Delimiters

Delimiters are objects which act logically like parentheses. These can be used only
in math mode.

The delimiters recognized by LaTeX include

 ( (left parenthesis)
 ) (right parenthesis)
 [ (left bracket)
 ] (right bracket)
 \{ (left brace)
 \} (right brace)
 | (vertical line)
 \vert (vertical line)
 \| (double vertical lines)
 \Vert (double vertical lines)
 / (slash)
 \backslash (backslash)
 \langle (left angle bracket)
 \rangle (right angle bracket)
 \uparrow (uparrow)
 \downarrow (down arrow)
 \updownarrow (up/down arrow)
Making delimiters the right size

Delimiters in formulas should be big enough to "fit" around the formulas they
delimit (for example arround arrays). To obtain "stretchable" delimiters (LaTeX
makes them the appropriate size) type a \left or \right command before the
delimiter. \left and \right commands must come in matching pairs, although the
delimiters themselves need not be the same. Thus,
\left \{ ... \right \[

produces a legal pair. In cases where only one delimiter is desired, it is possible to
make the matching delimiter "invisible" by typing a period (.) after the command,
i.e., \left. or \right..
In an eqnarray environment the matching \left and \right cannot be split between
lines and it may be necessary to use an "invisible" \right. and \left. to terminate
and begin parts on different lines. In this case a second problem may arise, since
the size of the delimiters will be chosen only for the local part, so that the size of
the visible "left" and "right" delimiters might not match. The solution is to trick
LaTeX into thinking that both parts have the same vertical height. This can be done
by placing a strut, that is a zero-width \rule. It can also be accomplished with
the \vphantom command, which I have not found documented, but which appears to
work.
\vphantom{construct}

creates a zero-width object with the height of construct. The argument can contain
things such as \frac or the variable size math symbols and should be chosen
according to what is in the section with the delimiter you want to match.

Some examples
A six-j symbol
\[ \left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \end{array}
\right\} \]
This should be displayed something like (insofar as it can be rendered in "ASCII
art"):

( a b c )
- -
( d e f )
Note that the \[ ... \] set this off as Display Math, and that the Array
Environment is used to generate the three centered columns inside the braces.

A "multiple choice" equation

\[ f(x) =
\left\{ \begin{array}{l}
0, x < 0 \\ 1, x = 0 \\
2, x > 0 \end{array}
\right. \]
will be displayed as

( 0, x < 0
f(x) = - 1, x = 0
( 2, x > 0
Note that the "invisible" \right delimiter is specified using a "period".
 Type the following commands:-

Integration

$\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$

$$\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$$

$\iint_V \mu(u,v) \,du\,dv$$

$$\iiint_V \mu(u,v,w) \,du\,dv\,dw$$

$$\iiiint_V \mu(t,u,v,w) \,dt\,du\,dv\,dw$$

$$\idotsint_V \mu(u_1,\dots,u_k) \,du_1 \dots du_k$$

$$\oint_V f(s) \,ds$$

$$\oiint_V f(s,t) \,ds\,dt$$

 Sums and products

Sum $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n} = 1$ inside text

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n} = 1$$

$\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)$

$$\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)$$

Kindly Visit

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Environments

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Integrals,_sums_and_limits

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Subscripts_and_superscripts

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Aligning_equations_with_amsmath

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/List_of_Greek_letters_and_math_symbols

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Mathematical_fonts

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Bold,_italics_and_underlining

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Font_typefaces

For Pictures and Graphics

https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Pgfplots_package

http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/documentation/docsource/latex_maths+pix.pdf
(page 13)
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}% http://ctan.org/pkg/amsmath
\usepackage{kbordermatrix}%
http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~kcb/TeX/kbordermatrix.sty
\usepackage{blkarray}% http://ctan.org/pkg/blkarray
\begin{document}

\[
\begin{array}{lc}
\verb|array| & \left(\begin{array}{@{}ccc@{}}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{array}\right) \\[15pt]
\verb|matrix| & \left(\begin{matrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{matrix}\right) \\[15pt]
\verb|pmatrix| & \begin{pmatrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{pmatrix} \\[15pt]
\verb|bmatrix| & \begin{bmatrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{bmatrix} \\[15pt]
\verb|Bmatrix| & \begin{Bmatrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{Bmatrix} \\[15pt]
\verb|vmatrix| & \begin{vmatrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{vmatrix} \\[15pt]
\verb|Vmatrix| & \begin{Vmatrix}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g &h &i
\end{Vmatrix} \\[15pt]
 \verb|bordermatrix| &
\bordermatrix{\text{corner}&c_1&c_2&\ldots &c_n\cr
r_1&a_{11} & 0 & \ldots & a_{1n}\cr
r_2& 0 & a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n}\cr
r_3& \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\cr
r_4& 0 & 0 &\ldots & a_{nn}} \\[15pt]
\verb|kbordermatrix| &
\kbordermatrix{\text{corner}&c_1&c_2&\ldots &c_n\cr
r_1&a_{11} & 0 & \ldots & a_{1n}\cr
r_2& 0 & a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n}\cr
r_3& \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\cr
r_4& 0 & 0 &\ldots & a_{nn}} \\[25pt]
\verb|blkarray| & \begin{blockarray}{[cc]c\}}
11 & 22 & 33 \\
1 & 2 & 3 \\
\begin{block}{(ll)l\}}
11 & 22 & 33 \\
1 & 2 & 3 \\
\end{block}
1&2&3
\end{blockarray}
\end{array}
\]
\end{document}
 The Great, Big List of LATEX Symbols
David Carlisle Scott Pakin Alexander Holt
February 7, 2001

List of Tables
1 LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Char- 26 AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . 9
acters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 27 AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . 9
2 LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to 28 AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . 10
Work in Both Math and Text Mode 2 29 stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Ac- 30 stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . 10
cented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 31 stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . 10
4 Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 32 stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . 11
5 Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 3 33 stmaryrd Large Binary Operators . . 11
6 Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode 34 stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . 11
Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 35 stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations . 11
7 Binary Operation Symbols . . . . . . 3 36 wasysym Math-Mode Symbols . . . . 11
8 Relation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 4 37 wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . 12
9 Punctuation Symbols . . . . . . . . . 4 38 wasysym Electrical and Physical
10 Arrow Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11 Miscellaneous Symbols . . . . . . . . 5 39 wasysym Polygons and Stars . . . . . 12
12 Variable-sized Symbols . . . . . . . . 5 40 wasysym Musical Notes . . . . . . . . 12
13 Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 5 41 wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
14 Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 42 wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . 12
15 Large Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . 6 43 wasysym Astrological and Zodiacal
16 Math-Mode Accents . . . . . . . . . 6 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17 Some Other Constructions . . . . . . 6 44 wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . 13
18 textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 6 45 wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . 13
19 AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 46 pifont Commands for Using Zapf
20 AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
21 AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . 8 47 marvosym Astrological and Zodiacal
22 AMS Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
23 AMS Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 48 marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . 14
24 AMS Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . 8 49 marvosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . 15
25 AMS Commands Defined to Work in 50 marvosym Miscellaneous . . . . . . . 15
Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . 9 51 Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1
 Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters
$ \$ % \% \_ } \} & \& # \# { \{

Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
$ \$ \_ … \ddag { \{
¶ \P O
c © \copyright ... \dots } \}
§ \S „ \dag £ \pounds
(Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε provides
by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.)

Table 3: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

å \aa Ð \DH ∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss
Å \AA ð \dh ∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SS
Æ \AE Ð \DJ ∗  \NG ∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH ∗
æ \ae ž \dj ∗ ­ \ng ∗ œ \oe þ \th ∗
∗
= Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font
encoding, such as T1.

Table 4: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tau
β \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilon
γ \gamma ι \iota $ \varpi φ \phi
δ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphi
 \epsilon λ \lambda % \varrho χ \chi
ε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psi
ζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omega
η \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi

∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \Omega
Θ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi
(The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The symbol
“M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.)

2
 Table 5: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1
∗
 \guillemotleft  \guilsinglleft ∗  \quotedblbase ∗ " \textquotedbl ∗
 \guillemotright ∗  \guilsinglright ∗ \quotesinglbase ∗
(To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such
as T1.)

Table 6: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-Mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless
a
˜ \textasciitilde ª \textordfeminine
o
* \textasteriskcentered º \textordmasculine
\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph
| \textbar · \textperiodcentered
{ \textbraceleft ¿ \textquestiondown
} \textbraceright “ \textquotedblleft
ˆ \textbullet ” \textquotedblright
O
c © \textcopyright ‘ \textquoteleft
„ \textdagger ’ \textquoteright
… \textdaggerdbl O
r ® \textregistered
$ \textdollar § \textsection
... \textellipsis £ \textsterling
TM
— \textemdash — \texttrademark
– \textendash \textunderscore
¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace
> \textgreater
(Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε provides
by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.)

Table 7: Binary Operation Symbols

± \pm ∩ \cap a \diamond ⊕ \oplus
∓ \mp ∪ \cup ` \bigtriangleup \ominus
× \times ] \uplus \bigtriangledown ⊗ \otimes
÷ \div u \sqcap / \triangleleft  \oslash
∗ \ast t \sqcup . \triangleright  \odot
? \star ∨ \vee
\lhd∗ \bigcirc
◦ \circ ∧ \wedge  \rhd∗ † \dagger
• \bullet \ \setminus  \unlhd∗ ‡ \ddagger
· \cdot o \wr  \unrhd∗ q \amalg
+ + − -
∗
Not predefined in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, or wasysym.

3
 Table 8: Relation Symbols
≤ \leq ≥ \geq ≡ \equiv |= \models
≺ \prec  \succ ∼ \sim ⊥ \perp
 \preceq  \succeq ' \simeq | \mid
 \ll  \gg  \asymp k \parallel
⊂ \subset ⊃ \supset ≈ \approx ./ \bowtie
⊆ \subseteq ⊇ \supseteq ∼
= \cong 1 \Join∗
< \sqsubset∗ = \sqsupset∗ 6= \neq ^ \smile
.
v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq = \doteq _ \frown
∈ \in 3 \ni ∝ \propto = =
` \vdash a \dashv < < > >
: :
∗
Not predefined in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, or wasysym.

