ESTIMATING AND Chapter QUANTITY SURVEYING INTRODUCTION Estimating may be defined as the forecast of the probable cost of the building or a project prior to the commencement of the jab. I requires skill, experience, foresight and good judgement on the part of the person making the estimate besides a sound knowledge of cost of materials and labour involved in the werk. A good estimate should not differ from the a the cost of labour and material remain unaltered. ‘arent not based on alll the factors comcerned. It may ans to make a random jum result in a tow high or too low a value. Estimating helps in altering or modifying the project to suil to the given budget, It is useful in formulating the tenders for the works and to check the werk carried out by contractors for the purpose of interim and final payments. [t alse provides a basis for fixing the standard rent of buildings. A fully dimensioned drawing to scale along with sectional views, detailed specifications about the materials to be used, and a schedule of rates of all the items of construction are the essential requirements to proceed with estimating. Quantity surveying may be defined as the working out or measuring the quantities of a work based on standard method of measurement in a systematic and scientific manner, which when priced give the estimated cast to a reasonable degree of accuracy. The different types of estimate are 4) Det id estimate or Item Rate estimate or Intensive estimate. (ii) Plinth area estimate. (ii) Cubicle content estimate or the cube rate estimate, (iv) Revised estimate. (e) Supplementary estimate.under each item are computed, In all the costs are added to give the total cost. A certain percentage of the estimated cost is added to take care of certain items, which do not come under any head of items and also some unforeseen items. This is known as contingencies. The contingencies is usually taken as 5% to MM. Some percentages may also be added against workcharged establishment. In plinth area estimate the plinth area rate is arrived at itt estimated cust of the proposed structure is calculated by multiplying the plinth area of the structure with the plinth area rate. Thus for example if the plinth area rate is? 1500 persq, m. the plinth area estimate of a building with a plinth area of 1(llsq. m will be ¥ 1,50,000. The plinth area is computed as the covered area by taking the external dimensions at the floor level ‘Ceaiyiad ad tic pat The cube rate estimate is made by multiplying the cubical contents of the proposed building by the cube rate which is deduced from the cust of the similar buildings having similar specifications and construction in the locality. Both plinth area and cube rate estimates are approximate. Revised estimates a detail esimuale hich is prepare! when ¢) there are major deviations from the original proposal or (i) hen the orginal sanctioned (ii!) when the Supplementary estimate is a detailed estimate which is prepared when additional works» When the engineering departments take up the works of other departments some amount s charged to meet the expenses of establishment, designing, planning, supervision etc, This called the centage charges and it varies from Ila ta 15% of the estimated cost. The main items of work in the detailed estimate are i) Earthwork eth envation and ing the quartic (i) Concrete in foundations —quantity in m*. titi) Soling but one layer of bricks put below the foundation concrete. u (io) Damp proof course 4 (o) Masonry (vi) Lintels over openings (oi) RCC. work (oiif) Flooring and roofing quantity in m?. (ix) Plastering and pointing —quantity in m*. (x) Pillars(xi) Doors and windows —wood for frames and trusses in m? wood for door and window shutters in m?, (il) Teper and ated Sa (xiii) White-washing or colour-washing —quantity in m*. (iv) Painting —quantity in m? tz) Electifetion abort 8% ofthe estimate cost. (xvi) Sanitary and water supph —about 8'% of the estimated cost. — While working out the quantities