% Introduction to philosophical Ethics Ethical issues affect everyone in a very personal way. Although many people may be quite indifferent towards ‘specifically moral issues due to relativism, nobody can avoid facing up to ethical dilemmas in daly life. These problems affect everybody because they touch on one's behaviour and way of relating to other people Everyone experiences the need to find an answer to the ‘any questions that crop up in different circumstances ‘such as the following: must I always keep my promises under every circumstance? Hovr can one tell he difference between whats good and what is bad? Isitalways wong {0 lie? Will my conduct always be good if [have a good {ntention? Are moral norms fixed or can they change with time? In order to be able to answer these questions, we need some reference points so.s to adjust our acs to them, Jn this first chapter we will analyze the nature of these ‘moral questions, we will define Ethics and indicate ts object of study; after explaining the method used in Ethics Wwe ill touch on its relation with other areas of knowledge. The chapter will finish with a reflection on the ethical background that is present in all forms of professional activity 1. The nature of Ethics All through time, when we stop to think about human ‘actions, those of others and our own, we ask ourselves about their goodness or badness, We can identify good or virtuous ways of acting and bad or evil ways of acting fnevery sphere of fe, We can reer to someone a being & Sood fend or ot we cansy hata person Works elon Eetlysapersancan deve wellorendrve nanimpntent and dangerous way We areconstayealuting te al ‘orl. eis through thal adgmonts that we compare iat relly happens with wnt wethinkought olor So, the ste of goo an ad atic connec to human aetvy. Wecan evensay that a poof what ie Behuvioue i 3 person who act wel a good way ea good person a person who acts badly, in bad way, og tha pees. This is why Ethics fs ltapotant inl, seal want tobe god people so wr ted tos hag we mut actin order to actully be pod people The person teins ask hast hesequetons when he reaizesthat is re cons donot only tera cos between diferent ese thingy ba thes his ee Actions have deeper and more unportant consequence When efreicheoses one thing ana he soa 8 decision about Nima a a person hei dosing te typeof person he wants tobe ls the person hoe ho val be afte by the fee decision: staining happiness through tor geting stated bent fede Fore rin whe the son dors eo, he discovers hima asa person and his esporfsity to himself as a person. m aaRcannn Tach person is the man “ctr” in hs own fe and is the one whe ts response for his own moral value Everyone tends to gather up idens values al eecns they go though le and make devon and jade the actions of ater personsonthetasiof tx aloes hace “alues, ideas, cterin ate known a spontancos toed Knee an contate man’s krowedge of pod se enasdon pena pron hve ae and so on On the bss ofthis spontaneous moral knowad thehuman being scape of going farther hs con ey ae ca tie rational investigation into the basic moral foundations ‘actions, This is Ethics its the science that aims at fying, from the rational and philosophical point of 7 the nature of man’s moral life (what makes the ns life good or bad). The aim, or goal of Ethics, sto fablish a series of norms and criteria for judging which bbe a useful reference point in order to guide the sponsible taking of our free human decisions. Ethics the area of Philosophy which studies the moral eof man; thats, his human life sa person, considered from the point of view of is goodness or its badness. So we can say that, like other fieids of philosophical study, Ethics isa reflection on reality, considered from the point of view of ts ultimate causes, However, here the reflection specifically focused on te frve and responsible behaviour of the person. As such, Ethics i reflection on reality, the reality of the human person, from the perspective of the most basic underlying cause of the human person's existence and the most fundamental reason for his existence, Ethie aims at studying the basic truth about the ‘meaning of human if, considered asa whole, ina rational, scientific, systematic way, inorder to discover the deepest and most common truthe about the human person. Ethics reflects on the deepest meaning of the moral life; it seeks todiscover the goal of any human being’s life, in order to ascertain which types of behaviour can lead each man to this goal that is ultimately, happiness. Fromall this weean see thet Ethics really athe service ofthe human person, because it can help to lve ina better, more human way. ‘A look atthe various meanings ofthe term Ethics may help to understand the nature of this field of study beter Ethics is avery ancient tere, frequently used in the Greok world. It comes from the expression thos and it may be translated asthe science of customs, The same may be said ‘ofthe term “moral,” which comes from the Latin mors, that —3—is, custom However, if we with to be move prc regarding the meaning ofthe word “athe” we need tops Incio'oitpetaons Opal tro ek ae erga term eons wo have been die, wich ete custom and refers to the uses and principles that governed and guided life inthe city (polis. ° ‘eevee mst rge thst er nhs ein penn