1.

Application Of IT in Railways

 Proliferation of cash accepting Automatic Ticket Vending Machines;

 Ticketing on mobile phones in the unreserved segment;
 PNR status update to passengers through system generated SMS;
 Update for train running information; Online booking of retiring rooms at all important
stations;
 Online booking of meals on trains for selected en-route stations;
 Introduction of e-forwarding note and electronic transmission of railway receipts for
freight customers, which will enable users to carry out freight business with Railways
from the comfort of their homes and offices; and
 Computerisation of claims settlement process on Indian Railways.

Passenger Applications:

 Passenger Reservation System (PRS)- Each day, over 10 lakh

passengers are booked at 11,127 PRS counters at 3,107 locations and over
6 lakh passengers through Internet booking. Tickets worth about Rs 85
crore are sold daily.
 Enhanced E-Ticketing / NGeT System for Indian Railways-Next
Generation E-ticketing System was inaugurated by Hon'ble MR on 13th
Aug, 2014.
 Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS)-Approximately 2 crore passengers
are booked daily in the UTS, which covers more than 90% of all
unreserved tickets. Tickets worth about Rs 55 crore are sold daily at
10,763 counters at 5,798 locations. Tickets are also issued from more than
1,000 self-service Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs)
installed in stations with high volumes of ticket sales.
 National Train Enquiry System (NTES) and Integrated Coaching
Management System (ICMS)- These applications provide train running
information and monitor the coaching stock and running of more than
8,500 passenger-carrying trains daily.
 IR Portal with Retiring Room booking and Complaint Management
System-Almost 39,000 retiring room bookings are being made each
month at 75 stations through the Internet and station counters, earning
over Rs 1 crore monthly.
 Complaints in trains or at stations can also be logged and tracked through
the portal. Retiring Room Application is now running at 82 stations.
  SMS Gateway- More than 1.5 lakh SMSs are being sent daily to
passengers to inform them about change in their reservation status.
 Freight/Operations Applications:
 Freight Operations Information System (FOIS), Terminal Management
System (TMS) and E-Payment- About 2.9 million tonnes of freight are
booked daily in FOIS. Nearly 1,600 Railway Receipts (RRs), amounting
to about `255 crore, are generated, constituting 99.9% of freight booked;
approximately Rs 191 crore (75% of total) is collected through e-payment
every day.
 FOIS Rake Management System (RMS)- About 4,353 rakes are
monitored daily through this module. Loads on the run / consignments in
transit can be tracked by the customers on FOIS-Web. The Rake
Allotment System provides optimum allocation of rakes for efficient
freight movement.
 Control Office Application (COA) and Timetable Management System
(Satsang)-About 5,00,000 arrival/ departure events of 14000 trains are
recorded each day in 77 control offices through COA. Satsang assists in
the preparation of train timetables to optimize running of trains.
 Crew Management System (CMS)-362 lobbies are provided with CMS.
The system serves 47,000 calls daily via SMS, enabling train crews to sign
on and sign off at CMS kiosks.
 Locomotive Management System (LMS for Diesel Locomotives) and
SLAM (for Electric Locomotives)-These applications, presently
implemented at a few sheds, will ultimately manage the maintenance of
over 10,000 locomotives
 Coaching/Freight Maintenance Management System (CMM/FMM)-
These applications, presently implemented at pilot locations, will manage
the maintenance of 60,000 coaching vehicles and 2,50,000 wagons. These
applications provide convenience and transparency for the Freight
Customer. They also ease the work of the Railway staff, improving overall
efficiency. Section controllers – reduced fatigue and stress through
staff – optimized crew rotation and automatic mileage calculation through
CMS Track maintenance staff– easier maintenance of records through
Track Mgt System Locomotive maintenance staff– information at
fingertips through SLAM, – Rake Allocation System of FOIS assists in
optimal allotment of rakes
Other Important Applications:
 E-Procurement System (EPS) including e-Auction and Reverse Auction-
Nearly 15,000 tenders are issued each month through this system. Till
 date, over 5.67 lakh tenders have been issued. 21,776 vendors are already
enrolled. Scrap worth Rs 4,339.61 crore has been sold through the e-
Auction sub-system so far.
 Parcel Management System (PMS)- Booking, delivery and tracking of
parcels is possible through this system, presently covering Delhi – Howrah
corridor. This system is being expanded to 200 stations in a phased
manner.
 FOIS Data Warehouse-The Data Warehouse will enable analysis of data
from FOIS to assist in strategic decision making.
 I-PAS (Accounting Management System)-I-PAS is centralized Financial
Management software, presently being implemented in phases in Zonal
Railways and Production Units.
 WISE (Workshop Management System)-This system is under
implementation in Railway Workshops, to be implemented in 34
workshops.
 ERP systems in Production Units-ERP system has been implemented in
ICF, Chennai.
 Energy Management System- Part of the UNDP project for Energy Efficiency in
Railways, which targets 15% energy saving by 2020.
 Track Management System-Asset Management, rail and track monitoring and
maintenance, ultrasonic testing, track renewal, patrolling, tunnels and bridges are part
of this system implemented in 28 divisions.

