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IEEE Standard for Ratings and

Requirements for AC High-Voltage

Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum
Voltage Above 1000 V

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE Standard for Ratings and

Requirements for AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum
Voltage Above 1000 V

Sponsor

Switchgear Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society

Approved 5 December 2018

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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Abstract: The rating structure for all high-voltage circuit breakers, which include all voltage
ratings above 1000 V ac and comprise both indoor and outdoor types, is covered in this standard.
Preferred ratings are also provided. Typical circuit breakers covered by these standards have
maximum voltage ratings ranging from 4.76 kV through 800 kV, and continuous current ratings of
600 A, 1200 A, 2000 A, 3000 A, and 4000 A associated with the various maximum voltage
ratings. The rating structure establishes the basis for all assigned ratings, including continuous
current, insulation capability (formerly dielectric withstand voltages), short-circuit current, transient
recovery voltage, and capacitor switching, plus associated capabilities such as mechanical
endurance, load current, and out-of-phase switching. Generator circuit breakers are covered by
IEC/IEEE Std 62271-37-013.

Keywords: capacitive current switching, IEEE C37.04™, indoor, insulation capability, interrupting
time, mechanical endurance, outdoor, operating duty, power frequency, ratings, related
capabilities, short-circuit current, short-line fault, transient recovery voltage

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Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.04-2018, IEEE Standard for Ratings and Requirements for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum Voltage Above 1000 V.

In 1964, consolidated standards for circuit breakers rated on a symmetrical current basis were published to
take the place of standards established on the total current basis of rating. This revision was undertaken to
update the standard to reflect today’s circuit breaker technology and application on modern power systems.
The revision also continues harmonization with IEC 62271-100, a process that first began in 1951.

This revision includes the changes introduced into capacitive switching ratings and harmonization of TRV
requirements of amendments 1 and 2 to IEEE Std C37.04-1999, IEEE Std C37.04a™-2003, and IEEE Std
C37.04b™-2008 as well as all corrigenda and errata. The major change in this edition of IEEE Std C37.04
is the incorporation of the preferred ratings values from IEEE Std C37.06™-2009 [B24] into this
document. With the approval of this edition of IEEE Std C37.04™-1999 [B23], IEEE Standards
Association Standards Board action will withdraw IEEE Std C37.06-2009.

This revision does not make major changes to requirements that have been in practice. Revisions have been
made to incorporate information that was offered to IEEE by the NEMA SG4 (High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers) technical committee. With some exceptions, this new material has been incorporated essentially
as received from NEMA. The areas covered by the NEMA material include new definitions related to
pressure systems and noise, new requirements for flat terminals, ground terminals, additional requirements
for various operating mechanisms, enclosures, wiring, noise, X-radiation for vacuum interrupters, current
transformers (and their connections) (including free-standing current transformers), undervoltage trip
devices, and specialized applications.

The reader is reminded that these requirements do not apply retroactively. Circuit breakers designed, tested,
and manufactured to earlier versions of the standards must be applied in accordance with the versions of the
standards that were in effect when the specific circuit breaker was manufactured.

6
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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Standard Working Group
had the following membership:

Stephen Cary, Chair

Roy Alexander, Vice Chair
John C. Webb, Secretary

Brad Armstrong Helmut Heiermeier Tom Mulcahy

David Lemmerman Christian Heinrich Miklos Orosz
Mauricio Aristizabal Jeremy Hensberger Andrew Peterson
Anne Bosma Victor Hermosillo John Phouminh
Arben Bufi Jennifer Hunter Samala Santosh Reddy
Ted Burse Roy Hutchins Anthony Ricciuti
Eldridge Byron Todd Irwin Daniel Schiffbauer
Steven Chen Cory Johnson Carl Schuetz
Chih Chow Thomas Keels Devki Sharma
Michael Christian Scott Lanning Sushil Shinde
Lucas Collette Brad Leccia Dean Sigmon
Michael Crawford Hua Ying Liu Michael Skidmore
Patrick Di Lillo Albert Livshitz Vernon Toups
Jeffrey Door Vincent Marshall Jim van de Ligt
Denis Dufournet Gary Martin Jan Weisker
Robert Foster Peter Marzec Terrance Woodyard
Raymond Frazier Dave Mitchell Richard York
Paul Grein Charles Morse Wei Zhang
John Hall Xi Zhu

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

William Ackerman Michael Crawford Laszlo Kadar

Roy Alexander Gary Donner Chad Kennedy
Mauricio Aristizabal Denis Dufournet Yuri Khersonsky
Roy Ayers Edgar Dullni James Kinney
Thomas Barnes Douglas J. Edwards Boris Kogan
G. Bartok Kenneth Edwards Jim Kulchisky
Robert Beavers Tanner Esco Carl Laplace
Robert Behl Leslie Falkingham Hua Liu
W. J. (Bill) Bergman Sergio Flores Albert Livshitz
Stan Billings Paul Forquer R Long
Wallace Binder Kenneth Gettman William McBride
William Bloethe David Giegel Neil Mc Cord
Anne Bosma Douglas Giraud Peter Meyer
Steven Brown Mietek Glinkowski David Mitchell
John Brunke Robert Goodin Charles Morse
Arben Bufi Edwin Goodwin Thomas Mulcahy
Ted Burse James Graham Jeffrey Nelson
Eldridge Byron Lou Grahor Michael Newman
Thomas Callsen Randall Groves Joe Nims
Paul Cardinal John Harley T. W. Olsen
Stephen Cary Ronald Hartzel Lorraine Padden
Steven Chen Helmut Heiermeier Shawn Patterson
Michael Chirico Werner Hoelzl Andrew Peterson
Chih Chow William Hurst Anthony Picagli
Robert Cohn Todd Irwin Iulian Profir
Lucas Collette Richard Jackson Farnoosh Rahmatian

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Reynaldo Ramos Xu She Jim van de Ligt
Samala Santosh Reddy Sushil Shinde John Vergis
Anthony Ricciuti John Shullaw Michael Wactor
Charles Rogers Michael Sigmon John Wang
Tim Rohrer Michael Skidmore John Webb
Thomas Rozek Jeremy Smith Jan Weisker
Ryandi Ryandi Jerry Smith Kenneth White
Steven Sano R. Kirkland Smith Terry Woodyard
Roderick Sauls Ralph Stell Larry Yonce
Bartien Sayogo Donald Swing Richard York
Daniel Schiffbauer David Tepen Jian Yu
Carl Schuetz Malcolm Thaden Matthew Zeedyk
Devki Sharma Marcelo Valdes Xi Zhu

When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2018, it had the following
membership:

Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Gary Hoffman, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Ted Burse Xiaohui Liu Robby Robson

Guido R. Hiertz Kevin Lu Dorothy Stanley
Christel Hunter Daleep Mohla Mehmet Ulema
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Andrew Myles Phil Wennblom
Thomas Koshy Paul Nikolich Philip Winston
Hung Ling Ronald C. Petersen Howard Wolfman
Dong Liu Annette D. Reilly Jingyi Zhou

*Member Emeritus

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Contents

1. Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

2. Normative references................................................................................................................................ 11

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations ................................................................................................ 13

3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 15

4. Service conditions .................................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Usual service conditions .................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Unusual service conditions ................................................................................................................ 18

5. Descriptions of ratings and capabilities .................................................................................................... 19

5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 19
5.2 Rated maximum voltage (V) or (Ur) .................................................................................................. 20
5.3 Rated insulation capability ................................................................................................................ 20
5.4 Rated power-frequency (fr) ................................................................................................................ 22
5.5 Rated continuous (normal) current (Ir) .............................................................................................. 22
5.6 Rated short-circuit current and related required capabilities ............................................................. 25
5.7 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) ..................................................................................................... 28
5.8 Rated capacitive current switching .................................................................................................... 36
5.9 Assigned out-of-phase switching current rating ................................................................................ 38
5.10 Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) ....................................................................... 39
5.11 Rated control voltage ....................................................................................................................... 40
5.12 Rated operating pressure for insulation and/or interruption ............................................................ 40
5.13 Rated operating pressure for mechanical operation and special capabilities ................................... 40

6. Preferred ratings ....................................................................................................................................... 41

6.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 41
6.2 Preferred maximum voltage and insulation capability ratings for circuit breakers ........................... 43
6.3 Preferred ratings for class S1 circuit breakers ................................................................................... 47
6.4 Preferred ratings for class S2 circuit breakers for line systems below 100 kV .................................. 52
6.5 Preferred ratings for circuit breakers 100 kV and above ................................................................... 58
6.6 Rated reclosing times for circuit breakers ......................................................................................... 69
6.7 Control voltage ranges for circuit breakers ........................................................................................ 69
6.8 Circuit breaker operation and operating endurance capabilities ........................................................ 71

7. Construction and functional components ................................................................................................. 72

7.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear ............................................................................................. 72
7.2 Requirements for gases in circuit breakers ........................................................................................ 73
7.3 Grounding .......................................................................................................................................... 73
7.4 Auxiliary and control equipment ....................................................................................................... 73
7.5 Operating mechanisms....................................................................................................................... 75
7.6 Alternative operating mechanisms..................................................................................................... 78
7.7 Low- and high-pressure interlocking and monitoring devices ........................................................... 79
7.8 Degrees of protection by enclosures .................................................................................................. 79
7.9 Enclosure and wiring requirements ................................................................................................... 80
7.10 Creepage distances .......................................................................................................................... 80
7.11 Gas and vacuum tightness ............................................................................................................... 80
7.12 Liquid tightness ............................................................................................................................... 81
7.13 Noise requirements .......................................................................................................................... 81
7.14 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)............................................................................................. 83
7.15 Vacuum interrupters and X-Ray emission ....................................................................................... 83

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7.16 Radio influence voltage limits ......................................................................................................... 83
7.17 Requirements for terminals and bushings used on outdoor or free standing circuit breakers .......... 84
7.18 Circuit breaker mechanical loading ................................................................................................. 84
7.19 Pressurized components................................................................................................................... 86
7.20 Pressurized systems ......................................................................................................................... 86
7.21 Requirements for simultaneity of poles ........................................................................................... 87

8. Nameplate markings ................................................................................................................................. 87

8.1 Circuit breaker ................................................................................................................................... 87
8.2 External insulation ............................................................................................................................. 88
8.3 Operating mechanism ........................................................................................................................ 88
8.4 Current transformer and linear coupler nameplates ........................................................................... 89
8.5 Accessories ........................................................................................................................................ 90
8.6 Instructions and warning signs .......................................................................................................... 90

9. Current transformers ................................................................................................................................. 90

9.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 90
9.2 Ratings ............................................................................................................................................... 90
9.3 Polarity and lead marking .................................................................................................................. 92
9.4 Undervoltage trip device.................................................................................................................... 96
9.5 Specialized Applications ................................................................................................................... 96

Annex A (informative) Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 97

Annex B (informative) Transient recovery voltage (TRV) .......................................................................... 99

B.1 TRV basics ........................................................................................................................................ 99
B.2 Rated TRV parameters...................................................................................................................102
B.3 TRV Symbols used in the tables with the two-parameter method ...................................................107
B.4 Symbols used in tables with four-parameter method .......................................................................109

Annex C (normative) Exposure to pollution...............................................................................................113

C.1 General .............................................................................................................................................113
C.2 Pollution levels.................................................................................................................................113
C.3 Minimum requirements for switchgear ............................................................................................113

Annex D (informative) AC arc furnace switching.......................................................................................116

D.1 Repetitive duty circuit breakers for AC arc furnace switching ........................................................116
D.2 Servicing ..........................................................................................................................................116
D.3 Circuit conditions.............................................................................................................................116
D.4 Operating conditions ........................................................................................................................116
D.5 Conditions of the circuit breaker......................................................................................................116
D.6 Minimum operations under fault conditions ....................................................................................116
D.7 Schedules .........................................................................................................................................117

Annex E (informative) Free standing current transformers .........................................................................118

E.1 Rated primary and secondary current ...............................................................................................118
E.2 Polarity lead markings......................................................................................................................118
E.3 Secondary leads and terminations ....................................................................................................118
E.4 Primary terminal connection mechanical loading ............................................................................118
E.5 Typical connection of secondary burdens ........................................................................................118
E.6 Test procedures ................................................................................................................................118
E.7 Production tests ................................................................................................................................119

Annex F (normative) Extended electrical endurance (class E2) ..................................................................120

F.1 General .............................................................................................................................................120

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IEEE Standard for Ratings and
Requirements for AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum
Voltage Above 1000 V

1. Scope
This standard applies to ac high-voltage circuit breakers with rated nominal voltage above 1000 V. It
establishes a rating structure, preferred ratings, construction and functional component requirements.

This standard encompasses the following:

⎯ Three pole circuit breakers used in three-phase systems

⎯ Single pole circuit breakers used in single-phase systems
⎯ Attachments for these circuit breakers, such as bushings, current transformers, interlocks, shunt
trips, etc., and auxiliary equipment sold with the circuit breakers such as closing relays and
structural steel supports.

This standard does not cover circuit breakers used at frequencies other than 50 Hz or 60 Hz or generator
circuit breakers that are covered in IEC/IEEE Std 62271-37-013 [B14].

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

ANSI C37.85, American National Standard for Switchgear—Alternating-Current High-Voltage Power

Vacuum Interrupters—Safety Requirements for X-Radiation Limits.1

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels.2

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section X, Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels.

1
ANSI publications are available from the American National Standard Institute (http://www.ansi.org).
2
ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (http://www.asme.org/).

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IEEE Std C37.04-2018
IEEE Standard for Ratings and Requirements for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
with Rated Maximum Voltage Above 1000 V

ASTM D2472, Standard Specification for Sulfur Hexafluoride.3

ASTM D3487, Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus.

IEC 60529, Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP Code).4

IEC 62271-100:2008, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating-current circuit breakers.

IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD1:2012, Amendment 1 – High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100:

Alternating-current circuit breakers.

IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2:2017, Amendment 2 – High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100:

Alternating-current circuit breakers.

IEC/TS 62271-304, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 304: Design classes for indoor
enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV up to and including 52 kV to be used in
severe climatic conditions.

IEEE Std 1™, IEEE Recommended Practice—General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Rating of
Electrical Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation.5, 6

IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.

IEEE Std C37.09™, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers with Rated
Maximum Voltage Above 1000 V.

IEEE Std C37.010™, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers > 1000 Vac Rated on
a Symmetrical Current Basis.

IEEE Std C37.017™, IEEE Standard for Bushings for High-Voltage [over 1000 V (ac)] Circuit Breakers
and Gas-Insulated Switchgear.

IEEE Std C37.11™, IEEE Standard Requirements for Electrical Control for AC High-Voltage (>1000 V)
Circuit Breakers.

IEEE Std C37.20.2™, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear.

IEEE Std C37.20.3™, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Interrupter Switchgear (1 kV–38 kV).

IEEE Std C37.20.10™, IEEE Standard Definitions for AC (52 kV and below) and DC (3.2 kV and below)
Switchgear Assemblies.

IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007™, IEEE Standard of Common Requirements for High-Voltage Power
Switchgear Rated Above 1000 V.

IEEE Std C37.100.5™, IEEE Standard for Definitions of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Above 1000 Vac
and 3200 Vdc, and Reclosers and Other Distribution Equipment from 1000 Vac to 38 000 Vac.

IEEE Std C57.13™, IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.

3
ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (http://www.astm.org/).
4
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch/) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org).
5
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
6
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).

12
Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.

IEEE Std C57.106™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Mineral Oil in Electrical
Equipment.

ISO 7000, Graphical symbols for use on equipment—Registered symbols.7

NEMA CC 1, Electric Power Connection for Substations.8

NEMA 107, Methods of Measurement of Radio Influence Voltage (RIV) of High-Voltage Apparatus.

3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations

3.1 Definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Online
Dictionary should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause.9

The terms and deﬁnitions applicable to this standard and to the related standards for ac high-voltage circuit
breakers shall be in accordance with IEEE Std C37.20.10 and IEEE Std C37.100.5. These deﬁnitions are
not intended to embrace all possible meanings of the terms. They are intended solely to establish the
meanings of terms used in power switchgear.

air system (for pneumatic operating mechanism): An assembly of parts and devices that provide
compressed air for the operation of a circuit breaker or circuit breaker operating mechanism.

amplitude factor (of transient recovery voltage): The ratio of the highest peak of the transient recovery
voltage to the peak value of the normal-frequency recovery voltage.

NOTE—In tests made under one condition to simulate duty under another, as in single-phase tests made to simulate
duty on three-phase ungrounded faults, the amplitude factor is expressed in terms of the duty being simulated.10

cable charging current: Current delivered to charge the parasitic capacitance surrounding an unloaded cable.

cable system: A system in which the supply side of the circuit breaker is connected with 100 m or more of
cables or the equivalent capacitance.

circuit breaker class C0: Circuit breaker with unspecified probability of restrike when switching
capacitive current under rated conditions. Syn: class C0.

circuit breaker class C1: Circuit breaker with low probability of restrike when switching capacitive
current under rated conditions. Syn: class C1.

circuit breaker class C2: Circuit breaker with very low probability of restrike when switching capacitive
current under rated conditions. Syn: class C2.

circuit breaker class M1: Circuit breaker with normal mechanical endurance. Syn: class M1.

7
ISO publications are available from the International Organization for Standardization (http://www.iso.org/) and the American
National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
8
NEMA publications are available from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (http://www.nema.org/).
9
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the
dictionary, and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
10
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.

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Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.

circuit breaker class M2: Frequently operated circuit breaker for special service requirements and
designed so as to require only limited maintenance. Syn: class M2.

circuit breaker class S1: Circuit breaker with rated maximum voltage less than 100 kV intended to be
used in a cable system. Syn: class S1.

circuit breaker class S2: Circuit breaker with rated maximum voltage less than 100 kV intended to be
used in a line system. Syn: class S2.

close and latch: The capability of a switching device to close (allow current flow), and immediately thereafter,
latch (remain closed), and conduct a specified current through the device under specified conditions.

contact position indicator: A device that is located at or near the operating mechanism to indicate whether
the main contacts are in the closed or open position.

dc component (of a total current): A unidirectional (dc) component which constitutes the asymmetry of
the total current. The unidirectional component can be of either polarity, but will not change polarity, and
will decrease at some predetermined rate.

definite-purpose circuit breaker: A circuit breaker that has been designed, tested, and rated in accordance
with general-purpose circuit breaker requirements of applicable standards and that has been designed,
tested, and rated in accordance with the requirements of one or more specific performance requirements.

hydraulic system (for hydraulically operated mechanisms): An assembly of parts and devices that
provides for the control of hydraulic energy for the operation of a circuit breaker or circuit breaker
operating mechanism.

impulse withstand voltage: The crest value of an impulse that, under specified conditions, can be applied
without causing a disruptive discharge.

initial transient recovery voltage (ITRV): A component of the transient recovery voltage that appears in
the very short time immediately after current interruption. The ITRV is a result of traveling waves on the
conductors adjacent to the circuit-switching device.

line-closing switching-surge maximum voltage: The maximum transient peak voltage to ground
measured on a transmission line during a switching surge that results from energizing that line.

line system: A system in which the supply side of the circuit breaker is connected to overhead lines with
less than 100 m of cables.

NOTE—Because the terms ‘line system’ and ‘cable system’ within this standard are only used for the selection of a
class S1 or class S2 circuit breaker, a line system may be classified as a cable system regardless of the physical length
of cables if the required TRV capabilities is within the capabilities of a class S1 circuit breaker.

noise (continuous): The sound level above ambient produced by vibrations, fans, and blowers.

noise (impulse): The sound level above ambient produced by a closing, opening, or combination of closing
and opening operations.

noise (intermittent): The sound level above ambient produced by periodic operation (occurring one or
more times per week) of such devices as compressors, hydraulic pumps, compressor unloader exhausts, air
regulator valves, and air drains.

operating mechanism (of a switching device): The part of the mechanism that actuates all the main
circuit contacts of the switching device either directly or by the use of pole-unit mechanisms.

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Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.

pressure switch (alarm): A switch that operates on given values, or on a given rate of change to send an
alarm signal when the pressure that is being monitored has reached the set point.

pressure switch (lockout): A switch that prevents the electrical operation of a circuit breaker if the
operating pressure is below a predetermined value.

reclosing time (of a circuit breaker): The interval between the time when the actuating quantity of the
release (trip) circuit reaches the operating value (the breaker being in the closed position) and the
reestablishment of the circuit on the primary arcing contacts on the reclosing stroke.

shunt release (trip): A release energized by a source of voltage.

stroke (of a circuit breaker): The distance covered by the moving contacts between the fully closed and
fully opened (at rest) positions.

symmetrical component (ac component) (of a total current): That portion of the total current that
constitutes the symmetry.

total (asymmetrical) current: The combination of the symmetrical component and the dc component of
the current.

transient recovery voltage (TRV): The voltage transient that occurs across the terminals of a pole of a
switching device upon interruption of the current.

NOTE—TRV is the difference between transient voltages to ground occurring on the terminals. The term transient
recovery voltage is usually designated as TRV, and may refer to inherent TRV, modified inherent TRV, or actual TRV
as defined elsewhere. In a multipole switching device, the term is usually applied to the voltage across the first pole to
interrupt. For switching devices having several interrupting units in series, the term may be applied to the voltage
across units or groups of units.

3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

AWG American wire gauge
BC rated capacitor bank breaking current
CC rated cable charging capacitive breaking current
Cn total time of exposure at a specified sound level
d peak factor, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
f frequency (Hz)
fbb back-to-back capacitor inrush making current frequency
fi multiplying factor used in calculation of ui
fr rated power frequency
GIS gas-insulated substation (syn: gas-insulated switchgear)
Ir rated continuous (normal) current
Isc rated short-circuit current
It total current
Itest actual achieved current during a type test
ITRV initial transient recovery voltage
kaf amplitude factor, used in calculating TRV parameters
kpp first-pole-to-clear factor
LC rated line charging capacitive breaking current
OP out-of-phase (switching conditions)
OP1 first test duty for out-of-phase switching conditions type test
OP2 second test duty for out-of-phase switching conditions type test
PD partial discharge
pu per unit

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RRRV rate of rise of recovery voltage

s RRRV factor, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
SLF short-line fault
t′ time to reach u′, used in describing TRV envelope
t1 time to reach u1, used in describing TRV envelope
T10 terminal fault test duty at 10% of Isc (rms)
T100a terminal fault test duty at 100% of It (asymmetrical value, rms)
T100s terminal fault test duty at 100% of Isc (symmetrical value, rms)
t2 time to reach uc, used in describing TRV in four parameter envelope
t3 time to reach uc, used in describing TRV in two parameter envelope
T30 terminal fault test duty at 30% of Isc (rms)
T60 terminal fault test duty at 60% of Isc (rms)
td time delay of the start of the delay line used in describing TRV envelope
tdL line side time delay, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
ti time to ui of ITRV
Ti, Tn total time of exposure permitted at a specified sound level
TLF transformer limited fault
tmin minimum mechanical reclose time
tr reclosing time
t′r second reclosing time
TRV transient recovery voltage
u′ reference voltage of delay line used in describing TRV envelope
u1 first reference voltage used in describing TRV envelope
UBD source side TRV, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
uc second reference voltage used in describing TRV envelope
UCD line side TRV, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
UCD0 initial line side TRV, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
UCDp peak line side TRV, used in short-line fault TRV calculations
Ud test level for rated power-frequency withstand voltage for GIS
ui reference voltage of ITRV
Un line-to-neutral voltage
Up test level for lightning impulse withstand voltage for GIS
Ur rated maximum voltage (see also V)
Us test level for phase-to-ground switching impulse withstand voltage for GIS
V rated maximum voltage (see also Ur)
Y permissible tripping delay
Z surge impedance
Zb bus surge impedance
ω angular frequency (rad/s) corresponding to the frequency f

4. Service conditions

4.1 Usual service conditions

4.1.1 Indoor circuit breakers

The normal service conditions for indoor switchgear are as follows:

a) The ambient air temperature does not exceed 40 °C and its average value, measured over a
period of 24 h does not exceed 35 °C.

b) The ambient air temperature does not drop below −5 °C.

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c) There is no influence from solar radiation.

d) The altitude does not exceed 1000 m above sea level.

e) The ambient air is not polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive and/or flammable gases, vapors or salt
and would be considered as having a site pollution severity class (SPS) “very light” according to
Table C.1.

f) The conditions of humidity are as follows:

1) The average value of the relative humidity, measured over a period of 24 h, does not exceed
95%.

2) The average value of the water vapor pressure, over a period of 24 h, does not exceed 2.2 kPa.

3) The average value of the relative humidity, over a period of one month, does not exceed
90%.

4) The average value of the water vapor pressure, over a period of one month, does not exceed
1.8 kPa.
NOTE 1—Condensation can be expected where sudden temperature changes occur in periods of high
humidity.
NOTE 2—High humidity may also be due to ground level rainwater or for underground applications, from
incoming cable raceways connected to switchgear.

g) Vibration due to causes external to the switchgear or earth tremors do not exceed vibrations
caused by operation of the switchgear itself.

4.1.2 Outdoor circuit breakers

The normal service conditions for outdoor switchgear are as follows:

a) The ambient air temperature does not exceed 40 °C and its average value, measured over a
period of 24 h, does not exceed 35 °C.

b) The ambient air temperature does not drop below −30 °C.

c) Solar radiation does not exceed a level of 1044 W/m2. During periods above this intensity, the
effects of solar radiation may be significant.
NOTE—Details on evaluating the effects of solar radiation are in IEEE Std C37.24 [B29].

d) The altitude does not exceed 1000 m above sea level.

e) The ambient air may be polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive gas vapors, or salt. The pollution
does not exceed the site pollution severity class (SPS) “light” according to Table C.1.

f) Ice coating does not exceed 20 mm.

g) The wind speed does not exceed 40 m/s (144 km/h) (90 mi/h).

h) Condensation or precipitations may occur.

i) Vibration due to causes external to the switchgear or earth tremors do not exceed vibrations
caused by operation of switchgear itself.

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4.2 Unusual service conditions

4.2.1 General

When high voltage switchgear is expected to be used under conditions that are different from the normal
service conditions given in 4.1, the user’s requirements should refer to the information in 4.2.2 through
4.2.7. Unusual service conditions are also discussed in IEEE Std C37.010. Such conditions should be
brought to the attention of those responsible for the application, manufacture, and operation of the
equipment, and the guidelines for application given in IEEE Std C37.010 should be followed. Any
requirements outside of the usual conditions or those conditions mentioned in IEEE Std C37.010 shall be
specified by the end user.

NOTE—Appropriate action should also be taken to ensure proper operation of other components (e.g., relays, control
power transformers) under such conditions.

4.2.2 Altitude

For installations at an altitude higher than 1000 m, refer to IEEE Std C37.010.

4.2.3 Exposure to pollution

For outdoor applications, ambient air that may be polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive gas, vapors, or salt at a
level that exceeds “light” pollution level as defined by Annex C is considered to be a special condition.

For indoor applications, ambient air that may be polluted by dust, smoke, corrosive gas, vapors, or salt at a
level that exceeds severity class (SPS) “very light” as defined by Table C.1 should be classified as “light,”
“medium,” “heavy,” or “very heavy” as defined by Annex C .

NOTE—More information about exposure to pollution can be found in Annex C.

For indoor applications up to and including 52 kV, IEC/TS 62271-304 applies.

