Operations Research Handmade Notes

ORM NOTES operation research and management

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Operations Research Handmade Notes

ORM NOTES operation research and management

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Adityakumar Ojha

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iS wea UNIT. 1 Intropuction To Linear Programmrne Operations Resarch abbrewiafid a2 OR may, be desorthed as a Acerdific appronth. te decision makiinge « This ne sash feeks cour joke extstonee dlurdng the serond wold wor. OR & Aupineh os om exprrianntol selence dovetid te obrening, vunderstannditagy fe prediiching, ee behowtowr. of purperchal anon rrochine angers a -“ on dfclement. es Phose 1: Fevmulation This plnose Mains form of am opprapatall ’ 5D function, constrains of sestiichions, darken SolaBionships ponte f te cowuer of action, Home Lille for makings deotitons, omer of conbrellable vartablin ond umcenbretlable tables rohrkch ray, afpece the possible aclubiens. A siong- latte comma’ yild a Rab sotubion . Hence one gust be Vy canful oshile executing, this phrase . Phase 2! Constuction of a Mattymotival Model this prose ix concermed, wills seferomotion ef the prohtem the problem to be formmbalid Le tee made . this Snchader. finding, i | p “nw am appteprtal porm totic is usefull bon omalysin \H predicts Me rclatine Yfecks vf the a os cous. of action with suffietenk fpecmatip te poral & romnd dectilen”. A geod model Ld ba applicable for a longer Lame amd Bove pda the edt trom ane to time long trbtnge ante pout tke past, pret and futinn spectficattore of Hie problemcordral gver the solution bith gore daque op aatifadin This phase alia octobliches a syttomadic procedure for dutcsting chamgee amd contiallingy she albwakin. Phase 6: Tmplumentation The ienplamenctation of the cavtrallid solution dourolees,, Bix tramalotion of tne models Aewults Inte operating, fnatuctions Te 1s dnpentow: die OR Ae ensure thot = fe lution ts acturately, transloted nls aw a nay procedure te peeltfy, fault be the solbvltion Adsoolager sf poration Reconeh areola EN ig 2 prot 2. & of Decistow Spek ly 4 tn a He teithin they beste autiickions amd thy Cian of compoumel behawlowr of the tlemntuls Tusrolved Sa tha problem. “The feline subject te a seb op Oh te he A- an ede AE pt 9 ep ti ae oo fvachion ofp dediston vortablee a) Thue must be consicatns on fhe Amel ot siobent1) Solution : A sek of variables fx, %y)ky.-- Xnt ts called wa 8) Featble Solublen: A sek of, vortables PX Ay %y--—- ty de called feorible golubin Hf these vartables, Fatih, constiorints On Won -Vve- 7 3) Boric solutlon: A selubion chtotwed by aeltong ‘W vartosbles, gamnatorknar rn ke & erie: These om tole 1 vartobles, cae i Totol "me? op basic solublong = (mtn) Cn 4) Barie Feortble folution (BFS) A basic solution te colled a bawe fearible solution Y ott bawie variables are 20) 9) Nen - degenerate BFS Lt as ao BES ty which all m vartables, ane tre amd te Aimatuting, ‘mn vortables ore xero- Ladr. 6) Degenerate BFS Tt 4s a BFS iw which ons oh mere of the 2 m bore variable are eqwol to zero.TD Optional BFS (A BFS te called the optional BFS tf 2b opbimaiges the GE ec 8) Umbounrded Soluction r Ty tow volute of the objeckine: fumibion, com be dncrcased, of docand Imclebivtisly, » thew bin solukfor fe called, om Wubownded Apludiion. 4) Feoxible Region : Tk is ow ton Aw wwhhev oll consteainlg ond wen uy conditions hold goed. (0) Corer Poiwk Feonible (cre) solution Leia feasible: seludin rats deni: Ke ~ oy = pdfcleme" Options PTE ta tantyute of obtatngy he kis seal wander Bee gin Condiltons. Pp: 2 Th dso tee mathematical tebwlyne te Ltommine Linton P. th ke a detcton memkitng beshutyue voles dina green Comslioalele wrnden thy condition thok the Aalasionship auacrnar te variable Involved is Minton .Matuemattcac Formuration Of A LPP Step 4: Define thy lector vartable eee Step ae Conitinck the obfertive function tohich haste be opliedged ae a Umtar egnation Bawoletng, desist vartablere de Step 3: Express eeu condition aim a Lentar Arogpcalil, oat? Inercltige decision variables eroA rronmfactiner predutin 3 modelo FT, ED ond I of a certain produce wre naw matertale A and B 7 The potlourtag table. giver thw dake, : | Raw Reqprirement per Unit maateriol ae wf me | Atallabiuey 5 a 5 A 2 3 4000 7 4 2 6000 7 Min Dem 200 200 - = Paottt /unit | 20 20 - J Formulate this problem as a LPP (sune-ToLy 2004] | Selukion : a " ; | oo agelerson" L dak vB. MW be x | Xe Reo 30 Gane nefit one awd of vk z 30x profie ant of model T as profit fone mck af model © ve Reo pref gn vot of modal 04, wth of rmodel OE 2s Re. 50 pact [ent ’ of model ur fs 50, pact Ap vat Totol Proftkh = P= 30m + boy. + 505, | Objucbie fowrction “a Max P= 30x + Loy + 503. Given that aacdely, L,T and W rtgytre 2 aamnd & unilf of raw matiuials ft / > baol Asuw-malerial Atywhement = 2x +54 485, WyBut total ef pepe of Raw mattortol & 4000. > Lx t By +53. S 4000 Gime that medely, I,I ond I Acquine €,2 and Tutte Af Rowe modertnde B seipectivels. => fetal raw matiral B Acyudremend = 44 Iy + Te Buk tetol awnllabilty, wuile of va matical B = 6000 PGK +2y + Tz = 6000 Geren Miw demand fet wodel Fu 200 my x z200 Miw dumond for model IE ts doo > 4% 200 Mav demand yor meelel IL 1D =F x > 16m Tre tolol wp of alll af onedel F, model D and medet IE Commo be negative fe. M > oy + 502 5 2m + Bg + 52 = 4000 An + 24 +72 <= 6000 k 2200 y 7200 Lx Iso where x70, yxo, ZrOC A TV Company rar He decide ow thy mumber of Atiuch ond Lo-ducd TV sk to be produced ab one of tte § factories. Morket accearth éndiealis that atmos 40 atin TV set ord otmrest 10 Lo-tich TV self can i E L be fold pur meth, The i ne ob wet hows awellable Ja 800 bow/ meth. A Btinck Ty Atqutros do workhenntn and a So-dach TY equines 10 woik-rews Cork Qt-tach TY wold. produces, a propit of k120% amd 2k dorinch TY produces, a $80. A whelecaler t purdcrase oll ie TV a pnd tne daa Fetmantate tris problem a a LP mecel. [pec 2004] Solubion : let of do-tith THs be 'y" ie eg Qt-bnch TV predncers' a pope af fizo ee wii of Brinch TV produces a profit of 120% te woth of 2o-bish TV Peodiscen a pagel of feo eg wells a dociiah TY producto w pact op 404 Total Pacfik' = [20x + 80. Chpctive Fimebion t Max P= 20x + 80g, Given tank mac cables “4 Qtinth TK is 40 => Givur that Mire Soles of Qomineh TV ty 2% <4o ‘o => Ge lo Ghen HAL bre Qtinch TY Atqweder 20 woth hourge => BF TV Aegs Low otkheun, / Goon trak ont do-teh TV Argues jo work moun, (OF ip dotnth TY equine (Oy. wocilchennefo Total toh ews rows segptned = Don + (Oye Rut deta norkhewu, avallable te 500 ae lon + \Ou 4 500 Max salerfmenth = go+f0 = SO = a r—~—S=C=“‘R Goren: puholsalr will purchase all TY elk th the total dleetuet Receed the moulin © + x+y £50 = pie neti Haak ob be of AThach Tvs manujadirrd cannot be = it ve. eRzoO- for note hak total ne of dovtinch TVs monufacttinnd tnnot be wegatine bey 70. LP Model Moaximige P= 120K + 80y, tL se emen a nif ox 4+ lOy = Ke pp & 50 tobine nwo YOod fowner har to plot cbwe bimde wf tere P amd & = ba & hamd of 4000 samt area. Each tee P rrquines a5 qm- Each teen G requires 4.0 tam of hard. “The awnual watt arguement for tach bie P ue 30 unite - ound for tach tree 8 dc 1S umlls. Aiwest 3000 wutle waken ts arellable tinnwolly» Te ts alee estimated hak thy ralie & te blab ng of se QR te te ns of thas P shovld nob be Lose than 6/19 gud yb Q atguio Sy vanthe, of roalte {= 30x +1by- Le Tota wats Mqpiloment atlable Bnk atmest 2000 wil of walie are ; + 30x + [Sy = 3000 Ginn fetal Kae ® ahold not be ese than 6 ketal, us -P " a we 4 5 Goren total ie-8 gronll wot he mere than LT ; tal (Ree -P ° : = 2 17 oi = Total ne tf Kis P commet” he negative Feo 70 Total wy of Kit B cannet be nigable Be | 470 element LP = pdf: y 6tc 80m + My = 7000 asx + Ay = #000 é 2 7GA Company rrovoenr ba cbianes diner product Pir Pe =e Pe, The profits axe 30,20 and 40. Compawy, Regs c ond Ma. Paecuining- ime aw mebuutie ea panchine on couk predict oo thy total Adme onrablonititig on cath marhiny mre ale dn the folianetag table 7 r Machine Meine wells faaudaad [rota =] = 3 vatlabele i ms 4 7 5 2000 | me _ Ez 4 S000 Comeyiomsy aust mamufacbure atleast 100 P's and atleast oor,’ pnd SOPs 6 hak nok mre thaw 150% 6. RE up LP model tay afore te_scl impor rcbhedl. Sobation dfcleniers on] wo pager Pyreete gr tex i jue tee fatal me of weil of Pr be gy, dak in etal pe of eel of Me ey { Gen profit /uit of Pr = 30 > Profit fe wth of P= Fox | Clon profit /utk of Pe = 20 > Pri fy, weld chy Pa ~20y, i G dove profit Joe of Py = 40 => Prokit /g uni of Ps=hoz | Total Prefik > 30% + doy + 402 i Objective Funacltens Moxkealye P= Jor et Dey + 40x ' Gime Pr Par Po vugude 43 and 5 mils of | prccesscrg on Me i otal we ey redwoatts vp prouamdng on My = AK + Spt FyBut m, 26 avatlable for a max of coos minutia => 4x+ By +52z Sd000 Giver Py) Pa and Pz require 8,2 and 4. wkwailis of procselicgn on My. Total minulty of Groendags om Mo = on + Dy + he Buk Mr 4s owotlable fot mon fer 5000 minuls =? ant dy + 4x = 5000 Tr & ale 40th that Comnpanys manufackiars. octleast 100 P, 5 _ sit ~~ 200 ¢ * S0Pa 4 nu + mere than [5D Px ie x zoe x 2 1so ent atopic err aeanupaclicres . R20, 420,270. LP model Maximize STC yx t By + 52 & 2000 Ax + 24 the = 5000 Ze Bon t2oy +402 ux Zz loo ‘ 4 fon 100 2x 4/50 t % 20,4 70,270yh farmer home 100 ace farm . He call sell oth Comatees, Jette & radiher be tam raise. The price he com vbtaiw i fe E100 par ky of tomatoes, F 0.15 a head for Lettie nnd 2.00 per hep por radichs othe average yield pr es p000kan of Apenatore , 3000 heads of bethace and [000 kan of, Aadishes Ferkiltytns 4 owaklabler ok FOS Oper kqn amd. tke aunewuct Agutied por acre th 100kq each for Kowodetn and Metiace aud SDkgr for radehus. Labour sad Jor peat cvaking. awd ‘ _ Woe ag. poionetus ald todas sod Wma for betvee- A fetal of 400 mam~davye af doboun are ovetlable at F ao.0 Cre | Fetmlate thts ecmcedat problen ae tnenr (progaamneingn maodel te maximize Bow 1. total ‘ out ll patelemen” tet lle ap acts ef damd. Boveted to dematos 2 — — peaphing = 9, - — Aodishes = 7 hoe Knew? Profit = TEncome ~ Expendtinre Objective Finckton + Trcemer Ginen tent paler g Ihgo of tomatoes = | Gir beat prcce of doccks of bomatex = doco ae men of maenty, farmer geins = hooox Given that pater pe ene untk of fn = pS pater (3000 mail of pumpkin = 2000 x O15 = 2850 => Invene fom fromphains = 22504,Given that pater per one ke of Aadvih = 2 Price i000 ky~ of radish = 2000 => Inve pram radish, = Lo00x at Total Anceme = Qo00x + 22504, + A00Dg, Expenditine : Rake of than of fotiliges = 0.50 Gaver that [Doky of fertilizess le Aequsced Joe tomadoce lance 2 betel cote of patiligers por domocdea/acre = 10080650 = 50 WT Guten tne looky of fertilizers As Acqused Joe cpunyghine /new —> ketal cork of Lertlizers beam pumphins /acre = 100 X 0.50 = 50 Hic, Gren that Sdky of fertilizers: raguired got Andtiber [rire DP tatal wort of fertiligen