2. Application Of IT in Banking

Major applications. The advantages accruing from computerization are three-

directional - to the customer, to the bank and to the employee.

a. For the customer. Banks are aware of customer's need for new services and
plan to make them available. IT has increased the level of competition and
forced them to integrate the new technologies in order to satisfy their
customers. They have already developed and implemented a certain number of
solutions among them:

 Self-inquiry facility: Facility for logging into specified self-inquiry terminals at

the branch to inquire and view the transactions in the account.
 Remote banking: Remote terminals at the customer site connected to the
respective branch through a modem, enabling the customer to make inquiries
regarding his accounts, on-line, without having to move from his office.
 Anytime banking- Anywhere banking: Installation of ATMs which offer non-
stop cash withdrawal, remittances and inquiry facilities. Networking of
 computerized branches inter-city and intra-city, will permit customers of these
branches, when interconnected, to transact from any of these branches.
 Telebanking: A 24-hour service through which inquiries regarding balances
and transactions in the account can be made over the phone.
 Electronic Banking: This enables the bank to provide corporate or high value
customers with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) software on a PC, to inquire
about their financial transactions and accounts, cash transfers, cheque book
issue and inquiry on rates without visiting the bank. Moreover, LC text and
details on bills can be sent by the customer, and the bank can download the
same. The technology used to provide this service is called electronic data
interchange (EDI). It is used to transmit business transactions in computer-
readble form between organizations and individuals in a standard format.
 As information is centralized and updates are available simultaneously at all
places, single-window service becomes possible, leading to effective reduction
in waiting time.

b. For the bank. During the last decade, banks applied IT to a wide range of back
and front office tasks in addition to a great number of new products. The major
advantages for the bank to implement IT are:

 Availability of a wide range of inquiry facilities, assisting the bank in business

development and follow-up.
 Immediate replies to customer queries without reference to ledger-keeper as
terminals are provided to Managers and Chief Managers.
 Automatic and prompt carrying out of standing instructions on due date and
generation of reports.
 Generation of various MIS reports and periodical returns on due dates.
 Fast and up-to-date information transfer enabling speedier decisions, by
interconnecting computerized branches and controlling offices.

c. For the employees. IT has increased their productivity through the followings:

 Accurate computing of cumbersome and time-consuming jobs such as

balancing and interest calculations on due dates.
 Automatic printing of covering schedules, deposit receipts, pass book / pass
sheet, freeing the staff from performing these time-consuming jobs, and
enabling them to give more attention to the needs of the customer.
 Signature retrieval facility, assisting in verification of transactions, sitting at
their own terminal.
 Avoidance of duplication of entries due to existence of single-point data entry.

3. Application of IT in Airlines
 1. Ticket Sales.
2. Pilot Training.
3. Aircraft Control.
4. Aircraft Design.
Ticket Sales
According to the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration, about 30,000 commercial flights
take place every day in the U.S. Yearly, millions of passengers book flights, often through
smartphone apps and Web pages. Some of the most powerful commercial computer software,
including large-scale systems such as Sabre, Amadeus and Galileo, has been developed to handle
the demand for air travel. The software automatically determines what flights are heading to a given
destination on a particular day and manages seat availability, pricing, meals and other information.

Pilot Training
Both beginning and experienced pilots undergo extensive testing and training, much of it on
computerized simulators that re-create challenging real-world flight situations. The simulations take
place in a full-sized reproduction of a cockpit, complete with displays and controls, which rests on a
mechanized platform controlled by a computer. The platform rises, falls and tilts, so the pilot
experiences many of the physical sensations of a plane in flight. In the simulator, pilots learn to
handle potentially dangerous situations without the risks of flying a real aircraft.