4.2.4 Temperature and humidity

For installation in a location where the ambient temperature can be outside the normal service condition
range stated in 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, the ranges of minimum and maximum temperature to be specified should be
as follows:

a) −50 °C to +40 °C for extremely cold climates

b) −40 °C to +40 °C for very cold climates

c) −30 °C to +40 °C for cold climates (for indoor circuit breakers, normal for outdoor)

d) −15 °C to +40 °C for moderate climates (for indoor circuit breakers)

e) −5 °C and +55 °C for very hot climates

f) −15 °C and +55 °C for hot and dry desert regions

NOTE—IEC has adopted a minimum temperature of −25 °C for normal outdoor service conditions and uses the IEEE
normal service range of −30 °C to +40 °C as a special condition for cold climates.

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4.2.5 Exposure to abnormal vibration, shock, or tilting

Standard switchgear is designed for mounting on substantially level structures free from excessive
vibration, shock, or tilting. Where any of these standard conditions may not exist, the requirements for the
particular application should be specified by the user.

For installations where earthquakes are likely to occur, the severity level according to a relevant standard or
specification should be specified by the user.

NOTE—Relevant standards for seismic evaluation include: IEEE Std 693 [B21], IEEE Std C37.81 [B31], IEC 62271-
300 [B17], IEC 62271-207 [B13], and IEC 62271-210 [B19].

Other unusual forms of vibration such as close proximity to mine blasting or mobile applications should be
identified.

4.2.6 Wind speed

If the wind speed is expected to be in excess of the normal service wind speed, the requirements for the
particular application should be specified by the user.

NOTE—Refer to IEEE Std C37.30.2 [B32] for additional information on wind loading and wind speed charts.

4.2.7 Other parameters

Any other unusual, or special environmental, operational, or other conditions prevailing at the location
where switchgear is to be placed in service should be identified by the user.

NOTE—For other special environmental conditions, the user is referred to IEEE Std C37.010.

5. Descriptions of ratings and capabilities

5.1 General

The rating and capability of a circuit breaker is a designated limit of operating characteristics that is based
upon usual service conditions as specified in 4.1. Preferred ratings are given in Clause 6.

The rating of a circuit breaker shall include the following parameters (as applicable):

a) Rated maximum voltage

b) Rated insulation capability
c) Rated power frequency
d) Rated continuous current
e) Rated short-circuit current
f) Rated capacitive current switching
g) Rated out of phase switching current
h) Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle)
i) Rated control voltage

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j) Rated operating pressure for insulation and/or interruption

k) Rated operating pressure for mechanical operation
l) Rated operating endurance capabilities
m) Rated interrupting time

The establishment of a rating and the assignment of it to a circuit breaker in accordance with this standard
implies performance characteristics at least equal to those set forth in the applicable subclauses of Clause 5.
Compliance with these ratings is demonstrated by testing performed in accordance with IEEE Std C37.09;
however, other equivalent or more effective methods of testing are not precluded. Alternatively, for designs
existing prior to the adoption of this standard, the rating can be based on other tests that are judged to be
equally effective on the basis of the experience gained from previous design or development tests or by
service performance experience.

It shall be recognized that proper maintenance is required to ensure these ratings throughout the life of the
circuit breaker.

5.2 Rated maximum voltage (V) or (Ur)

The rated maximum voltage of a circuit breaker is the highest rms phase-to-phase voltage for which the
circuit breaker is designed, and is the upper limit for operation. Rated maximum voltage has the same
meaning as maximum system voltage rating referred to in ANSI C84.1 [B3].

Preferred ratings are given in Clause 6.

5.3 Rated insulation capability

The rated insulation capability of a circuit breaker is its voltage withstand capability with specified magnitudes
and waveshapes of voltage applied under specified conditions. Preferred ratings are given in Clause 6.

The rated insulation capability of a circuit breaker shall include the following:

a) Dry power frequency withstand voltage for indoor circuit breakers

b) Dry and wet (where applicable) power frequency withstand voltages for outdoor circuit breakers
c) Dry lightning impulse withstand voltage
d) Dry chopped wave impulse withstand voltage (where applicable)
e) Dry and wet switching impulse withstand voltage (where applicable)

In addition, the insulation of the interrupters and associated resistors or capacitors (or both) shunting the
primary arcing contacts of a circuit breaker shall not be damaged when impulse voltages of specified values
are applied across the interrupters and the associated shunting devices, while the primary arcing contacts
are open.

5.3.1 Insulation capability of external insulation

External insulation shall conform to the performance requirements of this standard, except as follows:

 Bushings shall conform to the requirements of IEEE Std C37.017.

 Wet dielectric tests on bushings may not be substituted for wet dielectric tests on bushings installed
on a circuit breaker.

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Requirements for the rated insulation capability of the external insulation of ac high-voltage circuit
breakers are given in 6.2.

5.3.2 Rated power frequency withstand voltage

5.3.2.1 Dry withstand voltage

The rated power frequency dry withstand voltage is the rms voltage that a circuit breaker in new condition
shall be capable of withstanding for 1 min when tested under specified conditions (see IEEE Std C37.09).

5.3.2.2 Wet withstand voltage

The rated power frequency wet voltage withstand is the rms voltage that an outdoor circuit breaker or
external components (such as supporting insulating structures) in new condition shall be capable of
withstanding for 10 s when tested under specified conditions (see IEEE Std C37.09).

5.3.3 Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage

The rated lightning impulse withstand voltage is the peak value of a standard 1.2 µs × 50 µs impulse
voltage wave, as defined in IEEE Std 4, that a circuit breaker in a new condition shall be capable of
withstanding when tested under specified conditions (see IEEE Std C37.09).

The rated values of lightning impulse voltages for circuit breakers have the probability of ﬂashover to
ground of 10% or less. As a minimum, this is demonstrated by the test requirements of IEEE Std C37.09.

5.3.4 Lightning impulse test voltage for interrupter and resistors

Circuit breakers having a rated maximum voltage of 15.5 kV and above, having isolating gaps in series
with interrupting gaps, or additional gaps in the resistor or capacitor circuits, shall be capable of
withstanding a standard 1.2 µs × 50 µs lightning impulse test voltage wave when tested under specified
conditions (see IEEE Std C37.09).

5.3.5 Rated chopped wave impulse withstand voltage

The rated chopped wave impulse withstand voltage is applicable to line-connected circuit breakers as
shown in Table 6. The rated chopped wave impulse withstand voltage is the peak value of a standard
lightning impulse voltage higher than the rated full wave impulse withstand voltage that a circuit breaker in
new condition shall be capable of withstanding for a specified time, from the start of the wave at virtual
time zero until ﬂashover of a rod gap or coordinating gap occurs, when tested under specified conditions
(see IEEE Std C37.09). Chopped wave impulse withstand is not a required rating for class S1 circuit
breakers.

5.3.6 Rated switching-impulse withstand voltage

The rated switching-impulse withstand voltage is applicable to circuit breakers having a rated maximum
voltage of 362 kV and above. The rated switching-impulse withstand voltage is the peak value of the
standard 250 µs × 2500 µs switching-impulse voltage wave that a new circuit breaker shall be capable of
withstanding without puncture or damage under both wet and dry conditions. This rating recognizes the
circuit breaker’s ability to withstand those transient overvoltages associated with and created by the
switching of open, loaded, or faulted lines and equipment.

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Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Switching-impulse voltage surges can take many forms—unidirectional, oscillatory, or both

simultaneously. At the rated switching-impulse withstand voltage the circuit breaker has the probability of
external ﬂashover to ground of 10% or less. Clause 6 lists the required values of rated switching-impulse
withstand voltages for the circuit breaker open and closed positions, and it also lists the required dielectric
test values for circuit breakers supplied in gas-insulated substations.

5.4 Rated power-frequency (fr)

The rated power frequency of a circuit breaker is the frequency at which it is designed to operate. Standard
frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Applications at other frequencies (e.g., 16 2/3 Hz or 25 Hz) should
receive special consideration (see IEEE Std C37.010).

5.5 Rated continuous (normal) current (Ir)

The rated continuous current of a circuit breaker is the established limit of current in rms amperes at rated
power frequency that it shall be required to carry continuously without exceeding any of the limitations
designated in 5.5.1 and 5.5.2. For rated continuous currents, refer to the tables of preferred ratings in
Clause 6.

5.5.1 Conditions of continuous current rating

The conditions on which continuous current ratings are based are as follows:

a) Circuit breakers are used under the usual service conditions defined in 4.1.
b) Current ratings shall be based on the total temperature limits of the materials used for circuit
breaker parts. A temperature rise reference is given to permit testing at reduced ambient.
c) Circuit breakers designed for installation in enclosures shall meet these ratings when in their proper
enclosure and based on a 40 °C ambient temperature outside the enclosure.
d) Outdoor circuit breakers and class S1 circuit breakers not intended for use in enclosures shall be
rated based on a 40 °C ambient temperature.

A circuit breaker is considered to be capable of being loaded above its continuous current rating as limited
by IEEE Std C37.010 depending upon circuit breaker pre-loading, duration of the load, ambient
temperature and the value of the thermal time constant determined from circuit breaker continuous current
design tests.

5.5.2 Temperature limits on insulating materials, connections and surfaces

Table 1 provides limitations on the maximum permitted total temperature (with rise above normal ambient
condition of 40 °C provided for convenience) for circuit breakers.

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Table 1 —Limits of temperature and temperature rise

Total Temperature
Nature of the part and material a, b, c temperature rise above
(°C) ambient (°C)
1. Material used as insulation O 90 50
and metal parts in contact A 105 65
with insulation of these
B 130 90
classes d
F 155 115
H 180 140
C 220 180
Oil e 90 50
2. Contacts f Bare copper and bare-copper alloy
— in reactive gases(RG) g 75 35
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 105 65
— in oil 80 40
Silver-coated or nickel-coated h
— in reactive gases(RG) g 105 65
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 105 65
— in oil 90 50
Tin-coated h
— in reactive gases(RG) g 90 50
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 90 50
— in oil 90 50
3. Connections, bolted or the Bare-copper, bare-copper alloy, bare aluminum or bare-aluminum alloy
equivalent i
— in reactive gases(RG) g 90 50
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 115 75
— in oil 100 60
Silver-coated or nickel-coated
— in reactive gases(RG) g 115 75
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 115 75
— in oil 100 60
Tin-coated
— in reactive gases(RG) g 105 65
— in non-reactive gases(NRG) g 105 65
— in oil 100 60
4. All other contacts or connections made of bare metals or coated with other Footnote j Footnote j
materials
5. Terminals for the connection Bare-conductor 90 50
to external conductors by Silver-coated, nickel-coated, tin-coated 105 65
screws or bolts k
Other coatings Footnote j Footnote j
6. Metal parts acting as springs Footnote l Footnote l
7. Accessible surfaces External surfaces handled by the operator in 50 10
the normal course of his or her duties
External surfaces accessible by the operator in 70 30
the normal course of his or her duties
External surfaces not accessible to an operator 110 70
in the normal course of his or her duties
Table continues

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Table 1—Limits of temperature and temperature rise (continued)

a According to its function, the same part may belong to several categories as listed Table 1. In this case, the
permissible maximum values of total temperature and temperature rise to be considered are the lowest among the
relevant categories.
b For sealed interrupters, the values of total temperature and temperature-rise limits are not applicable for parts

inside the sealed interrupter. The remaining parts shall not exceed the values of temperature and temperature rise
given in Table 1.
c The temperatures of conductors between contacts and connections are not covered in Table 1, as long as the

temperature at the point of contact between conductors and insulation does not exceed the limits established for the
insulating material.
d The classes of insulating materials are those given in IEEE Std 1.

e The top oil (upper layer) temperature shall not exceed 40 °C rise or 80 °C total. The 50 °C and 90 °C values refer

to the hottest spot temperature of parts in contact with oil.

f When contact parts have different coatings, the permissible temperatures and temperature rises shall be those of the

part having the lower value permitted in Table 1.

g NRG, (-Non-Reactive Gases), for the purposes of this standard, are considered as not accelerating ageing of

contacts by corrosion or oxidation due to their chemical characteristics and demonstrated operational records.
— Recognized NRG are SF6, N2, CO2, and CF4. They can be used pure or as a mixture of various NRG.
— RG, (Reactive Gases), for the purposes of this standard, are reactive gases that can accelerate ageing of
contacts either by corrosion phenomena (presence of humidity) or by oxidation phenomena (mostly due to
ambient air medium like oxygen). Gases classified as RG are ambient air, “dry” air, any gas not classified
as NRG and any mixture that includes an RG.
NOTE—Some gases considered as RG in the classification above may be re-classified as NRG, taking
advantage of service experience or demonstration justifying the change of classification.
— For description of these corrosion and oxidation phenomena, refer to IEC 60943 [B16].
— Due to the absence of corrosion and oxidation, a harmonization of the limits of temperature for different
contact and connection parts in the case of gas insulated switchgear appears appropriate. The permissible
temperature limits for bare copper and bare copper alloy parts can be equalized to the values for silver
coated or nickel-coated parts in the case of NRG atmospheres.
— In the particular case of tin-coated parts, due to fretting corrosion effects (refer to IEC 60943 [B16]) an
increase of the permissible temperatures is not applicable, even under the oxygen-free conditions of SF6.
Therefore, the initial values for tin-coated parts are retained.
h The quality of the coated contacts shall be such that a layer of coating material remains at the contact area
a) After making and breaking tests (if any).
b) After short-time withstand current tests.
c) After the mechanical endurance test; according to the relevant specifications for each piece of equipment.
Otherwise, the contacts shall be regarded as “bare.”
i Where the connection parts have different coatings, the permissible temperature rise shall be as follows:
— For factory-controlled inaccessible connections (e.g., not subject to servicing in the field) and with both
sides having copper as the base metal, those of the surface material having the highest value permitted in
item 3 of Table 1.
— For all other connections, those of the surface material having the lowest value permitted in item 3 of
Table 1.
j When materials other than those given in Table 1 are used, their properties shall be considered in order to
determine the maximum permissible temperature rises.
k The values of temperature and temperature rise are valid even if the conductor to the terminals is bare.

l The temperature shall not reach a value where the temper of the material is impaired.

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Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.

5.6 Rated short-circuit current and related required capabilities

The short-circuit current rating of a circuit breaker is the symmetrical component of short-circuit current in
rms amperes (see 5.6.1) to which all required short-circuit capabilities are referenced. All values apply to
both grounded and ungrounded short-circuits on predominantly inductive three-phase loads of low power
factor, with rated power frequency and phase-to-phase recovery voltage equal to the rated maximum
voltage.

5.6.1 Rated short-circuit current (Isc)

The rated short-circuit current of a circuit breaker is the highest value of the symmetrical component of the
three-phase, short-circuit current in rms amperes measured from the envelope of the current wave at the
instant of primary arcing contact separation that the circuit breaker shall be required to interrupt at rated
maximum voltage and on the standard operating duty. It also establishes, by fixed ratios as defined in
5.6.2.3, the highest currents that the circuit breaker shall be required to close and latch against, to carry, and
to interrupt. Preferred values of rated short-circuit current follow the R10 series, see tables in Clause 6.

5.6.2 Required related capabilities

The circuit breaker shall have the required related capabilities described in 5.6.2.1 through 5.6.2.6.

5.6.2.1 Required symmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults

For three-phase faults, the required symmetrical interrupting capability of a circuit breaker is the value of
the symmetrical component of the short-circuit current in rms amperes at the instant of arcing contact
separation that the circuit breaker shall be required to interrupt at a specified operating voltage, on the
standard operating duty cycle, and with a direct current component of less than 20% of the current peak
value of the symmetrical component.

5.6.2.2 Required asymmetrical interrupting capability for three-phase faults

The required asymmetrical current interrupting capability of a circuit breaker is the value of the total rms
short-circuit current (It) at the instant of the arcing contact separation that the circuit breaker shall be
required to interrupt at a specified operating voltage and on the standard operating duty cycle.

The required percent value of the dc component is based on a standard time constant of 45 ms
(corresponding to X/R values of 17 and 14 for 60 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively) and an assumed release
delay, or relay time of 1/2 cycle, as illustrated in Figure 1. The elapsed time shown in Figure 1 is the
contact parting time and is equal to the sum of 1/2 cycle of relay time (on the basis of the applicable rated
power frequency) plus the minimum opening time of the circuit breaker.

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Figure 1—Percent dc component of asymmetric current

as a function of contact parting time

The required asymmetrical current interrupting capability shall be determined from the rated value of the
symmetrical current and the direct current component of the current, expressed as a percentage of the peak
value of the symmetrical current, Isc, in accordance with Equation (1):

2
 %dc 
I t  I sc 1  2 (1)
 100 

For time constants greater than 45 ms, see IEEE Std C37.09 and IEEE Std C37.010.

The peak current and duration of the last half wave prior to interruption during asymmetrical testing shall
be recorded. This will be used for checking asymmetrical capability for specific applications where the
time constant and/or relay time are different from the standard values of 45 ms time constant and 0.5 cycle
(8.33 ms at 60 Hz) or (10 ms at 50 Hz) relay time.

5.6.2.3 Rated closing, latching, and short-time current carrying capability

The circuit breaker shall be capable of the following:

a) Closing and latching any power frequency making current whose maximum peak (peak making
current) is:
1) Equal to or less than 2.6 times the rated short circuit current for 60 Hz power rated frequency
and having time constants less than or equal to 45 ms
2) Equal to or less than 2.5 times the rated short circuit current for 50 Hz power rated frequency
and having time constants less than or equal to 45 ms

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3) Equal to or less than 2.7 times the rated short circuit current for all time constants greater than
45 ms up to 133 ms
b) Carrying a short-circuit current (short-time current), Isc, for a period of time as specified in Clause 6
under the list of preferred ratings. These time durations establish the maximum permissible tripping
time delay, Y, for each circuit breaker group.

5.6.2.4 Required reclosing capability

Factors for reducing the rated interrupting capacity for reclosing duty cycles other than the standard
operating duty can be determined, when required, using the method contained in IEEE Std C37.010.

5.6.2.5 Service capability duty requirements

The circuit breaker shall be capable of interrupting a number of terminal faults where the sum of the
symmetrical test currents is equivalent to the service capability duty of at least:

a) 8 × the rated short-circuit breaking current (Isc), for circuit breakers rated below 72.5 kV
b) 6 × Isc for circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV and above

5.6.2.6 Electrical endurance capability

The electrical endurance of a circuit breaker is the capability to repeatedly switch currents significantly less
than the rated short circuit current, Isc. Experience has shown that for modern circuit breaker designs, basic
electrical endurance capability is covered by meeting the required service capability of 5.6.2.5. Where
extended electrical endurance is required, Table F.1 provides the requirements for class E2 circuit breakers
intended for auto-reclosing duty (normally class S2, rated 72.5 kV and lower). An example of such
extended duty is a class S2 circuit breaker intended for auto-reclosing that may be exposed to a significant
number of low-level faults on connected overhead lines. This category is intended for qualifying circuit
breakers for extended electrical duty beyond the requirements of a) and b) in 5.6.2.1. While the E2 exceeds
the accumulative current requirements of a) and b), it does not replace the requirements of a) and b) in
5.6.2.1, which are a portion of the required type tests. Circuit breakers not requiring electrical endurance
capability class E2 are classified class E1, termed basic electrical endurance.

NOTE—The requirements for basic electrical endurance (class E1) and class E2 for circuit breakers without auto-reclosing
duty as defined in IEC 62271-100 are different than those described in this clause. Meeting the requirements of IEC
62271-100 can, but will not necessarily, meet the requirements for basic electrical endurance defined in this clause.

5.6.2.6.1 Circuit breakers rated below 72.5kV

The sum of the currents is a minimum of 8 times the rated short circuit current of the circuit breakers.

Each T100s and T100a operation shall be included as 1 × Isc in the accumulation. The degradation of the
interrupter for each breaking test is considered to be a power function of the current. The power function is
the ratio of the test current Itest to Isc, raised to the power of 1.8. The contribution of each current
interruption to the service capability shall be determined as follows:

 If Itest is less than Isc, the contribution is [(Itest) / (Isc)] 1.8 × Isc.
 If Itest is equal to or greater than Isc, the contribution is Isc.

Each T60 operation, performed at 0.6 × Isc, shall be included in the accumulation as 0.4 × Isc, but no more
than (5) T60 tests may be included in the accumulation.

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Contributions of breaking test currents less than 0.6 × Isc shall not be included in the accumulation.

At a minimum, one T100s or T100a shall be included in the Isc test accumulation.

5.6.2.6.2 Circuit breakers rated 72.5kV and higher

The service capability is demonstrated by performing terminal fault test duties T60 and T100s and/or
T100a on the same pole in the case of single-phase tests or the same circuit breaker in the case of three-
phase tests. Alternatively, it is possible to perform T100s with six interruptions at 100% rated short-circuit
current in order to have an accumulation of 6 times rated symmetrical interrupting capability.

At a minimum, one T100s or T100a shall be included in the Isc test accumulation.

5.7 Transient recovery voltage (TRV)

5.7.1 General

The TRV related to the rated short-circuit interrupting current in accordance with 0 is the reference
voltage that constitutes the limit of the prospective TRV of circuits, which the circuit breaker shall be
capable of withstanding under fault conditions. Each TRV rating is defined for a three-phase circuit
breaker. Refer to the tables of preferred ratings for prospective TRV in Clause 6.

See Annex B for more detailed information on TRV and application considerations.

5.7.2 Summary of rated TRV parameters

5.7.2.1 Table of rated TRV parameters

Table 2 summarizes rated TRV parameters. The parameters in Column 1 are illustrated in Figure 2
and Figure 3. The derivation of these values is further described in IEEE Std C37.011 [B26].

Table 2 —Rated TRV parameters

Rated voltages and system conditions
Below 100 kV Below 100 kV
TRV 100 kV and above 100 kV and above
line systems cable systems
parameter kpp = 1.3 kpp = 1.5
kpp = 1.5 (class S2) kpp = 1.5 (class S1)
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5
Four-parameter Four-parameter Two-parameter Two-parameter
(Figure 2) (Figure 2) (Figure 3) (Figure 3)
kaf 1.4 1.4 1.54 1.4
u1 0.796 × Ur 0.919 × Ur — —
t1 u1/RRRV u1/RRRV — —
u1/ t1 2 kV/us 2 kV/us — —
uc 1.49 × Ur 1.72 × Ur 1.88 × Ur 1.715 × Ur
t2 or t3 t2 = 4 t1 t2 = 4 t1 t3 a t3 b
td 2 μs 2 μs td = 0.05 t3 td = 0.15 t3
u′ u1/2 u1/2 uc/3 uc/3
t′ td + u′/RRRV td + u′/RRRV td + u′/RRRV td + u′/RRRV
a For line systems, time t3 for terminal fault and short-line fault is equal to 4.65 × (Ur)0.7 with t3 in microseconds and
Ur in kilovolts. The equation is derived from the values given in Table 6 of IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B24] for rated
voltages 15.5 kV, 25.8 kV, 48.3 kV, and 72.5 kV.
b For cable systems, the values of t are those found in Table 10.
3

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Figure 2—Four-parameter TRV envelope

Figure 3—Two-parameter TRV envelope

5.7.2.2 Standard values of TRV related to the rated short-circuit interrupting current

Standard values of required TRV capabilities for three-pole circuit breakers of rated voltages below
100 kV make use of two parameters.

Standard values of required TRV capabilities for three-pole circuit breakers of rated voltages 100 kV
and above make use of four parameters.

The TRV tables also indicate values of rate of rise, taken as uc/t3 and u1/t1, in the two-parameter and in
the four-parameter cases, respectively, which together with TRV peak values uc may be used for purposes of
specification of TRV.

The values given in the tables are prospective values. They apply to circuit breakers for general
transmission and distribution in three-phase systems having service frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz and
consisting of transformers, overhead lines, and short lengths of cable.

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In the case of single-phase systems or where circuit breakers are for use in an installation having more
severe conditions, the values may be different, particularly for the following cases:

a) Circuit breakers adjacent to generator circuits

b) Circuit breakers directly connected to transformers without appreciable additional capacitance
between the circuit breaker and the transformer, which provides approximately 50% or more of the
rated short-circuit interrupting current of the circuit breaker
c) Circuit breakers in substations with series reactors
d) Circuit breakers used for series compensated lines
e) Circuit breakers in substations with capacitor banks

The TRV corresponding to the rated short-circuit interrupting current when a terminal fault occurs is used
for testing at short-circuit interrupting currents equal to the rated value. However, for testing at short-
circuit interrupting currents less than 100% of the rated values, other values of TRV are specified (see
5.7.2.3.1). Further additional requirements apply to circuit breakers rated at 15.5 kV and above and
having rated short-circuit interrupting currents exceeding 12.5 kA, which may be connected to overhead
lines and may be subjected to short-line fault conditions (see 5.7.2.3.3).

5.7.2.3 Related required transient voltage withstand capabilities

5.7.2.3.1 Fault currents other than rated

The circuit breaker shall be capable of interrupting short-circuit currents that are less than the rated
short- circuit current. This requires withstanding a TRV envelope where the uc value is higher and the
t2 or t3 time is shorter resulting in a faster RRRV than the values corresponding to the rated short-
circuit current.

The related TRV envelopes are defined by the use of multiplier factors shown in Table 3 times the rated
values and the resulting values are shown in Table 9, Table 10, Table 13, Table 14, Table 17, Table 18,
Table 19, or Table 20 as appropriate. That is, the related required peak voltage at a lower short-circuit
current is a multiplier times the two- and four-parameter values specified at the rated short-circuit
current. The related required time to reach the peak voltage is a multiplier times the two- and four-
parameter values specified at the rated short-circuit current. Note that as the current is decreased, the
multipliers have the effect of increasing the peak TRV value and of increasing the RRRV.

Table 3 shows the family of amplitude factors and rates-of-rise or t3 values for the various test duties.

The effect of these multipliers on the TRVs at the various specified fractional values of the rated short-
circuit current are illustrated as families of TRV envelopes as shown in the following four figures:

 Figure 4 illustrates a family of TRVs for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above.
 Figure 5 compares the TRVs with kpp = 1.5 to those with kpp = 1.3 for circuit breakers rated 100
kV and above at 10% and 100% of the rated short-circuit current.
 Figure 6 illustrates a family of TRVs for circuit breakers rated below 100 kV.
 Figure 7 compares the TRVs for cable-connected systems (class S1) to those for line-
connected systems (class S2) for circuit breakers rated below 100 kV at 10% and 100% of the
rated short-circuit current.
The TRV curves in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 on a per unit basis using uc at T100 as
1.0 per unit of voltage and t2 or t3 at T100 as 1.0 per unit of time for each family.

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More discussion of the TRV multiplier background is found in Annex B.