ebeslacre = 69D = OS oto, x gdacient- a Ginn drak 5 5 man @ Fdo ss requted for bemateu frre 6 mondays @F do te Aegptied, for puennpbehs fovese. eee ary @ a0 & Aepudred for taddtes/acre for lace, Labens cost G tomatoe =100 th poumpy = 120 ar nadidhes = 100 “. Total enpendttirce taeverds Labont = 100% 4 [204 + 100% + Pashte = Treome — Expenditine / i io Profit = Gooox + aesoy + 2000 x) —C Bx t Dy + 252) — Croom + (204, + [00 z/) Opjettive Fanthin P = [850x +adsoy + 18 152 Totrl Labow manday, Aequsred = Sat by + Fy, Out total na cage avoilaite = OO => Sx + by + ox = 400 ee L awatlable = 100 ane = ut yt 2 eloo Le a obvinns Ahad bata murmeber aat te LP model pat 7 Moneire | a coon ts ACSos [8752 STC K+ yt 2 = 100 ox + by sz = 400 My, kh oODitties © Old feng Com be bought od: TR ead ard groumg ont me ES each, The old hens lay Began per trek and the goon ores Leg Stage per locale » back egg bing nrovth 30 pat A hem Cowmg ot Hd) cose FL per week te pur. Yeu howe onlin Fo xe spend. for bugiing hon. Hers momys ef tach Kind should, gow bey. te atoe o profik cf more tram 6 per wreck assuming, hat gree = counsels evs MAGE chow QO hus. Formlds Ue problem a1 am LPP ond solve gpaphteally DECEMBER 2017] Solution FORMULATION hak x, be the rumba of ofd heus ancl My he the rnahin of bows ‘a \tiad Cine gE, ee oe Ako Cage per wrecks tho tatal mumben y taape ob pee week wll be = 3%, +52, teal godin will be = Re 0.30 (3x) +5%p) Total rpnditione fpr poding (rt Xs) bans alr the Anti of fa) cack otll be = Reet (14%) thus» total prfk x canwed per week will be Ke total gain total expenditure Hn = 0130 (3%) 4 5x2) = (x, 4%) OL = O6G0%, — OOKowotlable for purchasing Wrens , cthw contol de + ' oxy + Ax, = 80 i Also, sbace Ue ie nat peril cto house more raw doling of a tiny, kK) +X, 220, Mio, since the profit ts pusbitcted te be mete thaw Re. 6 nds meow that the profit function Z &s te be maxinulzall Thus, thre ie we ned to add ome mite constioted) we. 05x, —Oln, 26 Again, ak ds wok ponible te purchase of hans, therefore % 20, % > 0. megtin Gprantily Lp Medal Maximize Zz 05x, - 0 Ament Ky +r, £20 1 2, 70 NOTE % SOLVE qrapricaLty ALSO"oA company producs shoe Tips 2h Hal. tack hak of 0 fod type sgn saquinus Fiatie as muh Labour Hime as the second | tage - Tp oll thy hats are of the decond tape only, the Capt coor pradate @ THA oh 00 hal a day. “The awarkel Linas daily sels of the fine amd sevomd Rape to tsb ond 250 hots, hak Ane profits por bok are Rk bs lat & ond Ra-5 for Hipt Be formnulot tie prottim m% o model in erder te deteowmine Scns Lir © potuad of cwbge sn cete amayeindige Abe profil SOLUTION: kek eo a te SN; spo B sacle day. So u NC ey a Dans cay ok tke mort 500 ale Bw dap ond Age of alt ay Bn eg nah Bint 06 Brod oy tape 8, produchion nertiiobion ts gion bg. atx, +tx, = 500t, whore + fe Bw Labour time por und of aeroud Lope be. An, +L, €500 But, ature ore Minitations on the tele of hati, ee ee 0 ola oU) Lp model Maximize, Ps Sx, + 5%, sre Dx, +%, £500 L %, S150 AQ K, 2250 V/ x, x20 {patent’ maedentwes is prepued Ae tee gol pb naduinas Ask 8 lake we deglant f fogpedtost evailabie 1 male dee battles of medicines A and | nooo bettls yf medio B, hak dow are only, QS 000 snke volte (Clrer of the wadietaes Com be felted. Porter, tk takes Awe howe te meatertal fo ply tooo beltles of amedieine A amd one herr fe amakertol 46 42L. 000 bottles of, wedi B, Quad od Cb hours available dike °, mye pap ts te 8 : bottle for mediétint B eis Cie "apne, tektal Hine ecw ne my Arousannd bottles of medicine A and x, obttes of mmedsctre & UL be Bx, tx, Sows | i t i Rens ane ie tae cael fr operation: os bb ZU, +X, = 66 Ebr Ture ar only 4S thourand bottle avatlabl fos filling. rrediclnes A ond Bx, +x 245.co, a & @, 2 fa make : ase sufttebrdy Lagred ints quralladte i Ao toad bottles of medicine bk aud 40-thonrand | bottles of rudictre B hen 220 and x, 2 ho N Umber bottles being nonnegative, G70, K-70 Ab bre sale of Be por bolle dea kitpe & madiiefnn and ket bottle for Hine @ mudietne, tte total iw ew ~ Wie a Hrensand bettlu of medicine A and x2 thersand tiles of meditre B will becomes Pe 8X1000 x, + 1Xi000%, & Pz go00on, + 1000 %, FORMULATION: Max P= 0 100. nt GH pase’ a Pe XK, 240 ond Kr Xe %O ak parnags wvarnfactans oe delle, a baste version me eo. delus ee it Beh doth of tape B Mele eae Leng. te prodace an one 4 Tape A ama Ke cermpaans neo rave Hime 16 wake a maximum vf 8000 por dag s The deppliy. of plaatio: “ fepietent £6 produ 1500 delle pr day. fie delux vaso faq tres Be famy, dress. { est2oh Hesse wae erly £00 por low awattable- Ty tke Compe make a prcfit * Re. 3.00 ond Ry. 5.00 per Aly ftacly or dell B amd B Ahem Irene mtn of each Hd Sa va. Diced ter Ba 8. mdes de mnaubrtir total mac’= SOLUTION . Lak x, od %, be tho niumbuv ef dels. produced por - dawg of Hyper fk omd B, reppectinely - hate Aw doth A sequise Crt tw deAL B sequin Ab bx, Se the dota hime 46 manvfactinn 4 aud %,, lolly sroutdnot oxcerd ovat ha. Therefore, tux, + 26x, £20006. LP model - Maninige Pe 3x, + 5% STC Hp + 2x, E2000 (Lime constraint) | Ky +X, = 1500 (plastic constraint) XM, 2 600 — (Avesg constraint) — AES oA fm of Leth, say th, Band C« I ‘fe ee weel are Ataf wf ft 1h, day. t red, green eo i “hee wok. One watt of Length of tape A cloth nerds L meatier | ea nad a nid Ball at 5 one i Leng I sh 4 tO ee op we meters of rad roel, Rice open i fama ch nacthes of folate wool 3 and eure uit of ae 6 melies of green weet and 4 molkes of I ot The filew Des banleg a stock of Smalies of red wovel, (Ormolkis af 6 usrol amd 1S eles of Kee rerrl. DE te arsumed Yak BRE Barone ebtatued from emt usmil Lenath of tpe A clothe ts Ru. 3-00 of tp B cloth te Rs.5.00 amd of ype ae ie Ass G00 Detomuiv, dew Bre fre should use Mb availehke 0 nrodinial xo Ate moximige tre dacome from we) pg. *p d cleth, (SonuTion i L Quality of L “Type of Chet Tobal qua : roeet At) Beas) cas) | % == Red 2 3 oO Grecw ° L 5 fo a Blow aE 3 2 4. Is i jr St By 3.00 | &. 5.00 Ri. 4-00 RE yt ond ™ he the Grow prootond clothe A, a e Stine & rshius dy ned Ce ayn cach deer of loth ound ty ratkhe of tate tae of tho pe Pfeiies Heri ict cana 5 hetin B arqutnes Bx, mcics and ebote © ~- pataener™~- | OX + 2% +5%5 Capaen wool) L | Dx, + At ht, Chlue worl) Since mor more thaw & melts of Acd. , Lomelies of, gaoen gud IF maby of blue rool ow available, UKd vartobles, ayy awd ty task sabiefir tb flowing acabeteltors ax, +3x, 28 AX, + Ss E10 Buy + 2x, Fhe, 2 Neo °% 70, % 20, 3 7O Aaa toto Bncomre of the pintshed Gels gemma (max) Pe Bx, + 5% + 4X 9® DIET PROBLEM : eae , p Ome ef thy Labiresting: probleans peponwnng | : unak of olameah Bak, Diektctame BOL we tha «bela Alek ant comboiin portitias qimaatiinke Qacls os ealeiss, aba vlawins ake + Suppose thot we ane tmhod bo f i tae, youd Ahab thould. be Sexemamendad fpor a Tange mumber of alloorokive fourier of theses mcrtonls ae tev telal ust of fred Labial ambnteren Sequcrernerts 7 halowmed dick be Hoe Lowest» the rardteal epee oud diebtlams tll Ws that it ene p fpr oun adults 2 consume ptlenel 159 of probivs, 854 of fa, and 300% of Canbalrgdratis atime 7 Sag table give the food Hems Cusbtolr are gwrodtante tw tka muorkel) auoliysis, areal att cos, Cost PER KG - bo o L Beau eements | TS | 95 = SovuT10 heh ty Aa Ba XQ kor and % sie of dood Sipes sesgerboetl- he used per Laay> Bw o Bak ond the total Alok wank obteoask soppy fra, nadmbraarrs raqutrcrnse Ay, Ae lje & He quimiming fetal coe Cp dak?Thu elyeebive fumobiors Hones beret hoe ~T Leh, + BX, + 4X + Ang + 19%5 bdinee 8; 16, 16, 4,5 amd 2-5 ques of protemns one dwatloble: from (odpm wit of, cache dpe of good mexpectinely , total eons anroiloble fem Ky 9% Ko rMy os oad xy woaile of carr food nespectivel collh be Bey + 1B, + 1b%s + bty Hag ASU gyre dct : Buk i dots requvemunds v4, prctetus as ceseribel [> as 1S gras » Homer, thet protein neqpinerendé Constiotuds is Gory + 1B Ky + Moxy > 4g + SXs + Sx, % TS (protein) Stalonly , folf ond nbihuralis seqpinortnd canebiints are obbotwd nerperkively os below 2 [5x1 + 15%, + Yls + 20%, ement. sx elena! 21200 (tonbahsdnads) oO. Meo 4 Hy 70; Ka FO, Xu O, WZ, LX i. ab revatio Kener of biscuits is comdertng four Lipes of apts gosks contodus Hon of bireutts 4 sramge ersam (06), checolate crzam (CC) andl toafens (to). Markel nescarch Condurticd aacewtly we nce the Vase Of the Consumers theuss. c yollewtog- fips @ gacortemonly He be iw good. demand z [seernen CONTENTS - ] ae mol A__ Nok less than £07 af OC not move thin 207k af CC, any yet | do |B nok fece than 207 OF CC, not more than 40% Of COamy aty of We ie INot lex than 50% 2f0C, nok more than lOve GF CC a akg of Ww > No veskwée-tlone asFer de Biawutli, ie mamnfadtiaing capaatly, wok tne EP Bact vi voaicly oc ce Pek copatty (xg /day) 2 doo 200 (50 Mawaafadtioning Cont (Refi 8 + wae, pape ek be fk pn Surdute- Adis macys Be AK that tre SOLUTION ¢ lat ew wel feos iz (ih, BOD pfebr®d be depinallas: (i) Fea wen gfe par, ars Kaa’ eas dena Bn quotily bo ha ef 06, CO amd 0 hippo f btrenils fer eee Te amy B, Ror er> %es al _ écriert to beecude Fo sires" ™ ity Ow ka Bf OC, CC aud Wd Pach CW) Re BE Gf pac Dy ap» Xy2%s a Remect Re Guacity Gow kg hg of OC, ce a ge ps Nows the given datas coum be poke iw tea form af Bem LPP ase i Maxime Pe aol tart Xart na) € 25 (tat Xe es) $12 Kat Let Xe) + 120 91 Hy Xs) — Bx + Xert Xei +X) i i i =H (Hqrt Ror bert Xo) i : : f —T (ry t%ost Lea + %2)eo Mogttwize Pe \rxay + Wart Dagyt Mei tlo%er + 18x03 HL yey FABLea + (Shegk UXpy + Bapo + 5 %dg i Subjer te erniiowds Cit Pau Tat Tar = dorolmar+ art Xena) v 0-0 (ar + Kar 7 Kas) 2 ot Bs X, sy bo200 Key + Ker + Xe) Gq pe BA Lor & Peo (Xe oa) Othe puke: Ley 7% DSO (Key + Ker + Xe) & Delo (ey © Xer + Rey) a pataere Ray 1 ey HKer + Xy2 S200 ns + Kez the, + Xs = (50 xy 70 Cher T2A,B, GD aural jf =1,2, 2) A compel wk of Certain predict constots af four wai ¢ -hramd ree ull of component B, Ture & (hand 8) nore momufathined fem Lie dtterent I Bow moltiial a which lov wik and 200 unr, dex) pettely, | ant ownllaWe . Thase clepantmenté ore eng gel bo hee Preducttar, were, with each clepartount waieg i ole Hever meted for natant thong the component, Rix % Re’ > Ry KER i ' bs 9. oa , 5 74 ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, sons C/ | i ‘ (ar fe ; oe - 4). 4 4 lnyplex mitted ,_movctnige. pe Sat bi i Tc 4x t by 624 Bx ye = 18 Selvin + Tutved ute 2 Aloe vartobles Sy sand 9 i i 1 ‘ Bx +t Wy 2 36 tof a 1 - r | sat O.g.V 5 $3 i Zev = ye { ; a | Phily Ry —> Ra/a RY! => RK, 16k, ! Ra! o> Ry Ry i Nz) Cee Kemeem se Be re oe eG Rackivs Sr oo @ ». 1 a Ys qo. <= 4 Om % 0 o \ “M4 lek ye 8 4 VA t ° t Va 2 0 0 ° a t ARADHYA TUTORIALS + 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144———ee ARADHYA TUTORIALS = 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, canon” ia i ah oh oh oh oh oY + ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 5 {4-4 oevotue DE |Opbimat str 1 No No = a } | 2 Yes | No 4 No | zy —j 3 Ye. No Ss Yes aut dene] OP 6) All the those ont baste Jepsttle 4) 1) Solubin3 | is epbinal 4 T i 7 ea ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, sooroeasay /”/ : (p30 + STC Sin, + 4x, ede, + %y Ba + 9 = tpo =715 i yiucu Aystire hae A wnhaerce cond tise aso bien Bt) Maximize Z 2 fhoet Puy + lax + lox4 [ k ——_2ctetel ng of baci obubions docile = $C, 26 Seb ele. Od, 7 en ic | Base, jg . at.