veers eee th ciple ie nacommny TNS of behaviour certain aes an soi casos or Ewctbctehahisinachpenoncconiat Inia, evaluation ofthe actions that have tot soure tte individual por cones However ce the moray ofeach person enh othe ter et eos he mel ss at pe nt a sans ine pra tchavnur wuld endo relia pon conduct sy Tite analy ter character oxy oben hs mening hse the tan cl conaaton arts perc Eeesbuck the group of qualities that doings pono Ini ey Whee pao carte binge ar nottaning to tmperanent rte nb pichbiiopilconttatonerieperan neni Ev lero away of tng md acing tr ne actus veut ie whichmay Secret ee fod titres he per vg) ces hea Hitpervens the posen i) Arse Bae FERNANDEZ, Aurelio, zee Teteis mon, Ediciones Aldecoa, Borgo 6 Adentifed with the practice ofthe virtues or habits that man (ales to attain Tn Latin there is just one term to express this double ‘meaning. Mos, from which the term "moral isecived and ‘which means “custom”, from which morality understood tobe the science of customs. Although it is true that Ethics tand morality have the same meaning, down through latory the terms have received different contents. Ethics ‘was uted by philosophical scence and morality was used forthe field of theology that studies the actions of man that tend towards the supernatural goal. Morality, atthe stame time, could have a sociological meaning refered to the moral evaluations ofa particular society, or else in a merely prychological sense it could refer toa state of soul that indicates an habitual experience in all people. So, for ample, we can say thata person is “demoralized”. Inthe iret sense ofthe word, “morality” is applied othe human Actin terms of goodness and so in the present day there is f tendency to use both terms, Ethics and morality, Indistinedy Ethics refers to personal customs, character, and way of being and acting which gives rise to a particular type of [Me thatthe person develops day by day through thei fr actions, “Summarizing, ethics in the etymological sense refers o“customs’ and to“character’ or ‘way of being’ And although the Latin etymology is closer to the treatise on ‘eustoms’, and the textbooks deal mainly with this, the science of Ethics need not limit itself to this study. Without denying the fact that Ethics ought to judge and help to create customs, both ofan individual andl of social nature, {tis also true that, following the guidelines of Thomas ‘Aquinas, morality must be concerned above all, with ‘personality of moral way of being’, oF as Aquinas says, with moral virtue. Ethics or morality, withthe exact same ‘meaning, studies the principles that guide the conscience —uve—inseehing to choose and to do good lence, we canon that Ethics should study and make known tenn guldelines that oughe to orient the persona concen tehen secking to choose and cay out ord aor eae "ought to make known and foster a good moral eons tay be acquted through the developecator rns Each human person, though his own les te ie construstinghisHieandiscaladto projet ictatee mae considers human actonsinterms of rerio Say of being that the pron acquzesthrougiicen and keeping in mind the goal that he Wishes to attain. Through his action, man changes himact spat making him, litle by lite, become a gore: gra” Fern for example orabad selfish pens Litera, thse ise human atom the poi a wa on they ailethe person, changing hs way oto nae futur: An al thi Keping had fe tnt the person seks tops tte haa In conclusion, we can seine tt Priowopy that aes re humanaete ron ee m or goal AL The object of E Arist defined science as “certain knowlege through edge about some apecter ,whicharisesromareflectonen thebask pee behind tht realty Ethics fea science ecinos Pee a aspect of realy from the viewpoint a ae eee mae pa Tider, p ST —3— Initio oplospit thie ity. Specifically, Ethics studies the reality of human. and reflects on these actions in order to understand principles that guide them. We are not aiming here at ‘iving opinions about the goodness or badness of an Rather, in Ethies we alm to form real judgments pabout the goodness or badness of some act, while at the sme time, giving reasons for that judgment. For example, An Ethics we donot only say “itis wrong to steal we also want to explain that this is wrong because it goes against «fice to give each person what is du to them), and justice + la necessary for lf in society and for the development of the good life in the person; otherwise lifeinsocety would be chaos! All sciences study a particular aspect of the real world and this object of study distinguishes one science from ‘another. Ethics studies the human person from the point of view of their goodness or badness, which depends on their free human acts, In this context, we can distinguish between the material object andthe formal abject of Ethics. 