Table 3 —Related required TRV parameters

TRV 100 kV and above 100 kV and above Below 100 kV kpp = 1.5 Below 100 kV kpp = 1.5
parameter a kpp = 1.3 b kpp = 1.5 c line systems (class S2)d cable systems (class S1)e
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5
kaf at T100 1.4 1.4 1.54 1.4
kaf at T60 1.5 1.5 1.65 1.5
kaf at T30 1.58 1.58 1.74 1.6
kaf at T10 1.76 1.64 1.80 1.7
kaf at OP 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
u1 at T60 1.0 × u1 at T100 1.0 × u1 at T100

RRRV at T100 2 kV/µs 2 kV/µs t3 at T100 = 1 pu t3 at T100 = 1 pu

RRRV at T60 3 kV/µs 3 kV/µs t3 at T60 = 0.67 pu t3 at T60 = 0.44 pu
RRRV at T30 5 kV/µs 5 kV/µs t3 at T30 = 0.4 pu t3 at T30 = 0.22 pu
RRRV at T10 7 kV/µs 7 kV/µs t3 at T10 = 0.4 pu t3 at T10 = 0.22 pu
RRRV at OP 1.54 kV/µs 1.67 kV/µs t3 at OP = 2.0 pu t3 at OP = 2.0 pu

t2 at T100 t2 at T100 = 1 pu t2 at T100 = 1 pu

t2 at T60 t2 at T60 = 0.5 pu t2 at T60 = 0.5 pu
uc(T30)/RRRV(T30) uc(T30)/RRRV(T30)
t3 at T30
[t3 at T30 = 0.211 pu] [t3 at T30 = 0.211 pu]
uc(T10)/RRRV(T10) uc(T10)/RRRV(T10)
t3 at T10
[t3 at T10 = 0.168 pu] [t3 at T10 = 0.156 pu]
t2 at OP t2 at OP = 2.0 pu t2 at OP = 2.0 pu
a For circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above, the kaf values in Columns 2 and 3 are derived from kaf = 1.4 at T100 and
the E2 multipliers from Table 6, Column 5 in IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B24] with the exception of kaf at T10 = 1.76 for
kpp = 1.3. This higher kaf value is derived as 1.76 = 1.7 × 0.9 × 1.5/1.3 where 1.7 is the typical amplitude factor for
transformers and 0.9 is the typical fraction of system voltage across the transformer and 1.5/1.3 recognizes that
transformers are often ungrounded. Note that 1.76 is also 1.26 × 1.4, making 1.26 the kaf multiplier at T10 for kpp =
1.3 for breakers rated below 100 kV.
b For line systems (class S2), k values are derived from k =1.54 at T100 and E2 multipliers from this standard and
af af
t3 multipliers are also from IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B24].
c For cable systems (class S1), k values are derived from k =1.4 at T100 and peak multipliers and t multipliers
af af 3
derived from IEC 62271-100.
d For circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above, t values at T30 and T10 are determined primarily from the peak TRV
3
and the RRRV. An equivalent t3 multiplier is derived. e.g., t3 at T30 = uc(T30)/ RRRV(T30) is equivalent to t3 at
T30 = 0.211 × t2 at T100.
e The factor k (t at T30) = 0.211 is also determined by (k at T30) × 2 / (5 × 3). This is in contrast to previous methods
3 af
where t3 at T30 was determined by a multiplier times t2 at T100 and the RRRV was then derived.

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Figure 4—A family of four-parameter and two-parameter TRV envelopes

typical of TRVs for ratings 100 kV and above for kpp = 1.3

Figure 5—A comparison of four-parameter and two-parameter

TRV envelopes typical of TRVs for ratings 100 kV and above for
kpp = 1.5 versus kpp = 1.3 at T100 and T10

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Figure 6—A family of two-parameter TRV envelopes typical of TRVs

for ratings below 100 kV for line systems

Figure 7—A comparison of two-parameter TRV envelopes typical of

TRVs for ratings below 100 kV for line versus cable systems at T100 and T10

5.7.2.3.2 Definite purpose ratings for transformer limited faults (TLF)

Certain applications have been identified where the TRVs have very fast rise times. These applications
often occur in locations next to large transformers that produce transient oscillations at very high
natural frequencies. Following reports of circuit breaker failures in applications where very fast TRVs
were determined to be the cause, and after thorough analysis of TRV data gathered from all parts of the
world, these special applications are covered in recommended practice IEEE Std C37.06.1 [B25].

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5.7.2.3.3 Short-Line Fault (SLF)

Circuit breakers directly connected to overhead lines having rated voltages of 15.5 kV and above and with
rated short-circuit currents above 12.5 kA shall be capable of interrupting single-phase short-line faults at
any distance from the circuit breaker, on a system where the following conditions apply:

a) The TRV on a terminal fault is within the TRV envelope.

b) The voltage in the first ramp of the sawtooth wave is equal to or less than that in an ideal system
where the parameters of the surge impedance Z and the peak factor d listed in Table 4 are applied.
c) There is a line-side time delay with the values listed in Table 4.
d) An RRRV factor to account for the difference in the di/dt at 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
e) Single-phase to ground short-line faults shall be able to be cleared with any source-side
available short-circuit current up to the rated value.

Table 4 —Short-line fault standard values b

Ur Number of conductors Z s tdL
(Ω′) d
(kV) per phase [(kV/µs)/kA] a (µs)
15.5 ≤ U r ≤ 38 1 450 1.6 0.200 0.240 0.1
>38 ≤ Ur ≤ 170 1 to 4 450 1.6 0.200 0.240 0.2
Ur > 170 1 to 4 450 1.6 0.200 0.240 0.5
a The RRRV factor s is a value in (kV/µs)/kA.
b These values cover the short-line faults dealt with in this standard. For very short lines where tL < 5tdL, not all
requirements as given in the table can be met. The procedures for approaching very short lines are given, IEC/TR
62271-306 Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 [B16].

The TRV for this short-line fault is illustrated in Figure 8. The voltage across the breaker is the
difference between the source-side transient described as a four-parameter TRV with a time delay and a
line-side sawtooth transient. Short-line fault terminology is described graphically in Figure 9.

Figure 8—Short-line fault (SLF) TRV waveform

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Figure 9—Short-line fault equivalent circuit and terminology

5.7.2.3.4 Initial transient recovery voltage (ITRV)

Circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above with rated short-circuit currents of 31.5 kA and above shall
have an ITRV capability for phase-to-ground faults as defined by the envelope shown in Figure 10.
Three-phase ITRV is not covered by this standard.

Figure 10—Initial transient recovery voltage

The ITRV envelope rises linearly from the origin to the first peak voltage ui at time ti (see Figure 10).
The first peak voltage and the time to the first peak voltage are determined by the fault current, bus
surge impedance, bus wave velocity, and the distance from the circuit breaker to the first major
discontinuity of bus surge impedance.

As an example, the first major discontinuity of bus surge impedance may be a lumped
capacitance of 1000 pF or more connected to the bus or a reduction of the bus surge impedance
(i.e., the interconnection of two or more buses or lines). The apparent wave velocity is approximately
300 m/µs for outdoor substations.

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The times to first peak voltage ti for phase-to-ground faults are given in Table 5.

The first peak voltage ui is as follows in Equation (2):

1/ 2
ui  ω 2  I  Z b ti  10 –6 kV (2)

where

Zb is the bus surge impedance, and is 260 Ω (outdoor substations, phase-to-ground faults only) or
325 Ω at 800 kV
ti is in microseconds
I is in kiloamperes
ω = 2πƒ

For circuit breakers installed in gas-insulated substations, the ITRV can be neglected because of low bus
surge impedance and small distances to the first major discontinuity.

Table 5 —Initial TRV values, rated voltages ≥ 100 kV

Multiplying factor to determine ui as function of the
Time to first
Rated voltage rms value of the short-circuit interrupting current
a b c peak voltage
Isc
Ur fi ti
kV kV / kA μs
50 Hz 60 Hz
100 0.046 0.056 0.4
123 0.046 0.056 0.4
145 0.046 0.056 0.4
170 0.058 0.070 0.5
245 0.069 0.084 0.6
300 0.08 1 0.098 0.7
362 0.092 0.112 0.8
420 0.092 0.112 0.8
550 0.116 0.139 1.0
800 0.159 0.191 1.1
a The actual initial peak voltages are obtained by multiplying the values in these columns by the rms value

of the short-circuit interrupting current.

b These values cover both three-phase and single-phase faults and are based on the assumption that the

busbar, including the elements connected to it (supports, current and voltage transformers,
disconnectors, etc.) can be roughly represented by a resulting surge impedance Zb of about 260 Ω in the
case of a rated voltage lower than 800 kV and by a resulting surge impedance Zb of about 325 Ω in the
case of a rated voltage of 800 kV. The relation between fi and ti is then:
fi = ti × Zb × ω × (2) 0.5
c Where ω = 2 × π × f is the angular frequency corresponding to the rated frequency of the circuit breaker.

5.8 Rated capacitive current switching

Capacitive switching currents may comprise part or all of the operating duty of a circuit breaker such as the
charging current of an unloaded transmission line or cable or the load current of a shunt capacitor bank.

Three classes of circuit breakers are defined according to their restrike performances:

a) Class C0 unspecified probability of restrike during capacitive current breaking; up to one restrike
per operation
b) Class C1: low probability of restrike during capacitive current breaking

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c) Class C2: very low probability of restrike during capacitive current breaking

The rating of a circuit breaker for capacitive current switching shall include, where applicable:

 Rated line-charging breaking current applicable to all class S2 circuit breakers

 Rated cable-charging breaking current; applicable to all class S1 circuit breakers
 Rated single capacitor bank breaking current
 Rated back-to-back capacitor bank breaking current (only for class C1 or class C2)
 Rated back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making current

Preferred values of rated capacitive switching currents are given in Clause 6.

The recovery voltage related to capacitive current switching depends on the following:

 The grounding of the system

 The grounding of the capacitive load, for example shielded cable, capacitor bank, transmission line
 The mutual influence of adjacent phases of the capacitive load, for example belted cables, open air
lines
 The mutual influence of adjacent systems of overhead lines on the same route
 The presence of single or two-phase ground faults

Each capacitive current switching rating assigned (a, b, c, above) must have an associated class (C0, C1, or
C2) with it.

The probability of restrike is related to the performance during the series of type tests stated in
IEEE Std C37.09.

A circuit breaker can be of class C2 for one kind of application (for example in grounded neutral systems)
and of class C1 for another kind of application where the recovery voltage stress is more severe (for
example in systems other than grounded neutral systems).

Circuit breakers with a restrike probability other than that of class C0, C1, or class C2 are not covered by
this standard. The terminology of restrike free circuit breakers is no longer recognized by IEEE or IEC
standards.

5.8.1 Rated line-charging capacitive breaking current (LC)

The rated line-charging breaking current is the maximum line-charging current that the circuit breaker shall
be capable of breaking at its rated voltage under the conditions of use and behavior prescribed in this
standard. The specification of a rated line-charging breaking current is mandatory for all class S2
circuit breakers.

5.8.2 Rated cable-charging capacitive breaking current (CC)

The rated cable-charging breaking current is the maximum cable-charging current that the circuit breaker
shall be capable of breaking at its rated voltage under the conditions of use and behavior prescribed in this
standard. The specification of a rated cable-charging breaking current is mandatory for all class S1
circuit breakers.

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5.8.3 Rated capacitor bank breaking current (BC)

The rated capacitor bank breaking current is the capacitive current that the circuit breaker shall be capable
of breaking at its rated voltage while maintaining its rated probability of restrike performance. This
breaking current is independent of single-bank or back-to-back application of the circuit breaker.

NOTE—Back-to-back applications typically result in higher inrush making currents which may influence the size of
the capacitor bank, and thus the capacitive current that may be switched under single-bank or back-to-back
applications.

5.8.4 Rated back-to-back capacitor bank transient peak inrush making current (Ibb)

The rated back-to-back capacitor bank transient peak inrush making current is the peak value of the current
that the circuit breaker shall be capable of making at its rated voltage and with a frequency of the inrush
current (see 5.8.5) appropriate to the service conditions. Refer to IEEE Std C37.012 [B27] for discussion of
the limitations on Ibb magnitude.

5.8.5 Back-to-back capacitor bank inrush current making frequency (fbb)

The back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency, fbb, is the frequency of the inrush current Ibb to
which the breaker was tested (see 5.8.4). Either the prospective value of fbb based upon the test circuit or in
the case where the test object significantly modifies the actual frequency of the inrush current, the median
value of the recorded inrush current frequencies may be declared as fbb. In service there is no practical
upper limit for fbb. The inrush (or outrush) current frequency is important for shock wave limited devices
such as oil circuit breakers but has only a small influence on other breaking technologies. The preferred
values for the inrush current frequency given in Table 15 and Table 21 are intended to allow for common
test arrangements that resemble user experiences. Ibb is the limiting quantity and its primary effect is
contact wear for SF6 technologies and restrike performance for vacuum technologies. The previously used I
× f limitations were only valid for oil breakers and are not important for vacuum or SF6 technologies. Ibb is
based on a 2000 operation service life with no contact maintenance. For fewer operations, Ibb can be much
higher up to the close and latch capability for at least two operations.

5.9 Assigned out-of-phase switching current rating

Assigned rated out-of-phase switching is optional for all circuit breakers.

This rating applies to circuit breakers intended to be used for switching the connection between two parts of
a three-phase system during out-of-phase conditions. Out-of-phase is an abnormal circuit condition of loss
or lack of synchronism between parts of an electrical system on either side of a circuit breaker. The phase
angle between rotating vectors representing the voltages on either side of the circuit breaker at the instant of
its operation may differ by as much as full-phase opposition.

5.9.1 Assigned out-of-phase switching current rating

The assigned out-of-phase switching current rating is the maximum out-of-phase current that the circuit
breaker shall be capable of switching at a rated power frequency out-of-phase recovery voltage equal to 2
times the rated maximum voltage divided by 3 for grounded systems, and 2.5 times the rated maximum
voltage divided by 3 for ungrounded systems (see IEEE Std C37.09). If a circuit breaker has an assigned
out-of-phase switching current rating, the preferred rating shall be 25% of the Isc (symmetrical) short-circuit
current expressed in kiloamperes, unless otherwise specified.

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5.9.2 Interrupting time for out-of-phase switching

The interrupting time for out-of-phase switching is permitted to exceed the rated interrupting time by

a) 50% for circuit breakers with rated interrupting times over 50 ms

b) One cycle for circuit breakers with rated interrupting times of 50 ms or less

5.10 Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle)

The standard operating duty of a circuit breaker is as follows:

O – tr – CO – t′r – CO

where

O = Open
CO = Close-Open
tr = 15 s for circuit breakers not rated for rapid reclosing and
= 0.3 s for circuit breakers rated for rapid reclosing duty
t′r = 3 min

Tests performed with a duty cycle of O – tr – CO – 15 s – CO satisfactorily demonstrates the rated standard
operating cycle of O – tr – CO – 3 m – CO.

5.10.1 Rated Interrupting time

The rated interrupting time is based on a three phase symmetrical short circuit current. It is the maximum
interval between the energizing of the open release device at rated control voltage and operating
pressure(s), and the interruption of the current in the main circuit in all poles. Actual interrupting time of a
single phase fault and/or an asymmetrical fault may be longer than the rated interrupting time. See IEEE
Std C37.010 for guidance on calculating these values.

For rated out-of-phase switching, based on single phase testing, the rated interrupting time is the
interrupting time plus 0.75 × 1/2 cycle.

5.10.2 Rated minimum reclosing time

The minimum reclosing time of a circuit breaker is the shortest permissible time in which the circuit
breaker is required to reclose with rated control voltage and rated pressure. It may be necessary to add an
external time delay to meet specific application requirements (see IEEE Std C37.010). Rated reclosing
times are given in Clause 6. It may also be necessary to add a time delay relay in the breaker control circuit
to prevent reclosing faster than the time defined in the standard duty cycle or as required for proper
functioning of the circuit breaker itself.

5.10.3 Contact parting time

The contact parting time shall be considered equal to the sum of 1/2 cycle (practical minimum relay time)
plus the minimum opening time of the circuit breaker specified by the manufacturer (see IEEE Std
C37.010).

NOTE—This definition is not the same as definition of contact parting time used in IEEE Std 551.

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5.11 Rated control voltage

The rated control voltage of a circuit breaker is the designated voltage measured at the point of user
connection to the circuit breaker, including, if necessary, accessories supplied or required by the
manufacturer to be installed in series with it. The transient voltage in the entire control circuit, due to
interruption of the control current, shall be limited to 1500 V, peak.

5.12 Rated operating pressure for insulation and/or interruption

Rated filling levels for insulation and/or operation, refers to the pressure in Pa (or density) or liquid mass
assigned by the manufacturer referred to atmospheric air conditions of 20 °C and 101.3 kPa (absolute) at
which the gas- or liquid-filled switchgear is filled before being put into service.

5.12.1 Alarm pressure for insulation and/or interruption

The pressure in pascals, for insulation and/or operation, refers to the standard atmospheric air conditions of
+20 °C and 101.3 kPa (absolute) (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at
which a monitoring signal may be provided to indicate that replenishment is necessary.

5.12.2 Minimum operating pressure for insulation and/or interruption

The pressure in pascals, for insulation and/or operation, refers to the standard atmospheric air conditions of
+20 °C and 101.3 kPa (absolute) (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, which
represents the lower limit below which the circuit breaker rated performance and capabilities are no longer
available and where the circuit breaker is locked out.

5.13 Rated operating pressure for mechanical operation and special capabilities

The pressure, in pascals, refers to the standard atmospheric air conditions of +20 °C and 101.3 kPa
(absolute) (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, to which the control device
(operating mechanism) is filled before being put into service or automatically replenished.

5.13.1 Alarm pressure for mechanical operation

The pressure in pascals refers to the standard atmospheric air conditions of +20 °C and 101.3 kPa (absolute)
(or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, at which a monitoring signal may be
provided to indicate that pressure replenishment for the control device (operating mechanism) is necessary.

5.13.2 Minimum operating pressure for mechanical operation

The pressure in pascals refers to the standard atmospheric air conditions of +20 °C and 101.3 kPa
(absolute) (or density), which may be expressed in relative or absolute terms, which represents the lower
limit of pressure for proper operation of the control device (operating mechanism).

5.13.3 Required mechanical operating endurance capabilities

The required mechanical operating endurance capabilities are the types and numbers of complete closing-
opening operations that the circuit breaker shall be capable of performing. The schedule of operating
endurance capabilities for circuit breakers is given in Clause 6. When specified, the frequency of user
operation shall not exceed an intermittent duty of 20 operations in 10 min and extended sequences 30
operations in 1 h. These mechanical operating and endurance capabilities are independent of the electrical
switching capabilities.

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5.13.4 Shunt reactor current switching capability

This applies to circuit breakers intended for switching shunt reactors. Because shunt reactor switching is
required for only certain circuit breaker applications, it is not included as a standard rating.

IEEE Std C37.015 [B28] can be used to evaluate the shunt reactor switching application for specific circuit
breakers.

5.13.5 Line closing switching surge factor

The line closing switching surge factor has been removed as assigned rating because it cannot be verified
by laboratory tests.

5.13.6 TRV line-to-ground capacitors and switchgear partial discharge

TRV capacitors shall be tested for partial discharge (PD) and the values recorded as part of the design
record. For circuit breakers in metal-clad switchgear and metal-enclosed switchgear, the partial discharge
(PD) requirements are outlined in IEEE Std C37.20.2 and IEEE Std C37.20.3.

6. Preferred ratings

6.1 General

Although this standard identifies preferred ratings, there are instances where a user must make a selection
from several preferred or alternate ratings. The whole of Clause 6 and its subclauses is applicable to all
types of circuit breakers, including circuit breakers applied to gas-insulated substations.

6.1.1 Summary of tables for required values and preferred ratings

Table Ref.
Table title Table description
number clause
Table 1 Limits of temperature Limits of Temperature and Temperature Rise 5.5.2
Table 2 Rated TRV parameters Rated TRV parameters 5.7.2.1
Table 3 Related required TRV Related required TRV parameters at fractions of the rated short 5.7.2.3
parameters circuit current
Table 4 Short-line fault standard Standard values of line characteristics for short-line faults 5.7.2.3.3
values
Table 5 ITRV values, Rated Standard values of ITRV – time to first peak voltage ti 5.7.2.3.4
Voltage ≥ 100 kV
Table 6 Insulation capability ratingsPreferred insulation capability ratings and external insulation 6.2
creepage
Table 7 Dielectric withstand ratings Preferred dielectric withstand ratings for circuit breakers 6.2
for gas insulated applied in GIS
substations (GIS)
Table 8 Preferred ratings for class Preferred ratings for class S1 circuit breakers for cable systems 6.3
S1 circuit breakers below 100 kV
Table 9 TRV ratings, class S1: Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for class S1 circuit 6.3
Terminal fault, Out of breakers rated below 100 kV for cable systems non-effectively
Phase grounded – Terminal fault and out-of-phase test duties, TRV
representation by the two-parameter method

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Table Ref.
Table title Table description
number clause
Table 10 TRV ratings, class S1, Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for class S1 circuit 6.3
T100, T60, T30, T10 breakers rated below 100 kV, for cable systems non-effectively
grounded – T100, T60, T30, T10 test duties, TRV
representation by the two-parameter method
Table 11 Capacitive current Preferred capacitive current switching ratings for class S1 6.3
switching ratings, class S1 circuit breakers for cable systems rated below 100 kV
Table 12 Preferred ratings for class Preferred ratings for class S2 circuit breakers for line systems 6.4
S2 circuit breakers rated below 100 kV, including circuit breakers applied in gas-
insulated substations
Table 13 TRV ratings, class S2: Preferred ratings for prospective TRV for class S2 circuit 6.4
Terminal fault, SLF, out-of- breakers rated below 100 kV, including circuit breakers applied
phase duties in gas-insulated substations for overhead line systems non-
effectively grounded – Terminal fault, short-line fault and out-
of-phase-duties, TRV representation by the two-parameter
method
Table 14 TRV ratings, class S2: Preferred ratings for prospective TRV for class S2 circuit 6.4
T100, T60, T30, T10 breakers rated below 100 kV, including circuit breakers applied
in gas-insulated substations for overhead line systems non-
effectively grounded – T100, T60, T30, T10 duties. TRV
representation by the two-parameter method
Table 15 Capacitive current Preferred capacitive current switching ratings for class S2 6.4
switching ratings, class S2 circuit breakers rated below 100 kV for overhead line systems,
including circuit breakers applied in gas-insulated substations
Table 16 Preferred ratings for circuit Preferred ratings for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above 6.5
breakers ≥ 100 kV including circuit breakers applied in gas-insulated substations
Table 17 TRV ratings, ≥ 100 kV, Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for circuit breakers rated 6.5
kpp = 1.3: T100a, Terminal 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers applied in gas-
fault, SLF, Out of Phase insulated substations for effectively grounded systems and
ground faults with a first pole to clear factor, kpp = 1.3 at T100a,
Terminal fault, Short-line fault, and Out-of-phase duties
Table 18 TRV ratings, ≥ 100 kV, Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for circuit breakers rated 6.5
kpp = 1.5: T100a, Terminal 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers applied in gas-
fault, SLF, Out of Phase insulated substations for non-effectively ground systems (all
faults) and also ungrounded faults in effectively ground
systems, all with a first pole to clear factor of kpp = 1.5 at T100
a - Terminal fault, Short-line fault and Out-of-phase duties
Table 19 TRV ratings, ≥ 100 kV, Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for circuit breakers rated 6.5
kpp = 1.3: T100, T60, T30, 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers applied in gas-
T10 insulated substations, for effectively grounded system and
grounded faults with a first pole to clear factor of kpp = 1.3 at
T100, T60, T30 and T10
Table 20 TRV ratings, ≥ 100 kV, Preferred ratings of prospective TRV for circuit breakers rated 6.5
kpp = 1.5: T100, T60, T30, 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers applied in gas-
T10 insulated substations for non-effectively grounded systems (all
faults) and also ungrounded faults in effectively grounded
systems, all with a first pole to clear factor of kpp = 1.5 at T100
a – T100, T60, T30 and T10 test duties
Table 21 Capacitive current Preferred capacitive current switching ratings for circuit 6.5
switching ratings, ≥100 kV breakers rated 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers
applied in gas-insulated substations
Table 22 Rated reclosing times for Rated reclosing times for circuit breakers 6.6
circuit breakers
Table 23 Rated control voltages for Rated control voltages and their ranges for circuit breakers 6.7
circuit breakers
Table 24 Schedule of operating Schedule of operating endurance capabilities for circuit 6.7
endurance capabilities for breakers
circuit breakers

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Table Ref.
Table title Table description
number clause
Table 25 Energy storage Energy storage requirements of operating mechanisms 7.5.2.2
requirements of operating
mechanisms
Table 26 Sound pressure level limits Sound pressure level limits 7.13.2
Table 27 Permissible noise exposure Permissible noise exposure 7.13.2
Table 28 Limits of radio influence Limits of radio influence voltage 7.16
voltage
Table 29 Thread dimensions for Thread dimensions for threaded terminal studs 7.17.2
threaded terminal studs
Table 30 Terminal mechanical Terminal mechanical loading 7.18.4
loading
Table 31 Accuracy class ratings for Accuracy class ratings for current transformers used on or with 9.2.4
current transformers class S2 circuit breakers
Table C.1 Site pollution severity Environmental examples by site pollution severity (SPS) class Annex C
Minimum creepage Minimum nominal specific creepage distance by site pollution
Table C.1 Annex C
distance severity (SPS) class
Table D.1 Arc furnace circuit breaker Operating capabilities of circuit breakers intended for arc Annex D
operating capabilities furnace transformer switching
Table F.1 Class E2 endurance Electrical endurance requirements on class E2 circuit breakers Annex F

6.2 Preferred maximum voltage and insulation capability ratings for circuit
breakers

Preferred ratings for the insulation capability are given in terms of dielectric withstand test levels and
external insulation creepage distance to ground in Table 6 and Table 7.

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Table 6 —Insulation capability ratings (1)a

Dielectric withstand test voltages
Power frequency Lightning impulse (2) Switching impulse (2) Minimum creepage
Rated Chopped wave Withstand voltage Withstand voltage distance of external
Full wave insulation to ground
Line maximum 2 µs minimum terminal-to-ground terminal-to-terminal
1 min dry 10 s wet withstand (5)
no. voltage time to sparkover with circuit breaker on one phase with
(6)
Ur withstand closed circuit breaker open
kV, rms kV, rms kV, rms kV, peak kV, peak kV, peak kV, peak mm in
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9
1 4.76 19 (3) 60 (7) (3) (3) (3) (3)
2 8.25 36 (3) 95 (7) (3) (3) (3) (3)
3 15.0 36 (3) 95 (7) (3) (3) (3) (3)
4 15.5 50 45 110 142 (3) (3) 250 9.84
5 15.5 50 45 110 (7) (3) (3) 250 9.84

6 25.8 60 50 150 194 (3) (3) 420 16.5

7 25.8 60 50 150 (7) (3) (3) 420 16.5
8 25.8 (4) 60 50 125 161 (3) (3) 420 16.5
9 27.0 60 (3) 125 (7) (3) (3) (3) (3)
10 38.0 80 (3) 150 (7) (3) (3) (3) (3)

11 38.0 80 75 200 258 (3) (3) 610 24.0

12 38.0 80 75 200 (7) (3) (3) 610 24.0
13 38.0 (4) 80 75 150 194 (3) (3) 610 24.0
14 48.3 105 95 250 322 (3) (3) 780 30.7
15 48.3 105 95 250 (7) (3) (3) 780 30.7

16 72.5 160 140 350 452 (3) (3) 1170 46.1

17 123 230 230 550 710 (3) (3) 1990 78.3
18 145 275 275 650 838 (3) (3) 2340 92.1
19 170 325 315 750 968 (3) (3) 2750 108
20 245 425 350 900 1160 (3) (3) 3960 156

21 362 555 (3) 1300 1680 825 900 5850 230

22 550 860 (3) 1800 2320 1175 1300 8890 350
23 800 960 (3) 2050 2640 1425 1500 12900 508
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.2.1 for tables Table 6 and Table 7.

