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1-8. Stress Concentration: Nominal Stress Is Said To Exist If The Member Is Free of The Stress

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18 views10 pages

1-8. Stress Concentration: Nominal Stress Is Said To Exist If The Member Is Free of The Stress

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Srinivas Pilli
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1-8.

Stress Concentration

In the development of the basic stress equations for tension,


compression, bending, and torsion, it was assumed that no geometric
irregularities occurred in the member under consideration. But it is
quite difficult to design a machine without permitting some changes
in the cross sections of the members. Rotating shafts must have
shoulders designed on them so that the bearings can be properly
seated and so that they will take thrust loads; and the shafts must
have key slots machined into them for securing pulleys and gears.
A bolt has a head on one end and screw threads on the other end,
both of which account for abrupt changes in the cross section. Other
parts require holes, oil grooves, and notches of various kinds. Any
discontinuity in a machine part alters the stress distribution in the
neighborhood of the discontinuity so that the elementary stress
equations no longer describe the state of stress in the part at these
locations. Such discontinuities are called stress raisers, and the
regions in which they occur are called areas of stress concentration.
The distribution of elastic stress across a section of a member
may be uniform as in a bar in tension, linear as a beam in bending,
or even rapid and curvaceous as in a sharply curved beam. Stress
concentrations can arise from some irregularity not inherent in the
member, such as tool marks, holes, notches, grooves, or threads. The
nominal stress is said to exist if the member is free of the stress
raiser. This definition is not always honored, so check the definition
on the stress-concentration chart or table you are using.
A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or
Kts is used to relate the actual maximum stress at the discontinuity
to the nominal stress. The factors are defined by the equations

1-30

where Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses. The
nominal stress σ0 or τ0 is more difficult to define. Generally, it is the
stress calculated by using the elementary stress equations and the net
area, or net cross section. But sometimes the gross cross section is
used instead, and so it is always wise to double check your source of
Kt or Kts before calculating the maximum stress.
The subscript t in Kt means that this stress-concentration
factor depends for its value only on the geometry of the part. That is,
the particular material used has no effect on the value of Kt. This is
why it is called a theoretical stress-concentration factor.
The analysis of geometric shapes to determine stress-
concentration factors is a difficult problem, and not many solutions
can be found. Most stress-concentration factors are found by using
experimental techniques. Though the finite-element method has been
used, the fact that the elements are indeed finite prevents finding the
true maximum stress. Experimental approaches generally used
include photoelasticity, grid methods, brittle-coating methods, and
electrical strain-gauge methods. Of course, the grid and strain-gauge
methods both suffer from the same drawback as the finite-element
method.
Stress-concentration factors for a variety of geometries may
be found in the following charts.

Figure (1-8)
Bar in tension or simple compression with a transverse hole.
σ0 = F/A, where A = (w − d)t and t is the thickness.
Figure (1-9)
Rectangular bar with a transverse hole in bending.
σ0 = Mc/I, where I = (w − d)h3/12.

Figure (1-10)
Notched rectangular bar intension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.
Figure (1-11)
Notched rectangular bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td3/12, and t is the thickness.

Figure (1-12)
Rectangular filleted bar in tension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.
Figure (1-13)
Rectangular filleted bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td3/12, t is the thickness.

Figure (1-14)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd2/4.
Figure (1-15)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in torsion. τ0 = Tc/J, where
c = d/2 and J = πd4/32.

Figure (1-16)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2 and I = πd4/64.
Figure (1-17)
Grooved round bar in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd2/4.

Figure (1-18)
Grooved round bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/l, where
c = d/2 and I = πd4/64.
Figure (1-19)
Grooved round bar in torsion. τ0 = Tc/J, where
c = d/2 and J = πd4/32.

Figure (1-20)
Plate loaded in tension by a pin through a hole. σ0 = F/A,
where A = (w − d)t .
EXAMPLE 1-3

Considering the stress concentration at point A shown in Fig. (1–21),


determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at A if
F = 200 lbf.

Solution

From Fig. (1–15):

From Fig. (1–16):


Figure (1-21)

Ans.

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