| aries | yan [Camnations Solution - : ‘ i IE \ is M2 Dd : | i ly eo Ano - - ¢ tye He? i [ | =108, 53 1 E 0,33 | 2 |ueo | ap | bee - 2320 a No - | we. | a4 =d Ge | ext edey> too | ay=o _L ty =O te “Pat +eeg=t6 | e225 Mex 200 No | Xz 0 4 \ | , f 8 = He | tr | Say thy 00 | ay = 8.33 _ | Xs 20 Ky ay thy eIS | y= Yes | i | L <0 ! Xy= 0 x3 Ray BX ued Yu yh: bel tay 2D. ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144i ‘ 1 Vols. NV ov &y SoAt™, BE oe! Dpbimal gf TI To. 1 6] met) x Sty tbe, 2100 | Wy o®. 7 25. Xye0 Xe fax ets 215 | teeter] Yee "| 200 \ Sot™ 1 Apts =) Kye Sx, 2h y= Xs=3 = Qa t4rxzell 3, > Yo. But 5ta Sly aed | Xie ¥ 3 X20 A Weep e tee Hy > Ry Bx + Xe = 1h Ryo 5 1 %a20" 454 ee ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851112, 9845642144, 9901942144) wr 4 (bath tase the bowie nen 2x, + 6x, + Quy t %y = 3 Gm hes + bt the, ed 1, £0 m Akrtbxgled + i ! | —— ~ T 4 t=0 % Dy + ty 33 i £20 Key fey bey 22 i i ~ + 5 Aye %y Ley + ax 3 Hyg 20 a bx hes ok ARADHYA TUTORIALS + 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144& + % 320 Ea ox, + ots = 3 Kycd sXe bmi + oxy = 2 bo 7 @ Maximise, 22 3x + 2y Tune 2016 STC ety S44 See ee ee ee —@ Max? y — STC 22+ By + Sit bbe Seg t w 4xion 2 470 2p Gg! 2 430 t oO 220 ° ) 0 410, ‘ e oO 1 aE oO oO oO Pivot 4 Ra’ =» &/3 ogy 2S. Ry > Ri ~ ony ev 7% LD we ARADHYA TUTO! S : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, eal (wize Pe f=dy + 3x STC 3uhyaoz <7 = fox. z=! W434 48x S lo 4 o 4 At Lequaalite, of. beyg ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 —//" Ua aL 2 a: SO A Hal Bq Po ee 3 oe j | = i Peyote = §/: Ppp Bi’ —> Ws Ry LZ gv = 5 Rim» Ret 2% @/ by V4} re = x ; Ri > ht Ry V7 ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 901942144_— i = pizv a Xe ye RS SS : og “Ws 0 Ws eo Ve t 2 o 3% 0 9 Ke 1 Ws | 3 sts 0 1G wg 08g! Paes Oe Coed cu my om Oa al mle LP model | | Ma; Max P= 32 + Jy + 5a, Te ne By EZ 1 4% | ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972751111, soresiin1, SAs6H2I44, g901942148 / | C7Bx +22 <= 460 K+ hy < 42d iy) % 20 | | + eto t . ee a ¢UNIT. Z DigsP SIMPLEX METHOD-2 Pee Optimality tral : Lis Are amalagts dame oft an ral. slim 1s chtanad. fe the nial ween a mmo o be oo FE ce po efit analy te meng tgertant’ ds porticlanl, tue for Typical LP apphicatins, ‘Hie oe dee pebcoptinoly eoalgit 8 AE Stee TASK PURPOSE, TECHNIQUE ] | Model Del Ss Pou ensont & toeahress tw model, Reoptining ion | | pede Validadion Dermenatiabe wltdity of Final eil Retnospectie Test [Final managerial | make approprtate divisten of | gy tous deckstons on heroutes . cnganinptional gurus bebe ptoces | allocations a tite under side ounk then | 5 weed Evaluate axtinall| Determine cauctel etimalis tnat| Senstertly of med | mang affect optimal solution for | analyots L_pancensten | fentiut sty 4 Evaliaté trade - . Paramctic my bebe Deoweriny bert trade Gf Beat 2 [model pound Preqremmitg.| Ww -Reoptimization = LP naadile dank antat fw practise ante very Longe with F teocsamds ov vvon, millions of fumttmall condiotinls md i dpe ome venation of LP modal, We peguantly must solve agains ges tea solctin of a abighly ag vendor of Bn madal Ome approat 2 re-apply. abaaflux method pom Aanatteh fpr bach mun versien af thes madtl- tert ae mas mene EO ott Lbs to Ae-optinage Dy the pow Solution ts feasthle, we usual +6 Bye Bh ood fadile, da ppp tea Hinaploe rettaed “Thee bap ocbretingt of de weeping a As Hak deen closes té tee prter ebtimal ow Wikial BFS. pen be - spluation Kaow te Retsospective Test i a ti, approach te lag tee model tg i called a ritiespedtine tert. This Bist fawelver wring te t pajtatuab dain, to reconatnck the past awd win, dekirerine frawe, peryprmeds Uy tag Rad teow used. Shodow Pisses Lp celfim tam, be Iudtiputid, as allocating Revources hg ackivtbs. Dn maaan (ones, thane, omay be some bafitide, . haw the arnwounk that will be made available 4 V7. {Tmgprmalion on the erowome, conbrtbublon of, tut —T te BRD Weare | we (2) fpr the connants sada. | ee eel te et te aie infpnation Oe tie fori of shadow plows for bie eased) sa Pd wn a Gemma petty maip he eae praditing He eat of angie bn cont vortabter on tin ovrrall Austins leche Tw uacfulase of oe medal ts td by dmg howe toell BE pradieks se eects ef trase changes Sects oe ts te called sunsitrty owcleyls Thee wig? eal He sect con be \ Noe Hick ‘ Zon Aly the aceutls o Coban 2K wsed Ponametric Linear Ps Tes Jiuventigats the spk pre dultimiimed conbtrusene Voatobions ef Vortons Conepiietonls wn the . soliction, Lh is extimnen of ee, thy norton age ee optimal, mtn Be ether, Os thy Co-eftietends ft proton 2 The coef fictonts thangs ng a Baad porch 5% Cagle poral » ern aan bs Ww -Compucter Tropleonentodion = Codes commarnly ant gant +f & ‘nit one pase coder den't closely pollens ether the algehrate fr 0% aie deataans prom of aaplin tibet ee tt fa be be os ts Batad mabe pCa Cit dpe ke ndee one goe cxectiy Sen Hitags dpkg oy bub tb does this ep Cee Width Large LPP, th ke Autvitable hat tome mate | aonk filty decatora toh be meacle, initially ta - dy adel amd Inpubtiong te tke 0 compuliv, OR ypienlty an i oe arena i oa ee is, THs nding pProcine Fa grvatty aceelrnld teh ib cam be Camrid cut dnteroctirely. on a Compulér, 4 & nS SAvailable sofa options for Linean Pregaamming. salecioy LP medal on a sprradshect format + Spreadsert felvinr ane becoming. dtrertaiagly popular foe ineor produud by. Faentlinn Aystins for Micadelt Excel anol a. MPL / CPLEX Jor egprecenctly povrlati and AetyL, BT a ey, maedels : ome track ie widely, CPLEX wee ty de i“ singe WAL A adboer. (shared with LINDO) gor cam i Aang Henze programming, Models , Lindo Estiont pox r. LINEAR , INTERACTIVE AND Discrete optimize] Le a i Anptaoane totic scbres LP model tw a sKatightforsonr$ dsis pdfelemen™ oy- L UNIT 3 ! { L ARTIEICiAT VARIABLE ‘TecuMaues | \ i LPP. tn ohbcde Cansbaiale of the “ty Band fos = sano. preset Surplus vantabls md ontigictal vautahler ase Pubirealusced | Tino - Puase Meruo: a te j———-hlerkuiag: Rule, Passe -T “ ab Hie ee udion : (7) Maximum 272 Vf atleast ent jAV ope ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972854111, 9845642144, 9901942144 as 7 UYAdo. YI Wy ARADHYA TUTORIALS: ventas 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 { Uy {eo oo o 6 co 4 ; NZV XY S| as ‘ p a @ = a) _[ 0} «—— i i a pool tp et n 2 EI. a 4 ° i i i \ Pivotal element <3 1 Apotle “Ry’ > Ry a C6y =a 1 Ry! <9 Rp - Ri" Tey ung Pr zo o 9 0 o Pie Wo net stat pe ed wot pears ta tie Opetinactn boss Tha _apivtsn [PP tran a etelusfi gin ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972751111, 9972851111, acer ad 9901942144ne hy sé Key 2 fi Oke tm y 4 Joe a y= Saslé : _ “y =/0 ~ S =| Spit ble en f Suz 6 not one Fitorodinte 0. vk, Que yss ay aaa Xthy = $ thee ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111,, 9972851111, i 9845642144, 9901942144 y ¥] oAVidewnin Boa «The kif fool ¥ i 2px ca ° | Food YO Cotas uuile of vilanin A/gn & |ounck of ARADHYA TUTORIALS: i ‘ 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 ow (\ nC Vy {7} Ww geetMara, Z = {op + 20, | Ste | 6 téy > tno i 1x sel 2120 Gy ed a FLL i Ass ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, ooosonuan|(/| | Tintiiecluce Fue surplue vortabler k fence 2 Ay bx tAg oS tare Trt tay Ss bar 2120 } Fey sy Pivot = (2. I “ f | ogy =o) Api Bi 48 = Eey = % Ail > Rd Hr ky" , a Darrel poon clu g A, fn the nest stmpley table ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 / 1 KCgal m = =205| _ b otuni at re 5 H J exes ok x =| aor . 6 ky & L f wise z= Os, SNC 0.9m + Oel 7 ES fom bt + Boly » Sof, Wwe wc =~ (max) i Toudete. may! = 2 Oly = Sip aRADmA TUTORIALS a 9972731111, oor28sitt1, 9845642144, 9901942144 x (iYStick variable SD | 0-30 + Ot Sa rand fodiens! te a Aen) = 0.5% 20. Z er iy ieee sncheodiuce co Sn eS Lay a4 tela th oy Satan 2h SOLVE Latee: ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 Ao. & : : ad ZZMaol then $80 given LPP hae no feaslle . tatition 0 LPP by oei. ; 7 Usdag Prasally elie, wbutantye, 2s dey, | Ste Sx tye 33 dnd ! Rtry 6 4 t Xy Zod elabion As thy Lest Cowilcaink i of ts tps Eatoduce An av a tyta = 3 i J aegic : Anite tntroduted, be neuo OF 8 = Donny Ra X Ye 3 Ri > Ry VaR! Ral > Ras Sify * £ NZv & Xe x Ye Sy Se x = ee i 0 0 cts ty ef Ne 0 1 0 Ys & aii 0 0 J i Ind 2 1% 0 0 0 Ls V9 ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 { yi 4 {"Nae dy ss 23 Vie Gre introduced tke hwy OF ic 7 Bede ty = Ma, — Mar 1 } - 4 2 o =v —m é F i NZV Co Ma 1%; Saas Rae | 1 gm 3 Gat oo eet ee } A, mb egy ao ot Hots Eo \ Sa og fF me ot aoe ees 4] gyey ger tm -TM2 mM] PL oO oO } E i _— _4 i nee wa, ARADHYA TUTORIALS: 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 Ao. 4 4 ; NY i 1 WiARADHYA TUTORIALS: eee laa 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 4 . 4+ 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 / ARADHYA TUTORIALS Lb tb tb bk tb aili Mow 2 = doe 4 2y \ Ste ky < 2 1 t Se ted BID an age ; z i za 4. ge Baim i wacko, MV. 2 Kt Ely 4 ST Lom + By Se v 2 By tty 2 2g ey MESS ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972751111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 \/7 1— Diy Xiy BS Ky BO. a Find mtloastudtce solution’ -Solabion The fost tes ain G ase of is be tndro Ms WEY Bop cladsvanialles 42 Thind constraint b of the tape > Bis flins pee ee Sree ea £3 mG 2 bie mote pat Pere un, His hotleen It £ 2 nobssme [are chat veld tau fired col aa tivotall. | D6v_ 81S Hpoly Ry — > k, = 28 tcy x Bol — Re- 3K heels — . zy Xe gy 5 BS, ab nate Ss an fit Po Ss Osis Otel en fe) ee x beens 1 1 oo =! renews peed a= \8 2 0 od «© = i t Piveok = ogv = Ieve $. ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144typly Be! Raa» RB Rin BR Rs Ra Re” oy iv ie A iN Zny ee Coe ‘1 udp as NZ Ce xd Si Ry > Ry 3K. ev = i Ri’ > Rr 28. a “ —| % oe 5 sa g Aastiee | -! 0 1 b @ a I l o ° t #2 eee ‘ 4 3 i \ 8 To mt TE ANoKE t Bad Zgelt-2 oo i. ' F I 7 fev 2S Ae Ri Bi Toye $ Ql => Ry BR 7 By! Ra ths TS ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 9901942144 “i ; aaa i Nzv Ce Xp % 5 Sy 2 3. Roster Lt “ Ss 0 2? -¥: oY, od Tapert, i ° & o @ Go 3 4 oN te “ _s eee) Hou Oleeont iS and ze4o0 -% 16 3 0 0 ml : oe 1 pays So Aoplg | Ra’ > 37e he | 2 Ry my Ry t Ve'R," 2 Be ety eZ STC Rty=hy re Bu ay tz 20 e Xin, & 20 bak Pons Le Metiect te Lisluliyes £2 5 SUC exehyy 2 TEN | 2X +2y) +10 we é 5x +a! 0 m4. 