Aircraft Control
The airplane itself has many computer-based systems that provide information to the crew, manage
the engines and control other equipment. The same Global Positioning System that helps you find
your way on city streets also provides navigation data for airplanes. On large commercial aircraft,
many aspects of takeoff, flight and landing work under the guidance of a computer. In addition, a
system called fly-by-wire has replaced the hydraulic steering mechanisms found on older
generations of aircraft with computerized electronic controls.

Aircraft Design
Aeronautical engineers design aircraft with the help of computer-aided design programs. The
software performs a wide variety of tasks such as testing the aerodynamic performance of the
aircraft, calculating the power and fuel consumption of jet engines, and keeping track of thousands
of parts that go into a modern airplane. Computers save many hours of engineering time and make
aircraft more reliable, quiet and fuel-efficient

4. Application of IT in Finance
Trading
Financial trading is enhanced with information technology. Some computer
systems even trade for the users. A system is programmed to enter buy and sell
orders when the price of a stock or bond reaches a certain level, and automatically
closes the order when the target price or the stop-loss is reached. Computer based
trading is useful when a trader has a system that allows profitable trading and does
not want to enter each order individually. Information technology provides instant
information for stock traders to make decisions, and allows them to enter orders
that are immediately executed.

Reporting
Financial reports are also improved with information technology. The language
known as XBRL, or Extensible Business Reporting Language, is used to
standardize the financial information in public companies' annual reports. Traders
can quickly sort through records in this format. They can easily find the statistical
data they need to determine which companies to invest in.

Function
Financial data can be easily transferred with information technology. Instead of
using checks and checking accounts, information technology can clear a
transaction instantly. A debit or credit card purchase is rapidly compared with the
user's account balance, allowing a bank to decide whether to allow a transaction.
Information technology allows transactions during weekends and holidays, when
there is no staff working at the bank.

Convenience
Personal finance is simplified using information technology. Banks provide data on
checking and savings deposits and withdrawals in standardized formats. A
customer can download account transactions and store them in records on a home
computer. Personal finance software includes additional features, such as charts
and reports, that show home users what they are spending money on and where
their funds are coming from.
Budgeting and Bookkeeping
Information technology is also helpful for companies that are considering financial
transactions. Computer systems calculate and display the interest and principal of a
loan, and estimate the returns on investment when the company borrows money to
expand its operations. Companies can securely transfer data online, and the
computer system records all transfers, which simplifies bookkeeping.

5. Application of IT in Inventory control

Role of Information Technology in Inventory Management in current market is
huge. Information technology provides control and overview over the inventory
and hence helps in avoiding many bottlenecks. Know more on how information
technology in inventory management helps in the article below:

Spectrum ERP have helped many in making their supply chain more efficient than
ever it can help you too
Receipt of Goods
A retail store or a central warehouse uses bar code or radio-frequency
identification scanning at the point of receipt of goods. Scanning individual items
or shipment pallets allows a company to itemize all shipments from the supplier,
which can be compared against the purchase order for errors or losses in transit.
When your business ships these goods out of the warehouse to their point of sale, a
second scan can.
Retail Turnover
Many businesses use similar scanning techniques at the point of checkout. As of
2010, bar code scanners are more popular than RFID for this purpose. Both will
automatically enter the correct price at the register and prevent data entry errors.
They also can create a perfect real-time record of how much stock remains on the
shelves, how much is available in on-site storage, and whether a new shipment is
necessary from the warehouse. Combine this information with warehousing data,
and your business can create additional alerts to key management when a
bottleneck occurs. For example, if a dozen retail stores anticipate needing
restocking, but the warehouse does not have sufficient goods on hand, your
business can place a rush order to fill the need.
It helps in;
1) Proper maintenance of stock
2) Bar coding helps identifying stock
3) Proper systems will reduce stock variation
4) FIFO method will help in reducing old stock situation
5) Overall Management can generate various report to maintain proper stock in the
company.
6. Application of IT in hotel industry
Information technology (IT) applications in the hotel industry have largely been
devoted to the handling of the routine operational problems that crop up while
running a hotel. Previously, the hotel industry has been criticised as reluctant to
make full use of IT.
The tourism and hospitality industries have widely adopted information technology
(IT) to reduce costs, enhance operational efficiency, and most importantly to
improve service quality and customer experience. The intense competition in
today's business environment means that tourism and hospitality businesses have to
work hard to maintain and develop their competitiveness. The success of a
business, to certain extent, depends on its ability to acquire and utilize updated
information to assist its management and marketing processes. Hence, Information
Technology (IT) assists organization to manage information dynamically and
influences business competitiveness through assisting decision makers to make
appropriate investments and decisions. IT helps to meet the demands for timely
and accurate information by customers and the IT diffusion in the tourism and
hospitality industries has recently increased at an unprecedented rate .
It is advantageous for tourism and hospitality managers in general and marketing
managers in particular to be aware of the recent changes in IT and their
relationship with customer service. As IT development becomes more
sophisticated, industrial practitioners, educators, and policy makers may find
increasing difficulty in selecting, analyzing, implementing, and operating new IT
systems.

