Name :-Shreeya Deepak Salunke

Roll no. :- 2k181162

Indian Railways
Indian Railways is one of the world’s largest railway network consists of freight, passengers, tourist,
Suburban rail systems, toy train and luxury trains. IR has 4,337 operating railway stations, operates on a
multi-gauge network of broad, Meter and narrow gauges. Indian Railways is divided into 16 zones and
Locomotives are consist of electric and diesel locomotives.

Some of the interesting facts about Indian Railways:

1. Indian Railways is the largest rail network in Asia and the world’s second largest.

2. The First train on Indian soil ran between Bombay and Thane on the 16th of April 1853.

3. The New Delhi Railway Station has secured a place in the Guinness Book of Records for having
the world’s largest Route Relay Interlocking System.

4. Indian Railways transports almost 2.5 crore passengers daily.

5. Indian Railways is one of the world’s largest employers with over 1.4 million people.

6. Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train in India which operates between New Delhi and
Bhopal Junction.

7. Dibrugarh Kanyakumari Vivek Express the longest train route in the Indian Subcontinent.

8. Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta railway station has the longest name among all stations on the
Indian Railway system.

9. Mughalsarai Junction railway station contains the largest railway marshaling yard in Asia.

10. The Rajdhani Express trains get the highest priority on the Indian railway network.

11. Gorakhpur Junction railway station has the world’s longest railway platform with length of
1,366.33 m.

12. The Slowest train in India is the MetupalayamOotyNilgiri passenger train.

13. Kolkata Metro zone of Indian Railways will run 1,500 ft underwater metro in India under the
Hooghly River between Mahakaran and Howrah station.

14. The Fairy Queen between New Delhi and Alwar in Rajasthan is the oldest functioning steam
engine in the world.

15. Trivandrum HNizamuddinRajdhani Express covers a distance of 528 km without a single stop.
Online Passenger Reservation system:

Passenger Reservation System (PRS): A nationwide online passenger reservation and ticketing system,
developed and maintained by CRIS, was developed in C and Fortranon a Digital OpenVMS operating
system using RTR (Reliable Transaction Router) as middleware. Also known as CONCERT (Country-wide
Network of Computerized Enhanced Reservation and Ticketing), it interconnects the four regional
computing systems (in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai) into a national PRS grid. It allows a
passenger anywhere to book train tickets from any station to any station. PRS handles reservations,
changes, cancellations and refunds, reserving over 1.6 million seats and berths daily. Complex rules,
validations and fare-computation techniques are interwoven in the application.

Q1.

Information technology has served the human race in simplifying issues which had been day-to day
irritants some time back. It has redefined the way individuals, family, society, business and government
conducts itself by providing fast and accurate services, linked mobile communication, quick decision-
making, optimum utilization of resources, value engineering and value added services etc. As it made its
beginning over Indian Railways, with the formation of CRIS in the year 1986, to develop and implement
hardware and software to gain benefits of data engineering. It has made a perceptible change the way
issues were addressed 25 years ago. Has it actually matched the expectation of a new generation who is
looking for loyal and speedy service with accuracy and without any queue through internet?

One has to accept the volume of work involved in bringing information technology projects over such as
large system with large variance. Implementation has to be slow and steady and cannot be overnight.
Most important is that steady pace shall not be broken at any stage.
 Fig. The basic process of a successful implemented organization

Q2.

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a way of representing a flowof a data of a process or a system (usually an
information system) The DFD also provides information about the outputs and inputs of each entity and
the process itself. A data flow diagram has no control flow, there are no decision rules and no loops.
The above flow chart shows the basic algorithm runs for an input and output to generate a ticket and to
the end of the payment gateway.

Q3.

The PRS interline modules support the SIS program requirements for viewing and processing the
electronic settlement files with interline partners. Revenue accountants can use a suite of user
interfaces to review billings, attach user documents, etc. to expedite handling of invoice, rejection and
other interline communications with partners.

TIS accreditation process covers systems that sell or issue tickets to travel on the National Rail network
including Ticket Office Machines, Ticket Vending Machines, On-Train Devices, Web-based Systems and
Apps.

 It assures passengers are able to purchase valid interoperable tickets to travel, based on correct
timetables, availability and correct fare

 It ensures accurate apportionment of revenue between authorities.

 It supports suppliers of Ticket Issuing Systems when developing their systems to meet industry
standards.

Q4.

The PRS can be used for strategic applications in Indian railways (IRCTC)

 An illustration has been given by [1] states that CRIS has been entrusted with the job of
developing, implementing, and maintaining centralized IT applications for the Indian Railways
(IR). With over 350 personnel, CRIS has its headquarters in New Delhi, the capital of India, along
with five other regional offices spread evenly across the nation.
 Growth in sale of tickets online which increase use of credit and debit card as well as the use of
IRCTC website.
 Component-based architecture in place of the decadeold, rather monolithic application
architecture that was in use. This technology would provide the application with much-needed
flexibility to change with changing business rules, enabling IR to respond quickly to passenger
needs.
 CRIS is a project-oriented organization, taking up large IT application development and
implementation, while also ensuring close coordination of IT and business goals. Though it has
been associated with a number of IT projects at IR since its inception, the project that has
gained substantial importance, and over time has become CRIS’s flagship project, is the PRS.
 The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Indian Railways has stressed the need for IT audit
and compliance of all IT applications of IR. This shows with the implementation of IT in Indian
railways a strategic growth and ease of use can be seen.

Q5.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers,
services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various
information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities.

Based on some studies done the basic Domain Name System (DNS) which are currently in popular in
India and used by most of the government organizations are,
Google DNS: 8.8.8.8 | 8.8.4.4

Open DNS: 208.67.222.222 | 208.67.220.220

DNS WATCH: 82.200.69.80 | 84.200.70.40

Level 3 DNS: 209.244.0.3 | 209.244.0.4 | 4.2.2.1 | 4.2.2.2 | 4.2.2.3 | 4.2.2.4

Comodo DNS: 8.26.56.26 | 8.20.247.20

More: 218.248.241.2 | 218.248.240.209 | 218.248.240.208 (tested in Pune, Maharashtra) [2]

References:

[1] Srivastava, S., Mathur, S. and Teo, T. (2007). Modernization of Passenger Reservation System:
Indian Railways’ Dilemma. Journal of Information Technology, 22(4), pp.432-439.

[2] Public-dns.info. (2019). DNS servers in India. [online] Available at: https://public-
dns.info/nameserver/in.html [Accessed 2 Mar. 2019].