EXPERIMENT:-1

AIM :- To represent basic signals (Unit step,Unit

impulse,Ramp,Exponential, Sine and Cosine).

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

PROGRAMS :-
(1).Unit step Sequence :-

% Unit step sequence

N = 21;
x = ones (1,N);
n = 0:1:N-1;-
subplot (2,2,1),stem (n,x);
xlabel ('n'),ylabel ('x(n)');
title ('Unit step sequence');

Output :-

(2).Exponential Function :-

% Exponential sequence
x2 = .8.^(n);
subplot (2,2,3),stem (n,x2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x2(n)');

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title('Exponential sequence');
Output :-

(3). Unit Impulse function :-

% Program for unit impulse

n=-3:1:3;
y=[zeros(1,3),ones(1,1),zeros(1,3)];
subplot(3,2,6);
stem(n,y,'k');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit impulse');

Output:-

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(4).Sine Function :-
% Program for sine wave
t=0:0.1:10;
y=sin(2*pi*t);
subplot(3,3,1);
plot(t,y,'k');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sine wave');

Output:-

(5).Cosine Function :-

% Program for cosine wave

t=0:0.1:10;
y=cos(2*pi*t);
subplot(3,3,2);
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plot(t,y,'k');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Cosine wave');
Output :-

EXPERIMENT:-2

AIM :- To develop program for discrete convolution.

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

PROGRAMS:-
% Convolution of two sequences
clear all;
x = [1,0,-1,1,2,1]; % input sequence
N1 = length (x);
h = [1,1,1,1,1]; % input sequence
N2 = length(h);
y = conv (x,h) % output sequence
n = 0:1:N1+N2-2;
stem (n,y);
title ('Convolution of two sequences x(n)and h(n)');
xlabel ('n'), ylabel('y(n)');

Output:-

y=1 1 0 1 3 3 3 4 3 1

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 EXPERIMENT:-3

AIM :- To develop program for discrete correlation.

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

PROGRAMS:-
% Program for computing Cross-Correlation of the Sequences.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('Enter the sequence 1: ');
h=input('Enter the sequence 2: ');
y=xcorr(x,h);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n->');
ylabel('Amplitude->');
title('Input sequence 1');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(fliplr(y));
stem(h);

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xlabel('n->');
ylabel('Amplitude->');
title('Input sequence 2');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(fliplr(y));
xlabel('n->');
ylabel('Amplitude->');
title('Output sequence');
disp('The resultant is');
fliplr(y);

Output:-
Enter the sequence 1: 3
Enter the sequence 2: 6
The resultant is = 9

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 EXPERIMENT:-4

AIM :- To understand stability test.

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APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.
PROGRAMS:-
%Program for stability test
clc;
clear all;
close all;
b=input('enter numerator coefficients ');
c=input('enter denominator coefficients ');
sys=tf(b/c);
z=isstable(sys);
if(z==1)
disp('''Stable system''');
else
disp('''Non-stable System''');
end

Output:-
Enter numerator coefficients: 54
Enter denominator coefficients: 79
'Stable system'

EXPERIMENT:-5

AIM :- To understand sampling therom.

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APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.
PROGRAMS:-
%Program to understand sampling theorem
clc;
clear all;
close all;
f1=1/128;
f2=5/128;
n=0:127;
fc=50/128;
x=cos(2*pi*f1*n)+cos(2*pi*f2*n);
xa=cos(2*pi*fc*n);
xamp=x.*xa;
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(n,x);
title('modulating wave');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x');
subplot(4,1,2);
stem(n,xa);
title('carrier wave');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('xa');
subplot(4,1,3);
stem(n,xamp);
title('amplitude modulated wave');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('xamp');
n1=128;
xam=fft(xamp,n1);
subplot(4,1,4);
stem(n,xam);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude')

Output:-

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10
 EXPERIMENT:-6

AIM :- To design analog filter (low –pass,high-pass,band-pass,band-stop).

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

PROGRAMS:-
LPF:-
%program for the design of butterworth low pass filter
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rs=input('Enter the stopband ripple=');
rp=input('Enter the passband ropple=');
ws=input('Enter the stopband freq.=');
wp=input('Enter the passband freq.=');
fs=input('Enter the sampling freq.=');
w1=2*wp/fs;
w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
[z,p,k]=butter(n,wn);
[b,a]=zp2tf(z,p,k);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('GainindB.......>');
xlabel('(a)Normalised frequency.......>');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an)
xlabel('(b)Normalised frequency........>');
ylabel('Phase in radians.........>');

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Output:-
Enter the stopband ripple=60
Enter the passband ropple=0.15
Enter the stopband freq.=3000
Enter the passband freq.=1500
Enter the sampling freq.=7000

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HPF:-

%program for the design of butterworth high pass filter

clc;
close all;
clear all;
rp = input('Enter passband ripple freq.=');
rs = input('Enter stopband ripple freq.=');
wp = input('Enter passband freq.=');
ws = input('Enter stopband freq.=');
f= input('Sample freq.=');
w1= 2*wp/f;
w2= 2*ws/f;
[n,wn]= buttord(w1 ,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]= butter(n,wn,'high');
w=0:0.1 :pi;
[h,p]= freqz(b,a,w);
g= 20*log10(abs(h));
A=angle(h);
subplot (2,2,1); plot(p/pi,g);
ylabel('Amp.......>');
xlabel('Freq......>');
title('Amp.Freq......>');
subplot (2,2,2); plot(p/pi,A);
xlabel('Normal.freq.......>');
ylabel('Phase......>');

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Output:-
Enter passband ripple freq.=0.2
Enter stopband ripple freq.=40
Enter passband freq.=2000
Enter stopband freq.=3500
Sample freq.=8000

