Chapter 10 – Matrices

Solutions to Exercise 10A

1 a 2 rows and 3 columns.∴ order= 2 × 3 interchange its rows and columns.
Thus,
b 1 row and 3 columns.∴ order= 1 × 3
" #T " #
1 2 1 0
c 3 rows and 2 columns.∴ order= 3 × 2 a =
0 3 2 3
d 3 rows and 1 column.∴ order= 3 × 1 " #T
3 h i
b = 3 5
e 3 rows and 3 columns.∴ order= 3 × 3 5
 
 9 8 
" #T 
2 a 2 rows and 3 columns.∴ order= 2 × 3 9 1 0 7  1 9 
c =  
8 9 1 5  0 1 
b 4 rows and 1 column.∴ order= 4 × 1 
7 5


c 1 row and 3 columns.∴ order= 1 × 3

6 a square matrix

3 a A 2 × 6 matrix has two rows and 6 b column matrix

columns, so each row has 6 elements.
Thus a 2 × 6 matrix has 2 × 6 = 12 c row matrix
elements.
   
" 1 3 5
# 1 0 0
b A 3 × 5 matrix has three rows and 5 3 0    
7 a and 0 4 7 and 0 1 0
columns, so each row has 5 elements. 0 5    
0 0 2 0 0 1
Thus a 3 × 5 matrix has 3 × 5 = 15
elements.  
1 0 0
 
b 0 1 0
c A 7 × 4 matrix has t7 rows and 4  
0 0 1
columns, so each row has 4 elements.
Thus a 7 × 4 matrix has 7 × 4 = 28  
1 0 0
elements.  
c 0 1 0
 
0 0 1
4 A m × n matrix has mn elements.  
1 0 0
From this it follows matrices of the
" # " #
1 2 3 0  
d and and 0 1 0
orders 12 × 1, 12 × 1, 6 × 2, 2 × 6, 3 × 2 1 0 5  
0 0 1
4, 4 × 3 all have 12 elements.

8 a Square matrices have the same

5 To find the transpose of a matrix,

1
 number of rows as columns. The r b11 = 3.
square matrices are C and E (they
have dimensions 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 s c12 = 1.
respectively).
9 Set up a blank 3 × 2 matrix and call it B.
b Matrix B has 3 rows.
 . . . . . . 
 

B =  . . . . . . 
 
c The row matrix is A (it contains a
... ...
 
single row of elements only).
The rule bi j = i × j tells us to find the
d The column matrix is B (it contains a value each element, multiply its row
single column of elements only). number by its column number.
 1 × 1 = 1 1 × 2 = 2 
 

B =  2 × 1 = 2 2 × 2 = 4 
 
e Matrix D has 4 rows and 2 columns.
3×1=3 3×2=6
 
f The order of matrix E is 3 × 3. It has
3 rows and 3 columns.
10 Set up a blank 4 × 1 column matrix and
g The order of matrix A is 1 × 5. It has  . . . 
 . . . 
 
1 row and 5 columns. call it C. C = 
 . . . 

h The order of matrix B is 3 × 1. It has ...
 
3 rows and 1 column. The rule ci j = i+2j tells us to find the
value each element, add twice its
i The order of matrix D is 4 × 2. It has column number to itsrow number.
4 rows and 2 columns.  1 + 2 × 1 = 3 
 2 + 2 × 1 = 4 
 
C = 
j There are 9 elements in matrix E.  3 + 2 × 1 = 5 

4+2×1=6
 
k There are 5 elements in matrix A.

l a14 = 0: a14 is the element in row 1 11 Set up a blank 3 × 2 matrix and call it D.
 . . . . . . 
 
and column 4
D =  . . . . . . 
 
m b31 = 1: b31 is the element in row 3 
... ...

and column 1 The rule di j = i × j tells us to find the
value each element, subtract three times
n c11 = 0. its column number from its row number.
 1 − 3 × 1 = −2 1 − 3 × 2 = −5 

o d41 = 4. D =  2 − 3 × 1 = −1 2 − 3 × 2 = −4 
 
3 − 3 × 1 = 0 3 − 3 × 2 = −3
 
p e22 = –1.

q d32 = 3. 12 Set up a blank 1 × 3 matrix and call it D.

2
 h i
E = ... ... ... d As for a above.
The rule ei j = i + j2 tells us to find the h
FT = 2 3
i
value each element, the square of its
column number to its row number Exam 1 type questions
hE = i
1 + 12 = 2 1 + 22 = 5 1 + 32 = 10 15 C
The second and third matrices are
diagonal matrices.
" a blank 2# × 2 matrix and call it F.
13 Set up
... ...
F=
... ... 16 D
The rule fi j = i × j tells us to find the mi j = 3i + 2 j
value each element, add the row and m11 = 5 m12 = 7 m13 = 9
column
" number and square the result m21 = 8 m22 = 10 m23 = 12
(1 + 1) = 4 (1 + 2)2 = 9
2
#
m31 = 11 m32 = 13 m33 = 15
D=
(2 + 1)2 = 9 (2 + 2)2 = 16

17 B
14 a Follow the instructions on page 371 The column entries in a given row go
(TI) or page 371 (CAS) to enter the up by 3 and the row entries in a given
matrix and determine the transpose. column go up by 2. Now check:
 
 1 2  First row entries
BT =  0 −2 
 
  2 + 3 = 5 2 + 6 = 8 2 + 9 = 11
3 1 Second row entries
" # 4 + 3 = 7 4 + 6 = 10 4 + 9 = 13
4 −2
b As for a above. C = T
Third row entries
−4 6
6 + 3 = 9 6 + 6 = 12 6 + 9 = 15
c As for a above.
  18 C
 1 
E T =  −1 
 