1.1.. The material object of Ethics The material object of any science is the group of realities thatthe science studies; the material abject of Ethics ismade tp of the human acts which influence and form the way of being ofthe person, Here itis important to distinguish between acts of man and human acts. Acts of man are those ats carried out by ‘man butover which he has no rational and free control; he cannot dominate or orient those acts directly, For example, the digestive process; circulation of the blood: physical growing process. These act are not carried out freely and 80, they are of no interest to Ethics. Human acts are those acts which man carries out according ohis nature, whichis characterized by freedom; —»e—human act ae the at thatthe person caries ou ely Fer example a person can chodee fo sala pares cater decide many or not ele Thee aichane aad ‘ale because the person cares thet Out eine he intellect, wil, and consence, The pan knows he stad lkethatandhebnows hy he dd ivhensehecer eps his actions and sos responsible for thom aad pee cenaquence The hunanocs weeny ata ch the human person ove” in tht they ig oh see can decide to cry them out or not edo ate a ne way orinanother These human act aoe, rave Siete sc ofthe let and the wih ooug tes 2s the person chooses the ype ef pen he wat be sod he givesmeaningtohisownife which sinhe hands Through tes acts he person diets Rime eed geil that he has freely chosen for hfe tase eae Erowiedge ofthe tel won "Human acts are the rl fa persons decision, Only the person can explain hy hea them an this bangs vihita moral epost, “Thesubjectm anew ge (explain those ations, and only thou that he een and organized hime thatsshecanoniy geese the acts of whi he wae tal We authoe te eee od the ping" 11.2. The formal object of Ethics ‘The formal object of any th Science is the perspective from Which it stadis a given reality; the formal object of Ethics 's the orientation of free human acts with respect to the final gol ofthe human beingas such, Ethics studies human ————— 2 C1-THOMAS AQUINAS, Sumr Thsogie Fl 1,1 SROPHGUUZ LONG, Angel x gener, uns Pampa, —9- Intron t pilosa Anas much as they are good or bad they are good if reoriented towards man's final gal they are bd, daw man away from his final goa, For this reason, has also been called "the science of good and evil”? we speak ofthe goodness or badness of a human we are speaking ofthe morality or the moral value of action. Thus, we can also say thatthe Formal object of 1s the “moraliy”of human ats 1 Other econces also deal with human acts however, hey ‘onslder these acts from other view points, psychology Aanalyres the structure and carrying out of human act; ecology deals with the customs of men ving in society: Retory shows the evolution of diffrent civiizaions, ant s00n “The goal ofthese scence, thei formal objet, not how man ought to act but rather, hove man really ats in fact. They do not consider the goodness or badness af human conduct, However, Ethics stadies manasa being ‘who grows and develops constantly ina never ending ite project as a person who is capable of developing himself Errough his fee actions and of giving meaning to his ie; Bikes thus helps to know what direction man sbould give to hs life in order to become a Detter human being and Aitan his final goal, So, although Elhies has the same Mhaterial object as other sciences (human acts, ony Ethics deals with tis object from the viewpoint ofthe morality of those acts When referring tothe morality of aman act, we refer to their goodness; however that goodness can be Understood in diferent ways, It has diferent meanings So three kinds of goodness may be found in human acs: natural, technical and moral goodness. ‘Natal godneze refers tothe ontological goodness of enact that the goodness the act possesses Because itis {eal exis every human act has this natural goodness ines much asitiea real oct (thas being) amalt gone expres the civenes ofthat inutcrying oat crt wt onl wend out act Forexamplea cake ay be Bed fed etn xen cheating aan eva ay Bde {ih kl acne chic os) though eat lis moral apsking weg, ed Mara gone eters othe ft ta he aes dete ‘ewan hbjcve gen a ial po anand es th Fon iy cris torent se ireton, 30 that the act and he pera aha hes {good in themselves Prersan who dos are So es basil studies fe human ats sori kay 2 actin teres of podnes badness that whether hey arent lowarsthe ral andajectve gd te hinan pose (his final goal or they ace directed towarde wit objectively bd forthe person and ead harness a true Final goal, yess eal Ethics doesnot tnt ie not nt sel Yo evaluating the morality of human ats, but cathe it also aims at helping man toact ina morally good way Ths may hese oe Consitering the charactors oF inecence 12, Ethics as a practical, theoretical anda normative Bhi ste scnceofcistoms which sttethe god or badnes inrnscaly tached fo cach uma et od owt tothe goat eth pes a Ethics is practice! and theoretical the same time bec ste ray acts ede oe ee toraliy ofthese acts teme fte bral pao fe tnaning of If On the ba of ts vel, ts IG fadgentandnome ohare {hei of guiding he poral adom ees ena ng to watt pod or the umn poses Sea —2-— _trtotion pep tis Involves rea, speculative knowledge ofthe tuth about Fyhat is really good and really evil for the person, about Bonatureofmen’s moral ety, about the viuen sie, ae this is also a proctcal science because it aims at changing the livese those who study it Hence knowledge Sf Biles should bea reference point forthe aking of ree ffuman decisions the aim ofthis knowledge stat ibe nfo prestice Ethics involves knowing order oa "Att same tie, Ethics lalso a normale science x that based on philosophical efeton, establishes norms flo af conduct to help people to chone what I rally for thom, Docs ths ea that Ethics ying