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BPF:-
%program for the design of butterworth bandpass filter
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rp = input('Enter pass ripple freq:');
rs = input('Enter stop ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter pass band freq:');
ws = input('Enter stop band freq:');
fs = input('Enter sample freq:');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]= butter(n,wn,'bandpass','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]= freqs(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('amp…………>');
xlabel('ferq………>');
title('amp,freq…………>');
subplot (2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normalised freq…………>');
ylabel('phase…………');
title('Normalised Freq,phase……….>');

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Output:-

Enter pass ripple freq:0.36

Enter stop ripple freq:36
Enter pass band freq:1500
Enter stop band freq:2000
Enter sample freq:6000

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BSF:-
%program for the design of butterworth bandstop filter
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rp = input('Enter pass ripple freq:');
rs = input('Enter stop ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter pass band freq:');
ws = input('Enter stop band freq:');
fs = input('Enter sample freq:');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]= butter(n,wn,'stop','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]= freqs(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('amp');
xlabel('ferq');
title('amp,freq');
subplot (2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normalised freq');
ylabel('phase');
title('Normalised Freq,phase');

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Output:-
Enter pass ripple freq:0.28
Enter stop ripple freq:28
Enter pass band freq:1000
Enter stop band freq:14000
Enter sample freq:5000

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 EXPERIMENT:-7

AIM :- To design digital filter (low –pass,high-pass,band-pass,band-stop).

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

PROGRAMS:-

LPF:-

%program for the design of chebyshev lowpass filter

clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rp = input('Enter passband ripple freq:');
rs = input('Enter stopband ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter passband freq:');
ws = input('Enter stopband freq:');
fs= input('Sample freq');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]= cheb1ord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]= cheby1(n,rp,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in db........>');
xlabel('Freq..........>');
title('Amp.Freq');
subplot (2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normal. freq.........>');
ylabel('Phase radians......>');

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title('Normal.Freq,phase');

Output:-

Enter passband ripple freq:45

Enter stopband ripple freq:0.2
Enter passband freq:1500
Enter stopband freq:1300
Sample freq10000

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HPF:-

%program for the design of chebyshev highpass filter

clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rp = input('Enter passband ripple freq:');
rs = input('Enter stopband ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter passband freq:');
ws = input('Enter stopband freq:');
fs= input('Sample freq');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]= cheb1ord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]= cheby1(n,rp,wn,'high','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in db........>');
xlabel('Freq..........>');
title('Amp.Freq');
subplot (2,1,2);

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plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normal. freq.........>');
ylabel('Phase in radians........>');
title('Normal.Freq,phase');

Output:-

Enter passband ripple freq:0.3

Enter stopband ripple freq:70
Enter passband freq:1600
Enter stopband freq:2500
Sample freq:9000

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BPF:-

%program for the design of chebyshev bandpass filter

clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
rp = input('Enter passband ripple freq:');
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rs = input('Enter stopband ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter passband freq:');
ws = input('Enter stopband freq:');
fs= input('Sample freq');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= cheb1ord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]= cheby1(n,rp,wn,'bandpass','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in db........>');
xlabel('Freq..........>');
title('Amp.Freq');
subplot (2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normal. freq.........>');
ylabel('Phase in radians........>');
title('Normal.Freq,phase');

ssOutput:-
Enter passband ripple freq:0.4
Enter stopband ripple freq:35
Enter passband freq:2000
Enter stopband freq:2500
Sample freq:10000

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BSF:-

%program for the design of chebyshev bandstop filter

clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long;
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rp = input('Enter passband ripple freq:');
rs = input('Enter stopband ripple freq:');
wp = input('Enter passband freq:');
ws = input('Enter stopband freq:');
fs= input('Sample freq');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= cheb1ord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]= cheby1(n,rp,wn,'stop');
w=0:0.01/pi:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
m= 20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in db........>');
xlabel('Freq..........>');
title('Amp.Freq');
subplot (2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('Normal. freq.........>');
ylabel('Phase in radians........>');
title('Normal.Freq,phase');

Output:-

Enter passband ripple freq:40

Enter stopband ripple freq:0.25
Enter passband freq:2750

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 Enter stopband freq:2500
Sample freq:7000

EXPERIMENT:-8

AIM :- To design FIR filter using windows technique.

APPARATUS :- MATLAB software,Microsoft Word.

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PROGRAMS:-
%Program for the design if FIR low pass,high pass,band pass,band stop
using rectangular window.

clear all;
rp=input('Enter the PB ripple rp =');
rs=input('Enter the SB ripple rs =');
fp=input('Enter the PB ripple fp =');
fs=input('Enter the SB ripple fs =');
f=input('Enter the sampling frequency f =');
wp=2*fp/f;
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
den=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(num/den);
n1=n+1;
if(rem(n,2)~=0)
n=n1;
n=n-1;
end;
y=boxcar(n1);

%LPF
b=fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('Normalized frequency------>');
ylabel('Gain in db-------->.');
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE OF LPF');

%HPF
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);

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plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('Normalized frequency------>');
ylabel('Gain in db-------->');
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE OF HPF');

%BPF
wn=[wp ws];
b=fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('Normalized frequency------>');
ylabel('Gain in db--------.');
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE OF BPF');

%BSF
b=fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('Normalized frequency------>');
ylabel('Gain in db--------.');
title('MAGNITUDE RESPONSE OF BSF');

Output:-

Enter the PB ripple rp =0.04

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 Enter the SB ripple rs =0.03
Enter the PB ripple fp =1500
Enter the SB ripple fs =2000
Enter the sampling frequency f =9000

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