20 a ARADHYA TUTORIALS : 9972731111, 9972854111, 9845642144, 9901942144 Ay. a A (nS ] 4 t née* GAME THEORY {- DECISION ANAL YS): aleh Ta Dayva |e «= [yl » Was |Vis | Yea E73] (Yonl Vad foe | Te vel val Vinyl ARADHYA TUTORIALS: 9972731111, 9972851111, 9845642144, 99019421:UNIT 6 Dexega =P A transpetation pace i cy Donel a single tm? ! nt dippount durtinodions puch that tw tetol a cot ts winlaum. Supply : fe Is Cu Cn 4 a Cat on) Cs sete Or \ (Ca) Con Gos ao panrd rn dectinodttons * This -tabie nepal o ans perdodiern problen (am need net he equal te) i Soo) ut alied ov a balanced Anwrsperdaltens pechlean § otheeutse unrbalnsccce Fermipertation prchlew . ds the Avocet Of -meentye Spek Aw oosporting “4 Cemuneordlity pee th righ be jh desbiaten . LE As ealled as wereFeasthle, Solution of Tramiportation Probleac dA sek of poritine vablecations eblol Kemoves dlapoutenctes us called ot ar feasthle calytton Losic Feosthle Solution (OFS) & froth solution as called as a Basie Feovthle solution A fetal mambr of allocabions =m+n—| ree one hess thaw Ae Lelabl mumbir of nowt anol columane of thu thanspertabbn table, Ty the tetal allocations exactly tenet, thaw the goltiion, alte tolled os men-depentralé base Boum te : feasible toluctten, a | . Optimal Solution A feanthle veoluction (wok necuranrtly bare frovibe) A cable Bu optimal satution y We Metter = To 1. Nonth West Commer Rule (Nwe) 2. Matrix ~ Mintiwa Method 3. Vogel g Approximation Method. (vam) oreo £ E I :He Wes: Copner. NWO Working Rules Step lt Toantify athe Nerth-lert comer ng tae uk Hap pte Nie will be te cL). = : of, the table Moca my = wir (41 5b1) (me lt Op dy tm the hea tie and SApd: Stork fom the ves north-west comer ond ipent he | abl all he suyomand one “ws wdfclemet Prosrems = d € t on for thy fallowinge Eamsporection O Find. Nae methed. pbb by. ‘Dr Bs D3 Dy Sepp: 0, [14 | 30 | $0} 10 1 | qo] 30] 40] go] 4 os | ¢0 B 110} a0 we pemark 5 8 7 th Solution . Note: @ Cotte ane peritten ab the bottom hfe cour @ locations ore wattlin of tre conlky of the box. Supply = 749418 = 34 Dewa d 2 Sth +1414 = 3h As supply = dtmaamd , Re glmenDe De Da Dy Senfply =F o pee ye? | ye ; ob Loths Lo 3 Id fon sto |, et ft | eee Dennoud x © r Ig Steph NING & (U1). %y em (19) =F C; ~tonapletis Stepds Nie (4) - ir = wale (2,8) = 2. Ry -eomplelis Step 3: Nwic % (aa) - hyp = dw (916) = 6 ~ Co ~ Complelic Step gs NIC Bs (g8) - hag = mW (3/1) = 3. Re-completia Steps: NING & (3, De wy e ve = 4. Corcompleter Step 6: Mlocate 14 +o te wll (34), nent ~ a patfeierh= cask = (Sx14)+ (2m 20) + (6x30) + (3X40 + AX) + (iu x29) = &. 10s Troy Fina om, niblol solute by NW method DM Ps Supplyp [ i | E | | Lal a} é 30 ia) b5 AD 43 Supply = lorg0t+50 2160 Durand = 65 +42+43 = 150 * supply = demand , te TP i balancedSupy Wer we 30 Ae 3 6 xy, 2 min 10/6 5) <65. G, ~complelic Soy, Stop lt NC 4 (bY). Step 2> NIC Be (Hd). hap een (5) G2) HS. Re commplebis step3s NING Ke (Bid). Hyp erat (0,3) = 20. Re ~tonnglels Step es NINE as (3.2) aegy 2 makin (1,50) = FF. Ceol Shep Miocate 42 40 cell (3,3) Total ws of alocadiont =f = TP ke balanced.D Dr Pa De Supply 9 py de qove-3 1 | [ steo0 | | «3000 en a a / 6200 — __ 22ee | co" | t000- Dennard 208 390 4200-5000 Step Is NWO 4 (oo = ne (000, 3008) 2 2000. fy -complelis Hepa: NWC i (8,1). x, = Mme Go00, 1000) = Jooo . Cy completes Seep 3: NWO 4 1a) ~ Ky 2 mew (5000, 3008) = 3000 6 Cy -towpletis Step 4: Nale £4 (2,3. Xyq = beta (2000, woos) = 2000, Ry ~conaplelis steps NICE (39 - Nyy erm (T000, 2000) = 2000 + 4° complites Stepbs Miocokt S000 te (3,4) Trtal we ole oad ! bork = ‘a patelese fe coins © Find an dmibtal 4oluction of Ha following, by Nwe Di Pr De de Seypply, 50 Cree eat ale pts | (DIE 40 Oo | 14 | 4a lo [12 30 % Lado | ts | 8 50 Demand 25 35 195 20 Sobrction. ft = 50t10+30 +$0 = 200 = ast 3etlos t20 = (8e os vp bdo, a as We Subledue 0 wa clacmnmney, Colvin beibhy demand #16 AIL Be tack of ste danny Column Me MEE. /, k 4 unbalancedSupply SO oF 6 de gre B06 SO a we 7 Seep hs NITE te (i). xy zene (50,25) = 28. Cy ~ compel Sepa Aye te (2). Kip Emin (26,35) = 25. Ry templets step’ Nod U (2)2)+ Tors (10,10) = 10. Cotompleolis Stepp NE ts (25D. ty3 =m (60,105) =60. Ry ~tcomepledis Shep: NC te (BD~ Ly, —mAR (30,45) = 30. Ry lates Stgp Nite ts ». ‘gt wdc fete Sept: a po. Steps oe Rus - Lng of ab ati 282 4tE-l ri the solution fs fon barte feasible. love = ese) + (25xe) a + lox) + (axis)t (ona) +(5x0) # leg O Find om initial solution of thw gollewing, by nue i t Di De Ps P5_ Supply : [a fiefs he 4 | 400 Tig tio {se |r} t2| sco ste [it ja |is|i2} 00 umrand 500 G00 300 300 600 Supply = 00 + 500 4+ 100 = 1600 Demand = 500 + (00 + 300+ 300 +600 = LO a wl peg , ggStep | Step dr? Step dé sty Step ot Seyts 8 SkepT Sep 3: Dummy Suns = 2100 —1600 = S00 De Dr _ Ds De Ds Supply 400 oO, » i _ | oe +100 o [i | owe one Os +300 |} 300 || «100 : oP lie 102“ gosto, ee a = jo- e sO Demond Spr 402 890 aye eer NWO te (Li). xu = min Goo, 500) = 400 » Ry ~Complalis NWO £8 (oy) > Hy = Me (S00, 100) = 100 « Cy ~complelis Nwe 26 (2,2). ore ™ (ty00, 00) = 400, Ry ~Completis NIC te C3s2) + Xp = mon (T00,0) = 0. Cy completes NC Ss (3:3) + aa = mi (100, 300) = 300 . —_: dfee At. (3, ae i 790,600) =100 . Ry ~complelis ae 500 % Ge - Petol we a allocates =8 = G+5-] ce The sabation 4 Cnilial bane feantle. Coe Goo XG) + (too x18) + (400 x1d) + Gooxd) +(200x/3)-+f00x12) = 13,7100 eeLeast (ost Entay Metuon (Maraix Miva Merton tnlorking. Rake: 42 Dotounine the smallest cot Sn dktp fable. eb th te cy. Miocate yj > fate ta) Steph: (EE ny = Or, tom ows-ouk 1% pour. Goto sep 5. GO Tp iy = by them cmmer-ont J coburn. Gale Hep 3 (is) 2 ty care by, Hon cretr-oudk 1 pom or jt colar, but wet both ye te Stap3 : cnn selling, Gomgeen When mininum cok t not wuique, make oe ay hee ng oe dtdemer™ O Soler d PDs dy Sern Or [14 | 30} 50} to S [10] 30} go} bo} 4 Step 4: Cs | go} 8 | tol 20] 1 Diwowd 5 8 7 1h Solution. Supply = 149418 = Sy Dewond = 5464 THI = 3h =P TP ks balanced, ane Supply Of ee ttf le fg Toe Or La’? * bo? iE Hye os [pe te i 7 Iie fe yo Vm 5 § 7 3Step le foose cork Be hyp= amin (18,8) 28+ Co~ Complelts pe dansk cost B10. ay = ran (44,14) = 7 8, completes 4 SE Sep 3? Innate cost % 30. Kaye mbn( 0,1) oT - Cop cong letis Step 4 Jane wt G0. Thre Be a le hetiown (8, &- (3.1) . We gholl veleek (2,3) a Sess : StepSs kanake tant 400B Lay > talee()5) = 3. Re compli Steps: Mate & 46 ett (2) . Toto we of pllocabtont ~ 244-1 > 6, Aqua solubon is initial baste feorille , cove 2 G10) + (2x79) + (1440) + (AED ¥ Cer) +(1"20) = ib @ rind om sad f x Ti 7 ait pafele ie a [hy eco eee ee otis Of sis fo} ue} so of¢ fe [s [4] 2. f See oe ome Seiniion b 2 20450 +20 = (00 | Demand = 2O-+40 +30 +10 = 100 => Te % bolonced OT] Supply . + Bote, [20 | me we pe =Loask cost #5 1, We hall geleet CU. + Step I: hy = wi (30,20) =20. % ~complelis . Step dz heart Cost Le |, Hyg Zratin (10, 30) 210» Ry -comptelis hep 32 Cems Conk BS Le kyy = Mate (5210) = 10. Cyrcommpletis step done Cote 2. Ky 5 erwin (20; (0) = 20. cg tempi seep St boast cock LB. xgp erin (2b) = 20. Rev complelis Steps Miocate 20 to (22). total we oF pilecabng 2 6 = 344! tne colintion fe Anita bere forte Coe -(20nt) + (10X1) Hao xd) + (20x2) + (eon) +(s0x0 @ Using wobrax-otnkana, rartred, FF oun Lalitod soludion af TP. ent” mi-ndfice™ a: aul 4 [6 30 6 [ala] so Demand 65 GE GB Solution : & = 10430450 = 150 Demond 265442 +43 = 180 i i } Z t i =e TP Us balanced iLaast Wott te Ge Hyg me (20,2) 230, Ry -complelis 4 Sap Vt Sty dt hook wit ie Be Xy swim (10,65) = 65. Cy ~completes Shep de Kane cok feo Te Kye mlw(5,12) = 56 Reo complelis Seep Gs hank cote eT, Hyp = ew H,7) = 7. Cy 1045 ie { ‘ t : i i ahpor —— ae | “Hind the BF aobibinb Pa Tas he sing Reo. minimiin method Solubisns | wl Herman 76 ea! eo hal “| BRS Solulaion = =Tobab ee “Kotax1)s(aoxe) ilar) cons) + C1078) 4$€20x7) _ 2 [Zee L Foe: ‘patel jemen (> Search mf pe fn the mabix Pal new wise and atroate to them| aceorels a a _ Aap andl clemraidl machened £| etter of ov aclemand ie | ° estreeng fs the ay ‘tige cock tr the — rmatatr and continue tre abto pt I Linker att sf] i eae Aa. Perce Pe Cite th the Zphly of the fom 0 | ® becomes zero, fae jae clemenaling ' b thet ver. Beevtlanty q the demand) ef pitt | | beemec zero apffer. altedation this as ollemninabing Prat porrttontan r movi) i | P) i | TL MetHop: CoLtuMN MINiMoMm meTHob: fend Hye BF Kpkition for the fottersen abet. prottem us tolemn mintmuna os ethot “a 7 | Ctax2)+ l6ox2) + C20x10) : F Celect thre rtntmum cosh tetunniefec and altecabe |: #. F cepereding onthe 4 % dead bree Te problem - oe © A TN ered Ste ee eteeetan Bove feclurm respectively « @® Atlocabion & made unkl att cupplee [hemancde become: Zeros.TM MetHop: Matic MINIMDM METHOD: eee eee Zp Lox )4 (10%) +uoxT + » \C4ox2) +laxe + Boxt)4 ee em poifaane™ dest mi codPandd attocate PE, | wey Ac anc when te supply eet becomes xero aftr aticcating » cancel i Lecular ‘vow /eobenmn respechsely and!" Dy eee a erticcabone houtd be made te these cancetled neowseoturonie- C3) Combnue the dame abeve 2 sleps Until Hu tema /aebhy Dedeereeie eee f t vu H =< thet zy v Pits in | i ls PR demar | “Penal | |¥ MetHob: Voga's Arrroxraarion Merton: eset oes E al Ze i bet Cras) — 1a i = wf fens te/efo' }2. BF Soluhen = Totat eost=Z LZ: Cana) + Clans) + GOW (2d en H(5ORD | | | a | | (2% Prope: ie ia BF doliher:., BP eelybien > Ze (ana)+Crx2}+ (axi)+(3%1)+ (ext) +C5x2)AL METHOD: VO tt ee ARON BAETOD + ‘Asst pees f (@ Prosiem 3: | Resete ZS ite VeZe CIxEedt (x2) Cama) x C33) ae Sa amie cama | Ze Cnet Cae naesenna xC2x3) |e: : | oRTH Worst corner METHOD: DL D2. [DH DS Le METHOD: Ni } 4 | 3 [e]s ata lel BT ET |x, a ae = TERE Fy gs 4 eed fad AT elles Py. een 3 3 | Pema Pas [oe alee SR a er qe eo Ze Cox3) +01) + 4R2)4+ KH) + 22) + C8x3)+ Clexe)[ps pepe SRA | a 2 BF soluchen = Canié) + Cant) “ett s) (3x4) + OSx8) efZeweo] ’ MeTHOD + NeRTH Lest, CogNERIMETHOD:«Ruesei's Approximation MeTtHop + [Deownt} 29% | a goes Kee pag 20 ITA 4 So =| ad 14 (4 20 23 - “rata = 235 Au = c y-T-V= 1-29 2 -5-m ! Aine _ Tye > le- 22-19 > 5 CA Capt NG = 13-22-12 -A—m x¥@ Aas Ca teas -29-933-23 Ais> Gs Th > IT-a2-M.—-52M ' i i ot = Co-Ta-V = Wl M = 6M | Ara? Ca9-- Ua ~¥p > Men 14e 14 =P oa Co2- Ga -Va>13-19- y= -6-M, ae Avy > Coy - Tis -Va = Io lf-23 > +23 Ass» Cos- Ta- Ve = 15-14-M> -heM xO dar > Gay - Uae = a-m-M = t9-2M ge eitsanet Seana -Na-=93-M~93 = tag -Ua-Neom- M- Mem Day = Cig Tey Ve M-M—M = -M Ayo > Cho 7 |OrM- 14> -ma49 Aus > CHa -U-Va 2]M.