19 B Only B works
 
2

3
Solutions to Exercise 10B
1 a See Example 7for an illustrative b Row matrix: [24 32 11]
example . Order = 1 × 3.
Construct the matrix by enclosing # "
24
the numbers in the table in square c Column matrix: Order: 2 × 1.
32
brackets to form the square matrix.
  The sum of the elements will
 4 2 1 
  represent the total number of small
 6 2 3  Order: 3 × 3: the matrix
  cars sold by both dealers.
2 1 0
has 3 rows and 3 columns.
3 a 4×4
b Construct the matrix by enclosing
h i
the numbers in row B of the table b 430 380 950 900
in square brackets to form the row The sum is the tootal exports
matrix. [6 2 3] Order: 1 × 3: the ofexporter B.
matrix has 1 row and 3 columns.
c 370 Order is 4 × 1
c Construct the matrix by enclosing the
 
950
numbers in the ‘Computers’ column  
150
in square brackets to form the column 
470

matrix.
 
 1 
4 200 110
 
 3 
 
   
0 180 117
Order: 3 × 1: the matrix has 3 rows
 
135 98 
and 1 column. 
110 89 

The sum of the elements will repre-  
 56 53 
sent the total number of computers 
28 33

owned by members of the three
households.
5 See Example 8 for an illustrative
example.
2 a See Example 7 for an illustrative The 2 × 8 matrix representing the paired
example. digits listed one under the other is as
Construct the matrix by enclosing follows:
" #
the numbers in the table in square 3 5 8 7 0 2 3 6
brackets to form the rectangular 4 2 2 9 0 0 0 9
matrix.
" #
24 32 11
Order: 2 × 3: 2 rows
32 34 9
and 3 columns

4
6 21 5 5
 9 See Example 10 for an illustrative

 8 2

3 example.
 
 4 1 1

14  a f 34 = 1, so girls 3 and 4 are friends.
8 6
 
0 1 2 b f 25 = 0, so girls 2 and 5 are not
friends.
7 See Example 9 for an illustrative
example. c The sum of row 3 elements will tell
The matrices for the given graphs are us the total number of friends for girl
given below: 3: three friends.
 
 0 1 0  d The girl with the least friends is girl
 
a  1 0 1  1, with only 1 friend. The girl with

0 1 0
 the most friends is girl 3, with 3
friends.
 
 0 1 0 1 
 
 1 0 1 0
10 a i Polar bears eat cod

b  
 0 1 0 1 
1 0 1 0
 
ii Polar bears are not eaten by seals,
  cod or other polar bears
 0 0 1 1 
   
 0 0 0 1  0 1 1 0
c  
 1 0 0 1
 
 0 0 1 1
b 
1 1 1 0
  
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
 

8 See Example 9 for an illustrative Exam 1 type questions

example.
With Town 1 as the first row and 11 C
column, Town 2 as the second and Town Row 2, Column 2 entry 154.
3 as the third, the following matrix can
 
 0 0 1 
 
be created:  0 0 3  12 B

1 3 0
 By inspection the largest number is 154.
It occurs in row 2, column 2.
Goatmilk and Bunchof

5
Solutions to Exercise 10C
1 a + 2 = 11 ⇒ a = 9 4 × 0 = 0 4 × 1 = 4 4 × 4 = 16
" #

b−1=6⇒b=7 4 × 3 = 12 4 × 2 = 8 4 × 1 = 4

viii 3C" + F = 4F( since

# C = F)
2 a The only matrices to be equal are C 0 4 16
=
and F They are the same order and 12 8 4
contain identical elements in identical
ix 4A − 2B = [4 × 1 − 2 × 3 =
positions.
−2 4 × 3 − 2 × 1 = 10]
b A and B have the same order as each
x E + F is not possible. The
other (1 × 2); C and F are of the
matrices are not of the same
same order (2 × 3); D and E are of
order, so this addition cannot be
the same order (2 × 2).
performed and thus is undefined.
c Matrices that can be added and
subtracted must be of the same order "
8 0
# "
2 0
#
as each other. 3 2 −8 1
−4 2 −1
Thus, the 3 pairs of matrices – A and " # " #2
16 0 16 0
B, C and F, and D and E – can all be = −
−8 4 −8 4
added to and subtracted from each " #
0 0
other. =
0 0
h i
d i A+B= 3+1=4 3+1=4
4 These example are designed to be done
ii "D + E = quickly by hand.
0+1=1 1+0=1
#

−1 + 2 = 1 2 + −1 = 1 1+4=5 2+3=5
" #
a
4+1=5 3+2=5
" −F =
iii C
0−0=0 1−1=0 4−4=0
#
1 − 4 = −3 2 − 3 = −1
" #
3−3=0 2−2=0 1−1=0 b
4−1=3 3−2=1
iv hA − B =
1+8=9 2+6=8
i " #
1 − 3 = −2 3 − 1 = 2 c
4+2=6 3+4=7
v "E − D =
1 − 0 = 1 0 − 1 = −1
# h i
d 1−1=0 1−1=0
2 − −1 = 3 −1 − 2 = −3
0+1=1
" #
vi 3B = [3 × 3 = 9 3 × 1 = 3] e
1+0=1
vii 4F =

6
 0+2=2
" # " #
24 124 100
f B=
3+0=3 70 41 96

0 − 2 = −2 " =A+B= C = A+B=

b C
" #
g 16 + 24 = 40 104 + 124 = 228 86 + 100 = 186
3−0=3
75 + 70 = 145 34 + 41 = 75 94 + 96 = 190
h Matrices are not of the same order so Matrix C represents the total numbers
this addition cannot be performed and of males and females enrolled in all
thus is undefined. the programs for the two years of data
given.