Table 9: Punctuation Symbols

, , ; ; : \colon . \ldotp · \cdotp

Table 10: Arrow Symbols

← \leftarrow ←− \longleftarrow ↑ \uparrow
⇐ \Leftarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow ⇑ \Uparrow
→ \rightarrow −→ \longrightarrow ↓ \downarrow
> \Rightarrow => \Longrightarrow ⇓ \Downarrow
↔ \leftrightarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow l \updownarrow
⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇐> \Longleftrightarrow m \Updownarrow
7 → \mapsto 7−→ \longmapsto % \nearrow
←- \hookleftarrow ,→ \hookrightarrow & \searrow
( \leftharpoonup * \rightharpoonup . \swarrow
) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown - \nwarrow

\rightleftharpoons ; \leadsto∗
∗
Not predefined in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, or wasysym.

4
 Table 11: Miscellaneous Symbols
.. ..
... \ldots ··· \cdots . \vdots . \ddots
ℵ \aleph 0 \prime ∀ \forall ∞ \infty
~ \hbar ∅ \emptyset ∃ \exists 2 \Box∗
ı \imath ∇
√ \nabla ¬ \neg 3 \Diamond∗
 \jmath \surd [ \flat 4 \triangle
` \ell > \top \ \natural ♣ \clubsuit
℘ \wp ⊥ \bot ] \sharp ♦ \diamondsuit
< \Re k \| \ \backslash ♥ \heartsuit
= \Im ∠ \angle ∂ \partial ♠ \spadesuit
0 \mho∗ . . | |
∗
Not predefined in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, or wasysym.

Table 12: Variable-sized Symbols

P T J
Q \sum S \bigcap N \bigodot
` \prod F \bigcup L \bigotimes
R \coprod W \bigsqcup U \bigoplus
H \int V \bigvee \biguplus
\oint \bigwedge

Table 13: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh
\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup
\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan
\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Table 14: Delimiters

( ( ) ) ↑ \uparrow ⇑ \Uparrow
[ [ ] ] ↓ \downarrow ⇓ \Downarrow
{ \{ } \} l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow
b \lfloor c \rfloor d \lceil e \rceil
h \langle i \rangle / / \ \backslash
| | k \|

5
 Table 15: Large Delimiters
   
 \rmoustache  \lmoustache  \rgroup  \lgroup
 w 
\arrowvert \Arrowvert  \bracevert
 w 


Table 16: Math-Mode Accents

â \hat{a} á \acute{a} ā \bar{a} ȧ \dot{a} ă \breve{a}
ǎ \check{a} à \grave{a} ~a \vec{a} ä \ddot{a} ã \tilde{a}

Table 17: Some Other Constructions

abc
f \widetilde{abc} abc
c \widehat{abc}
←− −→
abc \overleftarrow{abc} abc \overrightarrow{abc}
abc \overline{abc} abc \underline{abc}
z}|{
abc \overbrace{abc} abc \underbrace{abc}
√ √
|{z}
n
abc \sqrt{abc} abc \sqrt[n]{abc}
f0 f’ abc
xyz \frac{abc}{xyz}

Table 18: textcomp Symbols1

‚ \textacutedbl   \textlquill
 \textascendercompwordmark m \textmarried
´ \textasciiacute M \textmho
€ \textasciibreve = \textminus
 \textasciicaron µ \textmu
¨ \textasciidieresis n \textmusicalnote
` \textasciigrave  \textnaira
¯ \textasciimacron 9 \textnineoldstyle
* \textasteriskcentered › \textnumero
š \textbaht W \textohm
† \textbardbl ½ \textonehalf
O \textbigcircle 1 \textoneoldstyle
\textblank ¼ \textonequarter
b \textborn ¹ \textonesuperior
¦ \textbrokenbar ž \textopenbullet

(continued on next page)

1 These
symbols are also available in math mode through the use of the mathcomp package. See the mathcomp
documentation for usage information.

6
 (continued from previous page)

a
ˆ \textbullet ª \textordfeminine
o
 \textcapitalcompwordmark º \textordmasculine
‰ \textcelsius ¶ \textparagraph
¢ \textcent · \textperiodcentered
‹ \textcentoldstyle ˜ \textpertenthousand
­ \textcircledP ‡ \textperthousand
 \textcolonmonetary ‘ \textpeso
« \textcopyleft ™ \textpilcrow
O
c © \textcopyright ± \textpm
¤ \textcurrency ' \textquotesingle
„ \textdagger \textquotestraightbase
… \textdaggerdbl  \textquotestraightdblbase
- \textdblhyphen > \textrangle
 \textdblhyphenchar ] \textrbrackdbl
° \textdegree “ \textrecipe
d \textdied ¸ \textreferencemark
œ \textdiscount O
r ® \textregistered
ö \textdiv  \textrightarrow
c \textdivorced ¡ \textrquill
$ \textdollar § \textsection
Š \textdollaroldstyle Ÿ \textservicemark
– \textdong 7 \textsevenoldstyle
_ \textdownarrow 6 \textsixoldstyle
8 \texteightoldstyle £ \textsterling
 \textestimated » \textsurd
¿ \texteuro 3 \textthreeoldstyle
5 \textfiveoldstyle ¾ \textthreequarters
Π\textflorin  \textthreequartersemdash
4 \textfouroldstyle ³ \textthreesuperior
/ \textfractionsolidus ~ \texttildelow
ƒ \textgravedbl Ö \texttimes
TM
 \textguarani — \texttrademark
” \textinterrobang  \texttwelveudash
• \textinterrobangdown 2 \texttwooldstyle
< \textlangle ² \texttwosuperior
[ \textlbrackdbl ^ \textuparrow
l \textleaf Ž \textwon
 \textleftarrow ¥ \textyen
’ \textlira 0 \textzerooldstyle
¬ \textlnot

(Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε provides
by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes available.)

7
 Table 19: AMS Delimiters
p \ulcorner q \urcorner x \llcorner y \lrcorner

Table 20: AMS Arrows

99K \dashrightarrow L99 \dashleftarrow ⇔ \leftleftarrows  \leftrightarrows
W \Lleftarrow  \twoheadleftarrow  \leftarrowtail " \looparrowleft
 \leftrightharpoons x \curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft  \Lsh
 \upuparrows  \upharpoonleft  \downharpoonleft ( \multimap
! \leftrightsquigarrow ⇒ \rightrightarrows  \rightleftarrows ⇒ \rightrightarrows
 \rightleftarrows  \twoheadrightarrow  \rightarrowtail # \looparrowright

\rightleftharpoons y \curvearrowright  \circlearrowright  \Rsh

 \downdownarrows  \upharpoonright  \downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow

Table 21: AMS Negated Arrows

8 \nleftarrow 9 \nrightarrow : \nLeftarrow ; \nRightarrow
= \nleftrightarrow < \nLeftrightarrow

Table 22: AMS Greek

z \digamma κ \varkappa

Table 23: AMS Hebrew

i \beth k \daleth ‫ג‬ \gimel

Table 24: AMS Miscellaneous

~ \hbar } \hslash M \vartriangle O \triangledown
 \square ♦ \lozenge s \circledS ∠ \angle
] \measuredangle @ \nexists 0 \mho ` \Finv
a \Game k \Bbbk 8 \backprime ∅ \varnothing
N \blacktriangle H \blacktriangledown  \blacksquare  \blacklozenge
F \bigstar ^ \sphericalangle { \complement ð \eth
 \diagup  \diagdown

8
 Table 25: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
X \checkmark r \circledR z \maltese

Table 26: AMS Binary Operators

u \dotplus r \smallsetminus e \Cap d \Cup
Z \barwedge Y \veebar [ \doublebarwedge  \boxminus
 \boxtimes  \boxdot
\boxplus > \divideontimes
n \ltimes o \rtimes h \leftthreetimes i \rightthreetimes
f \curlywedge g \curlyvee  \circleddash ~ \circledast
} \circledcirc  \centerdot | \intercal

Table 27: AMS Binary Relations

5 \leqq 6 \leqslant 0 \eqslantless . \lesssim
/ \lessapprox u \approxeq l \lessdot ≪ \lll
≶ \lessgtr Q \lesseqgtr S \lesseqqgtr + \doteqdot
: \risingdotseq ; \fallingdotseq v \backsim w \backsimeq
j \subseteqq b \Subset < \sqsubset 4 \preccurlyeq
2 \curlyeqprec - \precsim w \precapprox C \vartriangleleft
E \trianglelefteq  \vDash  \Vvdash ` \smallsmile
a \smallfrown l \bumpeq m \Bumpeq = \geqq
> \geqslant 1 \eqslantgtr & \gtrsim ' \gtrapprox
m \gtrdot ≫ \ggg ≷ \gtrless R \gtreqless
T \gtreqqless P \eqcirc $ \circeq , \triangleq
∼ \thicksim ≈ \thickapprox k \supseteqq c \Supset
= \sqsupset < \succcurlyeq 3 \curlyeqsucc % \succsim
v \succapprox B \vartriangleright D \trianglerighteq \Vdash
p \shortmid q \shortparallel G \between t \pitchfork
∝ \varpropto J \blacktriangleleft ∴ \therefore  \backepsilon
I \blacktriangleright ∵ \because

