by a rectangle.

∆𝑥 =width
𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ =height of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ rectangle
𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 is the area of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ rectangle.

Then, the Riemann Sum

𝑛

𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 ≈ area of the region 𝑆

𝑖=1
• When the number of strips goes to infinity,
𝑛

lim 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 = area of the region 𝑆

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1

• Then we obtain the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) from

𝑎 to 𝑏,

𝑏 𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 = area of the region 𝑆

𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
Double integrals
Surface integral over a rectangular region

Suppose that you are asked to find the surface integral

of 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the rectangular region 𝑅.

That means you are

going to find the volume
of the solid that lies
above 𝑅 and under the
graph 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = volume of the solid
𝑅

𝐶
𝐹

𝐸 𝐷

𝐺
𝐵
𝑅
𝐻
𝐴
 To find the volume;
• Divide the rectangle 𝑅 into sub rectangles.
Divide 𝑛 sub intervals

Area ∆𝐴 of a small
rectangle is ∆𝑥∆𝑦

Divide 𝑚 sub intervals

• Now consider a thin rectangular box or a
∗ ∗
column with base 𝑅𝑖𝑗 and height 𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 .

∗ ∗
Volume of this column is 𝒇 𝒙𝒊𝒋 , 𝒚𝒊𝒋 ∆𝑨
• Therefore, total volume 𝑉, of the solid can be
approximated by,
𝑚 𝑛

𝑉≈ 𝒇 𝒙∗𝒊𝒋 , 𝒚∗𝒊𝒋 ∆𝑨
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

• The approximation becomes better when 𝑛 and 𝑚

become larger. Therefore,

𝑚 𝑛 𝑏 𝑑

𝑉 = lim 𝒇 𝒙∗𝒊𝒋 , 𝒚𝒊𝒋

∗
∆𝑨 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑛,𝑚→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑐
Surface integrals over a rectangular region
Example 2

Find the value of the surface integral of the

function f(x, y) = xy over the rectangle bounded
by the lines x = 0, x = 3 and y = 1, y = 2.
 Surface integrals over a non-rectangular region
Generally we draw a diagram showing the region of integration.

Type I
Type II
Plane polar co-ordinates

• In polar co-ordinate system, the distance and

the direction are used to describe a particular
position.

• It is often convenient to choose plane polar co-

ordinate system in evaluating surface integrals.
Any point 𝑃 can be represented uniquely by
specifying the distance 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 and the angle
𝜃 , that 𝑂𝑃 makes with the x-axis.
𝑌

(𝑟, 𝜃) are called

𝑃 the plane polar
𝑟 co-ordinates of
𝑃.
𝜃
0
𝑋
 The algebraic relation of
Cartesian co-ordinates to
𝑌
plane polar co-ordinates
𝑃 is given by,
𝑟 𝑋 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑌 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃
0
𝑋 Therefore,
the Cartesian coordinates
of 𝑃 are (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Use of plane polar co-ordinates in
surface integrals
Suppose that we want to evaluate a double
integral 𝑅 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴, where 𝑅 is one of the
regions below. 2 2 𝑥 +𝑦 =2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =1

𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋} 𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋}
In general, 𝑅 can be defined as,

𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽}
In order to compute the surface integral over
the region 𝑅, divide region 𝑅 into 𝑚 circles and
𝑛 spokes.
𝜃𝑗 − 𝜃𝑗−1 = ∆𝜃

𝑅𝑖𝑗

𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1 = ∆𝑟

If the area of the region 𝑅

is 𝐴, then the area of the
region 𝑅𝑖𝑗 is ∆𝐴.
Then, by assuming that the 𝑅𝑖𝑗 is a rectangle,

∆𝐴 = (𝑟∆𝜃)(∆𝑟)

Therefore,
If 𝑓 is continues on a polar rectangle 𝑅, given by 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
and 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽 , the volume of the solid between region 𝑅
and the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ,
𝑚 𝑛
𝑉≈ 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ 𝑟∆𝜃∆𝑟
When 𝑛 and 𝑚 become larger, we can have a better
approximation for the volume.
𝑚 𝑛

𝑉 = lim 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ 𝑟∆𝜃∆𝑟

𝑛,𝑚→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

Therefore, Surface Integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over

the region 𝑅 is,

𝜃=𝛽 𝑟=𝑏
𝑅
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜃=𝛼 𝑟=𝑎
𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
 Session 3 & 4
Volume Integrals
Outline:
At the end of these sessions you should be able to,
• Evaluate volume integrals over rectangular regions using
Cartesian Coordinates
• Evaluate volume integrals over non-rectangular regions
using Cartesian Coordinates
• Evaluate volume integrals using Cylindrical polar
coordinates.
•Evaluate volume integrals using Spherical polar coordinates.
Triple Integral Over Rectangular Regions
• We can define triple integrals for functions of three
variable.
• Let f is defined on a rectangular box
B = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 |𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, r ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑠
• Then divide B into sub boxes.
• Divide the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 into 𝑙 subintervals 𝑥𝑖−1, 𝑥𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑥.
• Divide the interval 𝑐, 𝑑 into 𝑚 subintervals 𝑦𝑖−1, 𝑦𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑦.
• Divide the interval 𝑟, 𝑠 into 𝑛 subintervals 𝑧𝑖−1, 𝑧𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑧.
• Then 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖−1, 𝑥𝑖 × 𝑦𝑖−1, 𝑦𝑖 × 𝑧𝑖−1, 𝑧𝑖