5 Following the instructions given on page " =B–A=

c D
24 − 16 = 8 124 − 104 = 20 100 − 86 = 14
#
494 (TI) or pages 494 – 495 (CASIO),
enter the matrices involved into your 70 − 75 = −5 41 − 34 = 7 96 − 94 = 2
calculator, and perform the required Matrix D represents the increase in
computations to obtain the answers. the number of males and females in
all the programs from 2005 to 2006.
"# " # " # The negative element in the matrix
4 2 x y 10 8
6 2 + = represents a decrease in numbers in
3 5 z w 12 6 that category from 2005 to 2006.
8 + x = 10 ⇒ x = 2
4+y=8⇒y=4 d E"= 2B
6 + z = 12 ⇒ z = 6 2 × 24 = 48 2 × 124 = 248 2 × 100 = 200
#
=
10 + w = 6 ⇒ w = −4 2 × 70 = 140 2 × 41 = 82 2 × 96 = 192

      Exam 1 type questions

 2.4   2.8   2.5 
7 a A =   B =  3.4  C =  2.6
     
3.5  9 C
" # " # " # " #

1.6
 
1.8
 
1.7
 −4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2
+ − +

 3.4

 −3 1 −3 −1 3 1 3 1
−4 + 4 − 6 + 4 2+2−2+2
" #
D = 
 
4.1  =

2.1
 −3 + (−3) − 3 + 3 1 + (−1) − 1 + 1
" #
−2 4
b The sum of the 4 matrices rep- =
−6 0
resents the total sale of CDs in a
year for each of the three stores.
 2.4 + 2.8 + 1.5 + 3.4 = 11.1 
" # " #
0 2 0 4
 
10 C 2M − 2N = 2 −2
 3.5 + 3.4 + 2.6 + 4.1 = 13.6  −3 1 3 0
 
1.6 + 1.8 + 1.7 + 2.1 = 7.2
  " # " #
0 4 0 8
= −
−6 2 6 0
" #
16 104 86
" #
0 −4
8 a A= =
75 34 94 −12 2

7
    
11 E 1 2 3 2 3 4
A + B = 2 4 6 + 3 4 5
   
   
3 6 9 4 5 6
 
3 5 7 
= 5
 
8 11
 
7 11 15

8
Solutions to Exercise 10D
# "" #
1 a i AB-yes: (1 × 2) (2 × 1) 1 1 4 3
e × =
0 1 1 2
ii BA-yes: (2 × 1) (1 × 2) "
1×4+1×1=5 1×3+1×2=5
#
=
0×4+1×1=1 0×3+1×2=2
iii AC-no: (1 × 1) (1 × 3) " #
5 5
iv CE-yes: (1 × 3) (3 × 1) 1 2
   
v EC-yes: (3 × 1) (1 × 3)  1 0 1   2 
0 1 0  ×  0  =
   
f 
vi EA-yes (3 × 1) (1 × 2) 
1 1 0
  
1
1×2+0×0+1×1=3
   
   3 
vii DB-yes: (2 × 2) (2 × 1)
0×2+1×0+0×1=0  =  0 
   

1×2+1×0+0×1=2
   
viii CD-no: (1 × 3) (2 × 2) 2

b i AB = [1 × 3+ 3 ×1 = 6] 3 Following the instructions given on

pages 504 – 505 (TI and CASIO),
ii CE = [1 × 2 + 0 × 1 + −1 × 0 = 2]
enter the matrices involved into your
0×3+1×1=1
" #
calculator, and perform the required
iii DB =
−1 × 3 + 2 × 1 = −1 computations to obtain the answers.

iv hAD = i
1 × 0 + (−1) × 3 = −3 1 × 1 + 3 × 24= a7 To sum the rows of a 3 × 2 matrix,
" # by the 2 × 1 column
post multiply
c Following the instructions given on 1
matrix
pages 504–505 (TI and CASIO), 1
enter the matrices involved into your
b To sum the columns of a 3 × 2
calculator, and perform the required
computations to obtain the answers. i by the 1 × 3 row
matrix,hpre multiply
matrix 1 1 1

2 a [0 × 1 + 2 × 0 = 1] = [0]     
7 1 2 1 10
[1 × 1 + 0 × 2 = 1] = [1] 5 1 2 2 1 =  5 
    
b
    
8 1 4 1 13
c [2 × 1 + 0 × 3 + 1 × 1 = 1] = [3]
" # " #
1 2 1 6 To sum the columns of a 3 × 3 matrix,
d × =
3 4 0 pre
h multiplyi by the 1 × 3 row matrix
1×1+2×0=1
" # " #
1 1 1 1
=
3×1+4×0=3 3

9
 E=
 
i  9 0 2  9 T
 10 × 25 + 20 × 40 + 30 × 65 = 3000
h
1 1 1  1 7 3  
 

 15 × 25 + 20 × 40 + 25 × 65 = 2800
  
8 3 4
= 1 × 9 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 8 1 × 0 + 1 × 7 + 1 × 320 × 25 + 20 × 40 + 20 × 65 = 2600
h 
30 × 25 + 20 × 40 + 10 × 65 = 2200
i
1×2+1×3+1×4
h i
= 18 10 9
10 a Q has 2 rows and 3 columns, so the
order of Q is 2 × 3.
7 a To sum the rows of a 5 × 5 matrix,
M = QP
post multiply by the 1 × 5 summing
matrix
 (a column matrix  of  1s). M = QP
 2 4 1 7 8   1  "

#  2.50 


 1 9 0 0 2   1 
   25 34 19 
b i =

 1.80 
 3 4 3 3 5  ×  1  = 30 45 25 
    
    3.20
 2 1 1 1 7   1 
h i
= 184.5 236
5 3 6 7 9 1
   
 2 + 4 + 1 + 7 + 8   22 
   
ii The total revenue from selling A,
 1 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 2   12 
   
B and C.
 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 5  =  18 .
   