-M-M = -m Ans > Cry Ug Va -|o- M-23 =-20-m as» Cos Ta. - Ves O- M- Me rome =| la alto Ser lg is New clanirate Pye ror Sp op he. oof ppg to Ayo, Ktree the. haw becernes Zero - |i Ay =le- Wer2a— 14 e735 + f Air = 16-22-19 = 25 || Aa =13-22~'20>- 29 ; i { Any = 22-22 -23 o Ais = 14-22. SF Sy | Ary = Uy 14 - 14 = 249 j . oo a or oy “l4~ 14 = 24 Ass = 13 ~19- 20. -26 i Aw =I4-19-23= -22 0} 1 Aas 15 -19- Meade | As) = 14-M- f= oy Ne Ao2=lq~M~ 14=-M A\s3 = 20 ~M- 29 = — As) =23-M 93 6—-M Aso = M -M- Mw -M Ags = 29-28-20 9-23 Doh 223-239-227 -23 Now ele heptane) ne 4o bo\te, f becernes afte atccrkin 1 Sheralton 3+ Pe t Ay = 16-22 -!7 = 25 ni Ae w-22-1F = 26 A ix 1g- 227 2D 2-2 =| a 2 22 an. 1 toa / a Boye Wyo IV II = 2H i i ae yea | j i ee ae i Boy 219 -14-838 > 2% i Aas 19733719 i beae 1A-23>1 -Neco chinsiale the row Si'5 Ren bo Aig as the #uppis bores ie - Hechen 4: | Aay = Ugo IA-19 = Oy : i ors 14-14-14 =O ' 7 Qag> $37 (4-20 28" Ll Ro, 2194-23-19 = -23 Aaa + 1q-23- !4 2-23 wh 20_ 93-90 =-23 Ags 23- agt-a8 ! sconce b Bos tae pecs ofle lq-23-19 © -23 23 932-23 Now final clentate thé sow ‘g2'after a) Supply » Daman 204 Seree here both Demanel beemes xero attccahon 1 €fthes of reve 'S2"" er column ‘DI’ can be elemenated. ey (aa aie ees oxse)+ Ltxie)+ Liaxto)+ (ax30)4 i C14 8210) + CIRKOD +0 14x20)4 C9220) 4 ' ee@ Atha the sass te pote ty ep pers mbitiele werent | — cr "Toe “epr aes ate Qa[oO Ze stats igs Toohond: Mts eliminating the ecturn lot! mt {: : i_ Zs (sxe)+ Ciaxsd+ (20x18}+ l10x2) Shope Theahin 5: After eleminabrg the vow pre F2 [ne Ze Cexs)t Ciaxs)+ C20 %I0) +6 2 [Ret] | StepawTo creck shoe cha the va of 2 i ophimal Taluten ex nok: Nen exale =mtn=l | i q wernt | >6 attocahen Oe Oca NO tox2) + (40%7) + Box2) _ “ae, he aitocabion mate chowie me penaT somnaenencenbanaa a ae ‘ Slopes Comatcles: Coy = UrtNy ven al ( eee ' 2) Step a: Le! rredbytre age a7 salamnent en UgtVg 220 we ® New make Ve O0% Va Ce ae VyrO> A, =D 5 LHe yr Ug =6O Us 220 V32720 Vo 2-12 max ie allocation agp Cg EV i Aya = Cra- Lt, -Vo.= 80-10 -CA2)= 22.. = Yy 2 G0-10 +20 = 60 doy = Gy -Us-V)* 10-60 -4= 4 Ara= Cro- Ur-Ne= 30 -G0-J2=-18 | da) = Cap—-Us-Vic bO-9n depp cena ne mal | iP ; Hre locabion: tn the abewe mere fe nek: male - — i i |ae Jo-20+20 = Hee nuriber’ én lope ove Hoe nn BAgIC VAR! — oe =-td = act Vos sleps: do find tober Bast Varealty — vol w2 | w3 Dt) & 30| ©. |e in the loeb cometclen the least | Value them az the vatue Jor Once. 2) Min mum value =8> tor att +O 's add & and poo OF Aublract 2 tr the uk Ujy aye or bln EVa Vy Ve uk Age ‘valies Unbdo find Uy, Vlei Ua, Yj, Vp,Va Valier, Aap Upey;, =19 d _ : Ug +Vi=30 (ThE the new equahen obl acned) “4 - Ut Ve PHO. UgtN2 >? ' ' UatV, =20° Now, Full V4 20 | " Uysto wed ee aan i : aod tw | ea V32>2 i TR Aig, = B0-10 +12. = 32 dis= 50-1040 = Ho Aa) = Jo—4a—4 + wa 4 £e\ Jement .: 2042252 de 2 ob] 2 age phmal 2 aolubon Can be “these J ia ™ Za(lane)+ C10x2) + Gox2) + CroxtrCexe)+ (20%) 2) 2S ia ial Bolaben. i& PROBLEM 2) 23 find Hie Gottiel Base Heasrbte 5=— Raker porns Sotiowing bg Nevitr cet Corn i Aap Pingo Se 5 = (ox5)+ (2x2)4 (3X6)+ (4x3)+ oe Onn) ahubion 7p, Bate ttle lation +Use) = 3 Ustve23 | Us4Ne> by ho Us 32°F! i Us tVa 52 y 7 Baste Yartathes are | Sey Hay Hae hay, Ma tes Emr bacte Comeeihen ced aseunns tod) "Yes yet 4 yO al © 3 oO 3. —_—— vale aig 2 9- (es = 5 ' CC dog-|-0-6% + tatewng Peists Vartetle +dos @rtenng Baste Vash _ flere minimein vauue= [Bou 2. das lect Prrste Variable. ze a + C3ax2) + coxa) 401% cDherabion : oh id Uy (ta, Ugstla sh, VaNo watines aC Up = 2 : \ UstV= 3 } Ut Vad UstV, 2! UgtVe sh i Ug + Va 22 Pub uU,=0 CARY CAxB) Vee yer! 223ais 2-0-3 =o: olizey—C-1 =H Alay >5-Cid-3= 1 ds3 e-T- hil = S L | i } ‘ Nowe =a 4 Ph yey: hy Va,V3 Verluce ae we atte fi ee 8 date: =2, _ Pub uUsiro Mist “Vgie Ugel gel t= oO ce Ajo -C1y- Age y= CCD = 4 ! Ai 37l0) - (3)=0 Ag] =5-C1)-C2) =] | leg. J C1)- 01) 5 ls = 6 -C0-C3) -2 Zence ae cee One | Bhasin atmoe ofa clement thie, tre Selubon Od re \(2B) PREBIEM 3: (ASSIGNMENT) # 3) fa |e |e : hye | D2 DH Togteeine nt A Py 13} |7 ie |Fay oe a8 [* (1 Be Cane) + C292)+ Cianid+ (23x5)+C13xA> a‘Axd) + C2442) + (lant) - C23xS) +L13%4) (8x3) + C1GXL)+ CEEX3) +( S0xO) ae a » UayeF UstV4 > 8 ; Ust Nes 712 | Cstv, 296 ' Unt) obs Mat SO | Ugavga2? | ieee 2:postin: | Ane cet Ags Ae eae)- oF Any = 8-642) - 5D> ‘A dag = 13-(-4O- 45-0] ds) = e-CO)- 26+ O dap = @&- (0 -6570 Ady = 5D“ 0-50 > -0 ayy 229-C38) ~ -61-0 dyy> '2- (-38)-92-O deg 283 — Gy)- 65-0) De age jae Kel loe | Renatyro y>-3e tse-42. iif hemaneh |, ees, apporenaion methed CColubér): : Y =z Pe a8 > 3 aa fea B Oy a P pdfeltne™ Lill sgh me Pretty | © + 2 | | “Oven We ia nt a, 1 2 B 2 q ho |! ee demand 1 8% 8 | Pinay eo xo (oxen) (2408)_ how ddd A 3@ | i ia B 1@ | Do fe ce 5® | % Amand haf) - as | Blepa: So tena! 7 Nen-cleqeneshte oi'mtn-l | “4 = BtSe! : wae ae Ne of eh ne (ips t wt) =a(D cheoee! A, euch a tay that Ph cht | net fom on glecea to (2) cheoee ‘A, Auch thak ie sock ob Lik prtcauas levanin chest, be the eack te consti cten, by faring el Cheee pa, ae Me Pub Y_20. ‘ fo Upt Ve 22 |, pes xe) Usted | ds=4 ‘ Us+NV3=4 SON 6 UstV223 * Uses Ugt \Wyr5 Yo 2-2 Constdder i ais ecare Jaen Aj Ta Pep L i. dtc le e oo. = B ln = WS CE) 212 | ' Allaas peechie- Zl , clubton | Z= ED te Gfhinat debubion [E> 50 ]PROBLEM 2: iy ; > [tol west: oe ee OS Spy Fy y 3 t 6 na ‘ F205 _ 7 ol fo 5 6 3! 2 lee PA a & 5° 3 ad 5 e(tt | CN ime: | 32@ | j0/s/o m2 + 14 oss PS peo cerned 26 hay "Tog Me P| 00 ae 4 (roxa)+ (ox2e) + (ions) + (6x5) +? C1ox2)+(5a5)+ (285) a Bike, 1 t Slep»: ada = ment 7 Nen- cheguvencie en 5th-l i. =6 Prose Varialile = Nenactegenesate: | Qarv@ nanan. 27 = Viele 6 et, aL wares Eo meen we sdfclets 4 Ng 2b ug°2 7 wl _ i 7 a U4 Vg eS Ug 24h 4 oat 1 Veoh jj UsNe eB ret das = 5-(4)-C1) = lai = 3-2- tH --3] Asn = 5-9-3) 20 435 =22-9-(4) = | Aay = 2+ das = h-y(3) = -3 Aas tho BW) =-y h-W) =-6 > Entering Bases astatele Am) “Ip fond vasue of O59 ‘pnt = (0-30, 8-2, 8-5, 8-5) | CC KeFlere conctoler cg OF only He lemuong Baste Vartable, rather tran olzy- because cok of dag 3 y wk Sask ® a : 5 as 2 2 s= 8 Reqs ap VEE ea oe § Ra Pees 2B. dr teran | Orc a I @ a wt Jog Ske| (& Prope: i slepl. Inthe above pectlem, there ave 5 tonbrocler and 4. Reade. 2. Hence sore toe hae bo be added tp rake matrix a Saoark MATRIX RO RD Ra. Rs la M aifelement Is. 416 Iq 0 [ool ce oO Step 2: Colagrciee | ‘ | Re Re Ra Rs t wma Pa cop ot fap i | 1, en] a a Pee el ee . 2. [Miner ote pe 3 | ) ; :nae met] ee cz, YN u GAME THEORYAND — DECISION ANALYSIS siete pe teow oe - + B be peinner i ° 0 ~ tain Game-} «DOMINANCE SrRATEgY! q ) PRogiem it Aclubén: Since A is Pl ie SSiecerner Flere ste P' A is wounies ("1 20 pe bok vauuee Ge crab) Slept: talate checeing cwourtodie, relin the maximum e ehamn woize pobain tre}! vd. * ae \ ' amintmum Sine O72, tes, ary ays, 476,973 , Beh» $72,773cane (D PRoBiem 2° =a eee mer STREP eee TD i Slep2: 4e, S1, 6 , : otth . es oh cbemaineat a oa bc hese oe ' ele eel ent pd Clee 7 1 : Slop ys Bince oe Avi, eliminate |S! ro a ee) ,% SADPLE POINT MBTHoD: DPROBEEM | Player B b Vomin max =OS fRosiem olen the eof p& fh note vende, Wa enby owe ae ay a pos off ee shat oletermtnatle. | gas jConhow Fe per Aitememasle: Vp 7 Ve = Nabe (ae auP MO ao. Costnner) 4 we ALeceRndc. MetHED( Mixep STRATEGY — te nly 22. mebo') pists ement if [ow og 3h os Ve mex min =-3 erie aa W omtn maxed Oh Lnce VREV- 7 i (mete: Few PI eee eo te hag { cheecese achionT al ee obec ca “ah 2-2 : Erpeted peg” of ede d pe pene abaiagy t freeaU pe ~ rep -3+8p = Pptl-p 8 > chprl ispet i s es | [PA) ade po Dog: Maen these 1 ng eo Yewwe at soe. Cn) if 2 Vatue = hs : : * te en cig pelo (A Cheoces ~ ebaon te r +7 i ae rte te raeernon Sapte bey wep af rat crane a reaped = vaya) ay 343q 2 hat! isq = 4 | —_ ig Coneluder. te Cxrvrta5 > Che Ys) Choy = (Ys, Ze) ; > ay +0 : L y “Yasue + - ae +4 : ¢ [ ® Prosiem 2: i Pave pcs) t a -6 Oy, 12710, dbimunate SY onlin bs Bro, 10 S10 , eeminate. t* cobemn, *\ B>6, HY 2, clerunak 374 column, soshe Pl ah mae Byer 8: i a © Nek ép + tp! lps C-p> , pO P42 > mhp +e-top . - se = ilaptio — i zs ee wider” ; ; Yatue dpe pr l-pra ~ Pe x2. if “hte i hep“hor 1 &y ere = 24+ CEE (ey tHe = 24 +1604, lo + - eq 410 1! [6q = ly : ! fel ; - sad go q+ CH Org) 7 Ong 1 (%)_ aaes pestle i ' be Steps. Deminance- Kena hy, 2225 hee, OF. Tewif | SEE EI TE IT for player A: : Ey +G-p) (od —O op +0-pee —® Oe®: a a pkey = opt cepts) * 7 ‘ elernent e _ + Crprle) Vatue f G ‘iaaye syle) 44+ rqyo = ores Ay > 3-84 ia . _ fs] [ae lav 2 har pen - Naruse of game= Yafe Concus (% Cg ge gr ge Cr “Cu Peopuem ae = og, %e) ~ (0.0, 5, Ye) i 0, Has) | coe ape a" : | Creede removers teoungle a wt ole the pel eee FL Danad, reve Pl B | Paget u . 8 Hor plaljes 4° Boe + Bx ite = B-8% bu} + een - Propabelty - om pdfelemer Cin) = Ort BCIM) ‘a int Fn the boweekNous of gamer S2-(0-99 if ees CY) - Ge | Newec] - user t 4 Te Te : | : | > ho! 2° ole a | eo ame 7 20} { f hee Se) |S & | ot ete oti-y) =I +aling | ofeae| oy tee (qty = 8 : PL ma ue | gt sent “ECW +0 4 ae (Vy? Ty? Cypeepryo Alt» 10)_ * Grapetcat ‘MetHep a ay | Nete:Co éraphteak method te appiecotle for fi ia i Gaxm) er onx2) mabtees.and te te fother a! t oe © fe (2x2) mabie: \ (2) tor |baern mnaxtmuupe value Tr the Lense rnesh ! 4 etre vee toe eppeamest be cheosen . : | Me he Coser) rudbrte,ratimarn wate opie Contes faa Newnan B prens Shes pork 2% ehooen - Point B & tnberseckion + bres Darl®.Feit Bis Lines 7 E - aut as and Ila tiene : = oan + 6lhx) = Marlene : i ’ Bar SEL = Mat2-2% i j Ban = Axt2 fi, | IIxi= 3 + i fad A nly j Fayed 5 : Skep >: mat "F ga | Qn 5CI-*) fe Nate 4p : mer)“for playen A: ; Byt nce) = syt sag) | ay ttn > © ey. | = aye = 29%? ae gee ON, ef err By neg) | -3cay+n Cn) = 27 422, " i Eo ea B He 3 2 ehapa > > 2 r . | dow x ver BCID) = HET otra) ont BBE * bent 29% th 2 Qxt2 gn 74| r oN. # lame = 2+ 3 C1-9C) I y+ at I = +E ~~ “en pes pagar ee By scr) +H a . 4 “4 _ By22 " ! fez alesnent Bw isles & w Hale Fr Cenetusions (%> Xa, HS, 26) = (5) &)7fs,0) fav x C*e- 8)Nowe: ' © For Be betes tye at gre: | * i ‘| P= ' : I Mowe of jarne Alucays| Rermaine doy noe fs ane . tote betes yk got i Pose) Rreoced wh aes et wo By & element 2 ial Hee Hur ar bee maximum porte AandtB, | cot of them ean be eheocen foe frthes | I Catetahens - i |ter a : | i Hee 8 (1d) + Bm HI CI) by - 34390 = -Bx 4 1-% “fa-B = -Bx 4), Nx = 4 Fa] | (Sy. | | Vote of gn = hex -3CI-) =a CB)- 3 (1A) 36.2) uh y 4 corey? CF He) Cyndy = Arete) i Plemp,' } Potht & ic the thhexéchon of boo [Lees v 2. Dat ®- sx420lie) = 16x 4+ 6Ci-%) Jo- 2our IGIR = 161+ S-Sx- td 15h, bas He 2 “In = 5-20 2D-Biy — Ne = |xv ‘of re Yer + 2001) 2 IS KIT 4 90%). ¥ RAB4+RO- Ine "te * a te 16 ten plain B: } ey rep) = 204 460-4) fi te 22044 Ricgeer) | i we y= sy +5 i | fi fl | (FE. Cay, Pe Yar Yo) = CO, Ye, HITlernent = pdfele | iy rf 26 . = - += 15.2 DECISION MAKING WITHOUT EXPERIMENTATION Before seeking 2 solution to the fing ‘Goferbrok Co. problem, we will forminate 2 general framework for decision making. 7 In general terms, the decision njaker must choose’ an alternative from a set of possible decision alter-* natives. The set contains all the feasible alternatives under consideration for how to proceed with the prab- Jem of concern. i This choice of an alternative mst be made in the face of uncestaity, because the outome will be af- fected by random factors that are ouiside the control of the decision maket, These random factors deter- snine what sitvation will be found atthe ime that the decision alternative is executed, Bach of these possible situations is referred to as a posible state of nature. 