• Volume of 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘
∆𝑉 = ∆𝑥 × ∆𝑦 × ∆𝑧
• Triple Riemann Sum is
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∆𝑉
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
The triple integral of 𝑓 over the box B is

∗ ∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = lim 𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∆𝑉
𝑙,𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝐵
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × 𝑐, 𝑑 × 𝑟, 𝑠 , then
𝑠 𝑑 𝑏

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝐵 𝑧=𝑟 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=𝑎
Triple Integral Over Non-Rectangular Region
• Suppose a solid region E lies between the graph of
two continuous functions x and y, that is
𝐸 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 | 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝐸 𝐷 𝑧=𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
• Suppose a solid region E lies between the graph of
two continuous functions x and y, that is
𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 |𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑔1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑔2 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑏 𝑔2 𝑥,𝑦 𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐸 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔1 𝑥,𝑦 𝑧=𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
Example
Find the volume of the solid bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and
the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 4 and 𝑦 = 9.
Solution:
3 4 9
𝑉 = 𝑥=−3 𝑧=0 𝑦=𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
3 4
= 𝑥=−3 𝑧=0 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
3 z
= 𝑥=−3 36 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
y
=144

x y

x
Cylindrical polar coordinates
Let 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be any point in space
Let (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) respectively denote
𝑟: projection OQ of OP on 𝑥𝑦-plane
𝜃: angle which OQ makes with 𝑥-axis
𝑧: perpendicular PQ on the 𝑥𝑦-plane
Then cylindrical coordinates of P are 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧
𝑟≥0
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
−∞ < 𝑧 < +∞

Q
• Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates
 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧=𝑧
• Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates
 r= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
−1 𝑦
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
𝑧=𝑧
• Volume element

• By assuming that the given region is a rectangle

• 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑧
• Suppose region E is given by
𝐸 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 | 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦 where D is
given in polar coordinates by
𝐷 = 𝑟, 𝜃 |𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, 𝑕1 𝜃 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑕2 𝜃

Therefor the formula for triple integration in cylindrical polar

coordinates is given by

𝛽 ℎ2 𝜃 𝑢2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝐸 𝜃=𝛼 𝑟=ℎ1 𝜃 𝑧=𝑢1 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Example (Page 62 - lesson material)
Find the volume integral of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 over the region D bounded by the surfaces
𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑧 = 1.
Solution:
𝜋
𝐷= 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 |0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ ,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1
𝜋
2
1 2 𝑧
2 2
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 𝑧 1 2 1
𝑧2 𝜋𝑧 2 𝜋
= 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 =
4 8 24
𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0 𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
Spherical polar coordinates
Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be any point in the space.
Let 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 respectively denote the
r: distance OP of from the origin
𝜃: angle which OP makes with 𝑧-axis
𝜙: angle between the projection OQ of OP on
the 𝑥𝑜𝑦-plane and the x-axis
r≥ 0
0≤𝜃≤𝜋
𝒓
0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜽

∅
• Cartesian to spherical coordinates
 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
• Spherical to Cartesian coordinates
 r= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
−1 𝑧 𝑧
𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑟 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
−1 𝑦
𝜙= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
• Volume element
∆𝒓
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌 ∆∅

𝜽𝒌
∆𝜽
𝒓𝒊 ∆𝜽

∆∅
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌 ∆∅
• By assuming that the given region is a
rectangle
• ∆𝑉𝑖𝑗𝑘 = ∆𝑟 𝑟𝑖 ∆𝜃 𝑟𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑘 ∆∅
= 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑘 ∆𝑟∆𝜃∆∅
• Suppose E is a spherical wedge given by
𝐸 = 𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ |𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, 𝑐 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝑑

• Therefor the formula for triple integration in

cylindrical polar coordinates is given by

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
𝑑 𝛽 𝑏

= 𝑓 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠∅, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛∅, 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅

∅=𝑐 𝜃=𝛼 𝑟=𝑎
Example
3
Evaluate 𝐵 𝑒 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 2
𝑑𝑉, where B is the unit ball
B = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1 .
Solution:
Since the boundary of B is a sphere we use spherical
polar coordinates.
𝐵 = 𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ |0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋

2𝜋 𝜋 1
3 3
2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 2 2
𝑟 2
𝑒 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
𝐵 ∅=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
2𝜋 𝜋 1
3
2
𝑟 2
4
= 𝑑∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑒−1
3
∅=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
Thank You