 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 7   12  c PQ is not defined as the no of
   
5+3+6+7+9 30 columns of P(1) is not equal to the
number of rows of Q(2).
b To sum the rows of a 3 × 5 matrix,
pre multiply by the 1 × 3 summing
11 3 1 
110 000

matrix (a row matrix of 1s).    " # 
4 5 1 2 1 2 2 26 000 116 000
= 
h 

i  

   
 
1 1 1  0 3 4 5 1  
  
 1 4 
 32 000 
 154 000 


4 2 1 7 9
 1 1 58 000
h . XY is the total sales amount of each of
= 4+0+4 5+3+2 1+4+1
i the dealers
2 + 5 + 7 1+! + 9
h i
= 8 10 6 14 11 " #" #
5 12 1
12 a
2.50 3.00 2
8 RP =
5 × 1 + 12 × 2
" #
=
2.50 × 1 + 3.00 × 2
 4 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 0 × 0 = 9 
  " #
29
=
 3 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 0 = 7  8.50
 

 3 × 2 + 0 × 1 + 2 × 0 = 6 
  1 × 5 min plus 2 × 12 min means
 1 × 2 + 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 = 4 
  29 min for one milkshake and two
 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 3 × 0 = 3 
  banana splits.

0×2+1×1+4×0=1
 The total cost is $8.50.

10
 b " #" # d For Chemistry the result is given by
5 12 1 2 0
2.50 3.00 2 1 1
the following multiplication.
 
" # 0.2 " #
5 × 1 + 12 × 2 5 × 2 + 12 × 1 5 × 0 + 12 × 1 86 82 84   83.8
" #
=
2.5 × 1 + 3 × 2 2.5 × 2 + 3 × 1 2.5 × 0 + 3 × 1 0.3 =
81 80 70   75.2
"
29 22 12
# 0.5
=
8.50 8.00 3.00
The matrix shows that John spent e The aggregate of the four marks is
29 min and $8.50, one friend spent 318.6. This is below 320.
22 min and $8.00 (2 milkshakes
and 1 banana split) while the other f Three marks will be required to
friend spent 12 min and $3.00 (no obtain an aggregate of marks above
milkshakes and 1 banana split). 320.

14, 15,16, & 17] Enter the relevant matrix

" #
79 78 80 or matrices into your calculator, use worked
13 a The 2 × 3 matrix is:
80 78 82 Example 23 as a model for performing these
The rows correspond to the semesters computations.
and the columns to the forms of Exam 1 type questions
assessment.
18 A  
b The percentages of the three compo- h i 3
nents can be represented in the 3 × 1 6 2 0 6 =
   
0.2 9
h i h i
6 × 3 + 2 × 6 + 0 × 9 = 30
 
matrix: 0.3
 
0.5

c Multiplying the two matrices gives 19 C

   
the semester scores. 1 4 " #  9 9 26
 1 5 2
= 14 16 40
   
 
" # 0.2 " # 2 6
79 78 80   79.2  2 1 6
0.3 =
  
1 2 5 7 14
80 78 82   80.4
0.5
Notice that multiplication of a 2 × 3
20 D
matrix by a 3 × 1 matrix results in a
7×6+9×8
2 × 1 matrix.

11
Solutions to Exercise 10E
" #
1 0
1 a i i 2 × 2 identity matrix: I =
0 1
 
 1 0 0 
ii ii 3 × 3 identity matrix: I =  0 1 0 
 
 
0 0 1
 
 1 0 0 0 
 
 0 1 0 0
iii iii 4 × 4 identity matrix: I = 


 0 0 1 0 
0 0 0 1
 

1×1+2×0=1 1×0+2×1=2
" #
b AI = =A
0×1+3×0=0 0×0+3×1=3
1×1+0×0=1 1×2+0×3=2
" #
IA = = A/
0×1+1×0=0 0×2+1×3=3
Thus, we can see that AI = IA = A.

c
 1 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 0 × 0 = 1 1×0+2×1+0×0=2 1×0+2×0+0×1=0
 

CI =  3 × 1 + 1 × 0 + 0 × 0 = 3 3×0+1×1+0×0=1 3×0+1×0+0×1=0  = C
 
0×1+1×0+2×0=0 0×0+1×1+2×0=1 0×0+1×0+2×1=2
 

 1 × 1 + 0 × 3 + 0 × 0 = 1 1×2+0×1+0×1=2 1×0+0×0+0×2=0

 

IC =  0 × 1 + 1 × 3 + 0 × 0 = 3 0×2+1×1+0×1=1 0×0+1×0+0×2=0  = C
 
0×1+0×3+1×0=0 0×2+0×1+1×1=1 0×0+0×0+1×2=2
 

Thus, we can see that CI = IC = C.

2 Multiplying
" " the pairs# of matrices results in the 2 × 2 identity matrix:
# all
1 1 2 −1
1 2 −1 1
1 × 2 + 1 × −1 = 1 1 × 2 + 2 × −1 = 0
" #
eg =
1 × 2 + 2 × −1 = 0 1 × −1 + 2 × −1 = 1
" #
1 0
= =I
0 1

3 a det(A) = 1 × 3 – 0 × 2 = 3

b det(B) = 0 × 4 – 1 × 3 = –3

12
 c det(C) = 1 × 4 – 2 × 2 = 0

d det(D) = –1 × 4 – 2 × 2 = –8

4 Follow the instructions on page 516 (TI) or 517 (CASIO) to generate the following
inverse matrices using your calculator.