of masonry work the deductions are made for the openings bearings, ete. as follows: Openings of less than 0.1 m® area no deduction Bearings of floors. and roofs slabs no deduction, For other openings —full deduction. — In R.C.C, works, if details are not given the volume of steel may be taken as 06% to 1.0% of R.C.C, volume. No deduction for steel is made in the volume of concrete, Deductions allowed in the case of plastering and painting are aa follows: Openings of less than 0.5 m* area —no deduction. — Openings of area between 11.5 to 3m? —deduetion is made for one face only and the other face is allowed for jambs, soffits, sills ete. Openings of area more than 3m? = —deductions is made for both faces and the jambs, soffits and sills are accounted for, hen not specified, 4 hold fasts for window and 6 hold fasts for doors are taken For painting works the outer dimensions of doors and windows are taken for computing areas. The standard size of modular brick is 12 em » 9 em » 9 om. The thickness of wall for the Purpose of estimate is taken as an integral multiple of the width of the brick. For example for one brick wall it is 20cm, for ane-and-a half brick wall it is 3lhcm, for two brick wall if is 40 cm ete. Bat, for the 3-brick walls and above the thickness of the wall is actually measured after construction for the purpose of payment, The price of an item of work is made up of the following components: {i) Cost-of the material (if) Cost of the labour (fi) Cost of tools and plants (iv) Cost of the overheads 0) The profit. ‘The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of werk, from the cost of quantities of material, the cost of labour and other expenditure required for its completion is known as the The number of standard modular bricks required for one cubic metre of masonry is 500,The constituent materials required to make concretes and mortars depend om the mix design, For example to prepare Ill} m? of 1:2; 4 cement concrete, we require 84 m* of coarse aggregate 42m) of sand and 21m? of cement, Similarly to prepare 1: 5:10 concrete, we require 92 m! of coarse aggregate, 46 m* of sand and 9.2 m* of cement. ‘The information which cannot be shown on the drawings is conveyed through specifications, For example, we cannot show the quality of the material ta be used or the method of applying paint (2. coats, 3 coats etc.).on a drawing, out this information we cannot werkout the quantities and prepare the estimate. Whenever possible, for the more usual materials, Indian Standards and codes of practice are to be referred. The technique of determining the fair price or value of a property such asa building, factory, land ete,, is known as the valuation, There is a clear distinction between cost and value, Cost means original cost of construction or purchase while value means the present saleable value which may be higher than or lower than the cost. value is the val Scrap value is the value of (Amity ete anual pete payments for payment af tharaplial amourit invest) The gradual accumulation of amount by way of periodic annual deposits meant for the replacement of the structure at the end of its useful life period is known as the sinking fund. Depreciation is the?) ecSeSeE INE Va ete property ity etlsial deter Bo, wear teas, decay and obsolescence. Il. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Estimate is (a} the actual cost of construction of a structure o (8) the probable cost arrived at before commencement of the structure o (c) a random guess of the cost nf the structure o (d) none of the abowe. o 2 Which of the following is the most correct estimate? (a) plinth area estimate OD (hl cube rate estimate o (c) detailed estimate B (d) building cost index, estimate. o 3. Adocument containing detailed description of all the items of work (but their quantities are not mentioned) together with their current rates is called (a) tender D cet | D (ch analysis of rate 0 fi abstract estinate. o 4. The approximate cost