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Table 7 —Insulation capability ratings for GIS a, b

Rated Rated power frequency withstand voltage Rated switching impulse withstand voltage Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage
maximum (kV, rms) (kV, peak) (2) (kV, peak) (2)
Line voltage Test level (phase Test levels Disconnect Disconnect Disconnect
Test level Disconnect switch Test levels
no. Ur to ground) (phase to switch open switch open switch open
Ud open gap Up
(kV, rms) Us phase) gap (+ bias) gap gap (+ bias)
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9
1 15 36 95
2 15 50 110
3 38 60 150
4 38 80 200
5 72.5 140 160 325 375
6 100 185 210 450 520
7 123 230 265 550 630
8 145 275 315 650 750
9 170 325 375 750 860
10 245 c 425 490 900 1035
11 245 460 530 1050 1200
12 300 460 595 850 1275 700 (+245) 1050 1050 (+170)
13 362 c 500 650 850 1275 700 (+295) 1050 1050 (+205)
14 362 520 675 950 1425 800 (+295) 1175 1175 (+205)
15 420 650 815 1050 1575 900 (+345) 1425 1425 (+240)
16 550 740 925 1175 1760 900 (+450) 1550 1550 (+315)
17 800 960 1270 1425 2420 1100 (+650) 2100 2100 (+455)
NOTE—The rated values of this table differ from previous IEEE Std C37.122 and IEEE Std C37.06 values in the interest of harmonization with IEC values and increasing
withstand margins across open disconnect switch gaps. AC open gap withstands have been increased from approximately 110% of line-to-ground withstand for all ratings, to
approximately 115% for 245 kV and below and approximately 130% for ratings above 245 kV. This does not imply that equipment in presently in service needs to be replaced
as older levels have proven adequate.
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.2.1 for Table 6 and Table 7.
b Blank entries are not required.
c These rows represent additional ratings not harmonized with other international standards.

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6.2.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 6 and Table 7.

Numbers in parenthesis in Table 6 and Table 7 refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) For circuit breakers applied to gas-insulated substations, see Table 7.

(2) Lightning and switching impulse waveforms are defined in IEEE Std 4. All impulse values are phase-
to-phase and phase-to-ground and across the open contacts, including vacuum circuit breakers when
some preconditioning is required across open contacts. Special consideration should be addressed
when performing chopped wave tests across open contacts of vacuum circuit breakers.
(3) Not required.
(4) These circuit breakers are intended for application on grounded wye distribution circuits equipped with
surge arresters.
(5) Minimum creepage corresponds to pollution level: light as defined by Table C.1. Also see IEEE Std
C37.010.
(6) For circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above, and those that have isolating gaps in series with the
interrupting gaps, or have additional gaps in the resistor or capacitor circuits, the impulse test for
interrupters and resistors shall be 75% of the value shown in Column 5 of Table 6. For other circuit
breakers, the rating is not required.
(7) Chopped wave impulse not required for class S1 circuit breakers.

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6.3 Preferred ratings for class S1 circuit breakers

Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, and Table 11 are applicable to class S1 circuit breakers (formerly referred to as
indoor circuit breakers).

Table 8 —Preferred ratings for class S1 circuit breakers for cable systems below 100 kV a, b
Rated Rated short- Maximum Rated closing
Rated
maximum Rated continuous circuit and permissible and latching
interrupting
Line voltage (1) current (6) short-time tripping time current
time (2)
no. Ur current (Isc) delay (3) (4)
kV, rms A, rms kA, rms ms Y, sec kA, peak
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6
1 4.76 1200, 2000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
2 4.76 1200, 2000 40 50 or 83 2 104
3 4.76 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 50 50 or 83 2 130
4 4.76 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 63 50 or 83 2 164

5 8.25 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104

6 15 1200, 2000 20 50 or 83 2 52
7 15 1200, 2000 25 50 or 83 2 65
8 15 1200, 2000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82

9 15 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104

10 15 1200, 2000, 3000 50 50 or 83 2 130
11 15 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 63 50 or 83 2 164

12 27 1200 16 50 or 83 2 42
13 27 1200, 2000, 3000 25 50 or 83 2 65

14 38 1200 16 50 or 83 2 42
15 38 1200, 2000 25 50 or 83 2 65
16 38 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
17 38 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 40 50 or 83 2 104

18 72.5 1200 25 50 or 83 2 65
19 72.5 1200, 2000, 3000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
20 72.5 2000, 3000, 4000 40 50 or 83 2 104
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.3.1 for Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.
b For preferred capacitive current switching ratings, see Table 11. For preferred dielectric ratings, see Table 6 and

Table 7.

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Table 9 —TRV ratings, class S1: Terminal fault and out-of-phase a

Rated maximum First pole to Amplitude TRV peak Reference
Time Time delay Time RRRV
voltage (1) Test duty clear factor factor value voltage
Line t3 td t′ uc /t3
Ur kpp kaf uc u′
no. kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV kV kV/µs
µs µs µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10
1 4.76 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 8.2 44 7 2.7 21 0.19
2 4.76 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 12.1 88 13 4.0 43 0.14

3 8.25 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 14.1 52 8 4.7 25 0.27

4 8.25 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 21.1 104 16 7.0 50 0.20

5 15 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 25.7 66 10 8.6 32 0.39

6 15 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 38.3 132 20 12.8 64 0.29

7 27 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 46.3 92 14 15.4 45 0.50

8 27 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 68.9 184 28 23.0 90 0.37

9 38 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 65.2 109 16 21.7 53 0.60

10 38 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 97.0 218 33 32.3 105 0.45

11 72.5 Terminal fault 1.5 1.4 124 165 25 41.4 80 0.75

12 72.5 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 185 330 50 61.7 160 0.56
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.3.1 for Table 8, Table 9, and Table 10

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Table 10 —TRV ratings, class S1: T100, T60, T30, T10 a

Rated
First pole to Amplitude TRV peak Time Reference
maximum Time (5) Time RRRV
Test duty clear factor factor value delay voltage
Line voltage (1) t3 t′ uc /t3
kpp kaf uc td u′
no. Ur
kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10
1 4.76 T100 1.5 1.4 8.2 44 7 2.7 21 0.19
2 4.76 T60 1.5 1.5 8.7 19 3 2.9 9 0.46
3 4.76 T30 1.5 1.6 9.3 10 1.5 3.1 5 0.93
4 4.76 T10 1.5 1.7 9.9 10 1.5 3.3 5 0.99

5 8.25 T100 1.5 1.4 14.1 52 8 4.7 25 0.27

6 8.25 T60 1.5 1.5 15.1 23 3 5.1 11 0.66
7 8.25 T30 1.5 1.6 16.2 11 2 5.4 6 1.47
8 8.25 T10 1.5 1.7 17.2 11 2 5.7 6 1.56

9 15 T100 1.5 1.4 25.7 66 10 8.6 32 0.39

10 15 T60 1.5 1.5 27.5 29 4 9.2 14 0.95
11 15 T30 1.5 1.6 29.4 15 2 9.8 7 1.96
12 15 T10 1.5 1.7 31.2 15 2 10.4 7 2.08

13 27 T100 1.5 1.4 46.3 92 14 15.4 44 0.50

14 27 T60 1.5 1.5 49.5 40 6 16.5 19 1.25
15 27 T30 1.5 1.6 52.9 20 3 17.6 10 2.53
16 27 T10 1.5 1.7 56.2 20 3 18.7 10 2.69

17 38 T100 1.5 1.4 65.2 109 16 21.7 53 0.60

18 38 T60 1.5 1.5 69.8 48 7 23.3 23 1.45
19 38 T30 1.5 1.6 74.5 24 3.6 24.8 12 3.1
20 38 T10 1.5 1.7 79.1 24 3.6 26.4 12 3.3

21 72.5 T100 1.5 1.4 124 165 25 41.4 80 0.75

22 72.5 T60 1.5 1.5 133 73 11 44.4 35 1.82
23 72.5 T30 1.5 1.6 142 36 5 47.4 18 3.94
24 72.5 T10 1.5 1.7 151 36 5 50.3 18 4.19
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.3.1 for Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

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6.3.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

Numbers in parenthesis in Table 8, Table 9, and Table 10 refer to the following correspondingly numbered
items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1 where applicable and are the maximum voltages for
which the circuit breakers are designed for and are the upper limit for operation.
(2) The ratings in this column are the maximum time interval to be expected during a circuit breaker
opening operation between the instant of energizing the trip circuit and the interruption of the main
circuit on the primary arcing contacts under certain specified conditions. The values may be exceeded
under certain conditions as specified in 5.10.1 covering rated interrupting time.
(3) The tabulated value is for a 60 Hz system with an X/R of 17. This results in a rated closing and
latching current (kA, peak) of the circuit breaker which is 2.6 times the rated short-circuit current. (If
expressed in terms of kA, rms total current, the equivalent value is 1.55 times rated short-circuit
current.) See 5.6.2.3 for more information.
(4) The tabulated value is for a 60 Hz system. For 50 Hz, the kA peak is 2.5 times the rated short-circuit
current and the rms total current is 1.47 times the rated short circuit current. See 5.6.2.3 for other
values.
(5) Synthetic tests can be performed to prove the capability of values of t3 in Column 6 of Table 10.
(6) The traditional North American continuous current ratings of 1200 A and 3000 A have been retained in
this standard, while IEC prefers the continuous current ratings of 1250 A and 3150 A.

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Table 11 —Capacitive current switching ratings, class S1 a, b

Class C0 (1) (2) Class C1 and C2 (2) (4) Class C1 and C2 (2) (4) (6) (7) (8)
Rated general purpose circuit breakers Back-to-back capacitor bank switching
Rated
Line maximum Rated inrush current (3) (5)
continuous Rated cable Rated isolated Rated isolated Rated cable Rated
no. voltage Preferred Alt. 1 Alt. 2
current charging capacitor bank capacitor charging capacitor Tested Tested Tested
Ur rating rating rating
current current bank current current bank current freq. freq. freq.
peak value peak value peak value
kV, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms kA, peak kHzb kA, peak kHzb kA, peak kHzb
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13
1 4.76 1200 10 400 630 10 630 15 2.0 6 0.8 14 1.8
2 4.76 2000 10 400 1000 10 1000 15 1.3 6 0.5 17 1.4
3 4.76 3000 10 400 1600 10 1600 25 1.3 6 0.3 22 1.1

4 8.25 1200 10 250 630 10 630 15 2.0 6 0.8 18 2.4

5 8.25 2000 10 250 1000 10 1000 15 1.3 6 0.5 22 1.9
6 8.25 3000 10 250 1600 10 1600 25 1.3 6 0.3 28 1.5

7 15 1200 25 250 630 25 630 15 2.0 6 0.8 24 3.0

8 15 2000 25 250 1000 25 1000 15 1.3 6 0.5 30 3.0
9 15 3000 25 250 1600 25 1600 25 1.3 6 0.3 38 2.0
10 15 4000 25 250 1600 25 1600 25 1.3 6 0.3 38 2.0

11 27 ≤ 3000 31.5 160 250 31.5 250 15 4.3 6 2.0 19 7.0

12 27 ≤ 3000 31.5 160 400 31.5 400 15 4.3 6 1.3 25 5.0
13 27 ≤ 4000 31.5 160 630 31.5 630 25 4.3 6 0.8 31 4.0

14 38 ≤ 4000 50 100 250 50 250 20 4.3 6 2.0 21 7.0

15 38 ≤ 4000 50 100 630 50 630 20 4.3 6 0.8 33 5.0
16 38 ≤ 4000 50 100 1000 50 1000 20 4.3 6 0.5 43 4.0

17 72.5 ≤ 4000 50 100 250 100 250 25 3.4 6 2.0 22 7.0

18 72.5 ≤ 4000 50 100 630 100 630 25 3.4 6 0.8 34 5.0
19 72.5 ≤ 4000 50 100 1000 100 1000 25 3.4 6 0.5 43 4.0
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information in 6.3.2 for Table 11.
b The rating is the kA value, and kHz is test frequency.

51
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6.3.2 Supplementary requirements for Table 11 on preferred capacitive current switching

ratings for class S1 cable systems circuit breakers rated below 100 kV

Numbers in parentheses in table refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) For class C0 (general-purpose) circuit breakers, no ratings for back-to-back capacitor switching
applications are established. The capacitor bank or cable shall be “isolated” in accordance with 5.8.2 or
5.8.3 also see IEEE Std C37.012 [B27].
For class C0 (general-purpose) circuit breakers exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby
capacitor banks during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current on closing shall
not exceed the lesser of either (1.41 times rated short-circuit current), or 50 000 A peak. The product of
transient inrush current peak and transient inrush current frequency shall not exceed 20 kA·kHz.
(2) The circuit breaker shall be capable of switching any capacitive current of the ratings listed in the
selected rating column by the user, in Table 11, at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage.
(3) The rated transient inrush current peak is the highest magnitude of current that the circuit breaker shall
be required to close at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage and shall be as determined by the
system as unmodified by the circuit breaker. The tested transient inrush current frequency shall be
determined according to 5.8.5.
(4) For circuit breakers identified as a class C1 or C2 historically referred to as definite purpose, the
manufacturer shall state the inrush current peak and frequency at which the circuit breaker meets Class
C1 or C2 performance. The stated inrush current peak and frequency may be the preferred values from
Table 11 or other values as determined by the manufacturer.
(5) Tests to prove capacitive switching ratings shall be performed according to the requirements of IEEE
Std C37.09.
(6) The preferred ratings and alternates 1 or 2 ratings have different values. These values are for
qualification of circuit breaker capacitance switching according to their capabilities. The preferred
ratings lists the previous values indicated in ANSI C37.06-2000 [B1] and represent the standard values
for circuit breakers. Alternate 1 ratings were added in particular for some ratings of vacuum and some
other circuit breakers, and alternate 2 ratings represent the exceptional maximum values as seen by
users and manufacturers in some world-wide applications. As of the time of the approval of this
standard, only synthetic tests for alternate 2 are available in some laboratories.
(7) For class C1 and C2 circuit breakers exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby capacitor banks
during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current shall not exceed the rated closing
and latching (peak withstand) capability of the circuit breaker. This is considered an infrequent event,
and therefore the circuit breaker should be expected to handle this duty twice in the life time of the
circuit breaker without requiring maintenance of the contacts.

6.4 Preferred ratings for class S2 circuit breakers for line systems below 100 kV

Table 12, Table 13, Table 14 and Table 15 are applicable to Class S2 circuit breakers (formerly referred to
as outdoor circuit breakers)..

52
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Table 12 —Preferred ratings for class S2 circuit breakers a, b

Rated short- Maximum
Rated
Rated maximum circuit and Rated permissible
Rated continuous closing and
voltage (1) short-time interrupting tripping
Line current (4) latching
Ur current time (2) time delay
no. current (3)
(Isc) Y
kV, rms A, rms kA, rms ms sec kA, peak
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6
1 15.5 600, 1200 12.5 50 or 83 2 33
2 15.5 1200, 2000 20 50 or 83 2 52
3 15.5 1200, 2000 25 50 or 83 2 65
4 15.5 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104

5 25.8 1200, 2000 12.5 50 or 83 2 33

6 25.8 1200, 2000 25 50 or 83 2 65

7 38.0 1200, 2000 16 50 or 83 2 42

8 38.0 1200, 2000 20 50 or 83 2 52
9 38.0 1200, 2000 25 50 or 83 2 65
10 38.0 1200, 2000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
11 38.0 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104

12 48.3 1200, 2000 20 50 or 83 2 52

13 48.3 1200, 2000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
14 48.3 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104

15 72.5 1200, 2000 20 50 or 83 2 52

16 72.5 1200, 2000, 3000 31.5 50 or 83 2 82
17 72.5 1200, 2000, 3000 40 50 or 83 2 104
18 72.5 2000, 3000, 4000 50 50 or 83 2 130
19 72.5 2000, 3000, 4000 63 50 or 83 2 164
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.4.1 on Table 12.
b For preferred capacitive current switching ratings, see Table 15. For preferred dielectric ratings, see Table 6 and

Table 7.

6.4.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 12

Numbers in parenthesis in the table refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1 where applicable and are the maximum voltages
for which the circuit breakers are designed and are the upper limit for operation.

(2) The rated interrupting time column is the maximum time interval to be expected during a circuit
breaker opening operation on a symmetrical fault between the instant of energizing the trip
circuit and the interruption of the main circuit on the primary arcing contacts under certain
specified conditions. The value may be exceeded under certain conditions as specified in 5.10.1

(3) The tabulated values are for a 60 Hz system with an X/R of 17. This results in a rated closing
and latching current (kA, peak) of the circuit breaker which is 2.6 times the rated short-circuit
current. (If expressed in terms of kA, rms total current, the equivalent value is 1.55 times rated
short-circuit current). For 50 Hz, peak is 2.5 times and rms total current is 1.47 times the rated
short-circuit current. See 5.6.2.3 for more information.

(4) The traditional North American continuous current ratings of 1200 A and 3000 A have been
retained in this standard, while IEC prefers the continuous current ratings of 1250 A and
3150 A.

53
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Table 13 —TRV ratings for class S2: Terminal fault, short-line fault and out-of-phase duties a
Rated maximum First pole to Amplitude TRV peak Time delay Reference
Time (2) Time RRRV
voltage (1) Test duty clear factor factor value (4) (6) (3) voltage
Line t3 t′ uc /t3
Ur kpp kaf uc td u′
no.
kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10
1 15.5 Terminal fault 1.5 1.54 29.2 32 2 9.7 12 0.92
2 15.5 Short-line fault 1.0 1.54 19.5 32 2 6.5 12 0.62
3 15.5 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 39.5 63 9 13.2 30 0.62

4 25.8 Terminal fault 1.5 1.54 48.7 45 2 16.2 17 1.08

5 25.8 Short-line fault 1.0 1.54 32.4 45 2 10.8 17 0.72
6 25.8 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 65.8 90 14 21.9 44 0.73

7 38.0 Terminal fault 1.5 1.54 71.7 59 3 23.9 23 1.21

8 38.0 Short-line fault 1.0 1.54 47.8 59 3 15.9 23 0.81
9 38.0 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 97.0 118 18 32.3 57 0.82

10 48.3 Terminal fault 1.5 1.54 91.1 70 3.5 30.4 27 1.30

11 48.3 Short-line fault 1.0 1.54 60.7 70 3.5 20.2 27 0.87
12 48.3 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 123 140 21 41.1 68 0.88

13 72.5 Terminal fault 1.5 1.54 137 93 5 45.6 36 1.47

14 72.5 Short-line fault 1.0 1.54 91.2 93 5 30.4 36 0.98
15 72.5 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 185 187 28 61.7 90 0.99
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the informational items in 6.4.2for Table 13 and Table 14.

54
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Table 14 —TRV ratings class S2: T100, T60, T30, T10 a

Rated maximum First pole to Amplitude TRV peak Time delay
Time (2) (6) Voltage Time (5) RRRV
voltage (1) Test duty clear factor factor value (4) (3) (5)
Line t3 u′ t′ uc /t3
Ur kpp kaf uc td
no.
kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10
1 15.5 T100 1.5 1.54 29.2 32 2 [5] 9.7 12 [15] 0.92
2 15.5 T60 1.5 1.65 31.3 21 3 10.4 10 1.47
3 15.5 T30 1.5 1.74 33.0 13 2 11.0 6 2.61
4 15.5 T10 1.5 1.80 34.2 13 2 11.4 6 2.70

5 25.8 T100 1.5 1.54 48.7 45 2 [7] 16.2 17 [22] 1.08

6 25.8 T60 1.5 1.65 52.1 30 5 17.4 15 1.74
7 25.8 T30 1.5 1.74 55.0 18 3 18.3 9 3.06
8 25.8 T10 1.5 1.80 56.9 18 3 19 9 3.16

9 38.0 T100 1.5 1.54 71.7 59 3 [9] 23.9 23 [29] 1.21

10 38.0 T60 1.5 1.65 76.7 40 6 25.6 19 1.93
11 38.0 T30 1.5 1.74 81.0 24 4 27.0 12 3.41
12 38.0 T10 1.5 1.80 83.8 24 4 28.0 12 3.53

13 48.3 T100 1.5 1.54 91.1 70 3.5 [11] 30.4 27 [34] 1.30
14 48.3 T60 1.5 1.65 97.5 47 7 32.5 23 2.07
15 48.3 T30 1.5 1.74 103 28 4 34.3 13.5 3.67
16 48.3 T10 1.5 1.80 107 28 4 35.5 13.5 3.80

17 72.5 T100 1.5 1.54 137 93 5 [14] 45.6 36 [45] 1.47

18 72.5 T60 1.5 1.65 146 62.5 9 48.8 30 2.34
19 72.5 T30 1.5 1.74 155 36 5.5 51.5 17.5 4.27
20 72.5 T10 1.5 1.80 160 36 5.5 53.3 17.5 4.42
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the informational items in 6.4.2 for Table 13 and Table 14.

55
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6.4.2 Supplementary requirements for Table 13 and Table 14

Numbers in parenthesis in Table 13 and Table 14 refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1 where applicable and are the maximum voltages for
which the circuit breakers are designed and are the upper limit for operation.

(2) Time t3 for out-of-phase is 2 times time t3 for terminal fault. [B11]). See B.2.3.2 for the calculation of
t3.

(3) For out-of-phase fault, time td is 0.15 * t3. For terminal fault (T100) and short-line fault, time td is 0.05
* t3.

(4) The values of u c are calculated from Table 12 and Table 14. The formula to calculate the value of u c is
based on uc = kpp × kaf × 2 / 3 × U r.

(5) Where two values of the times td and t′ are given for terminal fault duty T100, separated by brackets,
the second value in brackets can be used for testing if short-line fault tests are also made. If this is not
the case, the times before the brackets apply.

(6) Synthetic tests can be performed to prove the capability of values of t3 in Column 6 of Table 14.

56
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Table 15 —Capacitive current switching ratings, class S2 a, b, c

Class C0 (1) (2)
Circuit breakers—general
Class C1 or Class C2 circuit breakers (2) (4)
purpose
Rated
Rated
max. Rated
cont. Back-to-back capacitor bank switching
Line voltage Rated isolated
current Rated Rated Rated inrush current (3) (5) (8)
no. Ur overhead capacitor Rated
capacitor bank overhead Preferred Alt. 1 Alt. 2
line current bank or cable capacitor bank Tested Tested Tested
current (6) line current rating (7) rating (7) rating (7)
current current (6) freq. freq. freq.
peak value peak value peak value
kV, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms kA, peak kHz c kA, peak kHz c kA, peak kHzc
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13
1 15.5 1200 2 250 630 100 630 20 4.2 6 1.2 30 6.5
2 15.5 2000 2 250 1000 100 1000 20 4.2 6 0.8 30 6.5
3 15.5 3000 5 250 1600 100 1600 20 4.2 6 0.5 45 9.0

4 25.8 1200 5 250 630 100 630 20 4.2 6 1.2 30 6.5

5 25.8 2000 5 250 1000 100 1000 20 4.2 6 0.8 30 6.5
6 25.8 3000 5 250 1600 100 1600 20 4.2 6 0.5 45 9.0

7 38 1200 5 250 630 100 630 20 4.2 6 1.2 30 6.5

8 38 2000 5 250 1000 100 1000 20 4.2 6 0.8 30 6.5
9 38 3000 5 250 1600 100 1600 20 4.2 6 0.5 45 9.0

10 48.3 1200 10 250 630 100 630 20 6.8 6 1.2 30 8.5

11 48.3 2000 10 250 1000 100 1000 20 6.8 6 0.8 30 8.5
12 48.3 3000 10 250 1600 100 1600 20 6.8 6 0.5 40 14.0

13 72.5 1200 20 250 800 100 630 25 3.4 6 1.2 30 8.5

14 72.5 2000 20 250 1000 100 1000 25 3.4 6 0.8 30 8.5
15 72.5 3000 20 250 1600 100 1600 25 3.4 6 0.5 40 14.0
16 72.5 4000 20 250 2000 100 2000 25 3.4 6 0.5 40 14.0
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.4.3 for Table 15.
b For preferred short-time current ratings, see Table 12. For preferred dielectric ratings, see Table 6 and Table 7.
c The rating is the kA value, and kHz is test frequency.

57
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6.4.3 Supplementary requirements for Table 15 on preferred capacitive current switching

ratings for class S2 line systems circuit breakers rated below 100 kV

Numbers in parentheses in the Table 15 refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.
(1) For general purpose circuit breakers (sometimes referred to as Class C0), no established ratings for
back-to-back capacitor switching applications. The capacitor bank or cable shall be “isolated in
accordance with 5.8.2 or 5.8.3 and also see IEEE Std C37.012 [B27].
For general purpose circuit breakers (Class C0) exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby
capacitor banks during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current on closing shall
not exceed the lesser of either 1.41 times rated short-circuit current or 50, 000 A peak. The product of
transient inrush current peak and transient inrush current frequency shall not exceed 20 kA·kHz.
(2) The circuit breaker shall be capable of switching any capacitive current of the ratings listed in the
selected rating column by the user, in Table 15 at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage.
(3) The rated transient inrush current peak is the highest magnitude of current that the circuit breaker shall
be required to close at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage and shall be as determined by the
system as unmodified by the circuit breaker. The tested transient inrush current frequency shall be
determined according to 5.8.5.
(4) For circuit breakers identified as a Class C1 or C2 (historically definite purpose) circuit breakers, the
manufacturer shall state the inrush current peak and frequency at which the circuit breaker meets Class
C1 or C2 performance. The stated inrush current peak and frequency may be the preferred values from
Table 15 or other values as determined by the manufacturer.
(5) The transient inrush current in circuit breakers applied in GIS substations has a very high equivalent
frequency (up to the MHz range, depending on the bus length) with an initial peak current of several
thousand amperes (depending on the surge impedance of the bus). For reference, see
IEEE Std C37.012 [B27]. Contact the manufacturer to determine the ability of the circuit breaker to
withstand these inrush current stresses.
(6) Tests to prove capacitive switching ratings shall be performed according to the requirements
IEEE Std C37.09.
(7) The preferred rating and alternatives 1 or 2 ratings have different values. These values are for
qualification of circuit breaker capacitance switching according to their capabilities. Alternate 1 rating
was added in particular for some ratings of vacuum and some other circuit breakers. Alternate 2 rating
represents the exceptional maximum values seen by users and manufacturers in world-wide
applications. As of the time of the approval of this standard, only synthetic tests for alternate 2 are
available in some laboratories.
(8) For Class C1 and C2 circuit breakers exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby capacitor banks
during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current shall not exceed the rated closing
and latching (peak withstand) capability of the circuit breaker. This is considered an infrequent event,
and therefore the circuit breaker should be expected to handle this duty twice in the life time of the
circuit breaker without requiring maintenance of the contacts.

6.5 Preferred ratings for circuit breakers 100 kV and above

Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, Table 19, Table 20, and Table 21 are applicable to circuit breakers rated
100 kV and above, including circuit breakers applied to gas-insulated substations.

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Table 16 — Preferred ratings for circuit breakers rated ≥ 100 kVa

Rated Rated short- Maximum Rated

Rated
Line maximum Rated continuous circuit and permissible closing and
interrupting
No. voltage (1) current (4) short-time tripping latching
time (2)
Ur current time delay current (3)
kV, rms A, rms kA, rms (Isc) ms Y, s kA, peak
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6
1 123 1200, 2000 31.5 50 1 82
2 123 2000, 3000, 4000 40 50 1 104
3 123 2000, 3000, 4000 50 50 1 130
4 123 2000, 3000, 4000 63 50 1 164

5 145 1200, 2000 31.5 33 or 50 1 82

6 145 1600, 2000, 3000 40 33 or 50 1 104
7 145 2000, 3000 50 33 or 50 1 130
8 145 2000, 3000 63 33 or 50 1 164
9 145 2000, 3000, 4000 80 33 or 50 1 208

10 170 1600, 2000 31.5 33 or 50 1 82

11 170 2000, 3000 40 33 or 50 1 104
12 170 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 50 33 or 50 1 130
13 170 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 63 33 or 50 1 164
14 170 3000, 4000, 5000 80 33 or 50 1 208
15 170 4000, 5000 100 33 or 50 1 260

16 245 1600, 2000, 3000 31.5 33 or 50 1 82

17 245 2000, 3000 40 33 or 50 1 104
18 245 2000, 3000 50 33 or 50 1 130
19 245 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 63 33 or 50 1 164
20 245 3000, 4000, 5000 80 33 or 50 1 208

21 362 2000, 3000 40 33 or 50 1 104

22 362 2000, 3000 50 33 or 50 1 130
23 362 2000, 3000, 4000 63 33 or 50 1 164

24 550 2000, 3000 40 33 1 104

25 550 3000, 4000 50 33 1 130
26 550 3000, 4000 63 33 1 164

27 800 2000, 3000 40 33 1 104

28 800 3000, 4000 50 33 1 130
29 800 3000, 4000 63 33 1 164
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the informational items in 6.5.1 for Table 16.

