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Stress Concentration 1

1) For twisting - 150 MPa 2) For bending - 312.5 MP

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Aman Verma
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27 views13 pages

Stress Concentration 1

1) For twisting - 150 MPa 2) For bending - 312.5 MP

Uploaded by

Aman Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

DESIGN AGAINST STATIC LOADS

Dr. Vineet Sahoo


NIT Jamshedpur
Stress Concentration
 Whenever a machine component changes the shape of its
cross‐section, the simple stress distribution no longer holds
good and the neighborhood of the discontinuity is different.
This irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt
changes of form is called stress concentration.
 A stress concentration (stress raisers or stress risers) is a
location in an object where stress is concentrated. An object is
strongest when force is evenly distributed over its area, so a
reduction in area, e.g., caused by a crack, results in a localized
increase in stress.
 A material can fail, when a concentrated stress exceeds the
material's theoretical cohesive strength. The real fracture
strength of a material is always lower than the theoretical value
because most materials contain small cracks or contaminants
(especially foreign particles) that concentrate stress. Internal force lines are 
 It occurs for all kinds of stresses in the presence of fillets, denser near the hole
notches, holes, keyways, splines, surface roughness or
scratches etc.
Theoretical or Form Stress 
Concentration Factor
 The theoretical or form stress concentration factor is defined as the ratio of
the maximum stress in a member (at a notch or a fillet) to the nominal
stress at the same section based upon net area.

 Mathematically, theoretical or form stress concentration factor,

 The value of Kt depends upon the material and geometry of the part.
Stress concentration due to a central hole in
a plate subjected to an uni‐axial loading

If a=b the hole reduces to a circular one and therefore σ3 = 3σ1 which
gives kt =3. If, however b>a, kt is also very large. If b<a , kt =1.
Methods to reduce stress 
concentration
• The presence of stress concentration can not be totally
eliminated but it may be reduced to some extent.

• A device or concept that is useful in assisting a design engineer


to visualize the presence of stress concentration and how it may
be mitigated is that of stress flow lines.

• The mitigation of stress concentration means that the stress


flow lines shall maintain their spacing as far as possible.
 In Fig. (a), we see that stress lines tend to bunch up and cut very close to 
the sharp re‐entrant corner. In order to improve the situation, fillets may 
be provided, as shown in Fig. (b) and (c) to give more equally spaced flow 
lines.
 It may be noted that it is not practicable to use large radius fillets as in case 
of ball and roller bearing mountings. In such cases, notches may be cut as 
shown in Fig. (d).
flow around a narrow projection:
Force flow around a wide projection Force
Low stress concentration.

Force flow around a stress relieving groove
Bar in tension or simple
compression with a
transverse hole.

Rectangular bar with


a transverse hole in
bending
Charts of Theoretical Stress‐Concentration 
Factors Kt
Rectangular filleted bar in tension or simple
compression
Charts of Theoretical Stress‐Concentration 
Factors Kt
Rectangular filleted bar in bending
Charts of Theoretical Stress‐Concentration 
Factors Kt
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in torsion
Charts of Theoretical Stress‐Concentration 
Factors Kt
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in Bending
Problem‐1
Find the maximum stress developed in a stepped shaft subjected
to a twisting moment of 150 Nm as shown in figure‐1 .What
would be the maximum stress developed if a bending moment
of 250 Nm is applied.

r= 6 mm
d= 30 mm
D= 40 mm

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