 10 − 2 
 

a A−1 =  11 13 

 
 0 
3
 20 1 
 

b B−1 =  950 18


 − 1 
9 9
c D−1 does not exist, since det(D) = 0.
 1 1 1 
 2 − 2 − 2 

d E −1 =  0 1 
1 
 
0 0 1

5 a B+X =C
X=C−B
" # " #
−6 −1 3 2
= −
5 6 4 3
" #
−9 −3
=
1 3

b BX = C
X = B−1C
" #" #
3 −2 −6 −1
=
−4 3 5 6
" #
−28 −15
=
39 22

13
c XB = C
X = CB−1
" #" #
−6 −1 3 −2
=
5 6 −4 3
" #
−14 9
=
−9 8

d BX = D
X = B−1 D
" #" #
3 −2 3
=
−4 3 4
" #
1
=
0

e AX = E
X = A−1 E
−1 −2 52  5
  

=  0 1 − 12  7

  
1 1 − 32 9
  
 7 
 2 
=  52 
 
 3
−2
" #
7
f BX + =D
6
" #
7
BX = D −
6
" #
−4
X = B−1
−2
" #" #
3 −2 −4
=
−4 3 −2
" #
−8
=
10

14
 " # " #
1 2 5 6
6 A =
3 4 12 14
" #" #−1
5 6 1 2
A=
12 14 3 4
" #
−1 2
=
−3 5

7 a AX = C
A−1 AX = A−1C
IX = A−1C

b ABX = C
A−1 ABX = A−1C
IBX = A−1C
BX = A−1C
B−1 BX = B−1 A−1C
X = B−1 A−1C

c AXB = C
A−1 AXB = A−1C
IXB = A−1C
XB = A−1C
XBB−1 =A−1CB−1
X = A−1CB−1

d A(X + B) = C
A−1 A(X + B) = A−1C
I(X + B) = A−1C
(X + B) = A−1C
X = A−1C − B

15
 e AX + B = C
AX = C − B
A−1 AX == A−1 (C − B)
X = A−1 (C − B)

f XA + B = A
XA = A − B
XAA−1 = (A − B)A−1
X = I − BA−1

 −1  
3 2 1  1 −1 0 
8 2 2 1 = −1 2 −1
   
0 −1 2
   
1 1 1
    
 x  1 −1 0  15000
y = −1 2 −1 20000
    
0 −1 2 10000
    
z
 
−5000
=  15000 
 
 
0

9 Spray P Q R
8 46 12
Barrels
13 39 13

 
 0.1 0.25 −0.4
10 a A−1 =  0.3 −0.75 0.8 
 
−0.2 0.5 −0.2
 

b Let a, b and c be the rate of assembly of products P, Q and R respectively.

 
a
Let X = b
 
 
c
Then AX = K
Therefore,
X = A−1K  
 2 5 −8 95
1 
X=
 
 6 −15 16  80
20 
−4 10 −4 40
 

16
  
13.5
X =  0.5 
 
 
13

11 Suppose Brad, Flynn and Lina employ x, y and z workers respectively. The there
contractors need to supply the warehouse with 310 dresses, 175 slacks and 175 shirts,
so x, y and z must satisfy the matrix equation
    
3 6 10  x 310
3 4 5  y = 175
    
    
2 6 5 z 175
which is in the for AX = B, there A is the 3 × 3 matrix, X is the column matrix of the
variables and B is the column matrix of the numbers required.
The solution is given by: X = A−1 B
Use a calculator to find A−1 , then multiply by B to find X.
 
−10 30 −10
1 
A−1 =

 −5 5 5 
20 
10 −18 2

  
−10 30 −10 310
1 
X=
 
 −5 5 5  175
20 
10 −18 2 175
 
 
20
= 10
 
 
15
So Brad need 20 workers, Flynn need 10 workers and Lina need 15 workers.

Exam 1 type questions

12 A
2 × 1 − 2 × (−1) = 4

13 E
Use calculator.

14 D

17
 " # " #
4 2 14 12
3 +X =
6 7 18 22
" # " #
12 6 14 12
+X =
18 21 18 22
" #
2 6
X=
0 1

18
Solutions to Exercise 10F
 
1 B only: a permutation matrix is a square  X 
 
binary matrix with only one ‘1’ per row. Y 
4 PA =  
 Z 
W
 
2 a PX =    
 0 0 0 1   X 
h i  1 0 0 0
  
Y
 = A = P   −1 

S H U T 
 0 1 0 0   Z 
0 0 1 0
 
W
 
h i
H U T S . 
1 0 0
 
0  X 
  
0 0 0 1  Y 
= 
 4  
 0 0 0 1   1 0 0 0  
0 0 1 0  Z 

   
 1 0 0 0   0 1 0 0   
 =   = 0 1 0 0 W
 
b 
 0 1 0 0   0 0 1 0   

0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
  X 
W 
I: the identity matrix =  
so  Z 
P4 X = I 4 X = X Y
 

    
0 0 1 0  A  C  5 a Follow the instructions in Example
    
0 0 0 1  B  D 24 (page 400) to construct the
3    =  
1 0 0 0 C   A  following 3 × 3 communication
     M F L
0 1 0 0 D B