9
 Table 28: AMS Negated Binary Relations
≮ \nless  \nleq
\nleqslant  \nleqq
 \lneq  \lneqq \lvertneqq  \lnsim
 \lnapprox ⊀ \nprec  \npreceq  \precnsim
 \precnapprox  \nsim . \nshortmid - \nmid
0 \nvdash 2 \nvDash 6 \ntriangleleft 5 \ntrianglelefteq
* \nsubseteq ( \subsetneq \varsubsetneq $ \subsetneqq
& \varsubsetneqq ≯ \ngtr  \ngeq  \ngeqslant
 \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq
\gvertneqq
 \gnsim  \gnapprox  \nsucc  \nsucceq
 \nsucceq  \succnsim  \succnapprox  \ncong
/ \nshortparallel ∦ \nparallel 2 \nvDash 3 \nVDash
7 \ntriangleright 4 \ntrianglerighteq + \nsupseteq # \nsupseteqq
) \supsetneq ! \varsupsetneq % \supsetneqq ' \varsupsetneqq

Table 29: stmaryrd Delimiters

H \Lbag I \Rbag * \lbag + \rbag
V \llceil W \rrceil T \llfloor U \rrfloor
J \llbracket K \rrbracket

Table 30: stmaryrd Arrows

⇐=\ \Longmapsfrom Z= > \Longmapsto ⇐\ \Mapsfrom Z> \Mapsto
1 \nnearrow 0 \nnwarrow % \ssearrow $ \sswarrow
 \shortdownarrow  \shortuparrow \shortleftarrow
\shortrightarrow
←−[ \longmapsfrom ←[ \mapsfrom ^ \leftarrowtriangle _ \rightarrowtriangle
\lightning M \rrparenthesis - \leftrightarroweq ] \leftrightarrowtriangle
Note that wasysym also defines a \lightning symbol. The difference—other than “” vs.
“ ”—is that the stmaryrd version (above) is limited to math mode.

Table 31: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Y \Arrownot \ \Mapsfromchar Z \Mapstochar
X \arrownot [ \mapsfromchar

10
 Table 32: stmaryrd Binary Operators
 \Ydown  \Yleft  \Yright  \Yup
 \baro \bbslash N \binampersand O \bindnasrepma
 \boxast  \boxbar  \boxbox  \boxbslash
 \boxcircle  \boxdot  \boxempty  \boxslash
. \curlyveedownarrow / \curlyveeuparrow ' \curlywedgedownarrow & \curlywedgeuparrow
) \fatbslash # \fatsemi ( \fatslash 9 \interleave
2 \leftslice ! \merge
\minuso  \moo
C \nplus : \obar @ \oblong ; \obslash
= \ogreaterthan < \olessthan > \ovee ? \owedge
3 \rightslice  \sslash 8 \talloblong , \varbigcirc
 \varcurlyvee \varcurlywedge  \varoast  \varobar
 \varobslash  \varocircle  \varodot 5 \varogreaterthan
4 \varolessthan  \varominus  \varoplus  \varoslash
 \varotimes 6 \varovee 7 \varowedge " \vartimes

Table 33: stmaryrd Large Binary Operators

e b c
g \bigbox p \bigcurlyvee f \bigcurlywedge
d \biginterleave ` \bignplus a \bigparallel
\bigsqcap \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup

Table 34: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus B \niplus D \subsetplus F \subsetpluseq
E \supsetplus G \supsetpluseq P \trianglelefteqslant Q \trianglerighteqslant

Table 35: stmaryrd Negated Binary Relations

R \ntrianglelefteqslant S \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 36: wasysym Math-Mode Symbols

2 \Box >
t \apprle  \logof  \unlhd
3 \Diamond s \iiint #
v \ocircle 
r \unrhd
1 \Join \iint \oiint u \varint
 \LHD  \invneg  \rhd \varoint
 \RHD ; \leadsto < \sqsubset  \wasypropto
? \apprge
\lhd = \sqsupset

11
 Table 37: wasysym General Symbols
1 \Bowtie - \blacksmiley / \frownie  \recorder
L \DOWNarrow | \brokenvert  \invdiameter , \smiley
 \LEFTarrow ¢ \cent 6 \kreuz ☼ \sun
 \RIGHTarrow  \checked  \lightning  \varangle
K \UParrow  \clock ♂ \male ◊ \wasylozenge
0 \agemO ¤ \currency h \permil ∴ \wasytherefore
m \ataribox  \diameter  \phone

\bell ♀ \female \pointer
Note that stmaryrd also defines a \lightning symbol. The difference—other than “ ” vs.
“”—is that the wasysym version (above) gives the correct character only in text mode.

Table 38: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

: \AC @ \VHF :::: \photon : \HF QPPPPPPR \gluon

Table 39: wasysym Polygons and Stars

2
 \CheckedBox C \davidsstar 8 \octagon B \varhexstar
2 \Square 7 \hexagon D \pentagon
4 \XBox A \hexstar 9 \varhexagon

Table 40: wasysym Musical Notes

 \eighthnote \halfnote  \twonotes  \fullnote ♩ \quarternote

Table 41: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE G
# \LEFTcircle H
# \RIGHTcircle ! \rightturn
# \Circle I \Leftcircle J \Rightcircle
G \LEFTCIRCLE H \RIGHTCIRCLE " \leftturn

Table 42: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH k \dh l \openo
Þ \Thorn U \inve þ \thorn

12
 Table 43: wasysym Astrological and Zodiacal Symbols
 \ascnode X \jupiter \newmoon ♀ \venus
 \astrosun $ \leftmoon \ \pluto  \vernal
 \descnode ♂ \mars % \rightmoon
♁ \earth ' \mercury Y \saturn
# \fullmoon [ \neptune Z \uranus

Table 44: wasysym APL Symbols

~ \APLbox ÷
~ \APLinv E \APLstar
 \APLcomment p \APLleftarrowbox \APLup
F \APLdown  \APLlog n \APLuparrowbox
o \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus −
\ \notbackslash
} \APLinput q \APLrightarrowbox −
/ \notslash

Table 45: wasysym APL Modifiers

◦ \APLcirc{} ∼ \APLnot{} | \APLvert{}

Table 46: pifont Commands for Using Zapf Dingbats

✁ \ding{33} ✧ \ding{71} ❍ \ding{109} ⑩ \ding{181} ➛ \ding{219}

✂ \ding{34} ★ \ding{72} ■ \ding{110} ❶ \ding{182} ➜ \ding{220}
✃ \ding{35} ✩ \ding{73} ❏ \ding{111} ❷ \ding{183} ➝ \ding{221}
✄ \ding{36} ✪ \ding{74} ❐ \ding{112} ❸ \ding{184} ➞ \ding{222}
☎ \ding{37} ✫ \ding{75} ❑ \ding{113} ❹ \ding{185} ➟ \ding{223}
✆ \ding{38} ✬ \ding{76} ❒ \ding{114} ❺ \ding{186} ➠ \ding{224}
✇ \ding{39} ✭ \ding{77} ▲ \ding{115} ❻ \ding{187} ➡ \ding{225}
✈ \ding{40} ✮ \ding{78} ▼ \ding{116} ❼ \ding{188} ➢ \ding{226}
✉ \ding{41} ✯ \ding{79} ◆ \ding{117} ❽ \ding{189} ➣ \ding{227}
☛ \ding{42} ✰ \ding{80} ❖ \ding{118} ❾ \ding{190} ➤ \ding{228}
☞ \ding{43} ✱ \ding{81} ◗ \ding{119} ❿ \ding{191} ➥ \ding{229}
✌ \ding{44} ✲ \ding{82} ❘ \ding{120} ➀ \ding{192} ➦ \ding{230}
✍ \ding{45} ✳ \ding{83} ❙ \ding{121} ➁ \ding{193} ➧ \ding{231}
✎ \ding{46} ✴ \ding{84} ❚ \ding{122} ➂ \ding{194} ➨ \ding{232}
✏ \ding{47} ✵ \ding{85} ❛ \ding{123} ➃ \ding{195} ➩ \ding{233}
✐ \ding{48} ✶ \ding{86} ❜ \ding{124} ➄ \ding{196} ➪ \ding{234}
✑ \ding{49} ✷ \ding{87} ❝ \ding{125} ➅ \ding{197} ➫ \ding{235}
✒ \ding{50} ✸ \ding{88} ❞ \ding{126} ➆ \ding{198} ➬ \ding{236}

(continued on next page)

13
(continued from previous page)

✓ \ding{51} ✹ \ding{89} ❡ \ding{161} ➇ \ding{199} ➭ \ding{237}

✔ \ding{52} ✺ \ding{90} ❢ \ding{162} ➈ \ding{200} ➮ \ding{238}
✕ \ding{53} ✻ \ding{91} ❣ \ding{163} ➉ \ding{201} ➯ \ding{239}
✖ \ding{54} ✼ \ding{92} ❤ \ding{164} ➊ \ding{202} ➱ \ding{241}
✗ \ding{55} ✽ \ding{93} ❥ \ding{165} ➋ \ding{203} ➲ \ding{242}
✘ \ding{56} ✾ \ding{94} ❦ \ding{166} ➌ \ding{204} ➳ \ding{243}
✙ \ding{57} ✿ \ding{95} ❧ \ding{167} ➍ \ding{205} ➴ \ding{244}
✚ \ding{58} ❀ \ding{96} ♣ \ding{168} ➎ \ding{206} ➵ \ding{245}
✛ \ding{59} ❁ \ding{97} ♦ \ding{169} ➏ \ding{207} ➶ \ding{246}
✜ \ding{60} ❂ \ding{98} ♥ \ding{170} ➐ \ding{208} ➷ \ding{247}
✝ \ding{61} ❃ \ding{99} ♠ \ding{171} ➑ \ding{209} ➸ \ding{248}
✞ \ding{62} ❄ \ding{100} ① \ding{172} ➒ \ding{210} ➹ \ding{249}
✟ \ding{63} ❅ \ding{101} ② \ding{173} ➓ \ding{211} ➺ \ding{250}
✠ \ding{64} ❆ \ding{102} ③ \ding{174} ➔ \ding{212} ➻ \ding{251}
✡ \ding{65} ❇ \ding{103} ④ \ding{175} → \ding{213} ➼ \ding{252}
✢ \ding{66} ❈ \ding{104} ⑤ \ding{176} ↔ \ding{214} ➽ \ding{253}
✣ \ding{67} ❉ \ding{105} ⑥ \ding{177} ↕ \ding{215} ➾ \ding{254}
✤ \ding{68} ❊ \ding{106} ⑦ \ding{178} ➘ \ding{216}
✥ \ding{69} ❋ \ding{107} ⑧ \ding{179} ➙ \ding{217}
✦ \ding{70} ● \ding{108} ⑨ \ding{180} ➚ \ding{218}

Table 47: marvosym Astrological and Zodiacal Symbols

Å \Jupiter Á \Moon Æ \Saturn à \Venus
Ä \Mars È \Neptune À \Sun
 \Mercury É \Pluto Ç \Uranus

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorn

á \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquarius
â \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces
Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac{1} . . . \Zodiac{12}.