59
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6.5.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 16

Numbers in parenthesis in the table refer to the information correspondingly numbered items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1where applicable and are the maximum voltages
for which the circuit breakers are designed and are the upper limit for operation.

(2) The rated interrupting time column is the maximum time interval to be expected during a circuit
breaker opening operation on symmetrical fault between the instant of energizing the trip circuit
and the interruption of the main circuit on the primary arcing contacts under certain specified
conditions. The value may be exceeded under certain conditions as specified in 5.10.1.

(3) The tabulated values are for a 60 Hz system with an X/R of 17. This results in a rated closing
and latching current (kA, peak) of the circuit breaker which is 2.6 times the rated short-circuit
current. (If expressed in terms of kA, rms total current, the equivalent value is 1.55 times rated
short-circuit current.). For 50 Hz, the rated closing and latching current (kA, peak) of the circuit
breaker is 2.5 times the rated short-circuit current. (If expressed in terms of kA, rms total
current, the equivalent value is 1.47 times the rated short-circuit current.). See 5.6.2.3 for more
information.

(4) The traditional North American continuous current ratings of 1200 A and 3000 A have been
retained in this standard, while IEC prefers the continuous current ratings of 1250 A and
3150 A.

60
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Table 17 —TRV ratings, circuit breakers ≥100 kV kpp = 1.3: T100a, Terminal fault, Short-line fault, and Out-of-phase
Standard values of TRV represented by four parameters for terminal fault, short-line fault and out-of-phase fault duties.
Rated First pole First TRV peak Time
Amplitude Time
maximum Test duty to clear reference Time value delay Voltage Time RRRV
factor (2)
Line voltage (1) (9) (10) (11) factor voltage t1 (4) (8) (3) u′ t′ u1 /t1
kaf t2
no. Ur kpp u1 uc td
kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV µs kV µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12
1 123 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 98 49 183 196 2 49 27 2
2 123 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 75 38 141 152 2 38 21 2
3 123 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 151 98 251 392 2 75 51 1.54

4 145 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 115 58 215 232 2 58 31 2

5 145 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 89 44 166 176 2 44 24 2
6 145 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 178 116 296 464 2 89 60 1.54

7 170 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 135 68 253 272 2 68 36 2

8 170 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 104 52 194 208 2 52 28 2
9 170 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 208 136 347 544 2 104 70 1.54

10 245 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 195 98 364 392 2 98 51 2

11 245 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 150 75 280 300 2 75 40 2
12 245 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 300 196 500 784 2 150 99 1.54

13 362 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 288 144 538 576 2 144 74 2
14 362 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 222 111 414 444 2 111 57 2
15 362 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 443 288 739 1152 2 222 146 1.54

16 550 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 438 219 817 876 2 219 112 2
17 550 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 337 168 629 672 2 168 86 2
18 550 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 674 438 1120 1752 2 337 221 1.54

19 800 Terminal fault 1.3 1.40 637 318 1190 1272 2 319 161 2
20 800 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 490 245 914 980 2 245 124 2
21 800 Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 980 636 1630 2544 2 490 320 1.54
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.5.2 for Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19.

61
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Table 18 —TRV ratings ≥ 100 kV, kpp = 1.5 : T100a - Terminal fault, Short-line fault and Out-of-phase
Standard values of TRV represented by four parameters for terminal fault, short-line fault and out-of-phase fault test duties.
Rated First pole First
Amplitude TRV peak Time Time
max. Test duty to clear reference Voltage Time RRRV
factor Time value (4) (8) (2) delay (3)
Line voltage (1) (9) (10) (11) factor voltage u′ t′ u1 /t1
kaf uc t2 td
no. Ur kpp u1
kV, rms p.u. p.u. kV µs kV µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12
1 123 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 113 56 211 224 2 57 30 2
2 123 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 75 38 141 152 2 38 21 2
3 123 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 188 113 314 452 2 94 51 1.67

4 145 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 133 67 249 268 2 67 35 2

5 145 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 89 44 166 178 2 44 24 2
6 145 Out-of-phase 2.5 1.25 222 133 370 532 2 111 68 1.67

7 170 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 156 78 291 312 2 78 41 2

8 170 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 104 52 194 208 2 52 28 2
9 170 Out-of-phase 2.0 (6) 1.25 208 135 347 541 2 104 70 1.54

10 245 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 225 113 420 452 2 113 58 2
11 245 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 150 75 280 300 2 75 40 2
12 245 Out-of-phase 2.0 (6) 1.25 300 195 500 779 2 150 99 1.54

13 362 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 333 166 621 664 2 167 85 2
14 362 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 222 111 414 444 2 111 57 2
15 362 Out-of-phase 2.0 (6) 1.25 443 288 739 1150 2 222 146 1.54

16 550 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 505 253 943 1012 2 253 128 2
17 550 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 337 168 629 674 2 168 86 2
18 550 Out-of-phase 2.0 (6) 1.25 674 437 1120 1750 2 337 221 1.54

19 800 Terminal fault 1.5 1.40 735 367 1370 1468 2 368 186 2
20 800 Short-line fault 1.0 1.40 490 245 914 980 2 245 124 2
21 800 Out-of-phase 2.0 (6) 1.25 980 636 1630 2550 2 490 320 1.54
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the informational items in 6.5.2 for Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19.

62
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Table 19 —TRV ratings ≥ 100 kV kpp = 1.3: T100, T60, T30 and T10 a
Standard values of TRV represented by four parameters (test duties T100, T60) and two parameters (test duties T30, T10).
First TRV peak
Rated max. Amplitude Time Time RRRV
reference Time value Time Voltage Time (5)
voltage (1) Test duty factor (2) delay (5) u1 /t1 or
Line voltage t1 (4) (8) t3 u′ t′
Ur kaf t2 td uc / t3
No. u1 uc
kV, rms p.u. kV μs kV μs μs μs kV μs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12
1 123 T100 1.40 98 49 183 196 — 2 [14] 49 27 [8] 2
2 123 T60 1.50 98 33 196 99 — 2 [10] 49 18 [26] 3
3 123 T30 1.54 (7) — — 201 — 40 6 67 19 5
4 123 T10 1.76 (7) — — 230 — 33 5 77 16 7

5 145 T100 1.40 115 58 215 232 — 2 [16] 58 31 [45] 2

6 145 T60 1.50 115 38 231 114 — 2 [12] 58 21 [31] 3
7 145 T30 1.54 (7) — — 237 — 47 7 79 23 5
8 145 T10 1.76 (7) — — 272 — 39 6 91 19 7

9 170 T100 1.40 135 68 253 272 — 2 [19] 68 36 [53] 2

10 170 T60 1.50 135 45 271 135 — 2 [14] 68 25 [36] 3
11 170 T30 1.54 (7) — — 278 — 56 8 93 27 5
12 170 T10 1.76 (7) — — 320 — 46 7 106 22 7

13 245 T100 1.40 195 98 364 392 — 2 [7] 98 51 [76] 2

14 245 T60 1.50 195 65 390 195 — 2 [20] 98 35 [52] 3
15 245 T30 1.54 (7) — — 400 — 80 12 133 39 5
16 245 T10 1.76 (7) — — 459 — 66 10 153 32 7

17 362 T100 1.40 288 144 538 576 — 2 [40] 144 74 [112] 2
18 362 T60 1.50 288 96 576 288 — 2 [29] 144 50 [77] 3
19 362 T30 1.54 (7) — — 592 — 118 18 197 57 5
20 362 T10 1.76 (7) — — 676 — 97 15 226 47 7

21 550 T100 1.40 438 219 817 876 — 2 [61] 219 112[171] 2
22 550 T60 1.50 438 146 876 438 — 2 [44] 219 75 [117] 3
23 550 T30 1.54 (7) — — 899 — 180 27 300 87 5
24 550 T10 1.76 (7) — — 1030 — 147 22 344 71 7

25 800 T100 1.40 636 318 1190 1272 — 2 [89] 319 161 [248] 2
26 800 T60 1.50 636 212 1270 636 — 2 [64] 319 108 [170] 3
27 800 T30 1.54 (7) — — 1320 — 262 39 436 126 5
28 800 T10 1.76 (7) — — 1500 — 214 32 500 103 7
a
Numbers in parenthesis refer to the informational items in 6.5.2 for Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19.

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6.5.2 Supplementary requirements for Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19

Numbers in parenthesis in the tables refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1 where applicable and are the maximum voltages for
which the circuit breakers are designed and are the upper limit for operation.

(2) Time t2 for out-of-phase is 2 times time t2 for terminal fault [B11]. See B.2.3.2 for the calculation of t2.

(3) For out-of-phase, time td is the same as for terminal fault and short-line fault.

(4) The values of uc are calculated from Table 16, Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19.

The value is calculated such as: uc = kaf × kpp × 2 / 3 × Ur

(5) Where two values of the times td and t′ are given, the second value in brackets can be used for testing
if short-line fault tests are required. If this is not the case, the first value before the brackets applies.

(6) Table 18 only: for rated voltages of 170 kV and higher systems are considered to be effectively
grounded, therefore the recovery voltage for out-of-phase is 2.0 times the rated maximum voltage Ur
divided by √3.

(7) Table 19 only: In the process of harmonization with IEC 62271-100 [B11], values of T30 and T10 with
a first pole to clear factor kpp of 1.3 were changed in the 2009 edition of IEEE Std C37.06. At T30, the
amplitude factor kaf is changed to 1.54 instead of 1.58 and for T10 the amplitude factor kaf is increased
to 1.76 (it corresponds to an amplitude factor of 0.9 × 1.7 with kpp = 1.5). The numbers on these lines
are thus harmonized.

(8) Values of TRV terminal fault were not changed from the previous publication ANSI C37.06-2000 [B1]
but were translated to the two- or four-parameter representation with improved accuracy.

(9) Since the out-of-phase switching duty is required for only certain circuit breaker applications, the
specification of a rated out-of-phase making and breaking current is not mandatory

(10) The assigned out-of-phase switching current rating is the maximum out-of-phase current that the
circuit breaker shall be capable of switching at a rated power frequency, out-of-phase recovery voltage
equal to 2 times the rated maximum voltage for grounded systems, and 2.5 times the rated maximum
voltage for ungrounded systems (see IEEE Std C37.09). If a circuit breaker has an assigned out-of-
phase switching current rating, the preferred rating shall be 25% of the rated (symmetrical) short-
circuit current expressed in kA, unless otherwise specified.

(11) In the case of short-line-fault, the TRV parameters are those of the supply circuit.

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Table 20 —TRV ratings ≥ 100 kV, kpp = 1.5: T100 a – T100, T60, T30 and T10 a
Standard values of TRV represented by four parameters (T100, T60) and two parameters (T30, T10)
Rated First TRV peak
Amplitude Time delay RRRV
maximum reference Time value Time Time Voltage Time (3)
Test duty factor (3) u1 /t1, or
Line voltage (1) voltage t1 (2) (4) t2 t3 u′ t′
kaf td uc / t3
No. Ur u1 uc
kV, rms p.u. kV µs kV µs µs µs kV µs kV/µs
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12
1 123 T100 1.40 113 56 211 224 — 2 [16] 57 30 [44] 2
2 123 T60 1.50 113 38 226 114 — 2 [11] 57 21 [30] 3
3 123 T30 1.58 — — 238 — 48 7 79 23 5
4 123 T10 1.64 — — 247 — 35 5 82 17 7

5 145 T100 1.40 133 67 249 268 — 2 [19] 67 35 [52] 2

6 145 T60 1.50 133 44 266 132 — 2 [13] 67 24 [35] 3
7 145 T30 1.58 — — 281 — 56 8 94 27 5
8 145 T10 1.64 — — 291 — 42 6 97 20 7

9 170 T100 1.40 156 78 291 312 — 2 [22] 78 41 [61] 2

10 170 T60 1.50 156 52 312 156 — 2 [16] 78 28 [42] 3
11 170 T30 1.58 — — 329 — 66 10 110 32 5
12 170 T10 1.64 — — 341 — 49 7 114 24 7

13 245 T100 1.40 225 113 420 452 — 2 [32] 113 58 [88] 2
14 245 T60 1.50 225 75 450 225 — 2 [23] 113 40 [60] 3
15 245 T30 1.58 — — 474 — 95 14 158 46 5
16 245 T10 1.64 — — 492 — 70 11 164 34 7

17 362 T100 1.40 333 166 621 664 — 2 [47] 167 85 [130] 2
18 362 T60 1.50 333 111 665 333 — 2 [33] 167 58 [89] 3
19 362 T30 1.58 — — 701 — 140 21 234 68 5
20 362 T10 1.64 — — 727 — 104 16 242 50 7

21 550 T100 1.40 504 253 943 1012 — 2 [71] 253 128 [197] 2
22 550 T60 1.50 504 168 1010 504 — 2 [51] 253 86 [135] 3
23 550 T30 1.58 — — 1060 — 213 32 355 103 5
24 550 T10 1.64 — — 1110 — 158 24 368 76 7

25 800 T100 1.40 735 367 1370 1468 — 2 [103] 368 186 [287] 2
26 800 T60 1.50 735 245 1470 735 — 2 [74] 368 125 [196] 3
27 800 T30 1.58 — — 1550 — 310 46 516 150 5
28 800 T10 1.64 — — 1610 — 230 34 536 111 7
a
Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.5.3 for Table 20.

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6.5.3 Supplementary requirements for Table 20

Numbers in parenthesis in the tables refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) The voltage ratings are based on ANSI C84.1 where applicable and are the maximum voltages for
which the circuit breakers are designed and are the upper limit for operation.
(2) The values of uc are calculated from Table 16 and Table 20.

(3) The value is calculated as: uc = kaf × kpp × 2 / 3 × U r.

(4) Where two values of the times td and t′ are given, the second value in brackets can be used for testing
if short-line fault tests are required. If this is not the case, the first values before the brackets apply.
(5) Values of TRV terminal fault were not changed from the previous publication IEEE Std C37.06-2000
[B1] but were translated to the two or four-parameter representation with improved accuracy.

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Table 21 —Capacitive current switching ratings ≥ 100 kV a, b, c, d

Class C0 circuit Class C1 or Class C2
Class C1 or Class C2 circuit breakers (2) (4) (9)
breakers (1) (2) (2 ) (4) (6)
Rated
Rated Back-to-back capacitor bank switching (8)
max. Rated Rated Rated Rated
cont. Rated back-to- Rated inrush current (3) (5)
Line voltage overhead capacitor isolated overhead
current back capacitor Preferred Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3
no. Ur line bank or capacitor line Tested Tested Tested Tested
current cable current bank current current bank current rating (7)
freq.
rating (7)
freq.
rating (7)
freq.
rating (7)
freq.
(6) peak value peak value peak value peak value
kV, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms A, rms kA, peak kHzc kA, peak kHzc kA, peak kHzc kA, peak kHzc
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13 Col. 14 Col. 15

1 123 (9) 50 50 1200 160 700 16 4.3 6 2 25 13 60 8.5

2 145 (9) 80 80 1200 160 700 16 4.3 6 2 25 13 60 8.5

3 170 (9) 100 100 1200 160 700 20 4.3 6 2 25 13 60 8.5

4 245 (9) 160 160 1200 200 700 20 4.3 6 2 25 13 60 8.5

5 362 (9) 250 250 1200 315 800 25 4.3 6 2 20 21 65 8.5

6 550 (9) 400 400 1000 500 800 25 4.3 6 2 20 21 65 8.5

7 800 (9) 900 500 1000 900 800 25 4.3 6 2 20 21 65 8.5

a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the information items in 6.5.4 for Table 21.
b For preferred short-time ratings, see Table 16. For preferred dielectric ratings, see Table 6 and Table 7.
c The rating is the kA value, and kHz is test frequency.

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6.5.4 Supplementary requirements items for Table 21 on preferred capacitive current

switching ratings for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above, including circuit breakers
applied in gas-insulated substations

Numbers in parentheses in the table refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) For general-purpose circuit breakers (Class C0) no ratings for back-to-back capacitor switching
applications are established. The capacitor bank or cable shall be “isolated” in accordance with 5.8.2 or
5.8.3 and also see IEEE std C37.012 [B27].
For general-purpose circuit breakers (Class C0) exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby
capacitor banks during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current on closing shall
not exceed the lesser of either 1.41 times rated short-circuit current or 50 kA peak. The product of
transient inrush current peak and transient inrush current frequency shall not exceed 20 kA·kHz.
(2) The circuit breaker shall be capable of switching any capacitive current of the ratings listed in the
selected rating column by the user, in Table 21, at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage.
(3) The rated transient inrush current peak is the highest magnitude of current that the circuit breaker shall
be required to close at any voltage up to the rated maximum voltage and shall be as determined by the
system as unmodified by the circuit breaker. The tested transient inrush current frequency shall be
determined according to 5.8.5.
(4) For circuit breakers identified as a Class C1 or C2 (historically referred to as definite purpose), the
manufacturer shall state the inrush current peak and frequency at which the circuit breaker meets Class
C1 or C2 performance. The stated inrush current peak and frequency may be the preferred values from
Table 21 or other values as determined by the manufacturer and the user.
(5) The transient inrush current in circuit breakers applied in GIS substations has a very high equivalent
frequency (10s or 100s of MHz, depending on the bus length) with an initial peak current of several
thousand amperes (depending on the surge impedance of the bus). Although this observation is
primarily of academic interest, it demonstrates that there is no practical upper limit for application. For
reference, see IEEE Std C37.012 [B27].
(6) Tests to prove capacitive switching ratings shall be performed according to the requirements of IEEE
Std C37.09.
(7) The preferred ratings are those from the previous revision of IEEE Std C37.06-2009. Alternates 1, 2, or
3 ratings have different values for qualification of circuit breaker capacitance switching capabilities.
The preferred ratings represent the usual values that have historically been used for circuit breakers
previously referred to as definite purpose circuit breakers.
Alternate 1 rating was added in particular for some ratings of circuit breakers. The values of inrush
current magnitude and inrush frequency are generally lower than the preferred rating (historical
values).
Alternates 2 and 3 ratings represent alternatives of exceptional maximum capacitance switching values
as seen in a survey of users and manufacturers in world-wide applications.
Alternate 2 rating was developed by taking the 90th percentile of the inrush current frequency seen in
the survey and matching it with the corresponding inrush current magnitude at the 90th percentile
inrush frequency.
Similarly, alternate 3 rating was developed by taking the 90th percentile of the inrush current
magnitude seen in the survey and matching it with the corresponding inrush current frequency at the
90th percentile inrush current magnitude. These values of inrush current magnitude and inrush
frequency are generally higher than preferred rating (historical values). All values have been rounded.
It is necessary to choose which alternative shall apply to the circuit breaker. Refer to application guides
IEEE Std C37.012 [B27] for guidance on this selection.

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(8) For Class C1 and C2 circuit breakers exposed to transient inrush currents from nearby capacitor banks
during fault conditions, the capacitance transient inrush peak current shall not exceed the rated closing
and latching (peak withstand) capabilities of the circuit breaker. This is considered an infrequent event,
and therefore the circuit breaker should be expected to handle this duty twice in its life time without
requiring maintenance of the contacts.
(9) This current rating column is applicable to all ratings of preferred continuous currents.

6.6 Rated reclosing times for circuit breakers

Table 22 defines rated reclosing times for circuit breakers.

Table 22 —Rated reclosing times for circuit breakers a

Rated Reclosing time (1)
Circuit breaker ratings
(s)
Class S1 circuit breakers
less than 100 kV; 1200 A, 2000 A, 3000 and 4000 A 0.3
Class S2 or circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above
15.5 kV and above 0.3
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the items in 6.6.1 for Table 22.

6.6.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 22

Numbers in parentheses in Table 22 refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) Circuit breakers rated for reclosing shall be capable of reclosing within these times on an instantaneous
reclosing cycle, O + 0.3 s + CO, when operating in conjunction with an automatic reclosing device.
These time-values are based on maintaining rated control voltage or operating pressure at the operating
mechanism. In case the control voltage or pressure drops to 90% of rated voltage or pressure, the
reclosing times will be increased to 110% of the above values. Consult the manufacturer for special
reclosing requirements.

Reclosing time is defined in Clause 3. Some circuit breakers require a minimum time requirement
between the opening and next closing of the circuit breaker to allow proper mechanical functioning of
the mechanism. This minimum time requirement may be implemented internally by circuit breaker
control circuitry or externally by means of protection and control circuitry; and in either case must be
implemented to prevent damage to, or incorrect operation of the circuit breaker (refer to 5.10.2).

A time in addition to the minimum mechanical reclose time, and known as “tmin” may be imposed by
the circuit breaker characteristics; however it is not a time that can be tested on-site. Time “tmin” is
commonly known as the dead time, i.e., the interval of time between final arc extinction in all poles
and first reestablishment of current in any pole in the subsequent closing operation. The mechanical
reclose time is important from the perspective of installation and maintenance. The time “tmin” is
important from the perspective of system protection and control.

6.7 Control voltage ranges for circuit breakers

Operating mechanisms are designed for the rated control voltages listed with operational capabilities
throughout the indicated voltage ranges to accommodate variations in source regulation, coupled with dc
battery low charge levels, as well as dc battery high charge levels maintained with floating charges. The
voltage is measured at the point of user connection to the circuit breaker [see items (12) and (13)] with no
operating current flowing, and the minimum voltage is measured with operating current flowing.

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Table 23 —Rated control voltages for circuit breakers a (10) (12) (13)
DC voltage ranges Alternating current
(1) (2) (3) (5) (8) (9) (14) Rated control voltage ranges
V, dc voltage (1) (2) (3) (4) (8) (14)
Rated (14) Closing, energy storage,
Closing, energy storage and
control (60 Hz) tripping, and auxiliary
Line auxiliary functions
voltage Opening functions
No.
(11) Class S2 circuit functions
Class S1
breakers and circuit All types
circuit Single phase Single phase
breakers rated
breakers
100 kV and above
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6
1 24 (6) — — 14-28 120 104-127 (7)
2 48 (6) 38-56 36-56 28-56 240 208-254 (7)
3 125 100-140 90-140 70-140 Polyphase Polyphase
4 250 200-280 180-280 140-280 208Y/120 180Y/104–220Y/127
5 — — — — 240 208–254
6 — — — —
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the items in 6.7.1 Information items for Table 23.

6.7.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 23

Numbers in parentheses in Table 23 refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) Electrically operated motors, contactors, solenoids, valves, and the like, need not carry a nameplate
voltage rating that corresponds to the control voltage rating shown in the table as long as these
components perform the intended duty cycle (usually intermittent) in the voltage range specified.
(2) Relays, motors, or other auxiliary equipment that functions as a part of the control for a device shall be
subject to the voltage limits imposed by this standard, whether mounted at the device or at a remote
location.
(3) Circuit breaker devices, in some applications, may be exposed to control voltages exceeding those
specified here due to abnormal conditions such as abrupt changes in line loading. Such applications
require specific study, and the manufacturer should be consulted. Also, application of switchgear
devices containing solid-state control, exposed continuously to control voltages approaching the upper
limits of ranges specified herein, require specific attention, and the manufacturer should be consulted
before application is made.
(4) Includes supply for pump or compressor motors.
(5) It is recommended that the coils of closing, auxiliary, and tripping devices that are connected
continually to one dc potential should be connected to the negative control bus to minimize electrolytic
deterioration.
(6) 24 V or 48 V tripping, closing, and auxiliary functions are recommended only when the device is
located near the battery or where special effort is made to ensure the adequacy of conductors between
battery and control terminals. 24 V closing is not recommended.
(7) Includes heater circuits.
(8) Voltage ranges apply to all closing and auxiliary devices when cold. Circuit breakers utilizing standard
auxiliary relays for control functions may not comply at lower extremes of voltage ranges when relay
coils are hot, as after repeated or continuous operation.
(9) DC control voltage sources, such as those derived from rectified alternating current, may contain
sufficient inherent ripple to modify the operation of control devices to the extent that they may not
function over the entire specified voltage ranges.
(10) This table also applies for circuit breakers in gas-insulated substation installations.

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(11) In cases where other operational ratings are a function of the specific control voltage applied, tests in
IEEE Std C37.09 may refer to the “rated control voltage.” In these cases, tests shall be performed at
the levels in Column 1.
(12) For a class S2 circuit breaker, the point of user connection to the circuit breaker is the secondary
terminal block point at which the wires from the circuit breaker operating mechanism components are
connected to the user’s control circuit wiring.
(13) For removable circuit breakers used in enclosures, the point of user connection to the circuit breaker is
either the secondary disconnecting contact (where the control power is connected from the stationary
housing to the removable circuit breaker) or the terminal block point in the housing nearest to the
secondary disconnecting contact.
(14) The voltage ratings of protective relays and other devices used to initiate operation of the circuit
breaker controls may have voltage requirements other than of the circuit breaker. All other capabilities
of these devices shall be as required by IEEE Std C37.90.

6.8 Circuit breaker operation and operating endurance capabilities

Two classes of mechanical endurance are provided: normal mechanical endurance, class M1, and extended
mechanical endurance, class M2. Class M1 is required for all circuit breakers, Table 24 identifies the
schedule of operating endurance capabilities for circuit breakers class M1. Class M2 is an optional rating
which is intended for frequently operated circuit breakers with special service requirements and limited
maintenance. Class M2 requires 10 000 no-load mechanical operations capability for all ratings described
in Table 24 below.

NOTE—Circuit breaker class M2 is intended to harmonize with IEC 62271-100 circuit breaker class M2. The
minimum required endurance capability demonstrated by class M1 is intended to carry forward historical endurance
capabilities established in earlier standards, it is not equivalent to the IEC mechanical endurance capability class M1.

Table 24 — Schedule of operating endurance capabilities for circuit breakers a (1) (6) (7)
Number of operations (each operation is
Circuit breaker ratings comprised of one closing plus one opening)
(3) (4) (5)
Rated Inrush
Line Rated Between No-load
Rated continuous Rated short- continuous current
No. maximum servicing mechanical
current circuit current current switching
voltage (2) (8)b, c
switching (9) (10)
kV, rms A, rms kA, rms
Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7
Class S1 circuit breakers
1 4.76, 15 1200, 2000 20, 25, 31.5 2000 10 000 1000 750
2 4.76, 8.25, 15 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 40, 50 1000 5000 500 400
3 15 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 63 500 2000 500 400
4 27 1200, 2000, 3000 16, 25 500 2500 200 100
5 38 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000 16, 25, 31.5, 40 250 2000 100 100
Class S2 circuit breakers (11)
6 15.5 and All All 500 2000 100 100
above
Circuit breakers 100 kV and above (11)
7 All All All 500 2000 100 100
a Numbers in parenthesis refer to the items in 6.8.1 and Table 24.
b Circuit breaker class M1, normal mechanical endurance according to the values given in Col. 5 are the minimum

required no-load mechanical endurance with servicing at intervals no more frequently than given in Col. 4.
c Circuit breaker class M2, special service requirements, is optional for any circuit breaker and consists of 10 000

operations (for all ratings) with limited maintenance. Class M2 meets the requirements for class M1.