to tell Fetnwhat todo rth his life? Yosand no. aims at helping tats dacover whats best for them oa person an Sfractiverensof tsa ths way, the personcanfrely wank Sd choowe tht attactive way of acting, and so achieve froehumnanflliiment Wencedo know thee nos tht fe bused on reason. in order to act well so beable o ‘Chloe moral perfection and become the best person that twecante any postive scence deals with human activity ina stat manner. The only science that considers this Pittvtourin complete way,takinginto account the most dechiveclemento without eating theoies although some Speco may bedeallwithinaniznplict way, Ebi.) Bibs oes the most cornet scientific consideration of human sett. Through Minis even more than tough paychaogy sociology, economics or biology, we can ste Tpdsatae f human djeamice and human behavioue’™ ic deals with what man should do inorder to ve and how heshould live to become what he ought be In 700, cman, Eas hace nara moderna dea mas isis, (Caeeion AEDOS Union Esha Ma, 197 p24 —s—hc arnng ve oder o achive his nal, which the reson or is txisteneand toads whch he shuld dna ne each free decision, Srscthicalé with 2. Ethics as a philosophical discipline discipline that ste the goodnes of hued 2.1. Moral experience and ethical reflection Ethical experince a radical part of human if; people are constantly facing moral inses that they need to solve; rights ore clained injustice fs condemeed ae ae believed and people are tasted constantly cach aap Our language is fl of expresions that have poral oy ethical connotations: god, bad jst unas right ore, lic, ici cights and duce Wien we describe so coe never lit ours to tling the fat rather we always make some moraljadgment about whether ines shana judgment bout whether ita Ethics as thescience ofthe morally of human acs has ite starting point inthe real worl, in the persons relationship with himself nd wil others Tass posihe because every fee human act has intact an ethead dimension; man’s personal experiences that he one fag acts and so he can jadge his own ats and know the geal ewan ose hughthem The moray hat resent ise to ou conscience even belore we ci sta Philosophical election on that act we have thease wer Iusgood orbud igor wrong Thismeral sence wehene bout our own acts known a8 spontancent seed Knowledge; this type of knowledge the stating noe source of information forthe pildsophical reflection act carried out in Ethics ral experience, which is the basis for ethical tion, Je made up of personal moral convictions, ge ofthe vires, sense of duty, awareness ofthe tion or siisfaction produced by diferent actions, ‘with other elements. However, this spontaneous Jnowledge is often imperfect, imprecise, confused; cial educational, and other factors may deform feontent andthe meaning ofthe person's acs. For any study ofthe morality ofthese ats tobe carried ft Ethics needs to purily this spontaneous moral ledge andl correct he errors it may contain, ‘Thereare two types of experience thatcanform thebasis ie ethical reflection. External experiences which we can ive through our extcrnal senses (Sight, sound, etc) © Prtenal experiences which we perceive or understand through our conscience; these give rise to general tiatements that we know through intuition. For example, thould do good and avoid evil should not do to others that which I would not ike them to do to me I should keep my word: I should obey the legitimate authorities, “These trutis present themsclves in otr conscience a tue and certain inas strong way asan extemal even! appears to us as truc and seal This type of internal trath i the fruit of habitual knowiedge that comes from the presence of the first and basic moral principles in us this Phenomenon is knoven a synderesi ‘Synderesis isa property ofthe human spiet (sou!) by which we know in an evident way the fist principles that Bhould guide all human activity. We acquire these basic ‘moral principles fr our behaviour through experience. For example, fzom an early age, the child learas that to do something bad brings with it negative consequences ithe tells a ie he is pursed for i ithe disobays hs mother, — 6hie: aang fo ie Pres hhe is punished. I the child does something good, such as sharing his sweets with his bother and he is praised fort, the learns that its pleasant and good to be generous, It is through these normal experiences that form part of the growing process that the person little by litte learns Particular truths, thanksto his experience and the specific «eases and examples that come up throughout his lite, Everything that a human person knows in a natural way has been learned through the experiences of his senses, Through his experience re discovers the existence of and the value or meaning ofthe basic moral truths. In order to tunderstand the importance of being grateful, for example, hhenceds to have learned through experience what it means ‘oct wel, to have been thankesl and the meaning of being ‘grateful Ifthe person leams the basic moral truths throught experience, these truths will make themselves present the person’s intellect and conscience as his reasoning. ‘capacity develops. The moraf life is like other types of knowledge to know and understand thata wholeisbigger than a part, the person needs to have seen externally through the