Technology has benefitted hospitality organizations and their customers that have
an information strategy angle.

Some related areas include:

1. Consumer informedness, resonance marketing, and impacts on

service pricing, offerings, and bundles
2. New theories for the hospitality industry related to the changes driven
by information
3. New business models for the hyper-differentiation of service products,
relationship management and resonance marketing, and the related
consumer responses
4. Analysis of digital intermediation in the hospitality industry and its
impact on price-based competition
5. Data analytics, business intelligence and management science
approaches to hospitality industry problems

The efficacy of Twitter, Facebook and other mechanisms for communicating last-
minute deals to hospitality services customers, and their impact on consumer
behavior and willingness to pay

Case studies of hospitality organizations focusing on new uses of consumer and

market information, and emerging technologies; analysis of channel conflicts for
technology-based sales of hospitality services
 The changing role of firm-to-firm alliances and partnership in the hospitality
industry involving IT Innovative uses of the Internet for sophisticated channel
management strategies

Information systems form a fascinating and rapidly expanding field of study.

Hospitality traditionally lags other sectors in adopting information technology
(Buick, 2003) but this has changed in recent years.

Information Technology and Distribution

Electronic Distribution Developments in electronic distribution are the most

recurrent theme throughout the period under review, reflecting topical
developments since it has changed how people book hotel rooms.

Disintermediation

This highlights how direct web distribution may affect the relationship between
travel agents and hotels. Most hotels increasingly emphasis direct web bookings,
often wooing consumers by promising best rate guarantees or loyalty club points.
Since travel agents remain an important source of business, They explores their
potential reaction to this strategy

Information Technology and Pricing

It shows how price has become largely transparent and that consumers now book
rooms at one price, shop around for better prices and then cancel and rebook.
Rather than yield higher total sales, discounting simply displaces customers from
one distribution channel to another. Any increase in volume fails to offset the
revenue lost from the discounting.

Hospitality Consumers and Information Technology

Online Consumer Decision MakingThis investigates how technology influences

hospitality consumer decision making. Seeking information is one of the first
stages in the decision making process. this is a powerful determinant of
behavioural intentions; lodging operators must ensure that websites satisfy visitors’
information needs in order to expect online transactions.Specific website elements
to note include accurate and reliable information, and easy navigation.
Website Layout and Design

To account for such differences between consumer wants and website offerings,
hotels need to reflect upon their website design.

Customer Relationship Management

This philosophy of intimate customer familiarity can lower marketing expenditures

and increase sales through closer relationships and increased satisfaction. For this
to occur, the entire hotel chain must cooperate in the collection, management and
dissemination of customer information – an expensive and complicated process.

7.Application of IT in Education
Both education and learning are life time processes, they have no limit on when to
start and stop. In our daily lives we learn new things and this helps us in changing
the way we leave. Education provides us with information, and then we have to
learn and process this information for our own use. It is very important to make
education accessible at any time by everyone; this will help in reducing on the
level of illiteracy. Information technology has the ability of speeding up
information delivery, so this ability can be used in improving our education
environment. With the implementation of Information Technology, costs of
accessing educational material are cut down and it makes it easy for students to
learn from anywhere.

New technologies are changing the way we learn and they have also changed the
process of teaching. Both teachers and students are using these new educational
technologies to archive specific academic goals. The only challenge is that
Information Technology comes at a cost, so those who cannot afford the price tend
to have difficulties to benefit from the opportunities
of Information Technology in education. For example; the increased use of
internet broadband makes it easy for students to access academic information on
time. Also teachers use this broadband internet to created and deliver academic
data using videos and graphic illustrations.
Plenty of Educational Resources: Information technology makes it easy to access
academic information at any time. Both students and teachers use Information
technology to acquire and exchange educational material. For example; teachers
can easily provide visual and audio classes to their students using computers and
broadband internet. This breaks the boundaries of accessing information, because
the student will simply attend a lecture while not in a physical classroom. Also
teachers can assign tasks to students via electronic email or campus educational
forums.