Table 48: marvosym Digits

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight
1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

14
 Table 49: marvosym Euro Signs
¤ \EUR d \EURcr c \EURhv e \EURtm

Table 50: marvosym Miscellaneous

ˆ \Ankh q \Cutright & \Lefttorque ’ \Righttorque
ý \Bat u \FAX B \Letter © \Smiley
" \Beam t \fax E \Lightning * \Snowflake
# \Bearing v \Faxmachine ) \Lineload ÷ \Squaredot
® \Bicycle F \FHBOlogo $ \Loosebearing — \Squarepipe
‡ \Celtcross f \FHBOLOGO ™ \Lsteel ! \Stopsign
C \CEsign % \Fixedbearing Ï \Manfront T \Telefon
V \Checkedbox – \Flatsteel Í \Manside œ \Tsteel
. \Circles o \Football H \Mobilefone š \TTsteel
› \Circpipe ( \Force ð \MVA p \Vectorarrow
U \Clocklogo § \Frowny @ \MVAt P \Vectorarrowhigh
K \Coffeecup Œ \Heart ñ \MVp þ \Womanface
= \Corresponds I \Industry A \Pickup Î \Womanfront
† \Cross i \Info Z \Pointinghand Ì \Womanside
X \Crossedbox + \Kross ˜ \Rectpipe b \Writinghand
s \Cutleft R \Kutline > \Rightarrow M \Yingyang
r \Cutline S \Leftscissors Q \Rightscissors

15
 Table 51: Math Alphabets
Required package
ABCdef123 \mathrm{ABCdef123} none
ABCdef123 \mathit{ABCdef123} none
ABCdef  \mathnormal{ABCdef123} none
ABC \mathcal{ABC} none
ABC \mathscr{ABC} mathrsfs
ABC \mathcal{ABC} euscript with option: mathcal
or \mathscr{ABC} euscript with option: mathcr
ABCdef123 \mathpzc{ABCdef123} none; manually defined∗
ABC \mathbb{ABC} amsfonts or amssymb
ABCdef123 \mathbb{ABCdef123} bbold
ABCdef12 \mathbbm{ABCdef12} bbm
ABCdef12 \mathbbmss{ABCdef12} bbm
ABCdef12 \mathbbmtt{ABCdef12} bbm
ABC1 \mathds{ABC1} dsfont
ABC1 \mathds{ABC1} dsfont with option: sans
ABCdef123 \mathfrak{ABCdef123} eufrak
ABCdef123 \textfrak{ABCdef123} yfonts
ABCdef123 \textswab{ABCdef123} yfonts
∗
Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}” in your document’s pream-
ble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.

16
Index
If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands begin with that prefix.

Symbols \APLdown . . . . . . . . . 13 \Bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \bot . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5

\# . . ........ . . . . . . 2 \APLdownarrowbox . . . 13 \Bbbk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \Bowtie . . . . . . . . . . 12
\$ . . ........ . . . . . . 2 \APLinput . . . . . . . . . 13 bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \bowtie . . . . . . . . ... 4
\% . . ........ . . . . . . 2 \APLinv . . . . . . . . . . 13 bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \Box . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11
\& . . ........ . . . . . . 2 \APLleftarrowbox . . . 13 \bbslash . . . . . . . . . 11 \boxast . . . . . . . . . . 11
( . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \APLlog . . . . . . . . . . 13 \Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \boxbar . . . . . . . . . . 11
) . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \APLminus . . . . . . . . . 13 \Bearing . . . . . . . . . 15 \boxbox . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ . . ........ . . . . . . 3 \APLnot . . . . . . . . . . 13 \because . . . . . . . . . . 9 \boxbslash . . . . . . . . 11
, . . ........ . . . . . . 4 \APLrightarrowbox . . 13 \bell . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \boxcircle . . . . . . . . 11
- . . ........ . . . . . . 3 \APLstar . . . . . . . . . 13 \beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \boxdot . . . . . . . . 9, 11
. . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \APLup . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \beth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \boxempty . . . . . . . . . 11
/ . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \APLuparrowbox . . . . 13 \between . . . . . . . . . . 9 \boxminus . . . . . . . ... 9
: . . ........ . . . . . . 4 \APLvert . . . . . . . . . 13 \Bicycle . . . . . . . . . 15 \boxplus . . . . . . . ... 9
; . . ........ . . . . . . 4 \apprge . . . . . . . . . . 11 \bigbox . . . . . . . . . . 11 \boxslash . . . . . . . . . 11
< . . ........ . . . . . . 4 \apprle . . . . . . . . . . 11 \bigcap . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \boxtimes . . . . . . . ... 9
[ . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \approx . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \bigcirc . . . . . . . . . . 3 \bracevert . . . . . . ... 6
] . . ........ . . . . . . 5 \approxeq . . . . . . . . . . 9 \bigcup . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \breve . . . . . . . . . ... 6
\_ . . ........ . . . . . . 2 \Aquarius . . . . . . . . . 14 \bigcurlyvee . . . . . . 11 \brokenvert . . . . . . . 12
\arccos . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \bigcurlywedge . . . . 11 \bullet . . . . . . . . ... 3
A \arcsin . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \biginterleave . . . . 11 \Bumpeq . . . . . . . . ... 9
\AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \arctan . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \bignplus . . . . . . . . . 11 \bumpeq . . . . . . . . ... 9
\aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \arg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \bigodot . . . . . . . . . . 5
\AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Aries . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \bigoplus . . . . . . . . . . 5 C
accents . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \Arrownot . . . . . . . . . 10 \bigotimes . . . . . . . . . 5 \Cancer . . . . . . . . . . 14
\acute . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \arrownot . . . . . . . . . 10 \bigparallel . . . . . . 11 \Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\AE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 arrows . . . . . . . 4, 8, 10 \bigsqcap . . . . . . . . . 11 \cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
\ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 negated . . . . . . . . 8 \bigsqcup . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Capricorn . . . . . . . . 14
\agemO . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Arrowvert . . . . . . . . . 6 \bigstar . . . . . . . . . . 8 \cdot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
\aleph . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \arrowvert . . . . . . . . . 6 \bigtriangledown . 3, 11 \cdotp . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\alpha . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \bigtriangleup . . 3, 11 \cdots . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
alphabets \ascnode . . . . . . . . . 13 \biguplus . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Celtcross . . . . . . . . 15
Greek . . . . . . . 2, 8 \ast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \bigvee . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \cent . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hebrew . . . . .... 8 astrological symbols 13, 14 \bigwedge . . . . . . . . . . 5 \centerdot . . . . . . . . . 9
math . . . . . . . . . 16 \astrosun . . . . . . . . . 13 \binampersand . . . . . 11 \CEsign . . . . . . . . . . 15
\amalg . . . . . . . . .... 3 \asymp . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 binary operators 3, 9, 11 \check . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
AMS . . . . . . . . . . . 8–10 \ataribox . . . . . . . . . 12 large . . . . . . . . . 11 \checked . . . . . . . . . 12
amsfonts . . . . . . 3–5, 16 binary relations . . . 9, 11 \CheckedBox . . . . . . . 12
amssymb . . . . . . 3–5, 16 B negated . . . . 10, 11 \Checkedbox . . . . . . . 15
\angle . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 \backepsilon . . . . . . . 9 \bindnasrepma . . . . . 11 \checkmark . . . . . . . . . 9
\Ankh . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \backprime . . . . . . . . . 8 \blacklozenge . . . . . . 8 \chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
APL \backsim . . . . . . . . . . 9 \blacksmiley . . . . . . 12 \circ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
modifiers . . . . . . 13 \backsimeq . . . . . . . . . 9 \blacksquare . . . . . . . 8 \circeq . . . . . . . . . . . 9
symbols . . . . . . . 13 \backslash . . . . . . . . . 5 \blacktriangle . . . . . 8 \CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . 12
\APLbox . . . . . . . . . . 13 \bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \blacktriangledown . . 8 \Circle . . . . . . . . . . 12
\APLcirc . . . . . . . . . 13 \baro . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \blacktriangleleft . . 9 \circlearrowleft . . . . 8
\APLcomment . . . . . . . 13 \barwedge . . . . . . . . . . 9 \blacktriangleright . 9 \circlearrowright . . . 8