senses something that is whole (a whole cake) and what are the parts (ane piece of cake) so as to ‘understand the saying. So we see that education is very important in the evelopment ofthe moral sense and the conscience 22, The composed method. From moral experience to Ethics: philosophical elaboration of the tational element contained in moral experience The human intellect can function in two different ways in ‘order to develop scientific knowledge, Through induction ‘we work from particular situations or cases to reason outa {general law oF principle; these general truths are known. after repeating a given experience where the truth makes =e Introduction pip ties evident In the case of deston we stat froma general or lar thats then applied toa particular situation. x that is sed in ries to know the truth snot induction ox deduction: in Ethics we aim at relating acs to guiding principles. “Thomas Anas penis ofthe metho sein Ethics “composed” it involves taking a given moral ad judging its ehical valu (goodness of badness) paring the act with the first moral pri pleophsdacon (om the pare at [rincipls). This way of knowing involves having, Sia nmiget te ip ot experimental basis (cl ats) fom which to cary ou al induction. The philosophical induction in Ethics involves an inellectual discovery based on /experince (understand the moral value of the ae) and is made known to Us as real, sure and true igen Ethics our scentific and moral principles, known trough experince but they cannot beratonally atin the strict sense ‘An example may help 0 clarify the point. A first print that everye discovers themselves Mhenatendeny opt rom eve ote thee intimacy be that the “pvt pat” ofthe irorbetthirintemal ie (hough dene et) This ener sth tur anna protecton fons Intnay Irom the curity of others develops in Ahi ait nso ep ht an ro Inthe person itis early sense of deceny i Filed it wil be cover aver ile by He, by the Ian with iocercy a this lho in hat the fetwo thsperson wil po lorger rect that mer sens of decency. We may add that his fst principle may be RODRIGUEZ LUNO, Ange op-ctp.78 aghis Lewning Wine rewakened nthe personas it forms partof human nature and can never be totaly destroyed,(On the hos o ths selFevidentexperiencewecan understand thetathabont the meaning of the view of decency, Which const one ofthe fist mora pees ‘The sense of decent i tnportant becsuce it isclasly connected othe awareness the person hs of thence, ésa human being: my awarenes of my worth ans hone being and of my persona intimacy move ete re syselfacapersonby garding and proven peat ina. Ths wil show inthe way Tress Ge sake a show ofthat wich pera to he nina a bothin physical and pychologia term) tn they la walk speak reateto others, what any aout my posse Mand to whom ct Sothesense of decency ire te auarding or protecting of what Intimate tote pene anditshows that ts penon i avareot tee own prcerel an intrior world and ou a ana of ter own tiny the vue of deceny sows thatthe person udente, that or shes not jst» pub extemal Wing se ae bor shes much more han just by Once know, understand and oghize this elf vient truth about penona itimacy aid its eteral ‘aniesations, eis enter to understand tat eee professional person hes the obligation to hee he Profesional secret about those things that ae rele te the intimacy of thereon and with nay Kec tee thisseork As consequence out of decency and oop forthe ther person the good proesional will ot oe ersonal information aost his censors, no al Retseitforhis on personal bent Se, Ethics, which as Me experienc ast source and starting point, through the composed methon\ meet labora philosophical terotionaltyeotanedacnenat a ea connection with the {their goodness or dessin . ang this, Ethics Fterpvete and explains moral fice wie he sane tere eaableing sheath the pod activity rere fee human beings in ortho tobe rete ttemesesas persons Pal, Should not only eahthetrathaboat whats god, stals cho heatactvensso stat inorder the person to want ve ina goed way in relation with other fields of knowledge cen whch nin tay nowt eae to other snes and els of knowledge the real word npc, Ethics dens with chaviou andor at reason ile ina special the fields of knovledge which alo stay Raman suchas pycholgy scilogy, anropsogy aw Sree ee lled Ethics deals with the nich tod scald Ethics deals with he nore tpoct ofthe god ie, which ss fica to Mera But the more spectc elements have become the afoter sciences foxy bealthisan aspect living nits dealt wth nmin. Pece and politcal ae other charctenetis of gon ie lw and theory try to dncoves how they canbe aban, etre” ven nots aches ledge studies the human person and thee Boer erent vierponn fe we wl bly ‘discuss the connection between Ethics and these other scence TGARAY, ets Elune na tine mercado Diaz de Santo. Madi 185% p39 Bohes: ening Lire Antoun psp eis 34. Ethics and Psychology dently oftheir moral orientation, Psychology isa tvescienceit stds and explains acts, indicating, Pychology: isa descript ve scence tha studies the human Bipeiayects ari. Etics, on the other hand, is = (ipaltis tel ue ppecc Way th Sen ey Pane ie sence that aims at determining how human (intellect, will, memor, imagination, character types, tobe in ort to de human activity towards temperaments, tc); i explains facts about human