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6.8.1 Supplementary requirements for Table 24

Numbers in parentheses in the table refer to the following correspondingly numbered items.

(1) Table 24 may be used as a guide for applying circuit breakers to switching conditions that differ from those
specified. In such cases, the number of operations may differ from those tabulated, but the cumulative duty
on the circuit breaker must be within the service capability as required in 5.6.2.5.
(2) Servicing consists of cleaning, tightening, adjusting, lubricating, etc., as recommended by the
manufacturer, and assumes usual service conditions. Maintenance intervals are usually based on both an
elapsed time and a number of operations, whichever occurs sooner as per the manufacturer requirements.
(3) With rated control voltage applied. See Table 23.
(4) For frequency of operation see 5.13.3.
(5) No functional parts shall have been replaced prior to completion of the specified number of operations.
(6) After completion of the specified number of operations, the circuit breaker shall be capable of withstanding
rated maximum voltage in the open position, and shall be capable of carrying rated continuous current, at
rated frequency, at a stable temperature until maintained. The limits of temperature rises may be exceeded.
The circuit breaker shall be deemed to be capable of carrying its rated continuous current at a stable
temperature until maintained if the resistance of the continuous carrying circuit, when measured with a DC
current source where at least 100 A is flowing, is less than 200% of the maximum value measured prior to
the specified number of operations.
(7) If a short-circuit operation occurs before the completion of the listed operations, maintenance is
recommended and possible functional part replacement may be necessary, depending on previous
accumulated duty, fault magnitude, and expected future operations.
(8) Requirements are based on specified maintenance intervals in accordance with Column 4.
(9) When closing and opening current equal to rated continuous current at rated maximum voltage with power
factor between 80% leading and 80% lagging.
(10) When closing current equal to 600% of rated continuous current at rated maximum voltage with power
factor of 30% or less and when opening current equal to rated continuous current at rated maximum
voltage with power factor between 80% leading and 80% lagging.
(11) Classes S1 and S2 are for circuit breakers below 100 kV. For 100 kV and above, all circuit breakers
have the same characteristics, even if installed in indoor or outdoor substations such as GIS. Ratings of
circuit breakers class S2 also apply for circuit breakers in gas-insulated substation installations.

7. Construction and functional components

7.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear

The manufacturer shall specify the type and the required quantity and quality of the liquid used in
switchgear.

The manufacturer shall provide the user with necessary instructions for renewing the liquid and
maintaining its required quantity and quality.

For oil-filled switchgear, new insulating oil shall comply with IEEE Std C57.106, IEC 60296:2003 [B6], or
ASTM D3487.

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7.2 Requirements for gases in circuit breakers

The manufacturer shall specify the type and the required quantity and quality of the gas to be used in
switchgear. The weight of the gas contained with each circuit breaker or switchgear assembly shall be
recorded at the ambient filling condition required during operation or rated condition and shall appear on
the nameplate. If the circuit breaker is shipped with less than its rated filling pressure, the weight of the gas
contained in the equipment leaving the factory must be recorded on the production test report.

The manufacturer shall provide the user with necessary instructions for renewing the gas and maintaining
its required quantity and quality. This requirement does not apply to sealed pressure systems.

For sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) filled switchgear, new SF6 gas should be in accordance with ASTM D2472 or
IEC 60376 [B7]. Reused SF6 gas should be in accordance with IEC 60480 [B8]. For switchgear with SF6
mixtures, refer to IEC 62271-4 [B12].

In order to prevent condensation, the maximum allowable moisture content within gas-filled switchgear
filled with gas at rated filling density for insulation ρre shall be such that the dew point is not higher than
−5 °C for any measurement during its service life.

7.3 Grounding

Switchgear shall be provided with a reliable grounding point for connection of an equipment ground
conductor (EGC) suitable for specified fault conditions. Parts of metallic enclosures connected to the
grounding system may be designed to be part of the ground circuit.

All conductive components and enclosures that may be touched during normal operating conditions and are
intended to be grounded shall be designed to carry 30 A (dc) with a voltage drop of maximum 3 V to the
grounding point provided at the switchgear or, in the case of remotely mounted enclosures, to the
grounding point on the enclosure.

NOTE—Some designs of switchgear are remotely mounted, e.g., on a pole, and are intentionally not grounded. The
term “Switchgear” as used within this clause includes free-standing circuit breakers (e.g., “outdoor circuit breakers”)
and withdrawable circuit breakers when properly installed in their housings as defined by the relevant standards. See
IEEE Std C37.20.2 and IEEE Std C37.20.3.

7.4 Auxiliary and control equipment

The functional components required for basic circuit breaker operation and use are listed below. Additional
accessory devices may be available and the manufacturer should be consulted.

7.4.1 Electrical controls

Electrical controls shall meet the requirements of IEEE Std C37.11.

7.4.2 Contact position indicator

A reliable mechanical contact position indicator, which can easily be read by the local operator, shall be
supplied. The following colors shall be used:

a) Red background with the word “closed” and / or the symbol “|” [see ISO 7000 #5007] in
contrasting color to indicate closed contacts.
b) Green background with the word “open” and/ or the symbol “O” [see ISO 7000 #5008] in
contrasting color to indicate open contacts.

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7.4.3 Operations counter

An operations counter shall be supplied. The preferred arrangement for this device is to operate during the
opening cycle of the circuit breaker operation. Counter shall be of the non-resettable type and shall have at
least five digits.

7.4.4 Shunt release (trip) device with necessary control auxiliary switches

A shunt release coil with necessary control auxiliary switches shall be capable of tripping the circuit
breaker when any voltage throughout the control voltage range is applied. See Table 23 for preferred
ratings of control voltages.

7.4.5 Stored energy indicator

A stored energy indicator that can easily be read by the local operator shall be supplied. For stored energy
systems using hydraulic fluid or compressed gas, a pressure gauge shall be supplied. The pressure gauge
shall clearly indicate sufficient pressure for operation. Systems using stored electrical energy shall provide
a visible indication of adequate electrical energy. For stored energy systems using springs, a reliable
indicator with the following colors shall be provided:

a) Yellow background with black lettering to indicate “charged” mechanism.

b) White background with black lettering to indicate “discharged” mechanism.

As an alternative to the required stored energy indicator word, a symbol may be used which indicates the
stored mechanism is fully charged and discharged.

NOTE—At present there are no uniform symbols to indicate stored energy status, a simple unambiguous graphic
should be chosen if utilized.

7.4.6 Manually operated releases

The direction of operation of manual operating handles shall be apparent. Preferred handle operation
principles are to

 Turn clockwise to close and counter-clockwise to open, or

 Push in to close and pull out to open, or
 Move right to close and move left to open, or
 Move upwards to close and move downwards to open.

Other designs can be implemented.

In the event of failure of the electrical shunt release system (see 7.4.4) circuit breakers shall be equipped
with a manually operated release to OPEN the circuit breaker and may optionally be equipped with a
manually operated release to CLOSE the circuit breaker. These releases shall be clearly labeled such that an
operator can easily identify and operate them. Either or both of these releases may be designated as
“Maintenance Only,” (i.e., not suitable for use on energized equipment) in which case it shall be clearly
labeled as such. Where circuit breakers are installed in an open enclosure or electrical room a means shall
be provided to prevent accidental operation.

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Manual releases shall have the following colors:

a) Red background with the word “open” and/or “trip” in contrasting letters to indicate that the release
opens the circuit breaker. Optionally, the graphic symbol ‘O’ [see ISO 7000 # 5008] may be used
in place of or in addition to the words above.
b) Green or black background with the word “close” in contrasting letters to indicate that the release
closes the circuit breaker. Optionally, the graphic symbol ‘I’ [see ISO 7000 # 5007] may be used in
place of or in addition to the words “close”.

7.4.7 Functional interlocking components—Drawout circuit breakers

Drawout circuit breakers (i.e. intended for use in enclosures) shall have the necessary position (racking)
and mechanism interlocks, primary and secondary disconnects, primary insulation, and control wiring to
fully correlate and coordinate with the enclosure standards. See IEEE Std C37.20.2 and IEEE Std C37.20.3
as appropriate.

7.5 Operating mechanisms

Independent manual or power operation (independent unlatched operation) mechanisms are excluded from
this standard.

The circuit breaker shall be capable of making and breaking all currents up to its rated values when the
energy storage device is suitably charged. Except for slow operation during maintenance, the closed or
open position of the main contacts shall not change as a result of loss of the energy supply or the
reapplication of the energy supply after a loss of energy to the closing and/or opening device. It shall not be
possible for the moving contacts to move from one position to the other, unless the stored energy is
sufficient for satisfactory completion of the opening or closing operation.

7.5.1 Dependent power operation

A switching device arranged for dependent power operation with external energy supply shall be capable of
making and/or breaking its rated short-circuit current (if any) when the voltage or the pressure of the power
supply of the operating device is at the lower of the limits specified under 6.7 (the term “operating device”
here embraces intermediate control relays and contactors where provided).

Except for slow operation during maintenance or the operation of a separate undervoltage device or relay,
the main contacts shall only move under the action of the drive mechanism and in the designed manner.
The closed or open position of the main contacts shall not change as a result of loss of the energy supply or
the reapplication of the energy supply after a loss of energy, to the closing and/or opening device.

7.5.2 Stored energy operation

7.5.2.1 General

A switching device arranged for stored energy operation shall be capable of making and breaking all
currents up to its rated values when the energy storage device is suitably charged. Except for slow
operation during maintenance, the main contacts shall only move under the action of the drive mechanism
and in the designed manner, and not in the case of re-application of the energy supply to the energy storage
device after a loss of energy.

A device indicating when the energy storage device is charged shall be mounted on the switching device,
see 7.4.5.

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It shall not be possible for the moving contacts to move from one position to the other, unless the stored
energy is sufficient for satisfactory completion of the opening or closing operation. Stored energy systems
for both opening and closing shall be capable of being discharged, restrained or otherwise reduced to a
condition consistent with personnel safety during maintenance operations by properly trained personnel.

7.5.2.2 Stored energy requirements for operating mechanisms

Operating mechanism stored energy requirements depend on time to recharge after a CO (close-open)
operation of the circuit breaker. Mechanism recharging requirements given in Table 25 are the maximum
permissible recharging times for recharging the operating mechanism to restore rated conditions of energy
storage (i.e., spring charge, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, capacitor or other energy storage
method) after one CO operation starting at rated conditions. Rated control voltages shall be used in
determining the recharge time.

Table 25 —Energy storage requirements of operating mechanisms

Maximum recharging time
Stored energy requirements
after CO operation
30 s Two CO a
30 min Four CO
Over 30 min Five CO
a CO = close-open

When the opening of a circuit breaker is dependent on stored energy in the form of pressured gas, fluid or
stored electrical energy, and that capability is inadequate both closing and opening operations of that circuit
breaker shall be prevented. A means shall be provided to initiate an alarm before the function becomes
inoperative.

7.5.2.3 Energy storage in gas receivers or hydraulic accumulators

When the energy storage device is a gas receiver or hydraulic accumulator, the requirements of 7.5.2 apply
at operating pressures between the limits specified in items a) and b).

a) External pneumatic or hydraulic supply.

b) Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, the limits of the operating pressure are 85% and
110% of their specified rated pressure.
c) Higher limits may apply where receivers also store compressed gas for interruption. The applicable
equipment standard should address as needed the maximum limit if applicable.
d) Compressor or pump integral with the switching device or the operating device.
e) The limits of operating pressure shall be stated by the manufacturer.

7.5.2.4 Energy storage in springs (or weights)

When the energy storage device is a spring (or weight), the requirements of 7.5.2.1 apply when the spring
is charged (or the weight lifted).

7.5.2.5 Manual charging

If a spring (or weight) is charged by hand, the direction of motion of the handle shall be marked.

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The manual charging facility shall be designed such that the handle is not driven by the operation of the
switching device.

The maximum actuating force required for manually charging a spring (or weight) shall not exceed 250 N
(56 lbf).

7.5.2.6 Motor charging

Motors, and their electrically operated auxiliary equipment for charging a spring (or weight) or for driving
a compressor or pump, shall operate satisfactorily within the limits of the voltages shown in Table 23, the
frequency, in the case of ac, being the rated supply frequency.

NOTE—For electric motors, the limits do not imply the use of non-standard motors but only the selection of a motor
which at these values provides the necessary effort, and the rated voltage of the motor need not coincide with the rated
supply voltage of the closing device.

7.5.2.7 Energy storage in capacitors

When the energy storage is a charged capacitor, the requirements of 7.5.2.1 apply when the capacitor is
charged except that indication of the charged state may be placed on the energy storage device rather than
the switching device.

7.5.3 Trip-free requirements

The circuit breaker operating mechanism(s) shall be designed so that the tripping function shall prevail over
the closing function. When a tripping signal (mechanical or electrical) is received while a closing operation
is being executed, even if the closing signal (mechanical or electrical) is maintained, the following shall
apply:

a) If the closing signal is applied simultaneously with the tripping signal (mechanical or electrical) or
if the tripping signal is applied after the closing signal, the circuit breaker contacts shall be
permitted to close or touch momentarily.
b) If the tripping circuit is completed through the circuit breaker auxiliary switch contact(s) (or other
electrical devices), electrical tripping devices will not be energized until after the auxiliary switch
contacts have closed and the circuit breaker main contacts are permitted to close or touch
momentarily.
c) If the mechanical tripping signal is applied and held prior to the application of a closing signal
(mechanical or electrical), the circuit breaker contacts shall not be permitted to close, even
momentarily. It may be necessary for the mechanism to release energy during such an operation.
However, movement of the contacts shall not reduce the open gap by more than 10%, nor shall it
reduce the rated insulation capability for the contact gap, and the contacts shall come to rest in the
fully open position.

7.5.4 Anti-pump function

The anti-pump function, shall be provided as required in IEEE Std C37.11.

7.5.5 Frequency of operation

Operating mechanism components shall be capable of up to 30 CO operations per hour provided rated
control voltage is available to energy storage system. This requirement refers to the operating mechanism
capability and is independent of the making / breaking capability of the interrupting assemblies. Where the

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energy storage and recharging time (see Table 25) do not permit continuous operation at this rate, the
mechanism shall be capable of this rate of operations following recharging of the stored energy system.

7.5.6 Maintenance provisions

a) If required for maintenance of the circuit breaker, a means of manual operation during maintenance
shall be provided.
b) Means shall be provided to prevent automatic operation of the mechanism when maintenance work
is being performed.
c) Means shall be provided to remove accumulated moisture or other foreign liquids from compressed
gas receivers.
d) Electronic and electro-mechanical controllers, relays, solenoids, motors and similar items required
for proper operation of the circuit breaker mechanism shall be field replaceable. Additionally,
energy storage components with a service life less than the expected service life of the circuit
breaker (e.g., typical electrolytic energy storage capacitors) shall also be field replaceable.
e) Stored energy systems for both opening and closing shall be capable of being discharged,
restrained, or otherwise reduced to a condition consistent with personnel safety during maintenance
operations by properly trained personnel.

7.6 Alternative operating mechanisms

An alternative operating mechanism is obtained when a change in the power kinematic chain of the original
operating mechanism or the use of an entirely different operating mechanism leads to the same mechanical
characteristics of the interrupting assembly. It is not necessary that the two operating mechanisms share the
same operating principles, for example one mechanism may be spring and the other hydraulic.

To establish that one operating mechanism (the alternative operating mechanism) has the same mechanical
characteristics as the fully type tested mechanism (original operating mechanism) the travel-time curves of
the two mechanisms at rated voltage or operating pressure must be compared.

a) The travel- time curve of the original operating mechanism that was obtained at the beginning of
the make and break testing is the ‘reference curve’.
b) The travel-time curve of the prospective alternative operating mechanism shall be obtained under
conditions matching those of the reference curve.
c) From the reference curve, obtained in a) two envelope curves shall be drawn from the instant of
contact separation to the end of the contact travel for the opening operation and from the beginning
of the contact travel to the instant of contact touch for the closing operation. The distance of the
two envelopes from the original course shall be ±5% of the total stroke. In case of circuit breakers
with a total stroke of 40 mm or less the distance of the two envelopes from the original course shall
be ±2 mm. It is recognized that for some designs of circuit breakers, these methods may be
unsuitable, as for example for vacuum circuit breakers or for some circuit breakers rated less than
52 kV. In such cases the manufacturer shall define an appropriate method to verify the proper
operation of the circuit breaker.
d) The envelopes can be moved in the vertical direction until one of the curves covers the reference
curve. This gives maximum tolerances over the mechanical characteristics of –0%, +10% and –
10%, +0%, respectively for the opening curve and the closing curve considered independently. The
displacement of the envelope can be used only once for the complete procedure in each test (once
for opening and once, but perhaps with another direction or magnitude for closing) in order to get a
maximum total deviation from the reference characteristic of 10%.

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e) In circuit breakers with interrupting assemblies incorporating non-sliding contacts (or similar
contacts) in which weld breaking forces are a consideration, the capabilities of the alternative
mechanism to satisfy the short-time and peak withstand duties shall be demonstrated.

Provided that the criteria above are met, the alternative operating mechanism is considered to have the
same mechanical characteristics as the original, fully type tested, mechanism and a limited testing
sequence, as defined in IEEE Std C37.09 for alternative operating mechanisms may be used.

7.7 Low- and high-pressure interlocking and monitoring devices

7.7.1 Gas pressure

Closed pressure systems filled with compressed gas for insulation and/or operation and having a minimum
functional pressure for insulation and/or operation above 0.2 MPa (absolute pressure) shall be provided
with a device to check the pressure (or density).

The uncertainty of the gas monitoring device should be established and take into account the pressure
coordination (filling, minimum functional and alarm pressure) and leakage rate.

7.7.2 Liquid level

A device for checking the liquid level, with indication of minimum and maximum limits permissible for
correct operation, shall be provided. This is not applicable to dash-pots or shock-absorbers.

7.8 Degrees of protection by enclosures

7.8.1 General

The degrees of protection provided by enclosures shall be in accordance with ANSI/IEC 60529 and 7.8.2
through 7.8.4.

7.8.2 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection of the
equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding)

The degree of protection of persons provided by an enclosure against access to hazardous parts of the main
circuit, control, and/or auxiliary circuits and to any hazardous moving parts shall be at least IP2X according
to ANSI/IEC 60529.

7.8.3 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding)

For equipment of indoor installation, no minimum degree of protection against harmful ingress of water is
specified, i.e., the second characteristic numeral of the IP code is X according to ANSI/IEC 60529.

Equipment for outdoor installation in secure areas shall be at least IPX3 according to ANSI/IEC 60529. If it
is provided with additional protection features against rain and other weather conditions (supplementary
letter W), the performance refers to the situation with these features in place and shall be demonstrated
according to IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007™, Annex F.

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7.8.4 Protection of equipment against mechanical impact under normal service conditions
(IK coding)

If protection of equipment against mechanical impact is required, the IK coding according to IEC 62262
[B10] should be followed.

7.9 Enclosure and wiring requirements

7.9.1 Operating mechanism enclosure

The operating mechanism for outdoor circuit breakers shall be mounted and enclosed in weatherproof
enclosure with door(s) so arranged as to make accessible parts of the mechanism usually requiring
inspection or maintenance. Each enclosure shall have a removable conduit plate or sufficient conduit
knockouts for bringing in conduit.

7.9.2 Enclosure wiring

The wiring for all control devices shall be included and shall terminate on readily accessible terminal
blocks in reasonable proximity to incoming conduit.

7.9.3 Condensation

To reduce condensation, each outdoor enclosure shall have a continuous or thermostatically controlled
heater. Indoor circuit breakers should consider the use of heaters to reduce condensation or rust in
unconditioned or unheated areas.

7.9.4 Wiring for instrument current and voltage transformers

Wire for current transformer secondary leads shall not be smaller than 14 AWG. Wire for voltage
transformer secondary leads and for control wiring shall be electrically coordinated with the inherent
current requirements and voltage drop limitations of the circuit, and mechanically coordinated and designed
for its intended application in the circuit breaker. Splices, when required, shall be brazed or made by
permanently fitted pressure type connectors.

7.10 Creepage distances

The creepage distance over external insulation for outdoor circuit breakers is listed in Table 6. These
minimum values are for light pollution level conditions of atmospheric contamination as defined by 4.2.3
and Annex C. For special cases of pollution, refer to IEEE Std C37.010.

7.11 Gas and vacuum tightness

7.11.1 Closed pressure systems for gas

A closed pressure system for gas is a volume that can be replenished only periodically by manual
connection to an external gas source. The tightness characteristic of a closed pressure system stated by the
manufacturers shall be consistent with a minimum maintenance and inspection philosophy. The maximum
leakage rate for a circuit breaker in a high switching operation for a closed pressure system for gas shall be
less than 1% per year. The alternate preferred leakage rates are 0.5% and 0.1% per year.

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7.11.2 Sealed pressure systems

A sealed pressure system is a volume for which no further gas or vacuum processing is required during the
expected operating life.

7.12 Liquid tightness

7.12.1 General

The following specifications apply to all switchgear that use liquids as insulating, or combined insulating
and interrupting, or control medium with or without permanent pressure.

7.12.2 Leakage rates

The permissible leakage rate for liquid Fp(liq) shall be indicated by the manufacturer. A clear distinction
shall be made between internal and external tightness where internal tightness refers to leakage between
two compartments within a single closed system and external tightness refers to leakage outside of the
closed system.

a) Total tightness: no liquid loss can be detected.

b) Relative tightness: slight loss is acceptable under the following conditions:

1) The leakage rate, F(liq), shall be less than the permissible leakage rate, Fp(liq).
2) The leakage rate, F(liq), shall not continuously increase with time or in the case of switching
devices, with number of operations.
3) The liquid leakage shall cause no malfunction of the switchgear, nor cause any injury to
operators in the normal course of their duty.

7.13 Noise requirements

The purpose of this clause is to establish guidelines to provide protection against excessive environmental
disturbance from outdoor switchyard circuit breakers. This clause does not apply to circuit breakers used in
gas insulated substations and metal enclosed equipment.

Outdoor circuit breakers shall be designed to comply with the noise regulations that set forth measurements
and practices with regard to noise levels that are deemed acceptable in occupational environments without
personal protective equipment to reduce the noise level.

Design tests to verify compliance with this clause are not required for most modern outdoor circuit
breakers, as the noise levels are quite low compared to historic designs. If tests are required to verify
compliance, refer to IEEE Std C37.09 for requirements.

7.13.1 Noise exposure conditions

Noise exposure conditions cover the exposure under the following circumstances:

a) Personnel at, or very close to, the circuit breaker during installation, maintenance, or inspection
periods
b) Personnel at control stations
c) Persons in the proximity of the equipment as permitted by limiting boundaries

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7.13.2 Noise level

The noise level for outdoor circuit breakers shall not exceed those values given in Table 26 for the different
equipment and noise classifications. Where intermittent noise recurs several times daily, with each noise
level persisting for 1 s or as long as several hours per day, the accumulated intermittent noise shall be
calculated as follows, using the permissible sound levels and times given in Table 27.

Table 26 —Sound pressure level limits

Impulse noise limit Intermittent noise limit Continuous noise limit e
Equipment
Maximum Horizontal Maximum Horizontal Maximum Horizontal
classification
sound distance to sound distance to sound distance to
(kV)
pressure measurement pressure measurement pressure measurement
Range
level (dB)a point, m (ft) level (dB)a point, m (ft) level (dB)a point, m (ft)
General-purpose
outdoor equipment
362 kV and below 140 1 (3) b d 15 (50) b 90 15 (50) b
1 (3) b
Above 362 kV 140 d 30 (100) b 90 30 (100) b
0.7 (2) c
Definite-purpose
outdoor equipment
(These limits are in
addition to those
required for general-
purpose outdoor
equipment
105 50 (150) b 90 50 (150) b 85 50 (150) b
362 kV and below
95 150 (500) b 80 150 (500) b 75 150 (500) b
105 100 (300) b 90 100 (300) b 85 100 (300) b
Above 362 kV
95 300 (1000) b 80 300 (1000) b 75 300 (1000) b
a The sound level limits are based on no-load operation since personnel are not expected to stand adjacent to the circuit

breaker when it is opening under fault conditions. Measurement shall be made 1.5 m (5 ft) above ground level.
b Measured from perimeter of circuit breaker with cabinet doors closed.
c Measured at location of the control switch of the circuit breaker with the cabinet doors open.
d See 7.13.2 for maximum allowable sound level.
e It is considered that the routine operation of the switching station will not submit a person to continuous or

intermittent exposure unless the operator is at least at or within the specified minimum distance from the noise,
depending on the circuit breaker voltage rating.

Table 27 —Permissible noise exposure a

Duration per day, Sound level,
hours (Ti) dBA
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1-1/2 102
1 105
½ 110
1/4 or less 115
a Care shall be taken so that measurements will not be influenced by noise

reflection, focus, or amplification from walls, buildings, or other surfaces.

When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of exposure to different sound levels,
their combined effect shall be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum of the
following fractions: C1/T1 + C2/T2 ...+ Cn/Tn exceeds unity, then the mixed exposure shall be considered

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to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total time of exposure at a specified sound level, and Tn
indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level. If the period between repeating (intermittent)
noise is less than 1 s, the noise is considered to be continuous. Exposure to impulsive or impact noise shall
not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.

For indoor circuit breakers not used in metal enclosed equipment, or the mechanism of outdoor circuit
breakers, a sound level measurement shall be made at 0.9 m (3 ft) from the mechanism with the door open
(if equipped), with measured background noise not exceeding 65 dBA. The measurement shall be recorded
and made available to the end users. The value of 140 dB is the OSHA limit for the typical operating time
of a circuit breaker for one working day

7.14 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

Switchgear shall be capable of satisfying the EMC tests specified in IEEE Std C37.09.

The secondary system shall be able to withstand transient voltage disturbances up to 1500 V without
damage or malfunction. This applies to normal operation and under switching conditions, including
interruption of fault currents in the main circuit. The secondary system consists of the following:

a) Control and auxiliary circuits, including circuits in control cubicles;

b) Equipment for monitoring, diagnostics, etc., that is part of the circuit breaker;
c) Circuits connected to the secondary terminals of instrument transformers.

7.15 Vacuum interrupters and X-Ray emission

Vacuum interrupters used in high voltage circuit breakers shall comply with the requirements of
ANSI C37.85.

7.16 Radio influence voltage limits

Radio influence voltage limits given in Table 28 apply for circuit breakers rated 123 kV and above. For lower
voltage ratings, the radio influence voltage is relatively low, and radio interference effects negligible. Radio
influence voltage tests, if required, shall be conducted in accordance with IEEE Std C37.09 and NEMA 107.

Table 28 —Limits of radio influence voltage a, b, c, d

Circuit breaker rated
Test voltage Limit of radio influence voltage
maximum voltage
(kV) (µV) at 1000 kHz
(kV)
15.5 9.4 500
25.8 15.7 650
38.0 23 650
48.3 29 1250
72.5 44 1250
123 78 2500
145 92 2500
170 108 2500
245 156 2500
a Measurements shall be made with circuit breakers in the non-current-carrying or non-operating condition.
b In the case of circuit breakers having voltage ratings not covered by this table, the test voltage shall be 10% above

the line-to-neutral voltage corresponding to the maximum voltage of Range B as given in ANSI C84.1.
c Circuit breakers having two voltage ratings shall be tested at the higher voltage rating.
d RIV limits for rated voltages below 123 kV are listed for historical reference only.

