INTRODUCTION TO CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

A Closed Circuit television (CCTV) system is a television system, which operates on a closed loop
basis, unlike the Television at home, which is a public system available to anyone with a suitable receiver,
CCTV images are only available to those connected to the closed loop.
The main function of the CCTV system is to allow surveillance and remote viewing, typically; from
several cameras, back to one location within the same building. Usually, it is a part of an overall integrated
package operated by security personnel that includes access control, alarms, intrusion detection and
communication.
The true scope for+ applications is almost unlimited. Some examples are:
o Monitoring traffic on a bridge.
o Recording the inside of baking oven to find the cause of problems
o A temporary system to carry out traffic survey in a town center.
o The well-publicized use at foot ball stadiums, etc.
o Hidden in busses to control vandalism.
o Production control & Security monitoring a factory.
In VSP, there are CCTV systems in the different shop floors like sinter plant, Blast Furnace, Steel
Melting Shop and Rolling Mills.
Through these systems some of the on-going hazardous processes are being monitored remotely
from the control rooms which are in the Vicinity of the production facility. This is the only on line
visual communication in the plant. That is the reason why CCTV systems are so important in the shop
floors.
A traditional CCTV system recording was on video tapes. This was fine for recording what was going on,
but it didn’t broadcast actual live information, so it wasn’t practical for monitoring stores, for instance,
from a remote location. It simply provided what happened after the fact. The picture quality wasn’t great
and it relied on human reliability as well someone had to remember to change the tapes regularly, etc.
For lthe authorized personnel; to view continuous production processes round the clock, IP based CCTV
system is very essential. So this project describes IP based CCTV in VSP.
EXISTING CCTV SYSTEM IN VSP:

The simple system Is a camera connected directly to a monitor by a coaxial cable with the power for
the camera being provided from the monitor. The camera generally mounted on a fixed platform or movable
platform bear to the scene whereas the TV monitor is kept at the control room. There is an empirical cruel
issued widely in CCTV system design that in order tyo distinguish a person a monitor, they must be at least
10% of the height of the screen. The camera converts the optical signal into electrical signal (composite
video signal) and at the TV end the electrical signal reverts into optical(video) signal.
BASIC CCTV SYSTEM

When designing a CCTV or Video communication Network, there are a lot of details
to consider: colour or black and white, distance from the camera to the surveyed point, capabilities of
camera and lenses, video resolution, video processor type, recording, maintenance and the environment.
Now depending upon the environments and area of observations different types of accessories are

required in the CCTRV systems.

These are mainly Plan and Tilt drive unit, Video Switcher, Video distribution amplifier, Protective
housing, cooling jackets etc.

Pan and Tilt drive unit:

Pan and Tilt drive unit; are used for ;remotely controlling the position of cameras so as to enable to view a

particular zone of the on going process. Depending upon the capacity of P & T drive it can be light duty,
medium duty and heavy duty. In most of VSP SITES medium duty P & T drive is used. The specification

of the medium duty P & T drive (Model no V330 APT).

o Operating voltage : 24 v AC.

o Operating load: 15.9 kgs.

o Angular travel.

o Pan: 350 degr4ees (max)

o Tilt: +- 90 degrees(max)

o Speed:pan:7 degree per sec (max).

o Tilt : 4 degree per sec (max).

In this connection one point to be noted that with the help of limit switches (individual for the P&T), the
angular travel can be controlled. These limit switches are adjusted in the site in such a way so that the
camera can move up to the desired area of observation. In this connection one more point to be noted that
from the control room; with the help of joystick switches mechanisms the directional voltage of AC230v is
extended up to the camera end which ;is being either directly or stepping down before connecting with the
control drive.`

A four-camera system with video switcher

Video switcher:

In a multi camera system video switching facility is employed for the choice of signals to the TV
monitor. The switcher can be mechanical, electro-mechanical or fully electronics type. These are of
different capacitities. The 8 x 1 video switcher accepts eight different video signals and selects any one
 at a time. The selected camera’s video signal reached to output of video switcher where TV monitor is
connected with the coaxial cable. The electronic ;video exchanges are microprocessor based and are
user friendly.
Video distribution amplifier:

The output from a single camera can be displayed on several monitors (either by loop through
technique or using a video distribution amplifier). The distribution amplifier also compensates for the loss
of video due to increased length of cables. But generally it becomes a gate way for all types of noise entry
into the video stream

Equalizing amplifier:
The attenuation of video increases as the cable length increases and this loss is more at higher
frequencies due to cable capacitance. Using an equalizing amplifier in the video path can compensate this.
So that unit can produce a clear and constant image in the TV monitor despite of relatively long distances.

Protective housing:
In some cases camera are placed in some rigorous environments where temperature, dust, vibration
humidity etc, are very much more than the normal. In those areas a protective housing is being used to
protect the cameras and other accessories. This protective house is chosen in such a way that the camera,
lens, power supply unit etc, can be accommodated in the housing. The front portion of the housing is made
of special glass.

