Numerical Problem

A hall as shown in Fig and of inside dimensions 10.0 m X 20.0 m with a clear height of 5.5 m up
to the bottom of beam is to be constructed with load bearing masonry walls using modular
bricks. Calculate thickness of walls, strength of bricks and grade of mortar for longitudinal and
2
cross walls, assuming a wind pressure of 1 200 N/m .

Solution:

1) Design Data/ Assumptions

Roof consists of RCC T-beams 40 cm X 80 cm with RCC slab 12 cm thick, beams being at 4.0
m centres. Roof is covered with lime concrete terrace of 15 cm average thickness.
Height of parapet = 20 cm above slab level
Plinth height = 0.5 m
Height of plinth above foundation footing = 0.7 m 2)
Minimum thickness of Walls
According to 4.6.1 of the Code, maximum SR = 27, assuming cement or cement-lime mortar
Long wall
H = 0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8/2= 6.6 m
h = 0.75 H = 0.75 X 6.6 = 4.95 m
Slenderness Ratio (SR) = h/t Therefore t
= h/SR = 4.95/27 = 18 cm
In view of long spans and assuming that joints are raked to a depth of 1.0 cm on both sides
adopt 1% brick wall with actual thickness = 29 cm, that is, nominal thickness 30 cm. Cross
wall
H = 0.7 + 5.5 + (0.80 - 0.06)
(from top of footing to centre of slab) =
6.94 m
h = 0.75 H = 0.75 X 6.94 m =
5.21 m
t=h/SR=5.21/27 = 19 cm
Adopt 30 cm nominal thickness for cross walls.
3) Loads
Roof load
RCC slab = 12 X 250 = 3000 N/m2
Terrace = 15 X 200 = 3000 N/m2 Live
load = 1500 N/m2
Total = 7 500 N/m2 Self-
weight of beam
= 40(80 - 12) X 25 000/(100 x 100)
=6800 N/m
Effective span of beam =
10 + 0.3
=10.3 m
Load on long walls
Load from beam = (750 X 4 + 680)10.3/ 2
=190000 N=190 kN
Self load of wall including parapet assuming 3 cm plaster thickness. Since we will be
considering combined stresses due to vertical loads and wind load, we will work out all loads at
the top of foundation footing which is
3 4
(29 + 3) (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2) X 20 X 10 /100 = 4.61 X 10 N/m
Load on cross walls
Slab load = 7500x4/2 = 15000 N/m =
15 kN/m
Total load on wall at plinth level
= 46.1 + 15 = 61.1 kN/m
4) Stress in Walls Due to Vertical Loads Longwall
2.5 m length of wall will bear weight of 4.0 m length of wall, because of openings.
4
Stress at footing-top level due to self weight =4.61 X 10 X 4.0/(2.5 X 26 X 100)
=28.4 N/cm2 = 0.28 N/mm2
Stress due to concentrated load from beam
Load will spread on
b + 4t = 0.04 + 4 X 0.29
= 1.20 m length of wall
Stress at plinth level due to concentrated load =190000/(1.56 X 26 X 100) = 46 N/cm2= 0.46
N/m2
Therefore total axial at plinth level
= 0.28 + 0.46
= 0.74 N/mm*
Cross wall without opening (Wall a)
61.1 X lo3
Compressive stress = 26 x 103/(26x100) = 23.5 N/cm2 = 0.24 N/mm2
Cross wall with opening (Wall b)
3
61.1x10 10 = 27.6 N/cm2 = 0.28 N/mm*
Compressive stress at plinth level = x
(26x100) (10 1.5)
5) Stresses Due to Lateral Loads and Combined Stresses
i) Long walls
Since long walls are not adequately stiffened in accordance with the requirements of clause
4.2,2.2(b) of the Code and hall is longer than 8.0 m, it is necessary to work out bending stresses
due to wind load in longitudinal as well as cross wall. Obviously wind load normal to the long
walls will be critical and therefore we will work out bending stresses in long as well as cross
walls on account of wind load normal to the long walls.
Wind load on long wall
Wind load P on long wall per bay
=pA
= 1 200 X 4 X (5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2)
= 31 200 N = 31.2 kN
(Wind load on exposed portion of wall below plinth has been ignored) Total
wind load for the building (5 bays) = 31.20 X 5 = 156 kN
Moments due to wind load on long wall
The walls are laterally supported at the top by RCC beams and slabs. It can be assumed that this
lateral support will be adequate as a horizontal girder to transmit the wind force to the cross
walls. The long wall will thus function as a propped cantilever and the maximum bending
moment will be -P H at bottom support as shown in Fig. below.
Maximum B.M. on long wall per bay = PH/8
= 31 200x (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8/2)/8
=31200X6.6
= 25 740 N.m
= 25.74 kN.m
We have erred on the safe side by including a small portion of height which is actually not
exposed and thus not subject to any wind force.
Bending stress in long wall
3
M Mx 6 25.74 x10 x6
f  
2 2 4
Z bd 4 x 0.29 x10
= + 46 N/cm2
= + 0.46 N/mm2
Combined stresses in long wall
=-axial stress + bending stress