17
\circledast . . . . . . . . 9 \dashv . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \eqcirc . . . . . . . . . .
. 9 \geqq . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
\circledcirc . . . . . . . 9 \davidsstar . . . . . . . 12 \eqslantgtr . . . . . . .
. 9 \geqslant . . . . . . . . . .
9
\circleddash . . . . . . . 9 \ddag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \eqslantless . . . . . .
. 9 \gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
\circledR . . . . . . . . . . 9 \ddagger . . . . . . . . . . 3 \equiv . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4 \ggg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
\circledS . . . . . . . . . . 8 \ddot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 escapable characters .
. 2 \gimel . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
\Circles . . . . . . . . . 15 \ddots . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \eta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
. \gluon . . . . . . . . . . . 12
circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \deg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \eth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. \gnapprox . . . . . . . . . 10
\Circpipe . . . . . . . . . 15 degrees see \textdegree eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . 16. \gneq . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\clock . . . . . . . . . . . 12 delimiters . . . . . 5, 8, 10 \EUR . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. \gneqq . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Clocklogo . . . . . . . . 15 large . . . . . . . . . . 6 \EURcr . . . . . . . . . . 15. \gnsim . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\clubsuit . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \EURhv . . . . . . . . . . 15. \grave . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
\Coffeecup . . . . . . . . 15 \delta . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Euro signs . . . . . . . . 15. Greek . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8
\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \descnode . . . . . . . . . 13 \EURtm . . . . . . . . . . 15. \gtrapprox . . . . . . . .. 9
\complement . . . . . . . . 8 \det . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 euscript . . . . . . . . . . 16. \gtrdot . . . . . . . . . .. 9
complex numbers . . . . see \DH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \exists . . . . . . . . . . 5
. \gtreqless . . . . . . . .. 9
alphabets, math \dh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. \gtreqqless . . . . . . .. 9
\cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \diagdown . . . . . . . . . . 8 extensions . . . . . . . . 10. \gtrless . . . . . . . . .. 9
\coprod . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \diagup . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \gtrsim . . . . . . . . . .. 9
\copyright . . . . . . . . . 2 \diameter . . . . . . . . . 12 F \gvertneqq . . . . . . . . 10
\Corresponds . . . . . . 15 \Diamond . . . . . . . 5, 11 \fallingdotseq . . . .. 9
\cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \diamond . . . . . . . . . . 3 \fatbslash . . . . . . . . 11
H
\cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \diamondsuit . . . . . . . 5 \fatsemi . . . . . . . . . 11
\halfnote . . . . . .. . . 12
\cot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \digamma . . . . . . . . . . 8 \fatslash . . . . . . . . . 11
\hat . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 6
\coth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \FAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\hbar . . . . . . . . .. . 5, 8
\Cross . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \dim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Heart . . . . . . . .. . . 15
\Crossedbox . . . . . . . 15 \ding . . . . . . . . . 13, 14 \Faxmachine . . . . . . . 15
\heartsuit . . . . .. . .. 5
\csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 dingbats . . . . . . . . . . 13 \female . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hebrew . . . . . . . .. . .. 8
\Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \FHBOLOGO . . . . . . . . . 15
\hexagon . . . . . .. . . 12
\cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \divideontimes . . . . . 9 \FHBOlogo . . . . . . . . . 15
\hexstar . . . . . .. . . 12
\curlyeqprec . . . . . . . 9 \dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \Finv . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
. . . . . 15 \HF . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 12
\curlyeqsucc . . . . . . . 9 \doteq . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \Fixedbearing
\curlyvee . . . . . . . . . . 9 \flat . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 \hom . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 5
\doteqdot . . . . . . . . . . 9
\curlyveedownarrow . 11 \dotplus . . . . . . . . . . 9 \Flatsteel . . . . . . . . 15 \hookleftarrow .. . .. 4
\curlyveeuparrow . . . 11 \dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 fontenc . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 \hookrightarrow . . .. 4
\curlywedge . . . . . . . . 9 \doublebarwedge . . . . 9 \Football . . . . . . . . . 15 \hslash . . . . . . .. . .. 8
\curlywedgedownarrow 11 \DOWNarrow . . . . . . . . 12 \forall . . . . . . . . . .. 5
\curlywedgeuparrow . 11 \Downarrow . . . . . . . 4, 5 \Force . . . . . . . . . . . 15 I
\currency . . . . . . . . . 12 \downarrow . . . . . . . 4, 5 \frown . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 \iiint . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\curvearrowleft . . . . 8 \downdownarrows . . . . 8 \frownie . . . . . . . . . 12 \iint . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\curvearrowright . . . . 8 \downharpoonleft . . . . 8 \Frowny . . . . . . . . . . 15 \Im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\Cutleft . . . . . . . . . 15 \downharpoonright . . . 8 \fullmoon . . . . . . . . . 13 imaginary numbers . . see
\Cutline . . . . . . . . . 15 dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \fullnote . . . . . . . . . 12 alphabets, math
\Cutright . . . . . . . . . 15 \imath . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
E G \in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D \earth . . . . . . . ... . 13 \Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \Industry . . . . . . . . . 15
\dag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \eighthnote . . . ... . 12 \Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \inf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\dagger . . . . . . . . . . . 3 electrical symbols .. . 12 \gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Info . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\daleth . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \ell . . . . . . . . . ... . . 5 \gcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \infty . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\dashleftarrow . . . . . 8 \emptyset . . . . . ... . . 5 \Gemini . . . . . . . . . . 14 \inplus . . . . . . . . . . 11
\dashrightarrow . . . . 8 \epsilon . . . . . ... . . 2 \geq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \int . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

18
integers . . see alphabets, \leftrightarrow . . . . 4 \log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \mathpzc . . . . . . . . . 16
math \leftrightarroweq . . 10 log-like . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \mathrm . . . . . . . . . . 16
\intercal . . . . . . . . . . 9 \leftrightarrows . . . . 8 \logof . . . . . . . . . . . 11 mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . 16
\interleave . . . . . . . 11 \leftrightarrowtriangle \Longleftarrow . . . . . 4 \mathscr . . . . . . . . . 16
\invdiameter . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . 10 \longleftarrow . . . . . 4 \max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\inve . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \leftrightharpoons . . 8 \Longleftrightarrow . 4 \measuredangle . . . . . 8
\invneg . . . . . . . . . . 11 \leftrightsquigarrow 8 \longleftrightarrow . 4 \Mercury . . . . . . . . . 14
\iota . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Leftscissors . . . . . 15 \Longmapsfrom . . . . . 10 \mercury . . . . . . . . . 13
\leftslice . . . . . . . . 11 \longmapsfrom . . . . . 10 \merge . . . . . . . . . . . 11
J \leftthreetimes . . . . 9 \Longmapsto . . . . . . . 10 \mho . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8
\jmath . . . . . . . . . ... 5 \Lefttorque . . . . . . . 15 \longmapsto . . . . . . . . 4 \mid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\Join . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 \leftturn . . . . . . . . . 12 \Longrightarrow . . . . 4 \min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\Jupiter . . . . . . . . . 14 \Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \longrightarrow . . . . 4 \minuso . . . . . . . . . . 11
\jupiter . . . . . . . . . 13 \leq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \looparrowleft . . . . . 8 miscellaneous symbols 5,
\leqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \looparrowright . . . . 8 8, 13, 15
K \leqslant . . . . . . . . . . 9 \Loosebearing . . . . . 15 \Mobilefone . . . . . . . 15
\kappa . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \lessapprox . . . . . . . . 9 \lozenge . . . . . . . . . . 8 \models . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \lessdot . . . . . . . . . . 9 \lrcorner . . . . . . . . . . 8 \moo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\kreuz . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \lesseqgtr . . . . . . . . . 9 \Lsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Kross . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \lesseqqgtr . . . . . . . . 9 \Lsteel . . . . . . . . . . 15 \mp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
\Kutline . . . . . . . . . 15 \lessgtr . . . . . . . . . . 9 \ltimes . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\lesssim . . . . . . . . . . 9 \lvertneqq . . . . . . . . 10 \multimap . . . . . . . . . . 8
L \Letter . . . . . . . . . . 15 musical notes . . . . . . 12
\L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 letters . . . . see alphabets M \MVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 non-ASCII . . . . . . 2 \male . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \MVAt . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Lambda . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \lfloor . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \maltese . . . . . . . ... 9 \MVEight . . . . . . . . . 14
\lambda . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \lg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Manfront . . . . . . . . . 15 \MVFive . . . . . . . . . . 14
\langle . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \lgroup . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \Manside . . . . . . . . . 15 \MVFour . . . . . . . . . . 14
large delimiters . . . . . . 6 \LHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \Mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . 10 \MVNine . . . . . . . . . . 14
LATEX 2ε . . . . . . . 2–5, 7 \lhd . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 \mapsfrom . . . . . . . . . 10 \MVOne . . . . . . . . . . . 14
latexsym . . . . . . . . . 3–5 \Libra . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Mapsfromchar . . . . . 10 \MVp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \Lightning . . . . . . . . 15 \mapsfromchar . . . . . 10 \MVSeven . . . . . . . . . 14
\lbag . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \lightning . . . . . 10, 12 \Mapsto . . . . . . . . . . 10 \MVSix . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\lceil . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \mapsto . . . . . . . . ... 4 \MVThree . . . . . . . . . 14
\ldotp . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \liminf . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Mapstochar . . . . . . . 10 \MVTwo . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\ldots . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \limsup . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \MVZero . . . . . . . . . . 14
\leadsto . . . . . . . 4, 11 \Lineload . . . . . . . . . 15 \mars . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\LEFTarrow . . . . . . . . 12 \ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 marvosym . . . . . . 14, 15 N
\Leftarrow . . . . . . . . . 4 \llbracket . . . . . . . . 10 \mathbb . . . . . . . . . . 16 \nabla . . . . . . ..... . 5
\leftarrow . . . . . . . . . 4 \llceil . . . . . . . . . . 10 \mathbbm . . . . . . . . . 16 \natural . . . . ..... . 5
\leftarrowtail . . . . . 8 \llcorner . . . . . . . . . . 8 \mathbbmss . . . . . . . . 16 natural numbers .... see
\leftarrowtriangle . 10 \Lleftarrow . . . . . . . . 8 \mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . 16 alphabets, math
\LEFTCIRCLE . . . . . . . 12 \llfloor . . . . . . . . . 10 mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \ncong . . . . . . ..... 10
\LEFTcircle . . . . . . . 12 \lll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \mathcal . . . . . . . . . 16 \nearrow . . . . ..... . 4
\Leftcircle . . . . . . . 12 \lmoustache . . . . . . . . 6 mathcomp . . . . . . . ... 6 \neg . . . . . . . . ..... . 5
\leftharpoondown . . . . 4 \ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mathcr . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \Neptune . . . . ..... 14
\leftharpoonup . . . . . 4 \lnapprox . . . . . . . . . 10 \mathds . . . . . . . . . . 16 \neptune . . . . ..... 13
\leftleftarrows . . . . 8 \lneq . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \mathfrak . . . . . . . . . 16 \neq . . . . . . . . ..... . 4
\leftmoon . . . . . . . . . 13 \lneqq . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \mathit . . . . . . . . . . 16 \newmoon . . . . ..... 13
\Leftrightarrow . . . . 4 \lnsim . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \mathnormal . . . . . . . 16 \nexists . . . . ..... . 8