Cooling Jacket and Vortex Cooler:

To protect camera from high temperature a special type of camera housing with water cooling jacket
is used in the site. For this type of housing one water inlet and one water outlet are there. Apart from the
cooling jacket in some high temp, areas (for example: mills female) vortex cooler enclosure cooling systems
is also used. Vortex converts compressed air into cool, filtered air without using refrigerants.
Vertex cooler use a vortex tube to convert filtered compressed air into two air streams, one hot and
another cold. The cold air is discharged into the enclosure and the hot air is vented to the outside. It
requires no electricity for its operation.
Lens:
It is fixed in front of the camera and is used to focus the required
object on the photosensitive plate. The specification of CCTV lens contains
parameters like format, focal length, iris control, focus control and voltages in
case of zoom lenses. The selection of lens mainly depends on the camera size, area
of coverage and place of use.
Lens can be divided broadly into three types :
☻ fixed focal length
☻ variable focal length
☻zoom lens.

Fixed focus lens are of two types :

Auto iris or manual iris. In the manual iris the aperture of the lens is opened to such an extent so
that good contrast picture is available in the TV monitor. This type of lens is used in areas where there is
not much variation of light. Fixed focal lenses are available with focal length (2.3 mm to 25 mm). Fixed
lenses have a predetermined focal length and manual focus control.

Monofocal / Fixed Lenses

In the auto iris lens the aperture varies with the level of video signal. For the brighter
object the video signal is more, so this more video signal reduces the aperture and vice versa. Hence this
type of lens is used in those area where there may be a lot of light intensity variation (for example: in the
cast house of Blast furnace).

Vari-Focal Lenses: Lenses are available with adjustable zoom for a large range of
focal lengths. Unlike a zoom lens, a varifocal lens does not maintain focus when zoomed. The lens at
installation is set for optimum field of view.

Varifocal lenses

For zoom lens there are three controls namely zooming, focus and iris. These
control can be manual or automatic (only iris). For getting the good picture quality these controls are to
be operated from the control console. A motorized zoom lens keeps the viewed object in focus while
varying the length of the lens.
 EMBED Word.Picture.8 ZoomLenses

Multiple Camera System:

The next development was to incorporate the outputs from four cameras into the monitor. These
could be set to sequence automatically through the cameras or any camera could be held selectively. There
was even microphone built into the camera to carry sound and a speaker into the monitor. The speaker, of
course, only put out the sound of ;the selected camera. For production monitoring audio transducers are not
used.

The system was, thought, inexpensive to buy and simple to install. It came complete in a box with
camera, 16mm lens, bracket, switching monitor and 12 meters of coaxial cable with fitted plugs. An outlet
socket for a video recorder was provided, although reviewing could be a little tedious when the cameras had
been set to sequence.
When more than one camera is required, then a video switcher must be included as shown in
the diagram. Using the switcher any camera may be selected to be held on the screen or it can be set to
sequence in turn through all the cameras. Usually the time that each camera is shown may be adjusted by a
control; knob. In the microprocessor based systems this programmable variably for individual camera and
also the location of the camera can be made to appear on the monitor making the job of the supervisor easy.
In many applications the area to be covered would need many fixed cameras. The solution to this is
to use cameras fixed to a movable platform. This platform can then be controlled from a remote location.
The platform may simply rotate in horizontal plane or in vertical plane or ;both, and is generally ;known as a
pan, tilt unit. Cameras may be used indoors or outdoors. When used outdoors they will always require a
protective housing. For ;indoor use the environment or aesthetic constraints will dictate whether a housing is
needed. Systems may contain a combination of both fixed and movable cameras.
Limitations of conventional CCTV systems:

As the analog or conventional CCTV systems have their own uses but they are also have the following
limitations.
Complex and costly installation
Long process to find and Monitoring console has to be in close proximity to cameras.
No remote viewing capabilities.
Very limited ability to integrate with other applications
Complex archiving process.
Systems required large real estate space.
♦Dedicated run coaxial cablestill used for each camera in the system.
♦CCTV installations still require use of expensive hardwar multipluxers, switches and matrix.
♦Use of proprietary hardware and software does not fit the enterprise digital video surveillance
requirements of most organizations operating in open environments. review an event.
Inability to record and review taped events at the same time.
Very limited motion detection ability.
So in order to avoid the above limitations we have to
1. Convert Analog cameras to digital or

2.Use Digital Cameras

3. Conversion of analog cameras to digital:

For the conversion of Analog camera to a Digital one a particular device named as DIGITAL VIDEO
RECORDER is used.
Digital Video Recorder:

Digital Video Recorders(DVRs) were introduced marking the evolution of the second generation of
CCTV. The DVR originated with mechanical-type devices resembling VCRs with functions controlled by
on screen displays. The beauty of the mechanical device was that it was something anyone could operate
and the function keys were similar to a device they were already familiar with the VCR . So this made i less
intimidating. The DVR allowed a video to be recorded in higher resolutions than VCRs and eliminated video
tapes, which in turn eradicated the need to physically change the tapes.
The second generation DVR Comes in two forms, appliance based DVRs, which are boxes similarity
in appearance to VCRs and PC-based DVRs which look like regular computers.
Withbothofthesesystemsthecoretechnologyhasremainedthesame.