 
 0 1 1  M
matrix. 
C =  1 0 1  F
 
 
1 1 0 L

b Follow the instructions in Example

24 (page 400) to construct the
following 3 × 3 communication
matrix.
Use your calculator to square the
communication
 matrix
  to obtain
 0 1 1   0 1 1 
C 2 =  1 0 1  ×  1 0 1  =
   
   
1 1 0 1 1 0
 
 2 1 1 
 1 2 1 
 
1 1 2

19
 c To find the total number of ways Mei d The C2 matrix gives the number of
can communicate with Freya, calcu- ways a person can communicate
T = C + C2 with a person in another tower via
   
 0 1 1   2 1 1  a third tower. For example, the ‘1’
=  1 0 1  +  1 2 1 
   
in row T1, column T3 indicates that
   
1 1 0 1 1 2 there is one two-step communication
late
M F L link between tower T1 and tower
 
 3 2 2  M T3. From this diagram, we see that
=  2 2 2  F
 
this two-step communication link is
 
2 2 2 L T1→T2→T3.
From the matrix, we can see that
there are 2 ways that Mei can send a e 6 (=1 + 2 + 2 +1): A redundant
message to Freya (Row M, Row F). communication link is one in which
a person eventually end up receiving
the message they sent. The communi-
6 a In the communication matrix, a
cation links in the leading diagonal
zero indicates there is no direct
of the matrix are all redundant
communicate link. For example,
communication links. For example
from the diagram we see that there
the 1 in row T1, column 1, represents
is no way for a person in tower 1 to
the redundant communication link:
directly communicate with a person
T1→T2→T1.
in tower 4 and this is indicated in the
matrix by placing a ‘0’ in row T1, f The matrix T = C + C2 shows the
column T4. total number of one and two-step
links between pairs of tower.
b The ‘1’ in row T1, column T2, and
row T3, column T2, indicate that a g Tower 1 and tower 4
person in towers 1 and 3 can both (T1→T2→T3→T4): for a per-
communicate directly with a person son to communicate with a person in
in tower 2. tower 4, they need to first commu-
nicate with a person in tower 2 who
c From the diagram, it can be seen that
will need to pass the message onto
the missing element in
person in tower 3. This person can
 column T2 is zero, because there then pass the message onto the person
is no direct communication link in tower 4 tower link and vice versa.
between tower T2 and tower T4.
7 Follow the instructions given in
 column T3 is a ‘1’ because there
Example 24 (page 400) to arrive at
is a direct communication link
the matrix but note that there are both
between tower T2 and tower T3.
uni-directional and bi-directional
communication links. Because of this,

20
it is very important to be very clear Exam 1 type questions
in defining whether the source of the
communication is representing by the 8 D
rows or the columns. In the solution There is no direct communication from
below, the rows represent the source of Adam to David (not A)
the communication. For example, the There is no direct communication from
‘1’ in row A, column E, indicates that a Bertie to David (not B)
message can be sent from A to E. There is no direct communication from
Catherine to David (not C)
To D works
A B C D E There is no direct communication from
A

 0 0 0 0 1 
 Catherine to Bertie (not E)
 
B  1 0 0 0 1 
From  
C  0 1 0 0 1  9 A
 
D  0 0 1 0 1 

E 0 1 1 0 0


21
Solutions to Exercise 10G
1 a Follow the instructions given in Example 24 (page 400) to arrive at the matrix. Use
the row labels to indicate the winners and the column labels to represent the losers as
in the answer shown below.

A B C D
 
A  0 1 1 0 
 
winners B  0 0 1 0 
 
C  0 0 0 0 

D 1 1 1 0


To find the total one-step dominances for each team, sum the rows: A(2), B(1), C(0),
D(3)
Ranking the players according to one-step dominances: D, A, B, C

b To find the total two-step dominances for each team, square the one-step dominance
matrix and sum the rows.
 2  
 0 1 1 0   0 0 1 0 
   
 0 0 1 0   0 0 0 0 
  =  
 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 
1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0
   

To rank the teams by one and two-step dominances, add the one-step and two-step
dominance matrices and sum the rows.
   
 0 1 1 0   0 0 1 0 
   
 0 0 1 0   0 0 0 0 
 + 
 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 
1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0
   
 
 0 1 2 0  3
 
 0 0 1 0  1
=  
 0 0 0 0  0
1 2 3 0 6
 

Ranking the teams using both one and two step dominances we have: D(6), A(3),
B(1), C(0) (the same ranking as before).

2 a To rank the players according to one-step dominances, find the total one-step
dominances for each of the players by summing the rows and rank the players from

22
 highest to lowest according to their total one-step dominances.
losers
A B C D E
 
A  0 1 1 1 1 
 
B  0 0 1 0 0 
winners   =D
C  0 0 0 0 0 
 
D  0 1 1 0 0 
 
E 0 1 0 1 0
To find the total one-step dominances for each player, sum the rows: A(4), B(1),
C(0), D(2), E(2)
Ranking the players according to one-step dominances: A; D & E equal; B; C

b To find the total two-step dominances for each player, square the one-step
dominance matrix and sum the rows.

 
 0 2 2 1 0  5
 
 0 0 0 0 0  0
D = 
2  
0 0 0 0 0  0
 
 0 0 1 0 0  1
0 1 2 0 0 3
 

c To rank the players by one and two-step dominances, add

 the one-step and  two-step
 0 3 3 2 1  9
 
 0 0 1 0 0  1
dominance matrices and sum the rows. T = D + D2 =  0 0 0 0 0  0
 
 
 0 1 2 0 0  3
0 2 2 1 0 5
 
Ranking the players using both one and two step dominances we have: A(9), E(5),
D(3), B(1), C(0).

