Hydraulic pump

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Fluid flow in an external gear pump

Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or
hydrodynamic. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power that converts
mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). It
generates flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by the load at the
pump outlet. When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a vacuum at the pump inlet,
which forces liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by mechanical
action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps can
be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per
rotation of the pump) cannot be adjusted, or variable displacement pumps, which have
a more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted.
Hydrodynamic pumps are more frequent in day-to-day life. Hydrostatic pumps of
various types all work on the principle of Pascal's law.

Gearpump with external teeth, note the rotational direction of the gears.

Contents

 1Hydraulic pump types

o 1.1Gear pumps
o 1.2Rotary vane pumps
o 1.3Screw pumps
o 1.4Bent axis pumps
o 1.5Inline axial piston pumps and swashplate principle
o 1.6Radial piston pumps
o 1.7Peristaltic pumps
 2Pumps for open and closed systems
 3Multi-pump assembly
 4Hydraulic pumps, calculation formulas
o 4.1Flow
o 4.2Power
 o 4.3Mechanical efficiency
o 4.4Hydraulic efficiency
 5References
 6External links

Hydraulic pump types[edit]

Gear pumps[edit]

Gearpump with internal teeth

Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical
pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be
between about 1 and 200 millilitres. They have the lowest volumetric efficiency ( )
of all three basic pump types (gear, vane and piston pumps)[1] These pumps create
pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to
pressurize the outlet side. For lubrication, the gear pump uses a small amount of oil
from the pressurized side of the gears, bleeds this through the (typically) hydrodynamic
bearings, and vents the same oil either to the low pressure side of the gears, or
through a dedicated drain port on the pump housing. Some gear pumps can be quite
noisy, compared to other types, but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and much
quieter than older models. This is in part due to designs incorporating split gears,
helical gear teeth and higher precision/quality tooth profiles that mesh and unmesh
more smoothly, reducing pressure ripple and related detrimental problems. Another
positive attribute of the gear pump, is that catastrophic breakdown is a lot less common
than in most other types of hydraulic pumps. This is because the gears gradually wear
down the housing and/or main bushings, reducing the volumetric efficiency of the pump
gradually until it is all but useless. This often happens long before wear causes the unit
to seize or break down.

A gerotor (image does not show intake or exhaust)

Rotary vane pumps[edit]

Fixed displacement vane pump
Rotary vane pumps (fixed and simple adjustable displacement) have higher efficiencies
than gear pumps, but are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bar (18,000 kPa) in
general. Modern units can exceed 300 bar (30,000 kPa) in continuous operation,
although vane pumps are not regarded as "high pressure" components. Some types of
vane pumps can change the centre of the vane body, so that a simple adjustable pump
is obtained. These adjustable vane pumps are in general constant pressure or
constant power pumps: the displacement is increased until the required pressure or
power is reached and subsequently the displacement or swept volume is decreased
until an equilibrium is reached. A critical element in vane pump design is how the
vanes are pushed into contact with the pump housing, and how the vane tips are
machined at this very point. Several type of "lip" designs are used, and the main
objective is to provide a tight seal between the inside of the housing and the vane, and
at the same time to minimize wear and metal-to-metal contact. Forcing the vane out of
the rotating centre and towards the pump housing is accomplished using spring-loaded
vanes, or more traditionally, vanes loaded hydrodynamically (via the pressurized
system fluid).
Screw pumps[edit]

Principle of screw pump (Saugseite = intake, Druckseite = outflow)

Screw pumps (fixed displacement) consist of two Archimedes' screws that intermesh
and are enclosed within the same chamber. These pumps are used for high flows at
relatively low pressure (max 100 bars (10,000 kPa)).[clarification needed] They were used on
board ships where a constant pressure hydraulic system extended through the whole
ship, especially to control ball valves[clarification needed] but also to help drive the steering gear
and other systems. The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these
pumps; however, the efficiency is not high.
The major problem of screw pumps is that the hydraulic reaction force is transmitted in
a direction that's axially opposed to the direction of the flow.
There are two ways to overcome this problem:
 1. put a thrust bearing beneath each rotor;
2. create a hydraulic balance by directing a hydraulic force to a piston under the
rotor.
Types of screw pumps:

1. single end
2. double end
3. single rotor
4. multi rotor timed
5. multi rotor untimed.
Bent axis pumps[edit]
Bent axis pumps, axial piston pumps and motors using the bent axis principle, fixed or
adjustable displacement, exists in two different basic designs. The Thoma-principle
(engineer Hans Thoma, Germany, patent 1935) with max 25 degrees angle and the
Wahlmark-principle (Gunnar Axel Wahlmark, patent 1960) with spherical-shaped
pistons in one piece with the piston rod, piston rings, and maximum 40 degrees
between the driveshaft centreline and pistons (Volvo Hydraulics Co.). These have the
best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general the largest displacements are
approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary a two-liter swept volume pump can
be built. Often variable-displacement pumps are used, so that the oil flow can be
adjusted carefully. These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to
350–420 bars in continuous work.
Inline axial piston pumps and swashplate principle[edit]

Axial piston pump, swashplate principle

Axial piston pumps using the swashplate principle (fixed and adjustable displacement)
have a quality that is almost the same as the bent axis model. They have the
advantage of being more compact in design and also allow use of "through-drive"
series mounted auxiliary rotating equipment, based on their in-line design. The pumps
are easier and more economical to manufacture; the disadvantage is that they are
more sensitive to oil contamination. The axial piston pump is likely the most widely
used variable displacement type, being found in everything from heavy industrial to
mobile applications. By using different compensation techniques, the variable
displacement type of these pumps can continuously alter fluid discharge per revolution
and system pressure based on load requirements, maximum pressure cut-off settings,
horsepower/ratio control, and even fully electroproportional systems, requiring no other
input than electrical signals. This makes them potentially hugely power saving
compared to other constant flow pumps in systems where prime mover/diesel/electric
motor rotational speed is constant and required fluid flow is non-constant.
Radial piston pumps[edit]

Radial piston pump

Radial piston pumps are used especially for high pressure and relatively small flows.
Pressures of up to 650 bar are normal. In fact variable displacement is possible. The
pump is designed in such a way that the plungers are connected to a floating ring. This
floating ring can be moved horizontally by a control lever & thus causes an eccentricity
in the centre of rotation of the plungers. The amount of eccentricity can be controlled to
vary the discharge. The suction & discharge can be totally reversed seamlessly by
shifting the eccentricity to the opposite side. Hence both quantity & direction can be
varied in a radial piston pump, just as in the Swash plate pump.
Peristaltic pumps[edit]
Peristaltic pumps are not generally used for high pressures.

Pumps for open and closed systems[edit]

Most pumps are working in open systems. The pump draws oil from a reservoir
at atmospheric pressure. It is very important that there is no cavitation at the suction
side of the pump. For this reason the connection of the suction side of the pump is
larger in diameter than the connection of the pressure side. In case of the use of multi-
pump assemblies, the suction connection of the pump is often combined. It is preferred
to have free flow to the pump (pressure at inlet of pump at least 0.8 bar). The body of
the pump is often in open connection with the suction side of the pump.
In case of a closed system, both sides of the pump can be at high pressure. The
reservoir is often pressurized with 6-20 bars boost pressure. For closed loop systems,
normally axial piston pumps are used. Because both sides are pressurized, the body of
the pump needs a separate leakage connection.

Multi-pump assembly[edit]
In a hydraulic installation, one pump can serve several cylinders and motors. However,
in that case a constant pressure system is required and the system always needs full
power. It is more economic to give each cylinder and motor its own pump. In that case,
multi-pump assemblies can be used. Gear pumps are often supplied as multi-pumps.
The different chambers (sometimes of different sizes) are mounted in one body or built
together. Vane pumps and gerotor pumps too are often available as multi-pumps.
Screw pumps can be combined with gear or vane pumps. Axial piston swashplate
pumps can be combined with a second pump, or with one or more gear pumps or vane
pumps (the gear or vane pumps often serving as flush pumps for cooling larger units).
Axial plunger pumps of the bent-axis design cannot be combined with other pumps.