4 For each’combination of a decision alternative and a state of nature, the decision maker knows. what the resulting PBA would be. The ee ‘is-a-quantitative measure of {he valué to the decision maker of the consequences of the outcome: For example; the payoff Srequestly i represented by the net monetary gain (profit), although other measures also-canrbe used (as, described in'Sec, 15.6). If the consequences of the’ oiteoine’ do ot becdiié COipletely certain even when the state of fiture is-Biven, then the payoff be= comes an expected vaiue (a the statistical sense) of the measure of thi payoff table commonly is used to provide the payoff for e ibination, ature, hoa rude , ey i ineresting analogy between this oa mew json fero-summ games ae jin Chap. 14. The decision nate can be viewethas the two players of such-a game, The alternatives and the possible states of nature ‘a be viewed asithie available strategies for these respective players, where each combination of strategies results in some payoff to player 1 «the decision maker), From-this viewpoint, the decision analysis framesork can be summarized as follows: mt alternatives, 1. The decision maker needs to choose one of the 2. Nature then would choose one of the possible states of nature. 3. Bach combination of a decision allemative ard state of nature would result in a payoff, which is given as one of the entries in a payoff table. 4, This payoff table should be used tb find-an optimal alteritative for te decision maker according, 10 an appropriate criterion = Soon we will present three possibilities for this i ‘where thé first che (the maximin payoff criterion) comes from game theory. However, this analogy to two-person, zero-sum galnes breaks down in one important respect. In game theory, both players are assured to be rational and choosing their strategies to promote their own welfare. ‘This description still fits the decision maker, but certainly not nature. By contrast nature now is a passive player that chooses its strategies (staies of natufe) in fone random fashion. This change means that the game theory criterion for how to choose an optimal strtegy (alternative) will not appeal to many decision makers in the current context A f-') One additional element needs to be added to the decision analysis framework. The decision snake ef erally will have some information that should be taken into account about fhe relative likelihood of thy sible states of nature. Such informtion can s usually ben translated to a tfobeblity distribution, acti Ng4 [ TABLE 15.2 Payoff table-for the decision analysis formulation’ of the Goferbroke Co. problem nen State of Nature Alternative oit Dry 700 ’ =100 \ 90 90 [eee ee 025 075 of an individual. The probabilities forthe respécive states of nature provided by the prior dstibtion are called prior probabilities. Formulation of the Prototype Example in This Frarhework As inilicated in Table 15.1, the Goferbroke Co. lias two, possible decision alternatives under consideration: drill for oil or sell the land. The possible states df nature are that the land. contains oil and that it does not, as designated in the column headings of Ta L by oil and dry Since the consulting geologist has €8- timed that there is T chance in 4 of cil (and sb 3 chances in 4 of no oil), the prior probabilities of the two sates of nature are 0.25,and 0.75, respectively. Therefore, with the et in ction of dollars of profit, the payoff table can be obtain Da mor in Tht ines We will use t fe ‘ding tredch of the three criteria described below. i | The Maximin expen IE the decision maker's problem were to be vieied as.a game against nature, then. game theory would say i to choose the decision alternative accoiding to Af minimax criterion (as described in Sec. 14.2). From the * viewpoint of player 1 (the decision-maker), this clterion is more aptly, named the maximin payoff criterion, as summarized below. ‘Maximin payoff criterion: For each possible decision altemnatjve, find the minimum payoff over all possible states of natiye, Next, find the maximum of these fhinimum payoffs. Choose the al- _-—lematiye whose miniinumn payoff gives this maximum. Tuble 15.3 shows the option of this criterion to the prototype example, Thus, since the minimum payoff for selling (90) is larger than that for drilling (~100), the former alternative (sel} the land). will be chosen, ‘The rationale for this citérion is that it provides the best guarantee of the payoff that will be obtained. Regardless of what the true state of nature tums out to be for the example, the payo!T 3m selling the land cannot be less than 90, which provides the best available guarantee. Thus, this criterion takes the pessimistic, iewpoint that, regardless of vjhich alternative is selected, the worst state of nature for, that alternative is Hey 10 occur, so we should choose the altemative which provides, the best payoff with ils, worst state of. nhture, 1 tyL nto the first 5 TABLE 15.3 Application of the maximin payoff crit Goferbroke Co. problern nt a emcee State of Nature . Aiternative it Dry Minimum J. Dail for cil 0 100 100 2. Sell the fang 90 90 90 & Mesiinin value Prior probability | 02s 075 i I TABLE 15.4 Application of the maximum likelihood criterion to the first f Goferbroke Co, problem State of Nature . { Alternative it Dry 1. Drill for off ~ ponte 00" “100 —100° 2, Selhe land 90 0" 90 Maxi a ie : Prior probability fans is els ‘a rational ahd malevolent opponent. How- ever, this jn games against nature because it ig én extremely.conservative crite sion in this cor in effect, it assumes that nature is a conscious opponen: that wants to inflict as mach, damage as possible on the decision maker. Nature is not a malevolent opponent, and the decision make” does not need to focus solely on the Worst possible payoff from each alternative. This is especially we ‘when the worst possible payoff from an alternative comes from_a relatively junlikely state of aati. Thus, this criterion normally is of interest only 0 @ very cautious decision maker ‘The next criterion focuses on the most-titely-state-oF nature, as summarized below. The Maximum Likelihood Crifetion Maximum likelihood criterion: Identify the most Tikely state of nature (the one with the laypest prior probability). For this state of nature, find the dtcision alternative with the maximum payofl. Choose this decision alternative, f . Applying this criterion to the example, Table 15.4 inate thatthe Drybtate has the largest prior probability. In the Dry column, the sell alternative has the maximum payoff, so the choice is to sell the land. ‘The appeal of this-crterion is thatthe most important state of nature is the most likely one, s0.the a temative chosen is the best ane for this pertiularly important state of nature. Basing the decision on the assumption that his state of nature wll ocar tends give a beter chance 9f a favorable ontéome than 35+ suming any other state of nature. Furthermore, the criterion does not rely én questionable subjective estimates of the probabilities of the respective states of nalure other than identifying the most likely state The maior drawback of the criterion i that i eh ignores much relevant informati tesn the wet likely one. Ih'a nrohters sith—— of nature (currently the fo probabitides), calculate the ex the probability of the most likely one may be quite small, so focusing on just this one state of nature. is. {quite unwarranted, Even in the example, where|the prior probability of the Dry state is 0.75, this criterion ignores the extremely attractive payoff of 700 if tie company drills and finds oil."In effect, the criterion does not permit gambling on a low-probability big payoff, no matter howvattractive the gamble may be. Bayes’ Decision Rule! | eee . Our third criterion, and the one commonly a is Bayes? decision rule, described below. Bayes’ decision rule: Using the best available estimates of the probabilities of the.respective states. ected value of the payolf for each of the possible decision aliqnatives. Choose the decision altertative with the maximura expected payoff. 1 For the prototype example, these expected payoffs are calculated directly from Table 15.2 as follows: : OT Payoff (ri) Ks ge Ao sontsiins soma *e SET seascaztay &y ey .25(700) + 0.75(-100) 00. : 025(90) +.075(80)__ | E{Payoff (sell)] = ‘Since 100 i8 larger than, 90, the alternative selected is to drill fe oil. Note that this choice coptasts withthe selection of the ATi sun ing criteria. ‘The big-advai 8° devisit aals le information, includ- - ing all the payoff Hest avail is evn of the respective'states of nature, Itis sometime d that these’ estimates. of the’ probabilities necessarily are largely subjective and , 80 are too shaky “—: ‘There is no accurate Way of predicting the future, including a future state of nature, even in probebility tems, This argument hes some validity, The reasonableness ofthe estimates of the probabilities should be assessed in each individual situation, cat Nevertheless, under many circumstances, past experience and current evidence enpble one. to develop reasonable estimates of the Pk bdbilities. Using this information should provide better grounds for a sound decision than ignoring it. Furthermore, experimentation fequen(ly can be conducted to improve these estimates, a5 described in the next section. Therefore, we will be tsing only Bayes’ decision rule throughout. the remainder of the chapier, 5 the elfect oF possible maccuracies i aie pa Ft OTT is helpful to conduct sen sitivity analysis, as described below. @ two preced- cd ' Sensitivity Analysis with Bayes’ Decision Rule > Sensitivity analysis commonly is used with various applications of operations research to study the effect if some of the numbers included in the mathematical inodel are nof correct. In this case, the mathematical ‘model is represented by the payoff table shown in Table 15.2. The mumbeis in this*table that are most ques~ : -“ap | 30 i i . tionable are the prior probabilities, We will focus the sensitivity a ‘on these numbers, although a sim- ilar approach could be’ applied to the payoffs given in the table, ‘The sum of the two-prior probabilities must eqial 1, so increasing one of these probabilities, autonigt- ically decreases the other one by the same amount, afd vice versa. Goferbroke’s management feels that the true chances of having oil on-the tract-of land are likely to lie somewhere between 15 and 35 percent. In other-words, the true prior probability of having oil is likely 10 be in the range from 0.15 to 0.35, 0 the cosreSponding prior probability ofthe land being dry would range from 0.85 to 0.65. Leting : a Caen = prio probability of oi, _ & go727 sn bsg set the expected payoff from diilling for any p is conn af» {Payoff (drill) = 700p ~ 20001 — i Re ii = 800p = 100. i ‘The slanting line in Fig,15.1 shows the plot ofthis expected ayott versus p. Since the payoft from selling the land would be 90 for any p'the flat line in Fig. 15.1 gives E[Payott ‘The four dots in Fig, 15.4 show the expected-payoff forthe two deci 0.35. Wien p = 015, the decision swings’over to selling the land by a wide margin (aa expected payoff of 90 versus only 20 Sor trilling). However, when p = 0.35, te decision i8 to dill by a wide margin (expected payoff = 180 versus only 90 for sling). Thus, the decision is very sensitive top, This py analysis bas 1e- vealed that itis important to do mofe, if possible, tovdevelop @ tore pic ‘of the trae value of ‘p. 1 FIGU Graphical si ar mF i Dail for oit i decision alternative. et I { changes when the & oor 1 tee a : ptior probabiity of g . ! 