3 a A B C D E Score
 
A  0 0 1 1 0  2
 
B  1 0 1 0 1  3
D= C
 
 0 0 0 1 0  1
 
D  0 1 0 0 0 

1
E 1 0 1 1 0 3


 Using the one-step dominance matrix, we see that Bea and Eve are equal first.

23
     
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
    
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 3 0
D = 0
2
0 = 0
    
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
    
0 1 0 0 0 0
 
1 0 0 0 1
 
0 1 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0


c A B C D E Score
 
A  0 1 1 2 0  4
 
B  2 0 3 3 1  9
D+D = C
2  
 0 1 0 1 0  2
 
D  1 1 1 0 1 

4
E 1 1 2 3 0 7


The matrix D + D2 gives the following ranking:

Rank Player Score
First Bea 9
Second Eve 7
Equal third Ann and Deb 4
Fifth Cat 2

4 a 10

b  Ash defeats Carl and Dot

 Ben defeats Ash, Carl and Dot

 Carl defeats Dot

 Dot defeats Elle

 Elle defeats Ash, Ben and Carl

c Add the 1’s across a row to determine dominance score. Scores: Ash 2, Ben 3, Carl
1, Dot 1, Elle 3
Ben = Elle, Ash, Carl = Dot

 
0 1 0 1 0
 
0 0 1 0 1
 
5 a 1 0 0 1 0
 
0 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 0


24
 b

Scores: A − 5, B − 7, C − 5, D − 3, E − 8 E, B, A = C, D

 
0 1 0 1
 
0 0 1 0
6 a M =  
00 0 0

0
1 1 0

 
0
1 2 0
 
0
0 0 0
M = 
2

0
0 0 0

0 1 0 0

 
0 2 2 1
 
0 0 1 0
M + M = 
2

0 0 0 0

0 1 2 0


b Person A (5)
Person B (1)
Person C(0)
Person D (3)
Person A is the most inflential.

7 a 0 1 1 0

 
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 1
 
1 0 0 0

25
 b

Scores: A − 5, B = 4, C − 2, D − 3
A, B, D, C

Scores: A − 8, B = 7, C − 4, D − 6
A, B, D, C
A, B, D, C

9 E, B, A = C, D

Exam 1 type questions

10 C
If B lost to A then A defeated B
If C defeated A then A lost to C
If B defeated D then D lost to B

11 A

26
  
0 00 1 0
 
1 01 0 1
 
M= 1 00 0 0
 
0 11 0 0

1 01 1 0

 
0 1 1 1 0
 
3 0 2 2 1
M + M = 1
2  
0 0 1 0
 
2 1 2 0 1

2 1 2 2 0
Totals
Alpha: 3
Beta: 8
Gamma: 2
Delta: 6
Epsilon: 7

12 A Trial and error

27
Chapter Review: Multiple-choice questions
1 W is the row matrix as it contains a 12 V cannot be raised to a power as it is
single row. ⇒ C not a square matrix. ⇒B

2 Square matrices have the same 13 det(U) = 2 × 1 – 1 × 0 = 2 ⇒D

number of rows as columns. U and Y
are both 2 × 2 square matrices. ⇒ D 14 det(Y) = 1 × 4 – 2 × 2 = 0.
Thus, the inverse of Y is undefined.
3 The order of matrix X is 2 rows by 3 ⇒E
columns = 2 × 3.
15 det(U) = 2
 1 0 
⇒B  = 0.5 =0 
U =  −12
−1 2
 
2  ⇒ A
4 U and Y can be added as they are  = −0.5 =1 
2 2
both 2 × 2 matrices. ⇒ D
16 UW: U & W are both 2×2 matrices
5 XY is undefined as X is a 2 × 3 ⇒D
matrix and Y is a 2 × 2 matrix. ⇒ D
1×2+2×1=4
" #
17 ⇒D
6 −2Y = 3 × 2 + 4 × 1 = 10
−2 × 0 = 0 −2 × 1 = −2
"
⇒A 18 X is 3 × 2, Y is 2 × 3 and Z is 2 × 2
−2 × −1 = 2 −2 × 2 = −4
XY is defined as columns of X match
7 X is a 2 × 3 matrix and Z is a 3 × 1 rows of Y.
matrix so XZ is 2 × 1 matrix. ⇒ B YX is defined as columns of Y match
rows of X.
8 To obtain U T from U, interchange XZ is defined as columns of X match
the rows and columns in U. rows of Z, this result in a 3 × 2
If matrix, therefore XZ –2X is defined.
" #
2 0 YX results in a matrix of order 2 × 2,
U=
1 1 this has the same order as matrix Z,
therefore YX + 2Z is defined.
then
" # XY – YX: XY is a 3 × 3 matrix, YX
2 1 is a 2 × 2 matrix, so XY – YX is not
U = T
0 1 defined.
⇒C ⇒E

9 a23 = 3 ⇒ D 19 The mean of 3, 5, 2, 4 is given by

3+5+2+4
which gives a mean of
4 − −1 = 5 0 − 0 = 0
"
4
10 ⇒E 14
−2 − 1 = −3 2 − 1 = 1 .
4
The matrix that displays the mean
11 [1 × 3 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 1 = 10] ⇒ A

28
 must have an order of 1 × 1. The 27 C By trial and error.
only option which gives a 1 × 1
matrix is D. ⇒ D 28 C

20 C 29 Use the matrix to eliminate the

incorrect responses.
21 A
A: A and D from the matrix we see
22 C that a car can travel from A to D
  (there is a ‘1’ in column A and
 0 0 0 1 
  row D) but not from D to A (there
 0 0 1 0
 .

