HYDRAULIC PUMPS

Classification of Hydraulic pumps

Pumps are broadly classified as

Positive displacement pumps

Non-Positive displacement pumps

 NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
 Pumps where the fluid is displaced
and transferred using the inertia of
the fluid in motion .
 Pressure produced is proportional to
the rotor speed.

Examples: Centrifugal and Axial

(Propeller) pumps

Advantages
 Low initial cost and minimum
maintenance
 Capable of handling any type of fluid
for example sludge and slurries
 Simplicity of operation and high
reliability
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
STANDARD PARAMETERS OF PUMP SELECTION

Pressure rating-Inlet and Delivery

Flow and displacement
Operating speed
Fixed or Variable
Seal compatibility
Filtration rating
Viscosity range
Fluid compatibility
Pump efficiencies-Volumetric, Mechanical and Overall
Weight to Power ratio
 EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS

Consists of two gears, which mesh externally and are housed, in a pump
case. One gear is coupled to the prime mover is called “Drive Gear”. The
other gear follows the rotation of the drive gear and is called “Driven Gear”.
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP OPERATION
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP OPERATION
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP OPERATION

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
•High speed •Four bushings in liquid area.
•Medium pressure •No solids allowed.
•No overhung bearing loads. •Fixed End Clearances.
•Relatively quiet operation.
•Design accommodates wide
variety of materials.
APPLICATIONS
•Industrial and mobile applications •Fuel and lubrication
•Metering •Mixing and blending •Hydraulic applications
•OEM configurations •Precise metering applications
•Low-volume transfers •Light or medium duty

The external gear pumps can be used as a single pump or a combination of up

to four pumps together coupled in line with a single drive motor.
The suction port of these combination pumps can be individual or a common
suction port. The highest torque pump must be near to the drive motor.
The drive shaft can be an External Taper, Parallel, Splined or Internal Keyed,
Splined etc.
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS
INTERNAL GEAR PUMP OPERATION
 INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Only two moving parts • Usually requires moderate
• Positive suction, non-pulsating discharge speeds
• Ideal for high-viscosity liquids • Medium pressure limitations
• Constant and even discharge regardless of • One bearing runs in the
pressure conditions product pumped
• Can be made to operate with one direction of • Overhung load on shaft
flow with either rotation bearing
• Easy to maintain
APPLICATIONS
• Machine tools—drilling machines, machining centers, transfer lines
• Plastic industry—injection molding machines
• Cranes, forklift trucks, drilling machines, industrial robots
• Recycling presses
• Sheet metal forming machines—shears, punches, benders
• Pulp and paper mills—baling presses lifting platforms
• Marine applications
• Petrochemical applications
SINGLE CHAMBER VANE PUMP OPERATION

 The pumping mechanism consists of a rotor, vanes, ring and a port plate with
kidney-shaped inlet and outlet ports
 The rotor of a vane pump is coupled to a shaft, which is connected to a prime
mover
 Vanes are placed in the radial slots that are milled into the rotor and the rotor
placed off-center inside a cam ring
 Vane pumps generate a pumping action by causing the vanes to track along a
ring
DOUBLE CHAMBER VANE PUMP OPERATION

Working principles
When the shaft turns the rotor,
the vanes are thrown outward
against the cam ring by the
centrifugal force and track along
the ring, thereby providing a
hydraulic seal.
The expansion of volume
capacity which is indicated by the
extension of the vanes as they
move through the inlet, allows the
atmospheric pressure to push
fluid into the pump.
The fluid is then carried around to
the outlet by the vanes whose
retraction causes the fluid to be
expelled
FIXED DISPLACEMENT VANE PUMPS
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT VANE PUMP OPERATION
PRESSURE COMPENSATED VARIABLE VANE PUMP
 VANE PUMPS

ADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS
• Medium pressure capacity • Aerosol/propellants, aviation service—fuel
• Medium speed transfer, deicing
• Suitable for low viscosity, non- • Auto industry—fuels, lubes, refrigeration coolants,
lubricating liquids like LPG, ammonia, barge unloading
solvents, alcohol, • bulk transfer of LPG and NH3, chemical process
fuel oils, gasoline, and refrigerants industry
• Can run dry for short periods and • LPG cylinder filling, ethanol/alcohol refining
can handle small amounts of vapor • Fertilizer production—CO transfer, lubrication
• Can have one seal or stuffing box blending—solvents, oils
• Develops good vacuum • Mobile transport—chemicals, fuels, LPG, NH3
• Can handle large solids • Petroleum industry—crude oils and hydrocarbons
• Power generation—fuels, lubrication, pulp, and
DISADVANTAGES paper
• Can have two stuffing boxes • Railroad transfer—fuels, lube oils, coolant
• Complex housing • Refrigeration—freons, ammonia, rubber, and
• Not suitable for high pressures plastic
• Not suitable for high viscosity • Seed refining—solvents, oils, solvent distribution,
• Not good with abrasives textile
VANE PUMPS-VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
 PISTON PUMPS

Piston pumps are basically of two types:

RADIAL PISTON PUMPS

Fixed displacement

AXIAL PISTON PUMPS

IN-LINE –Fixed and Variable displacement
BENT-AXIS-Fixed and Variable displacement
RADIAL PISTON PUMPS
RADIAL PISTON PUMPS
 RADIAL PISTON PUMPS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Used in high-pressure applications • Due to odd number of pistons, air
up to 700bar pick up very in this pump
• The individual pumping element • The high-pressure holding capacity is
assembly utilized to operate different limited to small diameter pistons
hydraulic circuits • Cannot be used as a main pump in
• The noise level is very minimal, single pump applications
because bushings and bearings are • Flooded suction is a must for this
immersed in oil pump for older versions and self-
• Radial piston pump with external priming features are
gear pump combination is possible included in recent developments
APPLICATIONS
• Jack cylinders
• Bearing pullers
• Crimpers
• High pressure clamping circuits in machine tools
• Pressure holding circuits in curing press
AXIAL PISTON FIXED SWASH PLATE PUMPS
PRINCIPLES- SWASH PLATE IN-LINE PUMPS
AXIAL PISTON- SWASH PLATE IN-LINE PUMPS
AXIAL PISTON- SWASH PLATE
PUMPS-PRESSURE COMPENSATED
PRINCIPLES - AXIAL PISTON BENT-AXIS PUMPS
 AXIAL PISTON BENT-AXIS PUMPS

Fixed displacement Variable displacement

 PUMP CONTROL OPTIONS
AXIAL PISTON IN-LINE PUMPS

The common control options available with this type of pumps are:

 Constant pressure control –DR

 Constant remote pressure control –DRG
 Constant flow control-FR
 Constant remote flow control-FRG
 Constant pressure and flow control-DFR
 Constant pressure, flow, and power control-DFLR
 Constant power control-LR
 Constant power / pressure control –LRD
 Constant remote power control –LRG
 Constant power / flow control –LRF
 Constant power / pressure / flow control –LRDF
 Constant power / remote pressure / flow control -LRGF
 Electrical flow control –FE
 PUMP CONTROL OPTIONS
AXIAL PISTON BENT-AXIS PUMPS

There are mechanical and hydraulic controls fitted onto the

pump itself, to vary the angle of the cylinder barrel and few
known control systems are given below:

 Mechanical hand wheel control –MA

 Electrical control by proportional solenoids –EP, EPD, EPGP
 Hydraulic control-Pressure related –HD, HDD, HDGP
 Constant horse power control –LR, LRD, LRDS, LRG
 Constant pressure control –DR, DRS, DRG

There are many more control options are available and the
manufacturer’s catalogue must be referred.
 WEIGHT TO POWER RATIO

The axial-piston design, which is widely used in industrial, marine, and

aircraft applications, can have many weight to power ratios, depending on
the applications for which it is built.

One common type of a mobile pump has a ratio of around 0.75hp/lb;

others may be 2.5hp/lb.