act, ; where they come from and how they fanetion. Ethies and Psychology can help one another, his studies human acts from the point of view of gh there can also le misunderstandings and {heir moral valu: it judges the act fom the point of view in their relationship, Ethics should pay attention ‘oftheir goodness or badness as such, itis science which t Psychology can say about man’s being, when aims at really guiding ard directing human acts towards his behaviour. Psychology, when analyzing ‘what good forthe pers; hence itis normative science aspects ofthe person cannot lose sight ofthe unity Incertain cases, both felts of knowledge study the same ty of the person as such who seeks perfect acts fre act, habits, seniments, feeling, alfetiviy, et through his or her free acts, ‘but fom ciferent perspectives: While Poychology staies typeset, wha prduces theme Ethics conser and Sociology we moral vale of ths same feplings, how (0 gu towards whats rightanc good. on” Suse Wem fsa naturally social being, itis clear that theresa Both fekds of knowledge can alsa be of assistance to telationship between Fthics and Sociology. One ‘one another, Psychology isan afd to Ethics in that every where the other ends. Any person attains moral ‘human aethasa psychic aspect because treveals intentions -within a specficsituation and social context and the felings of the person, so the knowledge ofthis ogy provides information about these circumstances aspect of the human act can help to understand the moral aids in judging how these conditions influence the value ofthe act: Every free, moral act is carried out by a ng of human Fulfillment or otherwise. At the sme specific person with ther psychological make-up that ‘man's relations with his environment constitute a needs tobe known, Atthesame time, the ethical aspects of fof duties that need tobe clarified by Ethics in order the act such as the conscience, responsible freedom, fertain the best way of acting in each given temperament, genetic eonditionings, environment, ete Both disciplines have the same material hhave a psychological consent that cannot be ignored alec, human acts, however they have different formal this, Ethics also need the information tht Poychology that fs, they study buman actions from different ‘an offer regarding the elements that increase or reduce oy perspectives prevent the voluntary dimension of the act ‘Sociology is a descriptivescience that studies different However Ethics and Psychology have different formal ‘which take place in man’s life in society, it objects. Ethics studies human atsas the subject of morality Aesribes, classifies and measures socal facts through whereas, Psychology studies human acts as facto, ‘empirical analysis in order to understand the social saa lat —a—ir teing tne dimension of human behaviour; for example, reasons for _mothers working outsie the home, environmental factors ‘Which can effect the cild’s learning process, and so on. Attimesitreaches conclusions that explain moral situations in society and that help to understand what is going on there, but it does not aim at establishing how man ought to actin society, this isthe task of Ethics: Sociology’ also studies social influerces that can affect individual behaviour, and in this context, it often offers information that Ethics needs to consider and to act upon. Sociology needs Ethics so as to situate its conclusions ier ion and understanding ofthe human person. Ethics aims at establishing how man ought to actin society; it needs sociology 30a to consider all human realit context as man lives and develops in a given social environment. Man’slifein society gives rise to rights and luties that Ethics mus stipulate and explain. We may say that a fruitful interchange between the two sciences possible and enriching for both, 33. Ethics and Law Both Law and Ethics are normative sciences that deal with Jssues related to human conduct and duty, however they aredifferont Law studies positive law established by men through the force of tradition and customs, or through legislation; i deals with external deeds and facts that can be legally organised, required by law, ete. Whereas, Ethics studies the natural moral norms which are written in the very nature (way of Keirg) of people, things, the world, ‘man does not invent thesenoems, rather he discovers them. Ethics also studies intemal acts of the will which can be required by one's own conscience and not by any external ‘aw. Forexample, there sno law established that requires people to support their parents in old age, however natural segs ono psi eth a spent in toons conscience nates ls duty towards his orherpaventsin hod age, ble recived creat educaton om then, ae Ls are very such connected fo one another Teste teach trina complete and harmon pris foro normative oeedge at replates Pigs on cen docsso navn at specs uni, Lave can ip in ensuing tha inns Souris ethically covec,Althongh bah sciences i ann ond ihc emt pera judges the moray ofa mats ston ot only gin psive lv, bl above all soni tothe rth about good and evi Hence Es inthe poi lgal nor and heir morality nts Blt genes and ruth; whurens La oy etal ioc ton wih poi aw Bic sa bronder ld ef Lnomge oles ito te norms and regulations promulgated by Beton, ut thers ll etal cont et jae by twa ot only tn selon