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7.17 Requirements for terminals and bushings used on outdoor or free standing
circuit breakers

7.17.1 Bushings

Bushings for use in high voltage circuit breakers shall be in accordance with IEEE Std C37.017.

7.17.2 Threaded terminal dimensional requirements

The thread dimensions for threaded terminal studs for circuit breakers shall be in accordance with Table 29.

Table 29 —Thread dimensions for threaded terminal studs

Unified basic Minimum length
thread size Threads per inch Thread Class Length of stud Usable thread
(in) in (mm) in (mm)
3/4 16 UNF-2A 2 (50) 1-1/2 (38)
1-1/8 12 UNF-2A 2-1/2 (63) 2-1/8 (53)
1-1/4 12 UNF-2A 2-1/2 (63) 2-1/8 (53)
1-1/2 12 UNF-2A 2-1/2 (63) 2-1/8 (53)
1-3/4 12 UN-2A 2-1/2 (63) 2-1/8 (53)
2 12 UN-2A 3 (76) 2-1/2 (63)
2-1/2 12 UN-2A 3 (76) 2-1/2 (63)

7.17.3 Flat terminals

Flat terminal requirements shall be in accordance with NEMA CC1, figures C-2 to C-6. Bolt holes shall be
14 mm (9/16 in) in diameter.

7.17.4 Ground terminals

The preferred ground terminals for outdoor circuit breakers shall be unpainted, copper faced steel, or
stainless steel pad, 51 mm by 89 mm (2 in by 3.5 in) minimum area for terminal connection. The terminal
area shall be provided with two holes spaced on 45 mm (1.75 in) centers. The holes shall either be 14 mm
(9/16 in) diameter through-holes, or drilled and tapped for a 1/2 in 13 NC thread and shall have a minimum
thread depth of 13 mm (0.5 in). If through-holes are provided, the pad shall have a thickness calculated to
be able to carry the rated fault current for a minimum of 2 s without annealing 1. Absent any fault current
specific calculation a thickness of 6 mm (1/4 in) is sufficient. Equivalent sized ground pads are allowed if
conductivity, surfacing, and mating parts are equal to the preferred connection and meet the requirements
of the application.

The grounding provisions for circuit breakers used in metal-enclosed assemblies shall be in accordance
with the requirements of the standards applicable to the metal-enclosed switchgear assembly.

7.18 Circuit breaker mechanical loading

This subclause applies to outdoor circuit breakers. For indoor circuit breakers in metal-enclosed switchgear,
the seismic or mechanical requirements of IEEE Std C37.20.2 and IEEE Std C37.20.3 apply.

1
Annex E of IEEE Std C37.30.1-2011 [[B30] provides one such calculation. Other authoritative sources may be utilized.

The maximum permissible mechanical loading that may be applied to a circuit breaker is as described in
7.18.1 through 7.18.4. All other mechanical loading is considered special, and application shall be checked
with the manufacturer.

7.18.1 Wind loading

The circuit breaker shall be capable of withstanding a wind speed of 40 m/s (120 ft/s). This requirement is
only applicable to outdoor circuit breakers.

7.18.2 Ice loading

The circuit breaker shall be capable of withstanding ice loading caused by up to 20 mm (0.75 in) of ice.
This requirement is only applicable to outdoor circuit breakers.

7.18.3 Seismic loading

All circuit breakers shall be capable of withstanding at least 0.2 times the equipment weight applied in one
horizontal direction, combined with 0.16 times the weight applied in the vertical direction at the center of
gravity of the circuit breaker and support structure. The resultant load shall be combined with the maximum
normal operating load to develop the greatest stress on the anchorage.

For guidance in the application of circuit breakers, where the seismic conditions exceed those described
here, refer to IEEE Std C37.010 and IEEE Std 693 [B21].

7.18.4 Terminal loading

The maximum permissible terminal mechanical loading that may be applied to an outdoor circuit breaker is
given as static forces in Table 30 (see Figure 11). All other terminal loading in excess of these values is
considered special, and application shall be checked with the manufacturer. The user shall consider all
forces acting on the conductors connected to the terminals. These forces include: wind, ice, seismic, and
short-circuit forces.

Table 30 —Terminal mechanical loading

Static vertical
Rated maximum Rated continuous Static horizontal force
force a
voltage current
Longitudinal (N) Transverse (N) Vertical (N)
Below 100 kV 1200 A and below 500 400 500
Above 1200 A 750 500 750
123 kV to 170 kV 2000 A and below 1000 750 750
Above 2000 A 1250 750 1000
245 kV All 1250 1000 1250
362 kV to 800 kV All 1750 1250 1250
aVertical axis forces are upward and downward.

Figure 11— Static Forces

7.19 Pressurized components

7.19.1 Non-Isolating vessels

All non-isolating (conductive) vessels, except those having internal or external operating gas pressure not
exceeding 207 kPa (absolute) (30 psia), with no limitation on size, or those having an inside diameter not
exceeding 152 mm (6 in) (with no limitation on pressure), shall be designed and tested in accordance with
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels, and any state and local codes
that apply at the point of original installation.

7.19.2 Isolating vessels and components

All isolating pressurized vessels, insulators, and tubes which have an internal-to-external or external- to-
internal differential gas pressure exceeding 207 kPa (absolute) (15 psig); and have an inside diameter
exceeding 152 mm (6 in); shall be individually tested as indicated in IEEE Std C37.09.

7.20 Pressurized systems

Each gas system on a circuit breaker shall have an ASME-approved pressure relief device set to operate to
relieve pressure at a value not exceeding the maximum allowable working pressure of the system. Such
valve shall be designed to prevent the pressure from rising more than 20% above the maximum allowable
working pressure.

If a gas system that includes pressurized porcelains, epoxies, or other brittle materials is subjected to
substantial rates-of-rise of pressure caused by exposure to abnormal events or sources of heat, additional
overpressure relief set at 20% above maximum allowable working pressure shall be provided by one of the
following or its equivalent:

a) Rupture diaphragm
b) Large area relief piston
c) Spring-clamped construction
d) Design for controlled rupturing

When a pressurized metal vessel of an interconnected system of metal and porcelain elements is provided
with a device qualifying under the above, this device may be used to protect the interconnected system.
Any porcelain, epoxy, or other brittle materials that are pressurized shall be protected by the overpressure
relief device.

Exception:
By agreement between the user and the manufacturer, the requirement for an ASME-approved pressure
relief device may be exempted for closed gas systems that have a gas volume sufficiently large so as to
limit the gas pressure rise to less than 1.5 times the design pressure in the event of an uncontrolled arc for a
time period limited by relay operation.

7.21 Requirements for simultaneity of poles

When no special requirements with respect to simultaneous operation of poles is stated, the maximum
difference between the instants of contacts touching during closing shall not exceed 1/4 of a cycle of rated
power frequency.

When no special requirement with respect to simultaneous operation of poles is stated, the maximum
difference between the instants of contacts separating during opening shall not exceed 1/6 of a cycle of
rated power frequency. Circuit breakers with an intentional delay between poles need special consideration.
Circuit breakers with operations after a single-pole operation are not subject to these requirements.

8. Nameplate markings

8.1 Circuit breaker

Circuit breaker and operating mechanism nameplates may be combined.

a) Manufacturer’s name
b) Manufacturer’s type designation
c) Manufacturer’s serial number
d) Year of manufacture
e) Rated maximum voltage
f) Rated power frequency
g) Rated continuous current
h) Rated full wave lightning impulse withstand voltage
i) Rated switching-impulse withstand voltages (if applicable)
1) Terminal-to-ground circuit breaker closed
2) Terminal-to-terminal circuit breaker open
j) Rated operating duty cycle
k) Rated interrupting time
l) Rated short-circuit current
m) Percent dc component
n) Short time current duration
o) Normal operating pressure; (if applicable)
p) Minimum operating pressure; (if applicable)
q) Volume of oil per tank or weight of gas per circuit breaker; (if applicable)

r) Weight of circuit breaker complete (with oil or gas)

s) Instruction book number
t) Parts list number; (if different from instruction book number)
u) Capacitive current switching class (i.e., C0, C1, C2) and rating (as applicable)
1) Rated overhead line switching current
2) Rated cable charging current
3) Rated isolated shunt capacitor bank switching current
4) Rated back-to-back capacitor bank switching current
5) Rated back-to-back capacitor bank transient peak inrush making current
6) Tested back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency
v) Rated out-of-phase switching current. (if applicable)

8.2 External insulation

The rated insulation capability of the external insulation shall be included on the circuit breaker nameplate,
except when it is a self-contained component, such as a bushing or current transformer; then it shall be
included on the nameplates of the component (see IEEE Std C37.017 for bushings).

8.3 Operating mechanism

Operating mechanism and circuit breaker nameplates may be combined.

a) Manufacturer’s name
b) Manufacturer’s type designation
c) Manufacturer’s serial number
d) Year of manufacture
e) Closing control voltage range
f) Tripping control voltage range
g) Closing current
h) Tripping current
i) Compressor or hydraulic pump or spring charging motor control voltage range
j) Compressor or hydraulic pump or spring charging motor current, and if applicable limitations on
mechanism operating frequency less than 30 CO per hour (see 7.5.5)
k) Compressor or hydraulic pump control switch closing and opening pressure (if applicable)
l) Low-pressure alarm switch closing and opening pressure (if applicable)
m) Low-pressure lockout switch closing and opening pressure (if applicable)
n) Wiring diagram number
o) Instruction book number
p) Parts list number. (if different from instruction book number)
q) Mechanism endurance class M1 or M2 shall be marked as applicable

8.4 Current transformer and linear coupler nameplates

This subclause defines requirements for nameplates for current transformers used on or with live tank
circuit breakers. Current transformers mounted internally on dead tank circuit breakers shall be supplied
with a nameplate conforming to the requirements of IEEE Std C57.13.

Current transformer and linear coupler nameplates shall be provided that contain the following data, as
applicable. This information shall be provided in an area convenient to the respective terminal blocks. This
requirement is in addition to the nameplate required by IEEE Std C57.13 on the current transformer itself.

a) Manufacturer’s name
b) Manufacturer’s type designation
c) Manufacturer’s serial number
d) Year of manufacture
e) Rated frequency
f) Rated maximum voltage
g) Rated impulse withstand voltage
h) Rated power frequency withstand voltage
i) Rated switching impulse withstand voltage
j) Rated primary current
k) Rated secondary current
l) Rated continuous thermal current factor at specified average ambient temperature
m) Rated thermal short time current
n) Rated mechanical short time current
o) Weight of complete current transformer
p) Gallons of oil or weight of gas per current transformer
q) Instruction book number
r) A connection diagram showing full winding development, and including:
1) The primary terminal markings
2) The position of each secondary core
3) The terminal designation of each core
4) The polarity markings of the primary and each core
5) The turns ratio between each terminal
6) The full winding ratio expressed, for example, as 3000:5 MR
7) The accuracy class of each core and the ratio for which the accuracy is expressed
s) Accuracy curve identification
t) Mutual reactance (for linear coupler transformers only)
u) Self-impedance (for linear coupler transformers only)
1) Resistance
2) Reactance
3) Impedance

8.5 Accessories

Nameplates of all accessories shall include the following:

a) Identification
b) Pertinent operating characteristics

8.6 Instructions and warning signs

Essential markings shall be provided to:

 Identify operating devices and positions

 Give pertinent instructions for operation
 Call attention to special precautions
 Call attention to environmental warnings

9. Current transformers

9.1 General

The requirements of this clause supplement the basic requirements of IEEE Std C57.13, to cover those
requirements peculiar to current transformers used on or with outdoor circuit breakers. The requirements of
this clause do not apply to current transformers provided in metal-enclosed switchgear assemblies.

9.1.1 Terminology

The ratings of a current transformers used on or with outdoor high voltage circuit breakers shall include
those terms used in IEEE Std C57.13 and the following additional terms:

a) Maximum voltage
b) Dielectric withstand
c) Thermal short time current capability

9.2 Ratings

9.2.1 Continuous thermal current capability

The continuous thermal current capability of a current transformer shall be equal to the rated continuous
current of the outdoor circuit breaker with which it is used when connected on a ratio having a primary
current rating equal to or greater than the continuous current rating of the circuit breaker.

Exception:
If connection is made on a lower ratio, the circuit breaker can carry a current equal to the primary current of
that ratio including the thermal factor without causing overheating of the current transformer.

9.2.2 Mechanical short-time current capability

The mechanical short time current capability of any tap of a single ratio or multi-ratio current transformer
shall be the lesser symmetrical current value of either (1) 120 times the rated primary current of the tap
under consideration or (2) the closing and latching capability of the circuit breaker as required by 5.6.2.3.

Exception:
Where item (1) is the lower value, the effects of the power system parameters, secondary burden, and
thermal short time current capability shall be considered in the application of current transformers.

9.2.3 Thermal short-time current capability

The thermal short time current capability of a single ratio transformer or any tap of a multi-ratio current
transformer shall be the lesser symmetrical current value of either (1) 60 times the rated primary current of
the tap under consideration for 1 s, (2) 42.5 times the rated primary current of the tap under consideration
for 2 s, or (3) the short time current carrying capability of the circuit breaker in accordance with 5.6.2.3.

9.2.4 Accuracy class rating

The accuracy class ratings of current transformers used on or with outdoor circuit breakers shall be as
shown in Table 31.

Table 31 —Accuracy class ratings for current transformers

used on or with class S2 circuit breakers
Circuit breaker ratings Accuracy class ratings a
Relaying service Metering service
Maximum Continuous
Multi-ratio Single-ratio
voltage, current 60 Hz Accuracy Accuracy
current current
kV, rms amperes, rms class c class e
transformers b transformers d

15.5 600 600:5 100 300:5 0.6B--0.5

through 800 1200:5 200 600:5 0.6B--0.5
48.3 1200 2000:5 400 800:5 0.6B--0.5
2000 3000:5 800 1200:5 0.3B--0.5
3000 4000:5 1500:5 0.3B--0.5
4000 5000:5 2000:5 0.3B--0.5
5000 3000:5 0.3B--0.5
72.5 1200 1200:5 400
2000 2000:5 800
3000:5
123 and above 1200 1200:5 800
1600 2000:5
2000 3000:5
3000 4000:5
4000 5000:5
a
These values apply only when current transformers are used on 60 Hz circuits.
b
These current transformers normally have a primary current rating that corresponds to the continuous current rating
of the circuit breaker, except that circuit breakers rated 800 and 1600 amperes use current transformers rated 1200
and 2000 amperes, respectively.
c These secondary terminal voltage values for C or T classifications apply to the full winding as specified in IEEE

Std C57.13 for 10 percent error.

d Minimum ratios shall not be less than 50 percent of the continuous current rating of the circuit breaker.
e
These values apply only to those secondary windings specified for metering service.

9.3 Polarity and lead marking

Polarity and lead marking shall be as shown in IEEE Std C57.13 and in accordance with the following
additional requirements.

9.3.1 Bushing type current transformers

Polarity and lead marking for bushing type current transformers shall be as shown in Figure 12, Figure 13,
and Figure 14. The two leads for single ratio current transformers such as those used for metering service
shall be marked X1 and X2.

Figure 12—Typical CT bushing diagram

Typical arrangement of two bushing-type current transformers on one pole of dead-tank-type circuit
breakers. When intermediate taps are used, the tap numerically nearest X1 has the same polarity as X1.

Figure 13—Current transformer and lead identification of bushing-type

current transformers for dead-tank type circuit breakers

Exact location of current transformers, leads, polarity marks, and terminal blocks shall be shown on
manufacturer’s connection diagram or instructions. When one current transformer per pole is used, current
transformers are located on primary terminals 1-3-5 unless otherwise specified.

Figure 14—Current transformer and lead identification of current transformers

for live-tank type circuit breakers

Exact location of current transformers, leads, polarity marks, and terminal blocks shall be determined from
the manufacturer’s connection diagram or instructions.

9.3.2 Secondary leads and terminations

Secondary leads shall be brought out to accessible terminal boards with polarity, phase, and lead
designations shown on suitable connection diagrams. Terminal boards shall be equipped with means for
short circuiting individual secondaries. Where applicable, secondary leads shall be brought out through
suitable oil and gas tight seals.

9.3.3 Typical connection for secondary burdens

Typical connection for secondary burdens to bushing type current transformers shall be as shown in Figure
15, Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18. Similar connections shall be made for the various secondaries of
free standing current transformers, except that all four secondaries shall be on the same side of the circuit
breaker.

Figure 15—Typical connection of secondary burdens with

one current transformer per circuit pole

Figure 16—Typical connection of secondary burdens with two current transformers

per circuit breaker connected independently

Figure 17—Connection of secondary burdens with two current transformers

per circuit breaker pole connection in series used when burdens are large

Figure 18—Connection of secondary burdens with four current transformers

per circuit breaker pole two per terminal connected independently and
two per terminal connection in series

9.4 Undervoltage trip device

An undervoltage device trip is a device in which the coil is energized without an auxiliary switch. The
armature may be released for tripping when the voltage applied to it drops to a value that falls within the
specified dropout voltage range.

If provided, an under-voltage release shall operate to open the switching device when the voltage at the
terminals of the release falls below 30% of its rated voltage, even if the fall is slow and gradual.

Between 70% and 30% of its rated supply voltage, the under-voltage release may operate to open the
switching device or may operate to permit closing of the switching device.

The under-voltage release shall not operate to open the switching device when the voltage at its terminals
exceeds 70% of its rated supply voltage.

The closing of the switching device shall be possible when the value of the voltage at the terminals of the
release is equal to or greater than 85% of its rated voltage.

The under-voltage release shall prevent closing of the switching device when the voltage at the terminals of
the under-voltage release is below 30% of its rated supply voltage.

9.5 Specialized Applications

Specialized applications should be referred to the manufacturer. Arc furnace switching is such a specialized
application. The requirements for circuit breakers intended for switching of arc furnace transformers are
contained in Annex D.

Annex A

(informative)

Bibliography

[B1] ANSI C37.06-2000, AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current

Basis—Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities.
[B2] ANSI C37.54, For Indoor Alternating-Current High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Applied as
Removable Elements in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear Assemblies—Conformance Test
Procedures.
[B3] ANSI C84.1, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz).
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of electrical equipment, in particular for terminals.
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voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV.

[B20] IEEE Std 1™, IEEE Recommended Practice - General Principles for Temperature Limits in the
Rating of Electric Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation.
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Breakers.
[B24] IEEE Std C37.06™-2009, IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis—Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities for
Voltages Above 1000 V.

[B25] IEEE Std C37.06.1™, Recommended Practice for Preferred Ratings for High-Voltage (>1000
volts) AC Circuit Breakers Designated Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise
Times.

[B26] IEEE Std C37.011™, Guide for the Application of Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum Voltage above 1000 V.
[B27] IEEE Std C37.012™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Capacitance Current Switching for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers above 1000 V.
[B28] IEEE Std C37.015™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor Switching.
[B29] IEEE Std C37.24™, IEEE Guide for Evaluating the Effect of Solar Radiation on Outdoor
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear.
[B30] IEEE Std C37.30.1™-2011, IEEE Standard Requirements for AC High-Voltage Air Switches
Rated Above 1000 V.
[B31] IEEE Std C37.30.2™, IEEE Guide for Wind-Loading Evaluation of High-Voltage (>1000 V)
Air-Break Switches.
[B32] IEEE Std C37.81™, IEEE Guide for Seismic Qualification for Class 1E Metal-Enclosed Power
Switchgear Assemblies.
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Annex B

(informative)

Transient recovery voltage (TRV)

B.1 TRV basics

The TRV related to the rated short-circuit interrupting current in accordance with 5.6 is the reference
voltage that constitutes the limit of the prospective TRV of circuits, which the circuit breaker is capable
of withstanding under fault conditions. Each TRV rating is defined for a three-phase circuit breaker.

 At its rated maximum voltage for rated voltages below 100 kV, each circuit breaker must be
capable of interrupting three-phase ungrounded terminal faults at rated short-circuit current in any
circuit in which the TRV does not exceed the rated TRV envelope.
 At its rated maximum voltage for rated voltages 100 kV and above, the user can specify whether
the circuit breaker must be capable of interrupting three-phase grounded or three-phase ungrounded
terminal faults at rated short-circuit current in any circuit in which the TRV does not exceed the
rated TRV envelope. The first phase to clear in an ungrounded fault produces the highest TRV. A
graphical explanation is provided in Annex C of IEEE Std C37.011 [B26] and B.4.

By agreement between the manufacturer and the user, the circuit breaker may be rated for three-phase line
fault duty. Both the rated system voltage and the grounding of the circuit are major factors affecting the
TRV of the circuit. Grounding network implies a longer arc extinguishing window and therefore a breaker
tested in an ungrounded network is not automatically suitable for use in a grounded network

 In the range of rated voltages from 100 kV to 170 kV, the grounding is sometimes accomplished
through a high impedance, which makes these systems effectively ungrounded. In addition, three-
phase ungrounded faults are still common, although less so than at voltages less than 100 kV.
Therefore, the user can specify the circuit breakers for use in these impedance grounded systems be
required to interrupt three-phase ungrounded terminal fault as well.
 For rated voltages of 100 kV and above, most systems have the neutral grounded, except in the
range of rated voltages from 100 kV to 170 kV as noted above. The three-phase grounded fault is
the basis of rating for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above and applied in effectively grounded
systems. This standard also provides the user the option to specify three-phase ungrounded fault as
the basis of rating.

The choice between the three-phase grounded and three-phase ungrounded condition is
accomplished by choosing the value of the first-pole-to-clear factor kpp in calculating the TRV peak.
For ungrounded systems, which are often found at lower rated voltages, the value of kpp is 1.5. For
effectively grounded systems, which are the norm at higher rated voltages, the value of kpp is 1.3. The
tables of preferred ratings in this standard include the option of both the first-pole-to-clear factors at
100 kV and above.

Two types of TRV waveforms at rated short-circuit current are used based on the voltage class of the
equipment.

 A four-parameter TRV is used for system voltages of 100 kV and above.

 A two-parameter TRV is used for system voltages up to 100 kV.

The two-parameter TRV is also used at all rated voltages for the TRVs for fault currents that are 30%
or less of the rated short-circuit current as discussed in 5.7.2.3.1. The two- and four-parameter TRV
waveforms are qualitatively described below and are described with equations in B.2. Methods of
drawing TRV envelopes by constructing the tangent lines are given in B.3 and B.4. The numerical values of
the parameters for preferred ratings are listed in rating tables of this standard.

NOTE—TRV terminology and symbols in this standard are harmonized between IEC and IEEE. The relationship
between the new terms used in the standard and older terms used are shown in Figure B.3 and Figure B.4.

B.1.1 Four-parameter TRV for system voltages of 100 kV and above

A four-parameter TRV envelope consisting of three line segments as described below represents this
waveform.

The four parameters are described as follows.

u1 = first reference voltage, in kilovolts

t1 = time to reach u1, in microseconds
uc = second reference voltage (the TRV peak value), in kilovolts
t2 = time to reach uc, in microseconds

These four parameters, plus the origin, form two sloped line segments and a third horizontal line
segment. These reference lines form an upper boundary to the rated TRV.

 The first line segment extends from the volt-time origin up to the point u1, t1.
 The second line segment begins at point u1, t1 and extends to point uc, t2.
 The third line segment is a horizontal line at the peak voltage uc.

Figure B.1—Four-parameter TRV envelope

As stated, the actual TRV waveform bounded by this four-parameter set of straight lines reaches its
peak at a point in time that is later than the point t2 where the straight lines intersect Figure B.6 shows
the reference line segments that form the four-parameter TRV envelope.

NOTE—Figure B.7 shows a comparison of four-parameter TRV reference lines to the former IEEE exponential-
cosine TRV envelope.

B.1.2 Two-parameter TRV for system voltages up to 100 kV

For voltages up to 100 kV, the TRV approximates to a damped single-frequency oscillation. A two-
parameter TRV envelope as shown in Figure B.2 adequately represents this waveform.

The two parameters are described as follows:

uc = reference voltage (TRV peak value), in kilovolts

t3 = time to reach uc in microseconds

These two parameters, plus the origin, form one sloped line segment and a second horizontal line
segment. These reference lines form an upper boundary to the rated TRV:

 The first line segment extends from the volt-time origin up to the point uc, t3.
 The second line segment is a horizontal line at the peak voltage, uc.

Earlier versions of this standard used a 1-cosine wave as the standard TRV envelope with the 1-cosine
reaching a peak of E2 at time T2. In this simple case, t3, the time to reach uc, in µs is equal to 0.88 times
T2. Figure B.2 shows the reference line segments that form the two parameter TRV envelope.

Figure B.2—Two-parameter TRV envelope

B.1.3 Initial lower boundary to the TRV

The influence of local capacitance on the source side of the circuit breaker slows the rate of rise of the
voltage during the first few microseconds of the TRV. This is taken into account by introducing a time
delay td in the initial build-up of the TRV wave. The delay line shown in Figure B.1 and Figure B.2
accounts for this initial delay in the TRV and establishes a lower boundary for the initial delayed build-up

of the TRV wave. A delay line is then an additional part of the TRV requirement, which defines an
initial lower boundary to the TRV.

The delay line is defined by a voltage parameter u′, a time parameter t′, and a time delay td as listed
below and is illustrated in both Figure B.1 and Figure B.2:

u′ = reference voltage, in kilovolts

t′ = time to reach u′, in microseconds
td = time delay, in microseconds

The delay line starts on the time axis at the rated time delay and runs parallel to the first section of the
reference line of rated TRV and terminates at the voltage u′ at time coordinate t′.

The values of the time delay are based on the typical system TRVs. For transmission systems at 100 kV
and above, the reference time delay is 2 µs at the rated short-circuit current. In an actual test, the TRV
must be either tangent to or above the delay line to be a valid test stress on the circuit breaker
according to its rating.

For a 1-cosine TRV wave described by the two-parameter reference lines and the parameters uc and t3,
a time delay of 0.15 × t3 makes the delay line tangent to the 1-cosine wave from below. This is illustrated
in Figure B.4.

B.1.4 Initial transient recovery voltage (ITRV)

The beginning of the TRV may be of importance for some types of circuit breakers. This part of the
TRV, called ITRV, is caused by the initial oscillation of small amplitude due to reflections from the first
major discontinuity along the conductor. The ITRV is mainly determined by the busbar and line bay
configuration of the substation. If the circuit breaker has a short-line fault rating, then the ITRV
requirement is considered covered if the short-line fault tests are carried out using a line with
insignificant time delay. For details, see the circuit breaker short-line fault test procedure in IEEE
Std C37.09.

The ITRV is proportional to the conductor surge impedance and to the current:

 ITRV is only applicable to circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above because the bus lengths at
lower voltages are too short to produce noticeable ITRVs.
 Bus surge impedance is considered to be 260 Ω in contrast to the higher value of 450 Ω used for
lines. Therefore, at currents below 31.5 kA, ITRV is not considered significant in comparison to the
short-line fault (SLF) TRV.
 For circuit breakers installed in gas-insulated substations, the initial TRV can be neglected because
of low bus surge impedance and small distances to the first major discontinuity.

ITRV is described further in 5.7.2.3.4.