The additional expense of a highly refined piston pump capable of

delivering 4hp/lb is warranted for aircraft use.

When reduced to miniature size for missile use, the same basic
mechanism may deliver 8hp/lb.
COMPARISON OF CHARACTERISTICS OF
VARIOUS PUMPS
(a) EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS (FIXED)
Displacement Volume 0.2 to 200 cm3
Operating Pressure up to 300 bar (Size Dependent)
Range of Speeds 500 to 6000 rpm
Efficiencies (V, M &O) 65-85%, 92%, 60-70%

(b) INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS (FIXED)

Displacement Volume 3 to 250 cm3
Operating Pressure up to 300 bar (Size Dependent)
Range of Speeds 500 to 3000 rpm (Size Dependent)
Efficiencies (V, M &O) 95%, 86%, 85-90%

(c) VANE PUMPS (FIXED / VARIABLE)

Displacement Volume 5 to 100 cm3
Operating Pressure up to 100 bar
Range of Speeds 1000 to 2000 rpm
Efficiencies (V, M &O) 85-90%, 88-94%, 75-85%

(d) PISTON PUMPS (FIXED / VARIABLE)

Displacement Volume 0.5 to 250 cm3
Maximum Pressure up to 700 bar (Size Dependent)
Range of Speeds 1000 to 3000 rpm (Size Dependent)
Efficiencies (V, M &O) 95%, 89-95%, 85-90%
COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCIES OF PUMPS

Type of pump Volumetric Mechanical Overall

Gear Pumps
External 65-85% 92% 60-70%
Internal 95% 86% 85-90%
Vane Pumps
Fixed 85-90% 88% 75-85%
Variable 90% 94% 85%
Piston pumps
Swash Plate 95% 89% 85-90%
Bent-axis 95% 95% 90%
Radial 95% 95% 90%
Screw pumps 90% 79% 75-85%
 GEROTOR PUMP
How Gerotor Pumps Work
1.Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (gray gear) and idler (orange
gear) teeth.
2. Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the "gear-within-a-gear"
principle. The close tolerance between the gears acts as a seal between the
suction and discharge ports.
3. Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal equidistant from the
discharge and suction ports.  This seal forces the liquid out of the discharge
port.
 GEROTOR PUMP
 
Operates like an internal gear pump.
The inner gear rotor (Gerotor element ) is power driven
The tips of the inner and the outer lobes make contact to seal the pumping
chambers from each other
The inner gear has one tooth less than the outer gear
Volumetric displacement is determined by the space formed by the extra
tooth in the outer gear
 GEROTOR PUMP

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High Speed Medium pressure limitations
Only two moving parts Fixed clearances
Only one stuffing box No solids allowed
Constant and even discharge regardless of One bearing runs in the product
pressure conditions pumped
Operates well in either direction Overhung load on shaft bearing
Quiet operation
Can be made to operate with one direction of
flow with either rotation

APPLICATIONS
Common gerotor pump applications include, but are not
limited to:
Light fuel oils
Lube oil
Cooking oils
Hydraulic fluid
GEROLER PUMPS
LOBE PUMPS
 LOBE PUMPS

Operates in a similar fashion to an external gear pump

Unlike external gear pumps, the gears in these pumps are replaced with
lobes which usually consist of three teeth
 LOBE PUMPS
CLASSIFICATION OF LOBE PUMPS
The Lobe pump can be further classified as:
1. Low flow pumps for metering applications
2. Industrial application for cleaning between batches
3. Industrial pumps for high pressure and high viscosity
applications
 LOBE PUMPS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Pass medium solids Requires timing gears
No metal-to-metal contact Requires two seals
Superior CIP/SIP capabilities Reduced lift with thin liquids
Long term dry run (with
lubrication to seals)
Non-pulsating discharge

APPLICATIONS
Common rotary lobe pump applications include, but are not limited to:
Polymers
Paper coatings
Soaps and surfactants
Paints and dyes
Rubber and adhesives
Pharmaceuticals
Food applications