= 0.74  0.46 = 1.20 N/mm2 or 0.28

N/ mm2 (both compression) ii)
Cross walls
Wind forces are shared by cross walls in the ratios of their stiffness. Since the cross walls are
identical except for a small door opening in the middle in one wall, for practical purposes it may
be assumed that wind loads are shared equally by the 2 walls.
Total wind load on a cross wall may be assumed to be acting at a plane at mid-height of the cross
wall. Thus total B.M. on one cross wall
=(P/2)x(H/2)
= 1 56 000 X (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2)/(2x2)
3
= 280.8 X 10 N.m

Moment of inertia of cross wall

A part of the long wall will act as a flange with the cross wall and effective overhanging length
of flange (see 4.2.2.5 of the Code) will be actual length of wall up to window, that is, 1.25 m or
6t that is 6 X 0.20 or H/16 that is,
(0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2)/16 =
0.45 m
whichever is less, that is, 0.45 m. Thus I about neutral axis of the wall
3 2
0.29x10 2(0.45  0.29)x 0.29x5.15
 x
12 12
= 24 + 0.9
4
= 24.9 m
Thus bending stresses at extreme fibres
My 280000 x5.29
f   6.0 N/cm2= 0.06 N/mm2
4
I 24.9 x10
Combined stress in cross walls =
axial stress + bending stress
In case of cross wall ‘a’ combined stresses are
= 0.24 + 0.06 = 0.30 N/mm2 or
0.18 N/ mm2 (both compressive)
ln case of cross wall ‘b’ combined stresses are

= 2.8  0.6 = = 0.34 N/ mm2 or 0.22 N/mm2

(both compressive)
Check for shear stress in cross walls
We will consider wall ‘b’ which will have greater
shear stress
Shear load on the cross wall
= 156 X lo3
= 78.0: lo3 N
Section of wall being rectangular, we will assume parabolic shear distribution and maximum
shear stress will be 1.5 times the average shear. Since flanges do not make any contribution for
resisting shear load, maximum shear stress on wall
3 4
=78.00 X 10 X 1.5/(0.26x(10-1.5)x10 )
= 5.3 N/cm2

= 0.05 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress (see 5.4.3 of the Code), assuming mortar to be of Ml grade.
Fs=0.1+fd/6 where fd is axial compressive stress on the wall due to dead load.
fd = stress due to self load of wall + stress due to dead load from slab =(
3 3
61.1 X 10 + 6 X 10 X 2)/(26X 100) = 28 N/cm2= 0.28 N/mm2

Thus
Fs=0.1+0.28/6 =0.14 N/mm2 .
Actual stress being only 0.50 N/mm‘, wall is safe in shear. In fact since actual shear stress is
about one third of permissible shear for Ml mortar, we could use M2 mortar. Thus both cross
walls are safe in tension as well as shear.
6) Masonry for Walls i)
Long walls
Masonry of long walls should be designed for maximum compressive stress that is, 1.19 N/mm
SR=h/t
= 0.75(0.7 + 5.5 + 0.4)/0.26
= 19
Stress reduction factor ks from Table 9 of the code = 0.65
Therefore Basic compressive stress for masonry for unity
Shape modification factor
=- 1.19/0.65 =
1.83 N/mm2
Referring to Table 8 and Table 10, bricks should. be of strength 25 N/mm2 and mortar should be
of grade Hl. If bricks of this strength are not locally available it would be necessary to introduce
piers under the beams so as to increase the supporting area thereby reducing stress in masonry.
ii) Masonry for cross walls
Masonry of cross wall should be designed for maximum compressive stress that is, 0.34 N/mm2
SR=h/t
= 75 X (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 - 0.06)/0.26
=20

Stress reduction factor from Table 9 = 0.62

Basic compressive stress for unity Shape modification factor=- 0.34/0.62 = 0.55 N/mm2
Referring to Tables 8 and 10 of the Code, bricks should be of strength 7.5 N/mm2 and with
Shape modification factor equal to 1 .I.
Thus basic stress of masonry required
0.55/1.1= 0.5 N/mm2
Therefore, Grade .of mortar should be M3. However from the consideration of shear stress, we
should use grade M2 mortar.
Design of columns
Numerical Problem
Design a brick masonry column which carries a super imposed axial compressive load of 100
KN at base of column. Take effective heights of column as 3.0m Design the footing if SBC of
2
soil is 100 KN/m .
Solution
The super imposed load at the base of column =100 KN
Using H@ grade of mortar (CM=1:2), permissible axial compressive load for a short column
(SR<= 12) from table 8 =0.96 N/mm2
Area of section required = 100x1000/0.96 = 104166 mm2
Provide 345mmx345mm square section of column.
Area provided =119625 mm2
Therefore, SR = 3x1000/345 = 8.695
Therefore it is a short column.
Load on soil assuming 15% as self weight of footing =100x1.15= 115 KN
2
Net SBC of soil = 115/100 =1.15 m
Provide square footing 1.2mx1.2m
2
Area provide = 1.44 m2 >1.15 m