of the complete labourasa percentage of the total cost af the building is (ah 1s, O (25 > o (cy 40a OD td) 5%. o9. Working out the exact quantities of various items of wark is known as (a) estimating, OC (H) mensuration o (co) quantity surveying — Dia) valuation, o The essential requirements to prepare a good estimate are (a) a full dimensioned drawing to scale OC ib detailed specifications o (c} schedule of rates o alate aban o The covered area of a proposed building is 150 m? and it includes a rear courtyard of 5m = 4m. If the prevailing plinth area rate for similar buildings is % 1250/ m2, what is its cost? (a) 2 1,87,500 Bey 2.12,500 o (c 1,62,500 Diy ®3,75,000, o A layer of dry bricks put below the foundation concrete, in the case of soft soils, is called (Bsoling Dib shoring 5 io DPC. 1D id)none of the above, o ‘The quantity of soling is obtained in (a)? o thm o (co) lump-sum Diligent. o The quantity of wood for the shutters of doors and windows is calculated in OD (bm o (c} lump-sum OB ihm o In the detailed estimate the areas are worked out to the nearest (a) 0.001 m2 O Poot ms o (0) 0.05 m* Dif) 0.005 ent. o In the detailed estimate the volumes are worked out to the nearest {a} 0.001 m? {by 0.005 m? o (ec) 0.01 m3 Bi) 0.03 mi o The expenses of items which de nat come under any regular head of items and the cust of unforeseen items are called (a) lump-sum OD ibbextras o (c} customary charges ot o The size of the standard modular brick is (a) 19cm x 9em =< 9m DB them «Fem «Fem o (ch Mbem x 1 om « Fem Di) Mem x Wem x Wem. o The number of standard modular bricks required to make 1 m* of masonry is ia} 480 Diy 500 o (ey 520) Ot) 540. Oo ‘The nominal lead and lift allowed for the earthwork in the excavations of the foundations are (a) 50 mand 2m DB 30 mand 2m o (c) 30 mand 1.5m OD (mandi m oaka 24. ‘The quantity of damp proof course (D.P.C.) is worked out in fa) m Oo (hm) o tym O ti)lump-sum. o No decluetions is made in the masonwy for the openings if the area of the opening does not exceed (a) 5 m? DB (0.25 m7 5 fe) 15m? 0 (@ pia o When not specified, the volume of steel in R.C.C. work is taken as to) 19 to 1.6%0F RCC, volume DD (2% t04% oF RCC, volume o (0) 4% to 6% of RCC. volume DB () 06% to LO% of RCC, volume, o The volume of coarse aggregate required to make 100m? of 1: 2:4 concrete is (u) 8m! Dh 88m 5 fc) 92 m* OD (i) 96 m4, o Tn the analysis of rates, the profit for the contractor is generally taken as {a} 20% oO (hiss a (10% Bouse o ‘The technique of finding the fair price of an existing building or property is known as {a) estimation, o (Pl valuation: oO fc) pricing OC (Wd) costing, o The value of the property (without being dismantled) at the end of the useful life period is known a5 {u) scrap value DB salvage value 5 fe} junk value 0 (i) book value. o ‘The annwal periodic payments made for the repayment of the capital invested is known as 0 (hi) depreciation o fc) sinking fund 0 (a) solatium o The gradual accumulation of amount by way of annual periodic deposits which is meant for the replacement of the structure at the end of its useful life period is known as fa) annuity DO (hi depreciation o fc) sinking fund OD (id) solatium a The thickness of slabs and beams must be measured to the nearest (2) 001 m o 5 fe) Om o eD o ‘The value of the dismantled material less the cost of dismantling is called og 1D (by salvation value o fc) rateable value D(a) none of the above Q ‘The quantity of partition walls and honey-comb walls are worked out in wm Bim 8 tem? D (d)dump-sum. o28, 3. go 37. 