19
\ngeq . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 o ........... . . . . . 2 \pm . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 3 \RIGHTCIRCLE . . . . . . 12
\ngeqq . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \obar . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \pointer . . . ... . . . 12 \RIGHTcircle . . . . . . 12
\ngeqslant . . . . . . . . 10 \oblong . . . . . . . . . . 11 \Pointinghand .. . . . 15 \Rightcircle . . . . . . 12
\ngtr . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \obslash . . . . . . . . . 11 polygons . . . . ... . . . 12 \rightharpoondown . .. 4
\ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \ocircle . . . . . . . . . 11 \pounds . . . . ... . . . . 2 \rightharpoonup . . .. 4
\niplus . . . . . . . . . . 11 \octagon . . . . . . . . . 12 \Pr . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 5 \rightleftarrows . . .. 8
\nLeftarrow . . . . . . . . 8 \odot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \prec . . . . . . ... . . . . 4 \rightleftharpoons 4, 8
\nleftarrow . . . . . . . . 8 \OE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \precapprox . ... . . . . 9 \rightmoon . . . . . . . . 13
\nLeftrightarrow . . . . 8 \oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \preccurlyeq ... . . . . 9 \rightrightarrows . .. 8
\nleftrightarrow . . . . 8 \ogreaterthan . . . . . 11 \preceq . . . . ... . . . . 4 \Rightscissors . . . . 15
\nleq . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \oiint . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \precnapprox ... . . . 10 \rightslice . . . . . . . 11
\nleqq . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \oint . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \precnsim . . . ... . . . 10 \rightsquigarrow . . .. 8
\nleqslant . . . . . . . . 10 \olessthan . . . . . . . . 11 \precsim . . . ... . . . . 9 \rightthreetimes . . .. 9
\nless . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \Omega . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \prime . . . . . ... . . . . 5 \Righttorque . . . . . . 15
\nmid . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \omega . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \prod . . . . . . ... . . . . 5 \rightturn . . . . . . . . 12
\nnearrow . . . . . . . . . 10 \ominus . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \propto . . . . ... . . . . 4 \risingdotseq . . . . .. 9
\nnwarrow . . . . . . . . . 10 \openo . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Psi . . . . . . . ... . . . . 2 \rmoustache . . . . . . .. 6
\notbackslash . . . . . 13 operators \psi . . . . . . . ... . . . . 2 \rrbracket . . . . . . . . 10
\notslash . . . . . . . . . 13 binary . . . . 3, 9, 11 punctuation . ... . . 3, 4 \rrceil . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nparallel . . . . . . . . 10 \oplus . . . . . . . . .... 3 \rrfloor . . . . . . . . . 10
\nplus . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \oslash . . . . . . . .... 3 Q \rrparenthesis . . . . 10
\nprec . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \otimes . . . . . . . .... 3 \quarternote . . . . . . 12 \Rsh . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
\npreceq . . . . . . . . . 10 \ovee . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \rtimes . . . . . . . . . .. 9
\nRightarrow . . . . . . . 8 \overbrace . . . . . .... 6 R
\nrightarrow . . . . . . . 8 \overleftarrow . .... 6 \rangle . . . . . . . . . . . 5 S
\nshortmid . . . . . . . . 10 \overline . . . . . . .... 6 rational numbers . . . . see \S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\nshortparallel . . . 10 \overrightarrow .... 6 alphabets, math \Sagittarius . . . . . . 14
\nsim . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \owedge . . . . . . . . . . 11 \Rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 sans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\nsubseteq . . . . . . . . 10 \rbag . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \Saturn . . . . . . . . . . 14
\nsucc . . . . . . . . . . . 10 P \rceil . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \saturn . . . . . . . . . . 13
\nsucceq . . . . . . . . . 10 \P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Scorpio . . . . . . . . . 14
\nsupseteq . . . . . . . . 10 \parallel . . . . . . . . . . 4 real numbers . . . . . . . see \searrow . . . . . . . . . . 4
\nsupseteqq . . . . . . . 10 \partial . . . . . . . . . . 5 alphabets, math \sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\ntriangleleft . . . . 10 \pentagon . . . . . . . . . 12 \recorder . . . . . . . . . 12 \setminus . . . . . . . . . . 3
\ntrianglelefteq . . . 10 \permil . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Rectpipe . . . . . . . . . 15 \sharp . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\ntrianglelefteqslant \perp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 registered trademark . see \shortdownarrow . . . 10
. . . . . . 11 \Phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \textregistered \shortleftarrow . . . 10
\ntriangleright . . . 10 \phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 relations . . . . . . . . . . . 4 \shortmid . . . . . . . . . . 9
\ntrianglerighteq . . 10 \phone . . . . . . . . . . . 12 binary . . . . . . 9, 11 \shortparallel . . . . . 9
\ntrianglerighteqslant phonetic symbols . . . . 12 negated binary 10, 11 \shortrightarrow . . . 10
. . . . . . 11 \photon . . . . . . . . . . 12 \rfloor . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \shortuparrow . . . . . 10
\nu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 physical symbols . . . . 12 \rgroup . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\nVDash . . . . . . . . . . 10 \Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \RHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\nvDash . . . . . . . . . . 10 \pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \rhd . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 \sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\nvdash . . . . . . . . . . 10 \Pickup . . . . . . . . . . 15 \rho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \simeq . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\nwarrow . . . . . . . . . . 4 pifont . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \RIGHTarrow . . . . . . . 12 \sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\Pisces . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Rightarrow . . . . . 4, 15 \sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
O \pitchfork . . . . . . . . . 9 \rightarrow . . . . . . . . 4 \smallfrown . . . . . . . . 9
\O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Pluto . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \rightarrowtail . . . . 8 \smallsetminus . . . . . 9
\o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \pluto . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \rightarrowtriangle 10 \smallsmile . . . . . . . . 9

20
\smile . . . . . . . . .... 4 \supsetneq . . .... . . 10 \textdaggerdbl . . . 3, 7 \textopenbullet . . . . 6
\Smiley . . . . . . . . . . 15 \supsetneqq . .... . . 10 \textdblhyphen . . . . . 7 \textordfeminine . . 3, 7
\smiley . . . . . . . . . . 12 \supsetplus . .... . . 11 \textdblhyphenchar . . 7 \textordmasculine . 3, 7
\Snowflake . . . . . . . . 15 \supsetpluseq ... . . 11 \textdegree . . . . . . . . 7 \textparagraph . . . 3, 7
\spadesuit . . . . . .... 5 \surd . . . . . . .... . . . 5 \textdied . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textperiodcentered 3, 7
special characters .... 2 \swarrow . . . .... . . . 4 \textdiscount . . . . . . 7 \textpertenthousand . 7
\sphericalangle .... 8 \textdiv . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textperthousand . . . . 7
\sqcap . . . . . . . . .... 3 T \textdivorced . . . . . . 7 \textpeso . . . . . . . . . . 7
\sqcup . . . . . . . . .... 3 \talloblong . . . . . . . 11 \textdollar . . . . . . 3, 7 \textpilcrow . . . . . . . 7
\sqrt . . . . . . . . . .... 6 \tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \textdollaroldstyle . 7 \textpm . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\sqsubset . . . . . 4, 9, 11 \tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \textdong . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textquestiondown . . . 3
\sqsubseteq . . . . .... 4 \tau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \textdownarrow . . . . . 7 \textquotedblleft . . . 3
\sqsupset . . . . . 4, 9, 11 \Taurus . . . . . . . . . . 14 \texteightoldstyle . . 7 \textquotedblright . . 3
\sqsupseteq . . . . .... 4 \Telefon . . . . . . . . . 15 \textellipsis . . . . . . 3 \textquoteleft . . . . . 3
\Square . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textacutedbl . . . . . . 6 \textemdash . . . . . . . . 3 \textquoteright . . . . 3
\square . . . . . . . .... 8 \textascendercompwordmark \textendash . . . . . . . . 3 \textquotesingle . . . . 7
\Squaredot . . . . . . . . 15 ....... 6 \textestimated . . . . . 7 \textquotestraightbase
\Squarepipe . . . . . . . 15 \textasciiacute . . . . 6 \texteuro . . . . . . . . . . 7 ....... 7
\SS . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2 \textasciibreve . . . . 6 \textexclamdown . . . . 3 \textquotestraightdblbase
\ss . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2 \textasciicaron . . . . 6 \textfiveoldstyle . . . 7 ....... 7
\ssearrow . . . . . . . . . 10 \textasciicircum . . . . 3 \textflorin . . . . . . . . 7 \textrangle . . . . . . . . 7
\sslash . . . . . . . . . . 11 \textasciidieresis . . 6 \textfouroldstyle . . . 7 \textrbrackdbl . . . . . 7
\sswarrow . . . . . . . . . 10 \textasciigrave . . . . 6 \textfractionsolidus 7 \textrecipe . . . . . . . . 7
\star . . . . . . . . . .... 3 \textasciimacron . . . . 6 \textfrak . . . . . . . . . 16 \textreferencemark . . 7
stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textasciitilde . . . . 3 \textgravedbl . . . . . . 7 \textregistered . . 3, 7
stmaryrd . . . . . . . 10–12 \textasteriskcentered 3, \textgreater . . . . . . . 3 \textrightarrow . . . . 7
\Stopsign . . . . . . . . . 15 6 \textguarani . . . . . . . 7 \textrquill . . . . . . . . 7
\Subset . . . . . . . .... 9 \textbackslash . . . . . 3 \textinterrobang . . . . 7 \textsection . . . . . 3, 7
\subset . . . . . . . .... 4 \textbaht . . . . . . . . . . 6 \textinterrobangdown 7 \textservicemark . . . . 7
\subseteq . . . . . . .... 4 \textbar . . . . . . . . . . 3 \textlangle . . . . . . . . 7 \textsevenoldstyle . . 7
\subseteqq . . . . . .... 9 \textbardbl . . . . . . . . 6 \textlbrackdbl . . . . . 7 \textsixoldstyle . . . . 7
\subsetneq . . . . . . . . 10 \textbigcircle . . . . . 6 \textleaf . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textsterling . . . . 3, 7
\subsetneqq . . . . . . . 10 \textblank . . . . . . . . . 6 \textleftarrow . . . . . 7 \textsurd . . . . . . . . . . 7
\subsetplus . . . . . . . 11 \textborn . . . . . . . . . . 6 \textless . . . . . . . . . . 3 \textswab . . . . . . . . . 16
\subsetpluseq . . . . . 11 \textbraceleft . . . . . 3 \textlira . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textthreeoldstyle . . 7
\succ . . . . . . . . . .... 4 \textbraceright . . . . 3 \textlnot . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textthreequarters . . 7
\succapprox . . . . .... 9 \textbrokenbar . . . . . 6 \textlquill . . . . . . . . 6 \textthreequartersemdash
\succcurlyeq . . . .... 9 \textbullet . . . . . . 3, 7 \textmarried . . . . . . . 6 ....... 7
\succeq . . . . . . . .... 4 \textcapitalcompwordmark \textmho . . . . . . . . . . 6 \textthreesuperior . . 7
\succnapprox . . . . . . 10 ....... 7 \textminus . . . . . . . . . 6 \texttildelow . . . . . . 7
\succnsim . . . . . . . . . 10 \textcelsius . . . . . . . 7 \textmu . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \texttimes . . . . . . . . . 7
\succsim . . . . . . .... 9 \textcent . . . . . . . . . . 7 \textmusicalnote . . . . 6 \texttrademark . . . 3, 7
\sum . . . . . . . . . . .... 5 \textcentoldstyle . . . 7 \textnaira . . . . . . . . . 6 \texttwelveudash . . . . 7
\Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \textcircledP . . . . . . 7 \textnineoldstyle . . . 6 \texttwooldstyle . . . . 7
\sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcolonmonetary . . 7 \textnumero . . . . . . . . 6 \texttwosuperior . . . . 7
\sup . . . . . . . . . . .... 5 textcomp . . . . . 2, 3, 6, 7 \textohm . . . . . . . . . . 6 \textunderscore . . . . 3
\Supset . . . . . . . .... 9 \textcopyleft . . . . . . 7 \textonehalf . . . . . . . 6 \textuparrow . . . . . . . 7
\supset . . . . . . . .... 4 \textcopyright . . . 3, 7 \textoneoldstyle . . . . 6 \textvisiblespace . . . 3
\supseteq . . . . . . .... 4 \textcurrency . . . . . . 7 \textonequarter . . . . 6 \textwon . . . . . . . . . . 7
\supseteqq . . . . . .... 9 \textdagger . . . . . . 3, 7 \textonesuperior . . . . 6 \textyen . . . . . . . . . . 7