The NTSC or PAL video signals from analog cameras are connected to video capture cards inside the DVR
APPLIANCE OR PC. The capture cards take the analog signal and digitize it. These digitized images are
then compressed by a mathematical algorithm and stored on a hard disk or a multiple disks. The DVR
software then allows the user to monitor live cameras, review stored video data ,save images and video clips
to disk and connect remotely to the main unit via the network.

NET DVR:

Net DVR-64 uses IP technology to create digitized video streams that, when

transferred via a computer network, enable remote control, monitoring and recording of live video, this

means there is no distance limitation to operating cameras and monitoring, recording archiving

surveillance video.
 SUGGESTED SOLUTION WITH REASONS

The conventional CCTV systems at VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT use equipments that are of
analog version. When these equipment are used for applications over long distances apart from the
difficulties indicated in the earlier chapter some unwanted signals (noise) are added to the original signal
during the process of transmission causing deterioration of picture quality. In order to over come this
drawback it is suggested to use digital version equipment. Generally for transmission of digital signals OSI
network is used. OSI network is already installed in the plant, for recording attendance, processing finance
bills and recording production data and also in the marketing department. In this OSI network optical fiber
cables are used. For extending the cameras / extension of monitors no additional cables / long line
amplifiers etc are not required if OFCs are used. The proposed system envisages using OFC network for
transmission of digital video signals based on LANs. Analog CCD cameras are not directly compatible to
the LANs. LANs are compatible with only digital stream of signals. Hence in the proposed system LAN
based CCD cameras are being suggested. Along with LAN based camera other accessories required are
also to be used in the network. The accessories available in the market are depicted in the typical CCTV
network. The digital signal output of the LAN based CCTV camera is transmitted on to the 10 BASE –
T/100 BASE-TX coaxial cable, because coaxial cable only is compatible to the LAN based CCTV camera.
From this cable the data is transferred on to the OFC through media converter. A media converters is used
for achieving compatibility between OFC and coaxial cable.

CCTV SUGGESTED SYSTEM

The proposed system would contain black & white and colour cameras connected to colour or B&W
monitors of the personal computers over the existing OFC network. By assigning unique IP addresses to
these digital devices on the Ethernet it would be possible to control and / or monitor from any authorized
location on the network.

The digital cameras utilize Super Dynamic function to capture natural images at entryways, near
windows, and in other locations with harsh contrasts between light and dark. It automatically stores images
in repose to inputs form motion detectors and external sensor alarms and can send images automatically as
e-mail attachments. In addition, this colour camera can also control external devices, turning on lighting or
starting a surveillance recorder working. Its Day/Night switching function automatically switches to black-
and white recording when available light is low. Thus, this single Security camera can deliver 24–hour
surveillance. The camera is designed for monitoring over a WAN or over the Internet a snap. Its
sophisticated surveillance functions make this network security camera of choice for a wide range of
settings.

Analogue vs Digital ?

TAPE CHANGE
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
Users are required and relied upon to With the memory box solution no tapes ever need to be
change tapes at regular intervals changed. Even with the DLT solution there is a buffer to give
leeway fro tape changing
While tapes are being changed Duplex recording solves this problem, the system is always
recording is not taking place. recording

TAPE WEAR
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
VHS tapes should be replaced after The Data stored on Mitsubishi systems is digital, therefore no
10-12 passes. Tapes used in Time loss of quality can occur.
Lapse mode or searched through
frequently will wear out even faster.
The quality of recording will diminish
even after a few passes.
MAINTENANCE
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
Units must be maintained on a regular The MEDSS solution eliminates this constant need for
basis. This level of maintenance is maintenance.
necessary due to the high number of
moving parts in a VCR.
This involves cleaning / replacing the The only moving parts are the HDD, but these have a very
heads, replacing gears, even replacing high life expectancy.
in VCR.
BREAKDOWN
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
Breakdown of VCR’s are more liley Due to the low amount of moving parts in the MEDSS
due to the number of moving parts. solution the likelihood of a breakdown is grately decreased

No one may notice this problem for The DS system incorporates a “Watchdog card” which
some time. continuously monitors the system and alerts the user of a
problem.

This results in lost recording which is

unacceptable.
PLAY BACK
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
In existing VCR’s the recording must Duplex operation removes this aspect.
be stopped if the video is to be
retrieved.
This can be solved by a second VCR Again duplex operation is the answer.
resulting in extra cost and is more
susceptible to human error.
Tape swapping for review is a logistic When using purely HDD storage, no taps are used.
challenge when cataloguing tapes.
Searching for an incident can be time The searching capabilities of the system cut down on review
consuming. This can lead to incident time. This means all incidents be easily reviewed.
review being ignored.
DEGRADATION OF QUALITY OVER TIME
VCR Records (Analgoue) DVR Recorders (Digital )
Due to wear and the quality of the Digital recording eliminates degradation and copy quality is
recordings decrease with time close to cloning.