B.2 Rated TRV parameters

B.2.1 Three factors that influence the TRV parameters

The TRV rating for a three-phase circuit breaker is defined by an envelope of required withstand capability.
The parameters, which define the envelope, are based on the characteristic features of the actual
system TRVs. TRV parameters are influenced by three factors as follows:

Ur = the rated voltage

kpp = the first-pole-to-clear factor
kaf = the amplitude factor

B.2.2 Circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above in effectively grounded systems

B.2.2.1 Four parameter reference lines

For circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above, a four-parameter reference line envelope as shown in
Figure B.1 represents the rated TRV. Equations for the TRV parameters in terms of the three basic factors
Ur, kpp, and kaf follow below.

The magnitude of the first reference voltage parameter u1 is as follows:

1/ 2
u1  0.75 k pp U r 2 / 3 (B.1)

The time t1 at which u1 is reached is derived from u1 and the rate-of-rise of recovery voltage (RRRV).
RRRV = u1 / t1 as illustrated in Figure B.1.

The rate of rise of the TRV, RRRV = u1 / t1, at the rated short-circuit current for circuit breakers rated
100 kV and above has been established as 2 kV/µs as shown in this standard.

The magnitude of the TRV peak uc at the rated voltage of Ur is described by Equation (B.2):

1/ 2
uc  kaf  k pp U r 2 / 3 (B.2)

where

The amplitude factor kaf is equal to

kaf = 1.4 for terminal faults and short-line faults

kaf = 1.25 for out-of-phase

The first-pole-to-clear factor kpp is equal to:

kpp = 1.3 or 1.5 for terminal faults conditions

kpp = 1.0 for short-line faults conditions
kpp = 2.0 for out-of-phase conditions in grounded systems
kpp = 2.5 for out-of-phase conditions in ungrounded systems.

The rated times t2 to reach the peak voltage parameter uc for terminal and short-line fault switching
conditions are related to t1 as follows:

t2  4t1  t2 T 100 (B.3)

For out-of-phase (OP) switching conditions:

t2 OP   2t2 T 100 (B.4)

The rated time to the peak uc of the four-parameter envelope varies with circuit breaker rated voltage
as given in this standard.

B.2.2.2 Delay line

The delay line parameters for rated voltage from 100 kV and above are defined as follows. The rated
time delay td is listed below:

td = 2 µs for test duty T100 and T60

td = 2 µs for test duty OP1 and OP2
td = 2 µs for the supply-side circuit for short-line fault
td = 0.15 t3 for test duty T30 and T10

Voltage u′ is as follows:

u′ = u1 / 2 for test duties T100 and T60 and the supply side for short-line fault and
out-of-phase interrupting
u′ = uc / 3 for test duties T30 and T10

Time t′ is derived from the values of three other parameters, as follows:

td = the time delay

u′ = the peak of the delay line
RRRV = u1 / t1 for four-parameter TRV envelopes
RRRV = uc / t3 for two-parameter TRV envelopes

The time to the delay line peak t′ to the delay line peak u′ is shown in Figure B.1 and Figure B.2 and
Equation (B.5):

t’  td  u’ / RRRV (B.5)

B.2.2.3 Circuit breakers rated below 100 kV

B.2.2.3.1 Two-parameter reference lines

For circuit breakers rated below 100 kV, a two-parameter reference line envelope as shown in Figure
B.2 represents the rated TRV. Equations for the TRV parameters in terms of the three basic factors Ur,
kpp, and kaf follow below.

The voltage parameter uc, for interrupting rated short-circuit current, is equal to

uc  kaf  k pp  U r 2 / 31 / 2 (B.6)

where
kaf = amplitude factor

For overhead line-connected systems:

kaf = amplitude factor = 1.54 for terminal fault and short-line fault

For cable-connected systems:

kaf = amplitude factor = 1.4 for terminal fault and short-line fault

For both overhead line and cable connected systems:

kaf = amplitude factor = 1.25 for out-of-phase

The time parameter t3 is specified based on system parameters. The RRRV is then determined from uc
and t3 using the relationship in Equation (B.7):

RRRV  uc / t3 (B.7)

At medium voltages under 100 kV, the rated time parameter t3 to the TRV peak uc of the two-parameter
envelope varies with circuit breaker rated voltage as given in this standard. For line systems (class
S2), time t3 for terminal fault and short-line fault is equal to 4.65 × (uc)0.7 with t3 in microseconds and
uc in kilovolts. The equation is derived from the values given in Table 3 of this standard for rated
voltages 15.5 kV, 25.8 kV, 48.3 kV, and 72.5 kV. The same equation is used for other rated voltages.

The amplitude factor is affected by the amount of damping in the system to TRV transients:

a) The amplitude factor of 1.54 is the value for overhead line connected systems (class S2).
b) The amplitude factor of 1.4 is the value for cable-connected (class S1).

The preferred TRV values listed in Table 13 and Table 14 for line systems are the ANSI/IEEE values
specified for class S2 circuit breakers in this standard.

The preferred TRV values listed in Table 9 and Table 10 for cable systems are harmonized with the
IEC values of IEC 62271-100.

Two types of circuit breaker TRV applications are added to describe the two classes of systems for
circuit breakers rated less than 100 kV. These two classes of systems, cable systems (class S1) and
line systems (class S2), are described in Clause 3 and are also included in IEC 62271-100.

B.2.2.3.2 Delay line

The delay line parameters td and u′ and t′ are defined for rated voltages below 100 kV in this subclause.

Time delay td for terminal faults (test duty T100) is a function of the system, cable, or line, and the
switching condition, terminal fault, short-line fault, or out-of-phase switching:

td = 0.15 t3 for terminal fault and out of phase in the case of cable systems
td = 0.05 t3 for terminal fault and short-line fault in the case of line systems

The time delay td for test duties T60, T30, and T10 as well as for out-of-phase interrupting is as
follows:

td = 0.15 t3

The voltage parameter u′ is as follows:

u′ = uc / 3 (10)

The time parameter t′ is derived from u′, RRRV = uc / t3, and td according to Figure B.2 and Equation
(B.8):

t’  td  u’ / RRRV (B.8)

B.2.3 Effect of the first-pole-to-clear factor

B.2.3.1 Effect of the first-pole-to-clear factor—Systems less than 100 kV

Because systems below 100 kV are often operated ungrounded (non-solidly earthed), and because three-
phase faults are more common in these systems than in higher voltage systems, a first-pole-to-clear
factor of 1.5 is required. Therefore, the following relationships are found:

kpp = 1.5 for ungrounded fault conditions (non-solidly earthed systems)

kpp = 1.0 for short-line fault conditions
kpp = 2.0 or 2.5 for out-of-phase conditions

For overhead line-connected circuits:

1/ 2
uc  1.54  1.5 U r  2 / 3  1.88 U r (B.9)

For cable-connected circuits:

1/ 2
uc  1.4  1.5 U r  2 / 3  1.715U r (B.10)

which are the rated values of uc as given in this standard.

For out-of-phase switching conditions, the amplitude factor kaf is 1.25; however, the first-pole-to-clear
factor is higher than for short-circuit conditions:

kpp = 2.5 for ungrounded systems

Therefore, we have the following equation for uc:

1/ 2
uc  1.25  2.5 U r  2 / 3  2.55 U r (B.11)

B.2.3.2 Effect of the first-pole-to-clear factor—Systems 100 kV and above

Because most systems operating at 100 kV and above are grounded or effectively grounded, and because
three-phase ungrounded faults are very rare (Catenacci et al. [B2]), accounting for less than 1.3% of
all faults, a first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.3 is appropriate. Therefore, the following relationships are found:

kpp = 1.3 for effectively grounded systems

1/ 2
u1  0.75  1.3  U r  2 / 3  0.796  U r (B.12)

1/ 2
uc  1.4  1.3 U r  2 / 3  1.49  U r
(B.13)

Table 17 shows TRV values for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above for use on effectively
grounded systems.

Table 18 and Table 20 show TRV values for rated voltages 100 kV and above using a first-pole-to-
clear factor of 1.5.

Some systems with rated voltages of 100 kV through 170 kV in some parts of the world are operated as
ungrounded or impedance grounded systems where the system neutral is either not connected to ground, that
is, the system is ungrounded, or is connected to ground through a high impedance, meaning the system is
impedance grounded. In such systems, even a three-phase fault to ground is ungrounded and requires a
first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.5.

Some effectively grounded systems may experience more three-phase ungrounded faults than is
typical. In this case, the user may wish to require demonstrated performance under three-phase ungrounded
faults with a first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.5. The first-pole-to-clear factor in such cases is 1.5, and u1 and uc
are then described as follows: kpp = 1.5 for ungrounded or impedance grounded systems

1/ 2
u1  0.75 1.5U r 2 / 3  0.919 U r
(B.14)

1/ 2
uc  1.4  1.5  U r  2 / 3  1.72  U r
(B.15)

For out-of-phase (OP) switching conditions, the amplitude factor kaf is 1.25; however, the first-pole-to-
clear factor is higher than for short-circuit conditions as shown below. The overall effect of kaf × kpp for the
OP condition is to produce higher values of u1 and uc as follows:

kpp = 2 for grounded systems

kpp = 2.5 for ungrounded or impedance grounded systems

Therefore, we have the following equations for u1 and uc.

For out-of-phase switching in grounded systems rated at 100 kV and above:

1/ 2
u1  0.75  2 U r  2 / 3  1.23 U r (B.16)

1/ 2
uc  1.25  2 U r  2 / 3  2.04 U r (B.17)

For out-of-phase switching in ungrounded or impedance-grounded systems rated at 100 kV through

170 kV or systems where three-phase ungrounded faults are considered:

1/ 2
u1  0.75  2.5 U r  2 / 3  1.53 U r (B.18)

1/ 2
uc  1.25  2.5  U r  2 / 3  2.55  U r (B.19)

B.3 TRV Symbols used in the tables with the two-parameter method

The preferred ratings are for 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems. The two-parameter method is one of the methods
used in these tables to represent the TRV. The basic inherent shape of the rated TRV envelope is the “one-
minus-cosine” (1–cosine) shape. For the development of the two-parameter method based on the 1–cosine

shape, refer to B.2.2.3.1. The rated interrupting times and peak recovery voltage values and times given are
all based on 60 Hz systems.

B.3.1 General explanation of symbols

The symbols used in this standard are as follows and are essentially those in the IEC 62271-series
standards.

Ur = rated maximum voltage. Sometimes Ur is represented by V in other standards. It is measured in kV

rms.

kpp = first pole to clear factor. It may be represented in other documents as Kf. When systems below 100 kV
are operated on non-effectively grounded systems, a first pole-to-clear factor of 1.5 is required.

kaf = transient amplitude factor. It may be represented in other documents as Ka. In systems below 100 kV
the amplitude factor can be of 1.4 or 1.54. For out-of-phase interrupting capability the amplitude factor is
1.25 per B.2.2.3.1.

uc = Reference voltage, a peak (crest) value in kV. It is a measure of the TRV. It was referenced as E2 in
former documents. It is related to the rated maximum voltage in kV by the formula:

uc = kpp × kaf × 2 / 3 × Ur

(i.e., for example 1.5 × 1.54 × 2 / 3 × Ur = 1.886 × Ur for overhead line connected circuits below
100 kV).

t3 = time to reach uc in microseconds, and it is calculated from the old value of T2 by t3 = [T2 * Kt3] /
1.138.

Kt1, Kt2, or Kt3 = Multipliers are defined in Table 2 in the applications guide IEEE Std C37.011, 4.2.1
[B26] and vary according to the voltage and the interrupting current as a percentage of rated short circuit
current.

td = is the delay time in microseconds. td for test duty T100 is 0.15 × t3 for Class S1 cable connected
systems, and 0.05 × t3 for Class S2 line connected systems at below 100 kV. td is 0.15 × t3 for all test duties
T60, T30, and T10, and for out-of-phase interrupting in all cases.

u′ = reference voltage in kilovolts

t′ = time to reach u′ in microseconds = td + (u′ / RRRV)

Comments

If the source of power to a circuit breaker is a single transformer or a bank of transformers and there are no
substantial capacitances or loaded feeders connected to the source side of the circuit breaker, the TRV may
be more severe than those covered in the ratings of this standard. For such applications, refer to IEEE Std
C37.06.1 [B20] for preferred ratings of definite purpose circuit breakers for fast TRV rise time.

B.3.1.1 Figures explaining the symbols

Figure B.3—Graphic showing the two parameters recovery voltage (t3, Uc) used for
voltages below 100 kV and a delay line with the delay time td

a The new symbols used are: u , u′, t , t′, t , compared to the old symbols such as E and T . The rated TRV envelope is
c d 3 2 2
the “one-minus-cosine” (1–cosine) shape.

Figure B.4—Correspondence between the new two-parameter method representing the

recovery voltage for voltages below 100 kV and the old method listed in
IEEE Std C37.04-1999a

B.4 Symbols used in tables with four-parameter method

The preferred ratings are for 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems. Applications at other system frequencies should
receive special consideration, see IEEE Std C37.010. The rated interrupting times and peak recovery
voltage values and times given are all based on 60 Hz systems.

Values have generally been rounded off. The number of significant digits after the decimal point varies
according to the meaning of the value.

The four-parameter method is used in these tables to represent the TRV for circuit breakers rated 100 kV
and above and for T100, T60 faults. The four-parameter method is applied for terminal faults (T100, T60),
short-line faults, and out-of-phase faults. The two-parameter method is used to represent the TRVs at T30
and T10. The rated TRV envelope has been historically the “higher of an exponential waveform and a 1–
cosine waveform” shape.

B.4.1 General explanation of symbols

The symbols used are as follows and are essentially those used in the IEC 62271-series standards.

Ur = rated maximum voltage. Sometimes Ur is represented by V in other standards.

kpp = first pole to clear factor. It may be represented in other documents as Kf. Systems below 100 kV may
be operated on non-effectively grounded systems and a first pole-to-clear factor of 1.5 is required for
terminal faults. For 100 kV and above, systems are usually grounded, and the factor is 1.3 for terminal
faults in this case. In certain applications where the systems may be grounded and where the likelihood of
non-effectively grounded faults cannot be ignored, the factor of 1.5 for terminal faults is used.

kaf = transient amplitude factor. It may be represented in other documents as Ka. In systems 100 kV and
above the amplitude factor can be of 1.40, at T100 and 1.25 for out-of-phase interrupting capability.

u1 = first reference voltage in kV, a peak (crest). It is calculated as:

u1 = 0.75 × kpp × 2 / 3 × Ur

t1 = time to reach u1 in microseconds. It is derived from u1 and the specified value of the RRRV, u1 / t1.

uc = second reference voltage a peak (crest) value in kV. It is a measure of the TRV. It was referenced as E2
in former documents. It is related to the rated maximum voltage in kV by the formula:

uc = kaf × kpp × 2 / 3 × Ur, where kaf is equal to 1.4 for terminal fault T100 and short-line faults and 1.25
for out-of-phase faults.

t2 = time to reach uc in microseconds (used only in the four parameters method) is equal to 4 t1 for test duty
T100 and for the supply side circuit for short-line fault, between 2 t1 and 4 t1 for out-of-phase interrupting.
Time t2 is equal to 3 t1 for T60.

t3 = time to reach uc in microseconds (used only in the two parameters method) and it is calculated from the
old value of T2 by t3 = [T2 * Kt3] / 1.138.

Kt1, Kt2, or Kt3 = Multipliers are defined and shown in Table 1 of the applications guide IEEE Std C37.011,
4.2.1 [B26] and vary according to the voltage and the interrupting current as a percentage of rated short
circuit current.

td = is the delay line in microseconds and is between 2 μs and 0.28 t1 for test duty T100, between 2 μs and
0.3 t1 for test duty T60, between 2 μs and 0.1 t1 for the out-of-phase test duty.

u′ = reference voltage in kV and is equal to u1 / 2 for test duties T100 and T60 and for the supply side
circuit for the short-line fault.

t′ = time to reach u′ in microseconds.

B.4.1.1 Figures explaining the symbols

Figure B.5—Four-parameters recovery voltage (t1, u1, t2, uc) used for voltages 100 kV and
above and a delay line with the delay time td and the two defining parameters u′ and t′

Figure B.6—Representation by four parameters of a prospective TRV

Figure B.7—Comparison of four-parameter TRV reference lines to the

exponential-cosine TRV-envelope defined in IEEE Std C37.04-1999

Annex C

(normative)

Exposure to pollution

C.1 General

The quality of ambient air with respect to pollution by dust, smoke, corrosive and/or flammable gases,
vapors, or salt is a consideration under normal and special service conditions (refer to Clause 4 of this
standard). This annex defines levels of pollution as well as recommendations for the minimum specific
creepage distance across external insulation.

C.2 Pollution levels

For purposes of standardization, the levels of pollution, very light, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy
are qualitatively defined. The qualitative examples given in Table C.1 are approximate descriptions of
some typical corresponding environments. Other more extreme environmental conditions may merit further
consideration, e.g., snow and ice in heavy pollution, heavy rain, and arid areas. For these special
conditions, reference is given to IEC 60815 parts 1, 2, and 3.

C.3 Minimum requirements for switchgear

The minimum creepage distance expressed as a specific creepage in millimeters per kilovolt are for the
normal service conditions of atmospheric contamination and altitudes up to 1000 m. This minimum
creepage provides generally satisfactory service operation under these conditions.

For each level of pollution described in Table C.1, the corresponding minimum recommended nominal
unified specific creepage distance (USCD) in millimeters per kilovolt across the insulator is given in Table
C.2.

NOTE—The information in Table C.1 is adapted from IEC 60815-1; the values in Table C.2 are taken from IEC
60815-2.

Table C.1—Environmental examples by site pollution severity (SPS) class

SPS Class Example of typical environments
Very light Examples of very light environmental conditions:
> 50 km from any sea, desert, or open dry land a
> 10 km from man-made pollution sources b
Within a shorter distance than mentioned above of pollution sources, but:
• prevailing wind not directly from these pollution sources
• and/or with regular monthly rain washing
Light Examples of light environmental conditions:
10–50 km from the sea, a desert, or open dry land a
5–10 km from man-made pollution sources b
Within a shorter distance than example 1 from pollution sources, but:
• prevailing wind not directly from these pollution sources
• and/or with regular monthly rain washing
Medium Examples of medium environmental conditions:
1)
3–10 km from the sea, a desert, or open dry land c
1–5 km from man-made pollution sources b
Within a shorter distance than mentioned above of pollution sources, but:
• prevailing wind not directly from these pollution sources
• and/or with regular monthly rain washing
2)
Further away from pollution sources than mentioned in example 3, but:
• dense fog (or drizzle) often occurs after a long (several weeks or months) dry pollution
accumulation season
• and/or heavy, high conductivity rain occurs
• and/or there is a high non-soluble deposit level (refer to IEC 60815-1)
Heavy Example
Within 3 km of the sea, a desert, or open dry land c
Within 1 km of man-made pollution sources b
With a greater distance from pollution sources than mentioned but:
• dense fog (or drizzle) often occurs after a long (several weeks or months) dry pollution
accumulation season
• and/or there is a high non-soluble deposit level (refer to IEC 60815-1)
Very Heavy Example
Within the same distance of pollution sources as specified for “heavy” areas and:
• directly subjected to sea-spray or dense saline fog
• or directly subjected to contaminants with high conductivity, or cement type dust with high
density, and with frequent wetting by fog or drizzle
• desert areas with fast accumulation of sand and salt, and regular condensation
a During a storm, the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) level at such a distance from the sea may reach a much
higher level.
b The presence of a major city will have an influence over a longer distance, i.e., the distance specified for sea,

desert and dry land.

c Depending on the topography of the coastal area and the wind intensity.

Table C.2—Minimum nominal specific creepage distance

by site pollution severity (SPS) class
Minimum recommended nominal unified
SPS Class specific creepage distance (USCD) a
(mm/kV)
Very light 22
Light 27.8
Medium 34.5
Heavy 43.3
Very Heavy 53.7
NOTE—The specific creepage distance values given in this table apply to glass and ceramic
insulators. Values for other materials are under consideration. IEC 60815-3 recommends that the
creepage distance of the polymeric insulators should be the same as that for the ceramic insulators.
aThe unified specific creepage distance (USCD) is the creepage distance of an insulator divided
by the rms value of the highest operating voltage across the insulator [IEC 60815-2].

Annex D

(informative)

AC arc furnace switching

D.1 Repetitive duty circuit breakers for AC arc furnace switching

Power operated circuit breakers particularly designed for arc furnace switching, when operating under
usual service conditions, shall be capable of operating at least the required number of times given in Table
D.1. The operating conditions and the permissible effect upon the circuit breakers are given in the
following paragraphs. For each column, all paragraphs listed shall be considered.

D.2 Servicing

Servicing shall consist of adjusting, cleaning, lubricating, and tightening, as recommended by the
manufacturer. The operations listed are on the basis of servicing at intervals of 6 months or less.

D.3 Circuit conditions

Each operation referred to in Table D.1 consists of closing and opening of the circuit breaker under the
specified load conditions.

D.4 Operating conditions

The frequency of operation shall not exceed twenty in 10 min or thirty in 1 hr. Rectifiers, air systems, or
other auxiliary devices may further limit the frequency of operations.

Servicing shall be applied at intervals no greater than those shown in the third column of Table D.1.

D.5 Conditions of the circuit breaker

After the operations shown in Table D.1, the following shall have taken place:

a) No parts shall have been replaced.

b) The circuit breaker shall meet all of its current, voltage, and short circuit current ratings.

D.6 Minimum operations under fault conditions

If a fault operation above 9,000 amperes occurs before the completion of the permissible operations,
maintenance shall be performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

D.7 Schedules

Table D.1—Operating capabilities – circuit breakers for arc furnace transformer switching
Maximum number of
Circuit breaker rating Number of operations
operations
Rated maximum Rated continuous No-load Switching and
Between servicing
voltage, kV current, amperes mechanical interrupting
See schedule 1
4.76 through 123 1200, 2000, 3000 1,000 20,000
through 5
Schedule 1: 10 000 operations interrupting no-load or load currents of less than 100 A, plus 5000 operations
interrupting fault currents up to 350 A, plus one opening operation (O) at rated short circuit current.
Schedule 2: 2500 operations interrupting no-load or load currents no less than 1200 A, plus 200 operations
interrupting fault currents up to 3600 A, plus one opening operation (O) at rated short circuit current.
Schedule 3: 2000 operations interrupting no-load or load currents less than 2000 A, plus 200 operations
interrupting fault currents up to 6000 A, plus one opening operation (O) at rated short circuit current.
Schedule 4: 1000 operations interrupting no-load or load currents less than 3000 A, plus 50 operations
interrupting fault currents up to 9000 A, plus one opening operation (O) at rated short circuit current.
Schedule 5: 12 000 operations interrupting no-load or load currents less than circuit breaker continuous current
rating, plus 3000 operations interrupting fault currents up to 4000 A, plus one opening operation (O)
at rated short circuit current.

Annex E

(informative)

Free standing current transformers

E.1 Rated primary and secondary current

The maximum rated primary current of a wound type current transformer should be at least equal to the
rated continuous current and the load current carrying capability of the circuit breaker with which the
current transformer is to be used. Current ratings for multi-ratio current transformers for relaying service
should be as shown in Table 31 The current ratings for single ratio current transformers for metering
service should be 300:5, 600:5, 800:5, 1200:5, 1500:5, 2000:5, and 3000:5.

E.2 Polarity lead markings

Polarity and lead markings for multi-ratio and single ratio secondaries for current transformers should be as
shown in Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14. Single ratio secondaries with two leads should be marked
with suitable prefix letters and suffix numbers.

E.3 Secondary leads and terminations

Secondary leads should be brought out to accessible terminal boards with polarity, phase, and lead
designations shown on suitable connection diagrams. Terminal boards should be equipped with means for
short circuiting individual secondaries. Where applicable, secondary leads should be brought out through
suitable oil and gas tight seals.

E.4 Primary terminal connection mechanical loading

The maximum mechanical loading which may be applied to the primary terminal connection of a current
transformer should not exceed that required for a circuit breaker terminal connection (see 7.18.4).

E.5 Typical connection of secondary burdens

Typical connection for secondary burdens should be as shown in Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, and
Figure 18, except that all secondaries should be on the same side of the circuit breaker.

E.6 Test procedures

The following design and production tests should be made on instrument current transformers for use on or
with circuit breakers.

E.6.1 Design tests

The design test requirements and procedures should be as specified in IEEE Std C57.13 and in accordance
with the following additional requirements:

a) When rated dielectric strength is not demonstrated in accordance with IEEE Std C57.13, the test
requirements and procedures as specified in IEEE Std C37.09 should be used.
b) Wet dielectric tests should be made with values in accordance with IEEE Std C37.09. When the
current transformer is part of the circuit breaker structure, the wet tests on the circuit breaker should
include the current transformer. When the current transformer is not part of the circuit breaker or
when it can be set apart from the circuit breaker, the current transformer should be tested
separately.
c) Dielectric tests should be made in accordance with IEEE Std C37.09. Where current transformers
are closely associated with the circuit breaker, that is mounted on the circuit breaker supporting
structure or on separate pedestals at the end of the pole units, the dielectric tests should be made on
the combined circuit breaker and current transformer, unless it can be established otherwise that
there is no reduction of insulation withstand strength because of the adjacent apparatus.
d) Switching surge withstand voltage tests (if applicable) should be made in accordance with IEEE
Std C37.09.

E.7 Production tests

a) Accuracy tests on free standing current transformers should be made in accordance with IEEE Std
C57.13. All other tests should be made in accordance with IEEE Std C37.09.
b) Free standing current transformers should be tested to meet the power frequency withstand voltage
test values required this standard.

Annex F

(normative)

Extended electrical endurance (class E2)

F.1 General

IEC 62271-100 includes provisions for circuit breakers with extended electrical endurance, termed ‘circuit
breaker class E2’: circuit breaker designed so as not to require maintenance of the interrupting parts of the
main circuit during its expected operating life, and only minimal maintenance of its other parts. This annex
is intended to provide for harmonized requirements where extended electrical endurance is required, for
example class S2 circuit breakers intended for auto-reclosing duty which may be exposed to a significant
number of low-level faults on connected overhead lines. Table F.1 provides requirements for class E2
circuit breakers intended for auto-reclosing duty (normally class S2, rated 72.5 kV and lower).

Table F.1—Electrical endurance requirements on class E2 circuit breakers

Testing current Number of Number of
(percentage of rated Number of operating operating operating
Operating sequences
short-circuit sequences (list 1) a sequences sequences
breaking current) % (list 2) ͣ (list 3) ͣ
O 84 12 —
10 O - 0.3 s - CO 14 6 —
O - 0.3 s - CO - t - CO 6b 4b 1b
O 84 12 —
30 O - 0.3 s - CO 14 6 —
O - 0.3 s - CO - t - CO 6b 4b 1b
O 2 8 15
60
O - 0.3 s - CO - t - CO 2b 8b 15 b
100% (symmetrical) O - 0.3 s - CO - t - CO 2b 4b 2b
a List 1 is preferred. List 2 may be used as an alternative to list 1 for circuit breakers used for effectively earthed

neutral systems. Calculations have been carried out on the basis of Electrical endurance and reliability of circuit
breakers. Common experience and practice of two utilities. Pons et. al. [B33]. These calculations are applicable for
certain circuit breakers types (single-pressure SF6 vacuum circuit breakers). Calculation results may be different for
other types of circuit breakers. Using these calculations and setting the wear generated by list 1 at 100%, list 2
results in 125%, and list 3 in 134%. Therefore, list 3 may be used as an alternative to list 1 and to list 2 to reduce the
number of different test circuits.
b When no reconditioning is made on the sample after the basic short-circuit test sequences, the test already carried
out may be taken into account in determining the number of additional operating sequences required to satisfy the
requirements of the basic endurance testing. In practice, this means reducing these figures marked b by 1.

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