21
\textzerooldstyle . . . 7 \Uparrow . . . . . . . . 4, 5 \varoplus . . . . . . . . . 11 W
\therefore . . . . . . . . . 9 \uparrow . . . . . . . . 4, 5 \varoslash . . . . . . . . 11 \wasylozenge . . . . . . 12
\Theta . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Updownarrow . . . . . 4, 5 \varotimes . . . . . . . . 11 \wasypropto . . . . . . . 11
\theta . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \updownarrow . . . . . 4, 5 \varovee . . . . . . . . . 11 wasysym . . . . 3–5, 10–13
\thickapprox . . . . . . . 9 \upharpoonleft . . . .. 8 \varowedge . . . . . . . . 11 \wasytherefore . . . . 12
\thicksim . . . . . . . . . . 9 \upharpoonright . . .. 8 \varphi . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
\Thorn . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \uplus . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 \varpi . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \widehat . . . . . . . . . . 6
\thorn . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Upsilon . . . . . . . . .. 2 \varpropto . . . . . . . . . 9 \widetilde . . . . . . . . . 6
\tilde . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \upsilon . . . . . . . . .. 2 \varrho . . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Womanface . . . . . . . . 15
\times . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \upuparrows . . . . . . .. 8 \varsigma . . . . . . . . . . 2 \Womanfront . . . . . . . 15
\top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 \Uranus . . . . . . . . . . 14 \varsubsetneq . . . . . 10 \Womanside . . . . . . . . 15
\triangle . . . . . . . . . . 5 \uranus . . . . . . . . . . 13 \varsubsetneqq . . . . 10 \wp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\triangledown . . . . . . 8 \urcorner . . . . . . . . .. 8 \varsupsetneq . . . . . 10 \wr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
\triangleleft . . . . . . 3 \varsupsetneqq . . . . 10
\trianglelefteq . . . . 9 V \Writinghand . . . . . . 15
\vartheta . . . . . . . . . . 2
\trianglelefteqslant 11 \varangle . . . . . . . . . 12
\vartimes . . . . . . . . . 11
\triangleq . . . . . . . . . 9 \varbigcirc . . . . . . . 11 X
\vartriangle . . . . . . . 8
\triangleright . . . . . 3 \varcurlyvee . . . . . . 11 \XBox . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\varcurlywedge . . . . 11 \vartriangleleft . . . . 9
\trianglerighteq . . . . 9 \Xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\varepsilon . . . . . . . . 2 \vartriangleright . . . 9
\trianglerighteqslant \xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
\varhexagon . . . . . . . 12 \Vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . 11
\varhexstar . . . . . . . 12 \vDash . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\Tsteel . . . . . . . . . . 15 Y
variable-sized . . . . . . . 5 \vdash . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\TTsteel . . . . . . . . . 15 \Ydown . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\varint . . . . . . . . . . 11 \vdots . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
\twoheadleftarrow . . . 8 yfonts . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\varkappa . . . . . . . . . . 8 \vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
\twoheadrightarrow . . 8 \Yingyang . . . . . . . . . 15
\twonotes . . . . . . . . . 12 \varnothing . . . . . . . . 8 \Vectorarrow . . . . . . 15
\Vectorarrowhigh . . . 15 \Yleft . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\varoast . . . . . . . . . 11
\vee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 \Yright . . . . . . . . . . 11
U \varobar . . . . . . . . . 11
\ulcorner . . . . . . . . . . 8 \varobslash . . . . . . . 11 \veebar . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \Yup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\underbrace . . . . . . . . 6 \varocircle . . . . . . . 11 \Venus . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\underline . . . . . . . . . 6 \varodot . . . . . . . . . 11 \venus . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Z
unity see alphabets, math \varogreaterthan . . . 11 \vernal . . . . . . . . . . 13 Zapf Chancery . . . . . 16
\unlhd . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 \varoint . . . . . . . . . 11 \VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Zapf Dingbats . . . . . . 13
\unrhd . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 \varolessthan . . . . . 11 \Virgo . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \zeta . . . . . . . . ..... 2
\UParrow . . . . . . . . . 12 \varominus . . . . . . . . 11 \Vvdash . . . . . . . . . . . 9 zodiacal symbols . 13, 14

22
 LATEX Mathematical Symbols
The more unusual symbols are not defined in base LATEX (NFSS) and require \usepackage{amssymb}

1 Greek and Hebrew letters

↵ \alpha  \kappa \psi z \digamma \Delta ⇥ \Theta
\beta \lambda ⇢ \rho " \varepsilon \Gamma ⌥ \Upsilon
\chi µ \mu \sigma { \varkappa ⇤ \Lambda ⌅ \Xi
\delta ⌫ \nu ⌧ \tau ' \varphi ⌦ \Omega
✏ \epsilon o o ✓ \theta $ \varpi \Phi @ \aleph
⌘ \eta ! \omega \upsilon % \varrho ⇧ \Pi i \beth
\gamma \phi ⇠ \xi & \varsigma \Psi k \daleth
◆ \iota ⇡ \pi ⇣ \zeta # \vartheta ⌃ \Sigma j \gimel

2 LATEX math constructs

abc !
xyz \frac{abc}{xyz} abc \overline{abc} abc \overrightarrow{abc}
0
f f’ abc \underline{abc} abc \overleftarrow{abc}
p z}|{
abc \sqrt{abc} c
abc \widehat{abc} abc \overbrace{abc}
p
n
abc \sqrt[n]{abc} f
abc \widetilde{abc} abc \underbrace{abc}
|{z}

3 Delimiters
| | { \{ b \lfloor / / * \Uparrow x \llcorner
| \vert } \} c \rfloor \ \backslash " \uparrow y \lrcorner
k \| h \langle d \lceil [ [ + \Downarrow p \ulcorner
k \Vert i \rangle e \rceil ] ] # \downarrow q \urcorner

Use the pair \lefts1 and \rights2 to match height of delimiters s1 and s2 to the height of their contents, e.g.,
\left| expr \right| \left\{ expr \right\} \left\Vert expr \right.