38. The portion which is wrongly excavated by the contractor is to be filled by (a) the earth excavated from the same pit od from a borrow pit far away from the opoo0og o)) brick masonry. What is the minimum period for which the lime concrete in foundation be left wet without the construction of masonry over it? (a) 3days, Dit) Sdays o Dif) t5days, o In the centre line method of working out volumes, for cross walls, what deductions must be made from the centre line length at each junction? fa) twice the breadth Dit) breath o fc) 15 breadth DD (dlyhalf the breadth. o In what units are the quantities for the frames of doors and windows computed fo) m Dib) o tyme Bid) lump-sum. o When engineering departments undertake the werks of other departments the amount charged towards design, supervision and execution etc,, is called (a) work charged establishment O (bh) contingencies o {e) service charges GC idycentage charges, 5 The plan of a building is in the form of a rectangle with centre line dimensions of outer walls as 9.7 m x 14.7 m. The thickness of the wall in super structure is 0.30 m. Then its plinth area is 0) 150 m2 Bi) 7m? o fc) 145.5 m? Dd) 195.36 me’, o In question 54, what is the carpet area of the building? The quantum of work of any item a skilled labour is supposed to turnout ina day is known as (a) unit work De) task work | o fe) target work 5 tit) basic work. o In the analysis af rates what percentage of tatal cost is provided towards sanitary and water supply charges fa) 5%, BD zit o fc) 1% DB td) 10%, o ‘The density of cement is generally taken a5 Db) 1750 ken o fe) 1250 kg fam? Dif) OD kg Ame. o41. 42 cia a7. The weight of cement in ome bag is (a) 45 kg DSO ke o fe) BO kg DB idh 65 kg. o ‘The volume vf cement in one bag is (a) 0.067 m? GB () 0.050 m? Go DB tf) 0.025 on, a The concealed faces of the frames of doors and windows are painted with (a) two coats of primer o (b) two coats of same enamel paint which is applied for the rest of the frame o (c) varnish o (ay two coats of coaltar, o The information which cannot be included in drawings is conveyed to the estimator through Dh) cover note o fe} progress chart Dit} none of the above. o The area of the segmental portion of an arch with span {and riser ris approximately given by (a) 3 ir DB tHdr wit QO wir. ‘The quantity for expansion joint in buildings is worked out in ta) ae DB th) mt o om 2 Gf) hump-sum a The Volume of cement requited foe 10 m" of brickwork in 1:6 cement mortar is approximately equal to 3 Soy = Go m= o tah zie ib) -™ 2a D wom o 4 a If the bearing is not specified for the lintel, in the estimation it is usually taken as (a ¢hckness one subjected to inion valu o em B (6) & of lintel thickness or 12 em whichever is larger o (c) } of lintel thickness o (a) Lem, o In the estimation of plastering surface [he deductions are not made for lay ends of beams, OB thlend of raters o o ir) small openings upte 0.5 m? o (dali theabowme,a9, SL. 60, When it is not specified, the number of hold fasts for a door is usually taken as. {a}2 O tba o (6 0 ths. o The approximate weight of one cubic metre of mild steel is (a) 1000 kg. DB th 2400 kg o fe) LADO bg BD Gl 785k. o In the case of roof truss made of steel, rivets, bolts and nuts usually account for fa) 1% OD 5% o te) 10% Bis o Which of the following is not a common size of reinforcement bars fa) 16 am OD 20mm o e) 25 mm DO 8mm, o The number of corrugations in a galvanised corrugated sheet of standard width is usually to) Oo is o tu Deda o Of the total estimated cost of a building, the cost of electrification usually accounts for (a) 1% oO iss o DO ity. o oe wiring such as fan, light, plug ete., the estimate is made in terms of (a) type of point B tt) number of points Bo fc) total load at main in kW Od) total length of wiring in metres. o The explosive for blasting is usually expressed in terms of fo) explosive power OD (bh) volume of earthwork that can be blasted: o te) kilograms Dif) none of the above, 5 ‘The standard width of asbestos cement corrugated sheet is fa) 0.9m OD tb). em oO tc) 12m O td) 135m, a Minimum side lap required for asbestos cement sheets is fa) 4em Oo ih) idem o fe) 13cm O td) Bem. o End lap provided in asbestes cement sheets is equal to fa) Sem OD idem o fc) 20cm O id) iSem, o In the case of unsewered areas, an additional provision for septic tank is usually fa) 1% of the building cost ou o fc) 10h of the building oost OD