to liga in. No ere ng canbe oven yaw enact 0 rule poste oe nd low al pomsbie haan at, wheres es can doe concer el wi al man scons, be they ork Ethics and Economics, hhas always appeared a8 an essential part of ‘existence because i forms part of man’s way of Deiiggand manifests the sie aspect in man, Itstudies how "people and social groups decide to use their productive ‘elements in order to get goods and services which ‘contributeto the well being the whole of society, in order ‘create and distribute wealth. Economics has an eeehi: amigo Lise ates utc phic anthropological basis because every possible form of css the central element in the interpretation of ‘economic organization of society includes some iden about ‘world as it consider the very fact that thi world {he human person, some way of understanding man aad Te thus establishes certain truths regarding the his conduct. ‘of Goa, the creat of the world and man by For example, Marns economies holds that man is made Piritality and immortality of the soa, man’s final only of matter, he has no soul and so his work only asin with God te, Ethics takes these truths a8 Prouctthat can contrite to wealth butithas ho ensiching for the despest explanation anv! understanding Yalu forthe man who cates out thsi false. Captaliss orl life that offers the goodness and badness of and the fee market economy rely on the fact hat gna ig acts that is studied in Ethics depends precisely froebeing whocan mak= choices tha effect the supply and fact that they realy exist ancl on thei orientation in demand of products on the market. We can see that of man’s final goa, union with God, as established economic theory and neem for action are nc itrelevant to cs. The fee human will must adapt tell to this: Ethics should abo guide all economic activity In Taw established by Gad! inorder to ata the soxiety. I this is ot thease, the goa of Econosnis cat be stat the person seks. wis and it an stordinate its objectives to other ances which are not the ood ofeach human being and! es and Anthropol foci, suchas the amsingof weal bya fen ele ‘ af rather than contributing to the material progress ofa TRE ietdeamga rads members of society. tthe nature of thelsman person who and what So,although Economics has its own principles itis not ete nature of man ls clear, Ethic, which i « absolutely independent regarding Ethics because by ils rece rer ober en eos very natureit isa servicete man ifoughtisteortenect the ought todo inorder tobe a beter person. Moral the good of the human rerson and of society, The way of aap pacar nace paraaind ‘organizing work, prodition and consumption of nan in himself Ethes will not have an adequate Jn society should respect the true dignity of the human a aes ona coer aan Person, which ought tobe the guiding principle ofa. ay. Wecannot explain how man oughtto actin ‘conomic activity. Q bea better perso, i we have not yetatained the uth about the human being in ise 35. Ethics in relation to Metaphysics "Allethical norm should be based on the truth about as such and should express the truth about what is efor an. Only f we know who and whats man from ial point of view, can we know what is good Every system of Ethics his some metaphysical Basis tha sth mr cn o te pra apeshns {ehunanehaviour ot tha system This base ‘nt how he shouldact obtain that good. While Mathys uss big (or exec) a such ann theopology studies the human being in his entirety, sel, while Ethics studs a specific type of being, fee esis centered on analyzing his behaviour We shall dea % these sues Further in chapter three “— a:Introduction a pis eis th Luming ive ae: i |capacities and so permits the person to be faithful Suiounaivanneraucaraeaeers Gin way of being and to develop his qualities, fand personality through his work. For this is tremendously important to know oneself and pacts, so as toe able to discover the right activity for ones. one that suits and helps Intoday’s world, work is very important tis considered to be the engine, the diving free in anyone's personal and socal fe nat tcl advancement haces } inmanthe fascination with transorming the world, wick Bente has given rise to an ever growing number Of hems Bec, profsecoal och a rca geve professions careers, types of employment that contribute Hk our most mpcctant personal input t fen to farther advancing the techntal development of the BME ot ye do sot have he geal ot world (mecca engineering institutional commucation, ees ue eee ste). In order to understand the ethical dimension ef escie crey on intrument foe porcral Professional activity, we need to understand te terns Be yays crane cane aie “profeson” the needs of others We then tun the sk of A profession i any personal, stable, noble activity nica waytcving our oynsciiinces hich is placed at the service of others andones ones Beek «ly peteotoal are ators benefit and which person carries out moved by soe is tro dimensions that can be dstigulabea Personal vocation ts activity fence byte dea es aces trey stoedd =o washer he ‘which characterizes the human person a sth, fe eect tnd the uticcive apes The objective Contributes to the good ef the person who woke ae wel BRE oie tra posncine ene 2 othe overall common good. A persons profesor joe nina atlanta Tooted in the depts of he being it has 4 vocational iste