4 Variable-sized symbols (displayed formulae show larger version)

P R U L W
Q \sum H \int T \biguplus N \bigoplus V \bigvee
` \prod RR \oint S \bigcap J \bigotimes F \bigwedge
\coprod \iint \bigcup \bigodot \bigsqcup

5 Standard Function Names

Correct: \tan(at-n\pi) ! tan(at n⇡)
Function names should appear in Roman, not Italic, e.g.,
Incorrect: tan(at-n\pi) ! tan(at n⇡)

arccos \arccos arcsin \arcsin arctan \arctan arg \arg

cos \cos cosh \cosh cot \cot coth \coth
csc \csc deg \deg det \det dim \dim
exp \exp gcd \gcd hom \hom inf \inf
ker \ker lg \lg lim \lim lim inf \liminf
lim sup \limsup ln \ln log \log max \max
min \min Pr \Pr sec \sec sin \sin
sinh \sinh sup \sup tan \tan tanh \tanh
6 Binary Operation/Relation Symbols
⇤ \ast ± \pm \ \cap C \lhd
? \star ⌥ \mp [ \cup B \rhd
· \cdot q \amalg ] \uplus / \triangleleft
\circ \odot u \sqcap . \triangleright
• \bullet \ominus t \sqcup E \unlhd
\bigcirc \oplus ^ \wedge D \unrhd
⇧ \diamond ↵ \oslash _ \vee 5 \bigtriangledown
⇥ \times ⌦ \otimes † \dagger 4 \bigtriangleup
÷ \div o \wr ‡ \ddagger \ \setminus
⇧ \centerdot ⇤ \Box Z \barwedge Y \veebar
~ \circledast \boxplus f \curlywedge g \curlyvee
} \circledcirc \boxminus e \Cap d \Cup
 \circleddash ⇥ \boxtimes ? \bot > \top
u \dotplus \boxdot | \intercal i \rightthreetimes
> \divideontimes ⇤ \square [ \doublebarwedge h \leftthreetimes

⌘ \equiv  \leq \geq ? \perp

⇠
= \cong \prec \succ | \mid
6 = \neq \preceq ⌫ \succeq k \parallel
⇠ \sim ⌧ \ll \gg ./ \bowtie
' \simeq ⇢ \subset \supset o
n \Join
⇡ \approx ✓ \subseteq ◆ \supseteq n \ltimes
⇣ \asymp @ \sqsubset A \sqsupset o \rtimes
.
= \doteq v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq ^ \smile
/ \propto a \dashv ` \vdash _ \frown
|= \models 2 \in 3 \ni 2/ \notin

u \approxeq 5 \leqq = \geqq 7 \lessgtr

s \thicksim 6 \leqslant > \geqslant Q \lesseqgtr
v \backsim / \lessapprox ' \gtrapprox S \lesseqqgtr
w \backsimeq n \lll o \ggg T \gtreqqless
, \triangleq l \lessdot m \gtrdot R \gtreqless
$ \circeq . \lesssim & \gtrsim ? \gtrless
l \bumpeq 0 \eqslantless 1 \eqslantgtr  \backepsilon
m \Bumpeq - \precsim % \succsim G \between
+ \doteqdot w \precapprox v \succapprox t \pitchfork
t \thickapprox b \Subset c \Supset p \shortmid
; \fallingdotseq j \subseteqq k \supseteqq a \smallfrown
: \risingdotseq @ \sqsubset A \sqsupset ` \smallsmile
_ \varpropto 4 \preccurlyeq < \succcurlyeq \Vdash
) \therefore 2 \curlyeqprec 3 \curlyeqsucc ✏ \vDash
* \because J \blacktriangleleft I \blacktriangleright \Vvdash
P \eqcirc E \trianglelefteq D \trianglerighteq q \shortparallel
6 = \neq C \vartriangleleft B \vartriangleright / \nshortparallel

\ncong ⇥ \nleq ⇤ \ngeq * \nsubseteq

- \nmid  \nleqq \ngeqq + \nsupseteq
, \nparallel ⌦ \nleqslant ↵ \ngeqslant " \nsubseteqq
. \nshortmid ⌅ \nless ⇧ \ngtr # \nsupseteqq
/ \nshortparallel ⌃ \nprec ⌥ \nsucc ( \subsetneq
⌧ \nsim \npreceq ✏ \nsucceq ) \supsetneq
3 \nVDash ⇠ \precnapprox ⇡ \succnapprox $ \subsetneqq
2 \nvDash ⇣ \precnsim ⌘ \succnsim % \supsetneqq
0 \nvdash ⇢ \lnapprox \gnapprox \varsubsetneq
6 \ntriangleleft \lneq \gneq ! \varsupsetneq
5 \ntrianglelefteq \lneqq \gneqq & \varsubsetneqq
7 \ntriangleright ✓ \lnsim ◆ \gnsim ' \varsupsetneqq
4 \ntrianglerighteq \lvertneqq \gvertneqq
7 Arrow symbols
\leftarrow \longleftarrow " \uparrow
( \Leftarrow (= \Longleftarrow * \Uparrow
! \rightarrow ! \longrightarrow # \downarrow
) \Rightarrow =) \Longrightarrow + \Downarrow
$ \leftrightarrow ! \longleftrightarrow l \updownarrow
, \Leftrightarrow () \Longleftrightarrow m \Updownarrow

7! \mapsto 7 ! \longmapsto % \nearrow

- \hookleftarrow ,! \hookrightarrow & \searrow
( \leftharpoonup * \rightharpoonup . \swarrow
) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown - \nwarrow
⌦ \rightleftharpoons \leadsto

99K \dashrightarrow L99 \dashleftarrow ✓ \leftleftarrows

⌧ \leftrightarrows W \Lleftarrow ⌘ \twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail " \looparrowleft ↵ \leftrightharpoons
x \curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh
 \upuparrows ⇠ \upharpoonleft ⇡ \downharpoonleft
( \multimap ! \leftrightsquigarrow ◆ \rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows ◆ \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows
⇣ \twoheadrightarrow ⇢ \rightarrowtail # \looparrowright
⌦ \rightleftharpoons y \curvearrowright \circlearrowright
\Rsh \downdownarrows \upharpoonright
⌫ \downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow

8 \nleftarrow 9 \nrightarrow : \nLeftarrow

; \nRightarrow = \nleftrightarrow < \nLeftrightarrow

8 Miscellaneous symbols
1 \infty 8 \forall k \Bbbk } \wp
r \nabla 9 \exists F \bigstar \ \angle
@ \partial @ \nexists \diagdown ] \measuredangle
g \eth ; \emptyset \diagup ^ \sphericalangle
| \clubsuit ? \varnothing ⌃ \Diamond { \complement
} \diamondsuit ı \imath ` \Finv O \triangledown
~ \heartsuit | \jmath a \Game 4 \triangle
 \spadesuit `
RRRR \ell ~ \hbar M \vartriangle
··· \cdots \iiiint } \hslash ⌥ \blacklozenge
.. RRR
. \vdots RR \iiint ⌃ \lozenge ⌅ \blacksquare
... \ldots \iint f \mho N \blacktriangle
..
. \ddots ] \sharp 0 \prime H \blacktrinagledown
= \Im [ \flat ⇤
p \square 8 \backprime
< \Re \ \natural \surd s \circledS

9 Math mode accents

´
á \acute{a} ā \bar{a} Á \Acute{\Acute{A}} Ā¯ \Bar{\Bar{A}}
˘
ă \breve{a} ǎ \check{a} Ă \Breve{\Breve{A}} Ǎˇ \Check{\Check{A}}
ä \ddot{a} ȧ \dot{a} Ĩ \Ddot{\Ddot{A}} Ȧ˙ \Dot{\Dot{A}}
` ˆ
à \grave{a} â \hat{a} À \Grave{\Grave{A}} Â \Hat{\Hat{A}}
Ø
~~
ã \tilde{a} ~a \vec{a} \Tilde{\Tilde{A}} A \Vec{\Vec{A}}
10 Array environment, examples
Simplest version: \begin{array}{cols} row1 \\ row2 \\ . . . rowm \end{array}
where cols includes one character [lrc] for each column (with optional characters | inserted for vertical lines)
and rowj includes character & a total of (n 1) times to separate the n elements in the row. Examples:

\left( \begin{array}{cc} 2\tau & 7\phi-frac5{12} \\

3\psi & \frac{\pi}8 \end{array} \right) ✓ ◆✓ ◆ 
2⌧ 7 5
x 3 4 5
\left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) 12 and
3 ⇡
y 1 3 729
\mbox{~and~} \left[ \begin{array}{cc|r} 8

3 & 4 & 5 \\ 1 & 3 & 729 \end{array} \right]

f(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} 8

\overline{\overline{z^2}+\cos z} & \mbox{for} < z 2 + cos z for |z| < 3
& |z|<3 \\ 0 & \mbox{for} & 3\leq|z|\leq5 \\ f (z) = 0 for 3  |z|  5
\sin\overline{z} & \mbox{for} & |z|>5 :
sin z for |z| > 5
\end{array}\right.

11 Other Styles (math mode only)

Caligraphic letters: $\mathcal{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathbb letters: $\mathbb{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathfrak letters: $\mathfrak{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math Sans serif letters: $\mathsf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold letters: $\mathbf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold italic letters: define \def\mathbi#1{\textbf{\em #1}} then use $\mathbi{A}$ etc.:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abc 123

12 Font sizes
Z
f 1
(x xa ) dx ${\displaystyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
R
Math Mode: f 1
(x xa ) dx ${\textstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
R
f 1
(x xa ) dx ${\scriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
R
f 1 (x xa ) dx ${\scriptscriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
\tiny = smallest \normalsize = normal
Text Mode:
\scriptsize = very small \large = large \huge = huge
\footnotesize = smaller
\small = small
\Large = Large
\LARGE = LARGE \Huge = Huge
13 Text Mode: Accents and Symbols
ó \’{o} ö \"{o} ô \^{o} ò \‘{o} õ \~{o} ō \={o} s. \d s
ȯ \.{o} ŏ \u{o} ő \H{o} o o \t{oo} o̧ \c{o} o. \d{o} s̊ \r s
o \b{o} Å \AA å \aa ß \ss ı \i ⌘ \j s̋ \H s
¯
ø \o s \t s š \v s Ø \O ¶ \P § \S
æ \ae Æ \AE † \dag ‡ \ddag c \copyright £ \pounds