iit) 12 te 15% of the building cost. o The capacity of a flushing cistern is nearmally DB (b) 20 to 25 lites o fc) 30 te 40 litres: Off) 1 to 5 litres. o61, 6, The minimum size of the pipe connected to septic tank is (a) 50 mm o Grampa, Oo (150 mm OD (Wd) 200 mm. o Which of the following, is known as job overhead? {a} Stationery D (ti Postage o te 6 til) Nene of the above, a In which of the following works, the work turned in cu, m per mason per day will be the least (a) random rubble masonry in lime mortar O (Bi stone arch work o (c} brick masonry in super structune DG) brick masonry in parapet wall, o ‘The volume of cement required to prepare 100 cu. m of 1: 2:4 concrete is (a) 16 en O (bh) 32m* o (c) 25 m3 OD @j2m) o Which of the following is know as general overhead? (a) Losses on advance (8) Interest on investment o (Gra Od) Amenities to the labour. o Indicating, works left in excavated trenches ta facilitate the measurement of borrow pits are known as (a) jambs D (b) posts o Df) none of the above, o The measurement of steel grills is taken in teems of (a) aren 0 (t)vohe B (ch weight OU) none of the above. o Whenever the whitewashing or distempering is done om corrugated iron sheets, in the estimation the plan area of the sheets is increased by (a) 2% OD hr D (ed 104% Dwi o Whenever colour washing on a.c. corrugated sheets is done, in the estimation the plan area of the sheets is increased by (ay 5% Oc rs o (op 15%, DO (aya, o Incase of grills, for the estimation of painted area, the flat area is multiplied by (ay oO iba o (ong Oo (a2 o Incase of steel rolling shutters, for the estimation of painted area, the plain area is muleiplied by (al oO iba tod OD wig.The amount required to be deposited by a contractor while submitting a tender is known as (a) Fixed deposit D (b) caution deposit o (c) security deposit Dif} earnest money deposit. — o Actual cast of construction plus certain profit is paid to the contractor. Such a contract is known as (a) unscheduled contract D(H nominated contract o (ch cust + percentage contract DW) work order o When contractor fails to complete the work, an agency is employed to execute a part ar whole of the work at the cost of contractor. Such an agency is known as (a) substitute agency C(t) debitable agency o (c} secondary agency D idb creditable agency, o Approximate weight of 1 cubic metre of sand is (a) 800 eg, tb) 160 gs o (c) 2400 kg, DO td) 200 kg. o Arrange the specific weights of wood (W), cement (C), steel (5) and coarse aggregate (A) in the increasing order (a) W—C—S—A Oo (hw—C—A—s o (qd A-S—C—Ww OD Wh aA-c—s—Ww, o An area of one hectare is equal to (ay 10 en OD 100m? o Dit) 1000: m?. o ine heclare-melre represents a volume of (a) 1000 mn oS io ms o fey O00 mm? By naOHONN) a8 o . The weight of 10 mm diameter mild steel rod per metre length is equal to (a) 0.22 kg. OD (hh 0.32kg o Dig 0.62 kg. o -sectional area of 16 mm steel bar is (a) 200 mm? OC tb) 100 mm? o (cy 256 mm? Od) 64 mm, o How many kilo-litres are there in ane cubic metre? (a 0.5 a ae o ey 1a ido. o Which department looks after the execution and maintenance of water supply and sanitary works? (a) public works department Ob) social welfare department o (c) public health department Dt) none of the above, o If the payment of annuity begins after some years in future, it is known as (u) Deferred annuity D(H) Delayed annuity o (c) Readjusted annuity Od) Regulated annuity. oa7. a, 5. To account for the corrugations, the plain area of the semi-corrugated asbestos sheet is increased by (for white washing) fay 1% Dib) 10% Qo fe) 20% Dh 30%, o Specifications for the hold fasts are given in terms of (a) number Oth weight o fe) volume B idblength. o If valuable properties are found during excavation, it becomes the property of {a} contracture Db) labourers o tc) owner of the site Dia) government. a The volume of sand a normal truck can carry per trip is approximately {a} 20-25 mt Oth) 15-20 m! o te) 10-15 m? D Wasi o The depth of a