23  is a ‘0’ in column D and row A),
 0 1 0 1
so this cannot be the solution.

1 0 1 0
 
⇒C B: B and C from the matrix we see
that a car can travel from B to C
# "
3 4 7 9
24 C M =
T
(there is a ‘1’ in column B and
0 1 2 6
row C) but not from C to B (there
25 A is a ‘0’ in column C and row B) ,
N M is a 5 × 6 matrix so N M − 2N is so this cannot be the solution.
defined. A is correct.
MN is not defined. So answer is not C: C and D from the matrix we see
B. that a car cannot travel from C
M 2 N is not defined. So answer is not to D (there is a ‘0’ in column C
C. and row D) so this cannot be the
N T is a matrix of order 6 × 5 so N T N solution.
is not defined. So answer is not D.
M T has order 6 × 6, so M T N is not D: D and E from the matrix we see
defined. So answer is not E. that a car can travel from D to E
(there is a ‘1’ in column D and
26 Row 1:C is to go from the top to row E) but not from D to E (there
third so ‘1’ is in the third position. is a ‘0’ in column D and row E),
Row 2: B is to go from the second so this cannot be the solution.
to second so ‘1’ is in the second
position. E: C and E from the matrix we see
Row 3: A is to go from the third that a car can travel from C to E
tofirst so ‘1’ is in the first position. (there is a ‘1’ in column C and
Row 4: D is to go from the fourth row E). It can also travel from E
tofourth position first so ‘1’ is in the to C (there is a ‘1’ in column E
fourth position. and row C), so this is the solution.
C ⇒E

29
Chapter Review: Extended-response questions
1 a  Construct a square matrix with as many rows as there are towns and number both
1 2 3
 
  1
the rows and columns.  
  2
 
3

 Count the number of roads connecting each pair of two towns and insert this
number into the appropriate cell of the matrix to obtain the matrix below.
For example, for town 1, there are no roads connecting town 1 to itself so insert a 0
in row 1 column 1, and so on to obtain.
1 2 3
 
 0 1 2  1
 
 1 0 1  2
 
2 1 0 3

b Follow the procedure for 1a but start with a matrix with 4 rows and 4 columns
1 2 3 4
 
 0 2 1 1  1
 
because there are 4 towns.  2 0 2 0  2
 
 1 2 0 1  3
1 0 1 0 4
 

c Follow the procedure for 1a, but start with a matrix with 2 rows and 2 columns
because there are two towns. As there are no roads connecting the two towns, it will
be a matrix of zeros.
" #
30.45
2 a C=
2.54
C is a 2 × 1 matrix; 2 rows and 1 column.

b J=[54]
J is a 1 × 2 matrix; 1 row and 2 columns.

c JC is defined, as the number of columns in J equals the number of rows in C.

" #
30.45
d JC= [ 5 4 ] = [162.41]
2.54
Jodie’s height is 162.41 cm.
" #" # " #
5 8 30.45 172.57
e HC = =
6 1 2.54 185.24
The heights of the two people are 172.57 cm and 185.24 cm.

30
3 a Bookshop 1 carries 456 non-fiction paperbacks.
" #
334 876
b A= Order of A is 2 × 2.
213 456
" #
354 987
c B=
314 586

d C = A+B
334 + 354 876 + 987
" # " #
688 1863
= =
213 + 314 456 + 586 527 1042
C represents the total number of each type of book which is in stock at either
bookshop. (Assume no common titles.)
" #
45.00
e i E= The order of E is 2 × 1, two rows, 1 coulmn.
18.50
" #" # " #
334 876 45.00 31236
ii AE = =
213 456 18.50 18021

iii The product represents the total value of fiction and non-fiction books in
Bookshop 1. The fiction books are worth $31236. The non-fiction books are
worth $18021.
" # " #
334 876 668 1752
f 2A = 2 =
213 456 426 912

4 a P has order 1 × 5.

b i R = NP
" #
600 h i
= 0.15 0.225 0.275 0.25 0.10
320
" #
90 135 165 150 60
=
48 72 88 80 32

ii The first row of NP gives the number of students in each grade category in
Mathematics starting at A and going through to E.
The second row of NP gives the number of students in each grade category in
Physics starting at A and going through to E. R13 is the number of Mathematics
students wo got a C.
h i
c i F = 220 197
F11 is the Mathematics fee and F12 the Physics fee.

31
 h i "600# h i
ii T = 220 197 × = 195 040
320
The total fees paid are $195 040.
h i
5 a N= 8 6 1
h i h i h i
b P = N × G = 8 6 1 × 25 50 75 = 575

c The total score.

6 a Total number of tonnes 20 + 20 + 40 = 80

b Total number of tonnes 20 + 40 + 40 = 100

c Total revenue = 46 000 + 34 000 + 106 000 = 186 000

d i 3×1

ii The price per tonne of each of the minerals

 
 x
 
iii Let y be the matrix representing the selling price per tonne of each the minerals
 
z
p, q, r. That is, the price per tonne of p is $x, the price per tonne of q is $y and
the price per tonne of r is $z. Then we have the matrix equation:
    
20 20 40  x  46 000 
 0 40 20 y =  34 000 
     
60 40 60 z 106 000
 
20 20 40
 
We will use a calculator to find the inverse matrix of  0 40 20.
 
60 40 60
 −1  
20 20 40 −4 −1 3 
1 
 0 40 20 =
  
−3 3 1 
100 
6 −1 −2
  
60 40 60
Therefore,
    
 x −4 −1 3   46 000 
y = 1 −3 3 1   34 000 
  100    
z 6 −1 −2 106 000
   
 x 1000
y =  700 
   
   
z 300

32