 Instant Access to Educational Information: Information technology

speeds the transfer and distribution of information. Students can easily
access academic data using computers and new technologies like mobile
phone application. IT experts have coded educational applications which
can be used by students to access information very fast. These mobile
phone applications are replacing some old methods like borrowing of
books in libraries, now days students can use Library mobile phone
applications to download books inform of e-books, so they have these
books at any time which saves them time and helps them read at any time
anywhere.

Full Time learning: Unlike in the past when learning was limited to a physical
classroom, students and teachers could only access academic information while at
school. Today , all that has changed, a student will access information at any given
time of the day. It does not matter where they are or the time of the day is.
Information technology has facilitated online education, so you will find a student
in Africa will study the same course as a student in USA or India. And when it
comes to getting jobs, all these students will have the chance to compete for the
same job.

Group Learning: Information technology has helped students learn in groups and
it has also helped teachers teach students in groups. In past, we used to have group
discussions at school which required each member to contribute, however the shy
students could stay away from these groups because of the fear of expressing
themselves. Now with information technology, schools have created academic
forums, where students can discuss about a specific topic with no fear of
expression. They can also engage in video and text chatting. Another benefit of
these online group discussions is that not all group members will be from the same
class or school as it was in the past. Students from various schools around the
world can be in the same academic group and share academic information. Lets
look at a student in Africa joining a group discussion of students in Harvard
University, the information exchanged will be beneficial to this student.

Use of Audio – Visual: Information technology has changed the way we learn and
interpret information. The use of audio-visual education helps students learn faster
and easily. As opposed to text and blackboard notes, students get bored in this
form of education. It is a human weakness, people do not want to read text for so
long, they get bored, so the introduction of audio-visual technology in education,
makes students enjoy what they’re learning. Visual illustration using images on
projectors helps a student understand the concept, because some of these images
are interesting and they look familiar to a student. Our brains tend to remember
visual illustrations easily more than text. This explains why you can easily
remember someone’s face but fail to remember their names.

Long Distance learning: Information technology enables students across the

globe to study from anywhere through online education. This has been possible
due to the wide spread of cheap broadband internet in both developed and non-
developed countries. Unlike in the past, when some courses used to be provided in
developed countries, so for a student to study those courses they had to go through
the hassle of moving from their home country which was to expensive. Now days,
a student can have access to these courses online. Many universities have opened
their educational curriculum to the world. So at a small fee, a student can be part of
that university. These students do the same exams and are marked by the same
teachers.
8. Application of IT in day to day life

Computers started as very simplistic machines for storing and transferring data.
Most of these files were text-based reports used in a work environment. As
technology advanced, computers became increasingly versatile in what they could
do. With the creation of the Internet and faster processors, file sharing and
entertainment became a popular use for personal computers everywhere.
Computers have endless uses in the entertainment industry by directly marketing
products to users

Music

Computers now have almost unlimited access to any song by any artist. Many
website services allow users to purchase individual tracks or albums directly to
their computer. Most record labels take advantage of these services to make up for
lost revenue from illegal downloading. Although, if users do not wish to purchase
music, they can still stream music from many websites free but with
advertisements. Computers also open a venue for many amateur musicians in the
music industry to record their own music without a professional studio. Computers
also allow musicians to create artificial instruments to record with, called MIDI
instruments.

Television and Movies

With the advancement of video card and Internet speeds, movies and streaming
television are now at the click of a mouse button. Many website services offer free-
to-stream movies with the cost of a monthly subscription fee. Some websites even
offer free streaming episodes of certain TV series with Internet commercials. With
the use of newer HD televisions and computers, the option of sending your
computers video feed to a full-screen television is possible. In some cases, users
may not even need to pay for cable service or television because of all the free
available video content online.

Art

Art is something that is readily available online at any moment. Pictures, paintings,
poetry and more are just a click away. Popular browsers offer specific image
search options to quickly browse through art with a single keyword. Besides
general use, computer photo editing programs and animation programs are also the
sources behind most movies and professional photographs.

Games

Computer games are a quickly growing market just like all other forms of video
games. However, computer games offer a very wide array of possibilities.
Computers have access to many peripheral devices such as keyboards, mouses,
joysticks, controllers and more. Computer games also are highly customizable
because computers can manipulate game files. Examples of this would be creating
new levels, characters or graphic files for specific games. In fact, computers are
absolutely necessary for programming any sort of new video game.