shallow manhole should not be more than 21m OC (h31m o ted O whim a The life of teakwood doors and windows is usually taken to be ja) a0 year OC tb) 60 year o fe) 40-year Di) 20-year o Normally the ratio of span to effective depth of a beam is (a) 10 19 12 5 Atos o (e) 15 to 20 Did} Bto 10. o The unit weight of RCC. in kg/m? is tay 1200 Dib) 1800 o (@ 200 DB iy 3000, 5 One metric horse power is equal to {a} 1.36 kW DB Oi) 0.736 kW o (c) 1.736 kW Oth O75 kW. o The head of the division of public works department is {a} chief engineer D (bh) superintending engineer o {e) executive engineer Did) divisional engineer. o ‘The head of the circle of public works department is (a) assistant engineer 0 tb) circle engineer o (cr) executive engineer CD (gj superintending engineer. o The quantity of cement concrete damp-proofing course is measured in terms of fap O ihm o fey me Od) tunyp-sum. o The total cost of construction including cust of land is termed as ja] Market value D (bR@Capital cost o (c) Book value Cia) Rateable value. abay 100. 102, 103, 104. 105. 106, 107. The ..u. value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property, fa) book OD (bi salvage ao ic) capitalised: OD (d) market. o The amount of annuity paid fora definite number of years is known as (a) deferred annuity OD (tlannuity certain Qo tc) annuity due O (i) perpetual annuity. o ‘The continued payment of annuity for indefinite period is known as (a) deferred annuity OD (Pannuity due o {c) annuity certain ow pepe, 5 The decrease in the value of the property due to structural deterioration, continuous use, wear and tear, decay and obsolescence is termed as fo) years purchase 0 (hy salvage o fe) depreciation O(a) sinking. o The quantity of metal required, in cubic metres, fora 3.7 m wide road of ame km long for one layer of compacted thickness 8 em is (a) 295 oO (hs o fe) 370, O (dj 222, o In standard notation which of the following is prismoidal formula far earthwork calculatians (a) V= = tA, ray 4) o = tay +A,+24,) o LE yt Vel Utara) O Wwv= stag o Wood work for doors and windows is measured in fa) cubie metres (Pl square metres o fe) metres OD (d) lump-sum. o ‘The unit of measurement of steel work involving flats, angles, channels etc. is (a) metre DO (hcubic metre o fc) quintal DB ta) Ribogram, o Revised estimate is warranted when the sanctioned estimate exceeds, for whatever reason, by more than fa) 50% Oy 25% Bo fe) 10% o (i) o Filling work in trenches shall be carried out in layers of thickness not more than (a) 508 mm, OB (200mm o fe) 300 mim 0 (d) 400 mm. o The camber provided in long horizontal members to counteract the effects of deflection is fa) Lin do DO (hy din 100 o (cy 1 in 250 Dt) 1 in 500, o108, The quantity of stone required to produce 10 m! of rubble stone masonry will be (a) 7.5 > o o 1) 10 on (a) 15 m3, oD o 109, The quantity of lime required for one coat of whitewashing of plastered surface of LOO m? will be (@ 10 kg tc) Skg 1th Ze) 13, i) 19, ia) 25. ic) 31 tlh 3) ©. ta) i) 58, tc) GL tb) 87, (ch FB ic) 79. (dh 85. (bh M1. ic) 97, (c) 103, (1 109, (a) 2) Bu 14, ta) 20. a} 26, 1b) 32. ic) 38. a} A ie) 50, (01 56, (6) G2 ic) 68, i) 74.16) 30. (a) 86. (al) 92. (bP) 98, (4) 104, (ec) 110, (Pi, 2b) 9. it) 15, (Bh) aL ie) 27. (a) 33. it) 34. (6) 45. (a) SM. (if) 57, (a) 63. (b) 69 it} 75. (6) 1 (6) a7. ist) 93. (c) 99, (al) 5. (if) 0 oa o o th 75 ke ti) 25 kg. 110, Which of the following comes under general overhead ? (a) amenities of workers {c) interest on investment od id) none of the above, ANSWERS Objective Type Questions 4. (6) 10. fa} 16 fc) 22 (H) 28. (b) 34. fn) 40. ie) 46. (a) 52. fc) 58. Git) ed. il) 70. (b) ‘76. (6) 82. (c) 88. (a) 94. (it) 00. {e) Ws, (6) 5. (c) AL (BD 17 (hy 23 (h) 29. (0) 35 (il) 41. (a) a7. (a) 5% (c) 5% (Ph) 65 (0) 71. (ch FF. (cd 83. (a) 88. (e} 95. (a). 101. (61 07, (c) 6. (d) IZ (ey 18. (a) UM. (ay 30. (0) 36, (b) 42 (a) a8. (eo) 4 (a) 60, (a) 66. (0) 7h. (dy 78. (h) 84, (8) 90. (a 96. (6) 02. (a 108, (c) o o