4 i oil changes for the 2 Region 1 ee 1 } firs Gofebrite Co, ef coger i 3 io eee B | shouldbe’ | Seaggtctesell Ste tad | _— I 200 1 1 i f ) 2” 1 i i 100 L ; 08 10 Prior probability of ol (p)‘The point in Fig. 15.1 where the two Jines intersect is the erdssover point where the decision shifts ‘fom one-altératve (sll he Land) tothe oti (dil for ol) as the prior probability increases. To find this point, we set . Payoff (drill) = 2{Payotf (se) Kai 800p — 10090... (Saw =a & “ = 0.2375 ieee s Conclusion: co sell the land if p < 0.2375. Should drill for oil if p > 0.2375. ! ‘Thus, when trying (o refine the estimate of the tre vatue of p, the key question is whether itis smaller or Targer than 0.2375. : For other problems that have more than two decision alternatives, the same kind of analysis can be Zip plied, "The main difference is that there now would be more than two lines (one per alternative) in the graphical display corresponding jo Fig. 15:1. However, the top line for any particular value of the prior proba bility still indicates which alternative should be chosen. With more than ¢wo lines, there might be more than ‘one crossover point where ite decision shifts som one alternative to another. ‘You can see-an-example of perforiting this-kind-of analysis-with thee decision altematives in the ‘Worked Examples section of the CD-ROM. (This same example also illustrates the application of all'threes decision criteria considered in this section.) For a problem with more than two possible states of nature, pul is to con only. 70 st veal ve in sould involve in- ficteases as the prior probability of the nal the ig probabilities ofthe remaining states. This atiy otf pairs of States as desired. Practitioners sometimes use software to astist thein in pesforming this kind of sensitivity analysis, including generating the graphs. For example, a Excel add-in in your OR Courseware called Sensit is de- signed specifically for conducting sensitivity-analysis with probabilistic models such as when applying Bayes’ decision rule. Complete documentation for SensIt is incJuded on your CD-ROM. Section 15.5 will describe and illustrate the application of Senslt. Because the’ decision tke Goferbroke Co. should miake depends so critically on the tree probability of oil, serious consideration should be given torconducting a seismic survey to estimate this probability more closely. We will explore this option in the next two sections. — 15.3 DECISION MAKING WITH EXPERIMENTATION Frequently, additional testing (experimentation) can-be done to improve the preliminary estimates of the: Probabilities of the respective states of nature provided.by the prior probabilities. These improved estimates are called posterior probabilities. We first update the Go.erbroke Co. example to incorporate experimentation, then describe how to de- tive the posterior probabilities, and finally discuss how to decide whether it is worthwhile to conduct experimentation. Continuing the Prototype Example As inentioned af the end of Sec. 15.1, an available option before making a decision is to conduct a deta is enrvey of the land fo obtain a hetter estimate-of the probability of oil. The cost is $30,000. ©; A seismic survey obtains seismic soundings that indicate whether the geological structure is favorable to the presence of oil. We will divide the possible findings.of the survey into the following two categories: USS: Unfavorable seismic soundings; iti fairly unfikely. i FSS: Favorable seismic soundings; ols fairy Hey, y Based on past experience, if therg is oil, then the probability of unfavorable seismic soundings is PCUSS|State = Oil) = 04, so PORSS| State = Oil) = 1-04 = Similarly, if there-is no oil (.e., the true state of nature is Dry), then the probability of unfavorable soundings is estimated to be {Tt PUSS |State=Dry) = 0.8, iso PCFSS|State = Dry) = 1 - 0.8 = 0.2. ‘We soon will use these data to find the posterior probabilities of the respective states of nature given the seismic soundings. Posterior Probabilities Proceeding now in geitera terms, we let ; n= pumber of possible states of nature; ‘ior probability that true state of nature is state i, for i ome 7 7 1 ‘ , | Finding = finding from éxpetimentation (a variabie); > The one ey being adressed is the following Given P(State = state i) and P(Finding = finding j| State = state’’), for i= 1,2,... .m what if P(State = state‘i| Finding = finding j)? This question is answered by combining the following standard formulas of probability theory: ee jy = PiState = staté i, Finding = finding j) we (Finding = infeed P(Finding' = finding j) = y P(Staie = state k, Finding = finding j} ites, el P(State = state i, Finding = finding j) = PF finding j| State = state #) P(State = state i), P(State = state.i| Finding’: Therefore, for each 12, payoffs. ven-to dell). Therefore, the probabilities from these event nodes are the posterior probabilities of the states nature, given the finding from the seismic survey, where these niinbers are. given in Figs. 15.2 and 15.3. Fi ally, we have. the two branches.emanating-from-event-node-bPhe-nembers-here-are the Protabititer of “age findings from the seismic survey, Favorable (FSS) or Unfavorable (USS), as given undemeath the sobability tree diagram in Fig. 15.2 or in cells C15:C16 of Fig. 15.3. Performing the Analysis faving. constructed the decision tee, including ifs numbers, we now are ready to analyze. the problem by sing the following procedure. \ i “, Start atthe right side ofthe dodision tee and mote left one column at «time. For each cola, perform either step 2 or step 3'depending po whether he nddes in that column are eveat node or decision nodes. © ——— For eath event node, calculate its expected payoff by multiplying the expected payoff of each (Shown in boldface tothe right ofthe branch) by the probability ofthat branch and then suming these products. Record this expected na yoih for arn dentcin te yf a 7yi 4 | | i : == } { this quantity as also being the expected payoff for the brancli leading to this node. 3.-For each decision node, eimpare the expected payoffs of its branches and choose the alternative whose ‘branch has the largest expected payoff. In each case, recosd the choice on the decision tree by inser: ing a double dash as a barrier through each rejécted branch. To begin he procedure, conse ie ighiost lun of neve pamey, event noes and fh Ap plying step 2, their expected payoffs (BP) are calculated as 157,” for node f = 7 130) = { i. i = BP = 4670 + 380-0, for node g, : : \ EP= 4000 Be (00) = 100, for nee fi. i ‘These expected payoffs then are placed above these siodes, as shown in Fig. 15.6. FIGURE 15.6 The final decision tree that records the’ analysis for the full | problem roi FOTOR oynas sunt 99227 21111, ase ate, SEere UNIT S . EORY, DECISTO ALYSIS Decision Analysis ‘te ie . Tk providie a dabtenal appreadh Hike meinen darling wile plows vomppordtd fiw pantiab Inoperfek curtain fuliine Condibeens. Stips fe, Dedston Teor le bydortston olbarmatin == x (alelate the GOL fea cach ene by. nbtiplying Ae WL’s by fhe asgoctatid probabil tiie i 4) celak tee alkenmatine thak yllds ne lower Bol. i end mode O6 aes Ae tee 4 a) home woh event ( branches) peg & fer tach of the ducinions , 5 Proceed backwards te the rect stage of dectaton poick: i ft tl hod “ ag ee i, He an1. really. thay me ewonie op -aton ty be ade —P prom ‘Hit: beginning tx tie tnd oaclon abfpoucts posite: i pubiowss or Hey sittuabions a4 0 hele, i Advomboges ? ; be katie Hae Aaciiiow spans wd Kelp Jeciain waking STE neppines an dactston maby fe aneine all porte qubeormes vebtiun esirabee ov weesinaite 3. tb comumuntiatts tho deciston- making proces to others= Dedsten making witherk gxpertmdactiaticn, 7 the deier mah and natin cow be viewd ar thw tase playere of Auch a gaunt, The altiuatinis amd, tie poatbhe stalin of mabine cam thaw be wdined: a4 te a dagcls Poo te wibcpet ae ke Le Fron this vie , Hey decaten a . promurcorhe cam be summarised as follows : rommahgis l. The deciaton make reeds te cheese one of the decision alkermatine . S Nate Huw would choot ona, of thw possible stales of ae cemmbtnation of a dactten abt we and stale “a yh be hee ~~ “ogi poe be This of, te Shold be tek 5 find nn optimal Game detormined bg sill, tk & catted as game of stratigy. Dy te ackivihiz wae dotemined by Prabebility , teow tee, gp ue colled os a gant af chance, Lo perwors : Lowe Soa A i ces (aaa ak amma ete fame qpore 4 thy doves ef one player tqnal te tre (lao other player So thot the web sum of tein gains &7 News | Nina] Vins} * vere Venn} Nove? Ina & pouenss ene sum game, we atone ener ofp amatage wat plar A only as the entas Anthea pets player 3 peg oth mratac wat plage Ce ie ove. sf the Conncipending- enbries ain ie page of matin wat plager A. FunpamentaL Tueorem Of Game Tueory (Man- Mint Prtaciple) “Every Praver Tres To Macimize Hes Cn ANp ‘Tees fo Minimize THe Lossesy Te Any % OdSaddle Point == De et gore ab ets aa een te pg amalrix wobtih, de autninun Aw HB see ond mrartatin : Ln tg volar. Opliaval SBategics In ae paryootp mab, ip the saddle petal o fy coll (CR, §) , wow RAs tre opterool ataligy for player A and. S she, optional thaligy fer payer 8. The coll exiting Vins He colle a4 the volus of the garnet, Paes Seeley the precetinmrined cone of achion ty be empaged y png te poten ; ackin fn oe ae mead can't be sure of tho Come of actirrr te be taken em any pardbinutan section, Wesking Rude te fine Saddle Step Ii Seleck the minionim lant fu each soe Step 2s Selock Hw moartanum element fv ecachr £ Step 81 Pein. the martirccm af dant ee, nelle doneted by ¥. Step ei Fuind ace mimirmuen of mantmum values and ds dented by V. Step 5. Ty Ye V ak a port (x15), thew the point ce "Caled 05 a Saddle point. called as the yolue of Aw gome, 4.9 Vas 4 Th Vow 0, Hat Hho game i cabled ax fain gaSOLVE = 1 e 3 rps} 2 a ®xlelsly Bl -7/ ¢[ 0 Sat ® CL elOe eg) 2 ®te © 7 . - Ml7 4 Oo <1 Ch max IS 5 4 7 volues = Vo = wox (8,5,-1) 25 minemeax vals = Voz mm(i5,5,1) = 5 . © to2 os 4 i Z| rf 2] {20 I 6 Bis|[sl4ete Bl 4 |-2] 0 |-5 Sebtten @ ks 4 Row min TT} lo 2 1 20 ® tTl5 5 @® 6) 4 SUP) ett 0) clesmaar win values = Vio 2 mox(l,4,-5) =f pain wrk voles = Vo= wm (55,420) = 4 As eV, gawne hos a saddle point Optimal aroligy fo A = 1 woo _| Optional ctcateqy for B 3 Vole og to gprs 2 . oO. i a stt[a[al4 ®sfslela ls | Bi Tal oj}s3e e v® t 3 Rees makin IL©Ol 2/10 ‘ } Blo f[-4]{-1 - HL] 3 jet -2 Glwx 1 3 1 ; el eV i a eee lus oy zm (13,1) = | eV gesne bene 9 saddle polo binral Sabigy pr ke Z ae bead Sptimal Hakegy prB = Value of game = ; ® tye nt o tfc dfeleme ae t 3 Bove natn, 0 [aay Ook : t 2 6 VY 2 max (652) = 6 2V = mim (6,126) = 6 P Healing dev Ae Ve L atvatigy JoeB = her 3 Value of game = & .Gownes withert Saddle Pein : Method | at gaddle - but a gun pit aot Ee follersing. page © be a axd gowe, wi fp rmabulx by by ® wLe b a{ela | Luk fy omd Py uae th probability teat A celect® a, and ay tele. kek qr amd go be the prababtity Urot B selec by and be lively a ae fe pm callotid wating Hee formula $ 7 MF dec (atd) — (bre) a YL lernentPope =U Sy y = —4-b = 40 24 Joan mill (ard) (bt) ge) By am Ne ade be 2 eed ee (ard) -(b+0) iS by ss ; ; Ophineek seoligy pe ploger As (4, Me ‘ = (4,4 optinnal xtiatigy- be plage 8 = (411 le valine of geme it, Th advamingings player 8.a = Aa-b (ata) ~ or) ad-be (ard)~ (bFO = Ve dae (a+d)— (bre) d-b (ard) - (b+) pladaesee (ata) (b+) 74 (=i i |Bytinaal olay fer b= (4, 3 optimal Maliig jr Be (4S J Modus of ppt ie He, ik be adiauligens te 81 By Ay [rf [6 | Aleale] 4 hla ]-3. -3 Col wx 2 & win(2,6) = 2 ate Bok eb eB f@rd)-to4) 1 I-e oY 34 i pe deb 2 7356 2 3 wey (a+d)~ (b+) -Is oy _ aa 6 a = = ve ad—be S 1nabe = Oo, (a+d)-(b+o) optional Sooligg fork = Cpptinal GRaliag fer & Velie of Wi game 4b Ooo Sr Be w[e [-3] i Safe] Serotion: Bt Bs Raw min n[epa] -s w[afo} 23 llnox 6 © manemia valu = Yo = max (3,79 = 3 wax value = V = min (6,0) = 0 cau WY, 1 Hie gan gprme detent” howe a tale potat ach be-3 t=-3 d=o pow dae 2 et 2 8 aL ree wi ndtaene™ _ _ 4" = ¢) a ae Pa, ve dd be = 0-4 = (ord) - C649) ad ; Br By a [els mLett Seldion Be By Rate mine apo 6 2 [47 \ Siessseees seeeeeeeeeaeWok nadia wane yodue = Voz min (45) = Girne TEV, Som gauae: detimalr howe: & toddte, goiet. Ort beS CF del Pr = d-e = Mosel epee d (a+d) —(b+) 3-4 ay lp Oe ce ieee (o+d) loro) 6 “4 Y Ve ad—be_ 2 a-a 2 3, ao (ord)-(b 9 “e . Tie players A amet B math ceins, Tp cotms math, thon Pt Nt otice De aptioans abatgu jt es B gets Leper + Debermime Lhe optim -— fer both the players amd and ale find the volun. f te game Soludion ® RT Row wie oe ee tftpay -l ca max 1 I main values = Voc max (-1,-1) =I ‘ = |azt pec A Bere (ned) -(eD a- qo= ache Lb (ard) (b+) 74 ve ed a- be 2 la (ard) - (e+e) 4 Oo 4% Optimal tRatiany fo &=(4'4) rpeinal Mealy pe B= [So hente~ Cuinee value 20Donunance Burs To Scene TAR Saues Sieg fate wae the follewrlrg rule, te reduce a gore game te oa QA game A A UT game Bale 1: Tp adh the alemente of the VS How wre & the covrrperding. ammantt of the jm neat, oe sag Pak Jit shaligy denimals tA straligy, ond hence we : delete ith row ; Rule 2 ry valk the elements of the pr tolumm one 2 elements of the GY column, thew We sadiue & game, we take (2) al the tlemank of a mow Ry ome fe of tore ote none Mews, them It fey thnk Ake a Serer dentante te 1 nat Se tomas deli ith seco. i | Ty all tn elements af a colon Ci are 7 stow af foe or mvere Columns, then we tay, (@ ty)Sorve By Dominance Rure == : by bs by | a [+5] 20|-19] a} Io} & | 2 as [ do | 15 | ie Solakion 4 fo C3. Ri} 6 ao -lo &, is 18 We not? & SR fe Dk Rp We neti Cy 2% fe Delete C, ga noduchton of the geome i dewmane wule is i A=18 t =BeL fe pr = 10 i 33 Wy ly i (ee 14 (rd)—lbr) 97 By Ve ad-be = Beo+IS? (ard) - (b+) Ss Optimal Sthatiing for A = optional poking fr B= Ce volun of bev game le 4, thf. beeen ee Ve ee ze a | 6 \ 1a | 3 Os|-3 | 2 0 6 a, | 2 “3 +t I Sistions yg dete ty} de ak h——4 a) 6 \ J bbe a {ey as[-3] 2 act bel ee -d der = A-¢ 2 243 2S eh OA on 0 FS ope eh (ard) -(b+e) 3 - (-2) _ 2 oe - ) 2, oF WF ey ae (avd) Cote) y ve od ~ be i243 215 2 3 fara) ~ (bro)—o 8 as = > fl value of Ke a . bbs bs Oo} be} ti 2 Om} 6] 247 a) 5] 216 Shoko by byt Bl i ot a) 6 2 ” pat lemme 2a, . fe debeti as dominance rule ts nob & tuduud de fotlowing 2X2 game. Fendt aedustin of toe gm Of powille , Hone the ime (iran oi eed ps dA-¢ = (atd) - (b+) qa > —4nb = (atd)- (b+0) - - fr Ayi ° 6, by bs [2] ¢ [3 o| 6 | 21¢ al 4[ cle = Sehubine bebe | afr @ i 2 a ff mm! © L A22 be8 a. Me tee ee A ee “peed (ard) tbo) got Sy oy , 22 we d-b e sb = & ayes (ard -Cb40) =10 v f ve od-be 2 haowh se cay 2 on (ard) Cb +e) vie ae ofoplianol tion fer A = often Hating fr B = a, 2 Gince the value of Yio gawme te postin, te odvanligeoua ts k . ‘ : : jou each are soe Fl ee eat d ‘ Hinkigis ore Uswinotids Fran 2010] = tettde BAe by bs bs a {ti 2)}o or {e | -3 [=r oto | 3 | -\ Baactlon :by by bs by bs a! ilsafo]ata | = a 6ls| ariel s On) de Oe 6 3 ' Slate is Ue be ee | [— Arg | atcha 4 =a 3 t T We mote “by = by Aalke by i o ~ QD... a a poutble . New 18 Le reduced to a IKI gamae. bi as (5] Opal iting’ for KE A optimal SCraligg for Bot by value of game = 9 Shaw pe value Oy Coe gaan 18, ie adhoutogeon to yor ie 411 614] 8 I a} 6] 8B] 4 18 | 4] 8 Ou o $ oO 16 é ee Hh ny bs by is oa ase b-0 , 2 Eee ee fardy-(ore) BE , = Ach 2 Wak (ard)re (bro 4 OPASSIGNMENT & ha & Ry Ct —— 3 3 4 o =|} rie ae | |—lovo EE EEL LE Time: go 1a poe te 4 u fees ae E \3 le " iB a 2 d. Pore i b. gfe f 3 a 3 a. i: é i . b. dia b, 06CS661 Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, Dec.09/Jan.10 4 Operations Research 3 hrs. Max, Marks:100 Note:1. Answer any FIVE full questions, selecting at least TWO questions from each part. 2. Any missing data may be assumed suitably, Part- A What is operations research? Mention sik phases of an operations research atudy. (0S Marks) Formulate a linear programming model|for' the problem given below. The Apex television coinpany has to decide on the number of 27-inch and 20-inch sets to be produced at ane of its. factories. Market research indicates that at most 40 of the 27-inch sets and 10.of 20-inch sets can be sol per month, The maximum mumber of war hours availabe js $00 per month, ‘A.27-inch set requires] 20 work hours and 20-inch set requires. 10 work hours.-Each 27-inch set sold produces a prpfit of $120 and each 20-inch produces a’ profit of $80. A wholesaler agreed to puirchase all the television sets produced if the numbers do not exceed the maxima indicated by market research. (05 Maris) Use graphical method to solve the following LPP: Maximize z= 3x, +5x4y Subjectto x <4. | 2x, 512 3x, +2x, S18 %,20,x,20 (03 Marks) ‘Write the meaning of following terms with respéct to a LPP. Give cx ory i) Feasible solution) i): Infeasible spi i Write fout as Line (oaMarrs) Write six ke oncepts of simplex method. (06 Marks) Solve the sid? using simplex method in tabular form: Maximize. +4x, Subject to 6x, +4x, < 24 x, +2, SE : my =xt4 ST a x, $2 and je, 20, x,20 "> Go Marks) Using Big M method soe the following: ¥ Minimize 2=3x, +2x, +x, By Subjectto x; +x,=7 ‘ f° Suan tx, 210 : and x,20, x, 20,-x,20 i (12 Marks) Explain the typical steps in post optimality analysis for linear programming studies, (08 Marks) Apply revised simplex method to solve the following problem: Maximize 2= 4x, +3x, + 6%; Subject to 3x) +x,43x)<30 : : 2x, 42x, + 3x, $40 1 and x,20, x, 20,4, 20 . (22 Marks) Explain key relationships betsvéen primal and dual ptoblems, (08 Marks) 1of262) S6CS664 : l Part -B. 5 a Write a procedure for sensitivity analysis. (@8 Maris) b. Use dual simplex method to salve the following: Maximize 2.=~4y, ~12y, -18y, fi Subjestto y,+3y, 23 Gee 2y, +2y,25 oy and y, 29, ¥,20, y, 20 (1 masts) 6 a Suppose that England, France and Spain produce all the wheat; barley and oats in world. The world demand for wheat! requires 125 million acres of land devoted to wheat production, similarly, 60 million acres of land are required for barley and 75 million acres of land for oats, The total amounts Of amd avgilable for these purposes in England, France and Spain, are 70 million acres, 110 million acres, 80 million acres respectively. The number of hours of labor needed in England, France and Spain to produce an acre of wheat is 18, 13 and 16 respggtively. The number pf hours of labor needed in England, France and Spain to produce an acl barley is 15, 12 and 12 respectively. The number of hours of labor needed in England, France and Spain to produce an acre of oats is 12, 10 and 16 respectively, The labor cast per hour in producing wheat is $9.00, $7.20 and $9.90 in England, France and Spain respectively. The labor cost per hour in producing i $8.10, $9.00 and $8.40 in? England, France and Spain respectively. The labor cost per hour in producing oats is $6.90, 2 $7.50 and $6.30 in England, France and Spain respectively. ‘The problem isjto allocate Jand | use in each country so as to meet the world food require. atte total labor 5 cost \ 7 | y this .cting the appropriate | ble. { ip ig with the nBMh west corer rule, interactively apply the transportation simplex | ‘to obtain an optimal solution, Marks) | b. Write nt steps in Husgarian algorithm to solve an assignment problem. (08 Marks) | 7 ‘a. Explain basic characteristics of two person, zero sum game. Fhe the game having following { pay off table, determine the optimal strategy for each player by successively eliminating < ‘dominated strategies, Indicate the order in which you eliminate strategies. (a0 Marks) Player—2 : 123 | Player-1 1 [2J2]0} } i : 202t3 (2 { 3[o[3 [at : i >. Explain how to construct a decision trée’and re is used for decision analysis. . (10 Marks) 8 Explain briefly: fb ‘Metaheuristics, its nature, advantage and disablvantage. a b, Tebusearch algorithm. c, Simulated ammealing algorithm. &. Genetic algorithm. i (QO Marks) a 2ok2 || | | I » o3tr2) QECSASESL ” Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, May/Jume 2010 | Operations Research Time! 3 hrs. ‘Max, Marks:100 Note: Answer any FIVE fill questions, selecting at least TWO questions from each part. PART-A 1a, Explain the following : i 1) Oxigin, nature and impact of OR. ! : ii) Defining the problem and gathering the data. (to Merks) b. oP aaa LPP by simplex Maxi fa fel g f el A farmer has to alg vo inf of wees Fad Qin a land of 4000 sq.m. area, Each P tree requires at least 25 sq.m and Q tree requires at least 40 sq.m. of land, The annual water requirements of P tree is 30 units anc of Q tree is'15 units per tree, while at most 3000 units of wari viable, Ie sala eimated tht the ratio of the mater Q es the number of P trees should not be less than z atid should not be more than z. The return per tee from P is expected to “ and half times as mush asf Quce, rm Formufate the profilem a a LP model. ‘ i (10 Marks) \' \ ae a : Go Maris) emastlt ing LPP by simplex method : Maximize Z = 6x; + 8x2 i Subject to 2x; + 8x2 5 16 . ur 2x1 + 4x2 $8 3 I a i‘ (10 Marks) Explain deta the computer implementation of simpfex method and available software

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