fac tat nan meeugesorconois «dimension in that the person often discovers and comsiciens BR era through tis work, The satjerue thathe* as born” to cary out that actly meson pnconsiders werk o bea ree human activity that sleseribe a person a a tarn doctor oa rn techs d out by the person, he “owns” “contol oF The fat that the person “aed” to that profane ts RU eae seid atl soome onake rome shown in that fat that he Bas naturel qualities, eile pnasaperson through his work ths also known capacities and interests whch makeitesnyforhuaionay etal topet of wort, hat the fact tat an ou that profesionand which show hate waserete ale inet and oo tan peviea a away whichis that partcula proesion hea certain Ife Ge activity ivotved in coreying ont hs, fatty for carying outta profession, When the person sorte wo tesa dee Puls practice his ata qualities and apace take ablagonltic actions, but aher they ar aspect of one rofesional activity he achieves personal asain in be ean Haman action, anpects which may, n'a fact one ofthe deepest sources of personal satisfaction person's life, be separated or split but wc, ta the canting owt of o's own persona profesional acti iy Bere to be cali In one coherere sad wel This is becouse the professional work sue To Ne Pactice: ean Le harmonic visionof realty, precly bec fallment sa person hough wore There is avery ls relationship fee these sepa of workin sate objective carrying out ne cil aty an parton repro jet who cris oat to mprowe mica ers a Sauce wheat hes ie ha on ‘av ofasving sca or eample pram ging sown 0 work my hea profes ast bat as conte ofeconng more dispel person Saying or working tenet 9 puting ll one ‘tention wat weeding sail om the of hunt dhe quay oft a Set bt lo mash pen gro in abi Seren tenon deta ing our lags tno mgm re onan A when oral non and prncpesatenplete fected at wo sche inte cee of by he social consequences are ai | sateatbe companied! by ists corruption of the person who c¢ 3 Seraph ces eat mas Nowadaye, great at importance is given to the fewer: tp inch ie eaeal eee r this interest in the technical qualifications a person hs shoul be aompanied bya tence fore Der human, oral ules i. gos prof Bustin echcalepcic ad gia oreo aan Wort ia eran les me have pod mc {tales hecannotbeanencllen profenons person ether words, 0 bea go professional means to ork ht san end inte baton means te grow ad yen 2 peson and to sontiute to improving ones fon {MANES JL rt aan Es, DAC Ma 48 — a traction pp tc and hat of society ea whole: A person may be a sae topics. emay be very sie at some ren auick wo discovernew business opportuni, sCaoratly corrupts he cannot a eal professional Oh Boca he wil be ssn an essential aspect of os puch is eical dimension. Weshould seck in the truly professional person not only nical competence but als human qualities: he ‘should Mstworthy, responsible, have sprit of service; he Huhave good ethical qualities as these ensure thathe Maways act well a a perso, including when he fing put his professional activity, We have been the et that the moral worth of a person us thle being it snot something secondary oF Mew orhis technica kil but inflances everything Ife A perwon may have god techrical trainin, but Mr mediocre person he will use these sls lations to eiffical problems that a person who ts and defends ethial values Knows he cannot When the mediocre person comes acros eal He will ot be capable of inding morally Viable fernativesy rather he will easy nt he temptation Mngt means io acheve his gal at any pice. Taving analyzed the maning ofthe term profession 1 tio to Bihic, we need to explain the term logy” I comes [rom the Greek “leon”, which tut anc “logos” which means reatse or sul Datolgy, ten, maybe tanslated asthe science of duty. eae studies the mealt of human cont inthe ot pofesional rach it fines the obligations and Fos ofan ethical nature that aise n cating Tuagven profession, The subject also define, or each te rights and dies of he professional person, Wifi moral requirementsshould be demanced of himas —9—EN: Loring oie 4 person, and what ethical perspective e should give thew ato nn are etal et The aim ofa unnantyedcenter eaten ucaton ito prepare igh in carrying out herpes ‘positions throughout history sui leavingaside the fees eda mien eae pretty Ren eae dlscervice rosacea a8 a human being, This isa Mal facts have fon the same for everybody but ‘sive the importance it really has to relation in time has diflered because the concepts Telly intone of hanes Bi wed ere err. To question shut tle ofthe manent sissy ee eee! institutions, man should] ‘ewise, in higher-level ‘incountless ways. One philosopher anct formation; this what His al haracter PB ane: ants hore cigted finda oie pac eee enn wae wort atc univer ould be soca Bing sus sr of proposal tbe fo estos nd tte Intc pence Sere ox sed cents tiers Bitte of actor ort gros bees Bering panes ne tne enc words. BN er ccoen ioogionntteree Betetectnorkerveus tohpetion tying tees. Be eri sit xb review of tin Betas have cad troop tne hoy ot Bites igh te prises pretty Spec a rah heeled asec cess cies intend on» Ber ocecs secopsony, a tra sles ksi se ice cl decries weiey ees hevcalchencogy ora logcs! Beg tenia weno comer ‘the same positions reappear over the centuries. Tr Sty ces eis bok gma Maen ra haben choon bcos ws ply