DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

2018-19

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Final Project

RIGHT TO INFORMATION STRENGTHENED TRANSPARANCY IN
ADMINISTRATION

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Yadav Ahmad Sulaiman

Asst. Professor Roll No. 13

Dr. RMLNLU Section A

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Asst. Professor Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Yadav,
who gave me the opportunity to work on this wonderful research topic. He has also shown the
attitude and the substance of a genius: He continually and persuasively conveyed a spirit of
adventure in regard to research and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his supervision
and constant help this study would not have been possible.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and my classmates for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which helped me in completion of this project. I would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to library of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University for
providing necessary information regarding the project.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction.......................................................................04

2. Objective of the Act.............................................................05

3. Important features of Right to Information Act 2005........................05

4. Link between RTI and the elements of Good Governance.................06

5. An interface.......................................................................07

6. Freedom of information in the promotion of Good Governance..........08

7. Performance of the Right to Information Act 2005.........................08

8. Need for Right To Information.................................................09

9. Corruption: RTI helps fight.....................................................09

10. Judiciary: enforcement of RTI..................................................10

11. Conclusion..........................................................................14

12. Bibliography.......................................................................16

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INTRODUCTION

The right to information is implicitly guaranteed by the Constitution. However, with a view to set
out a practical regime for securing information, the Indian Parliament enacted the Right to
Information Act, 2005 and thus gave a powerful tool to the citizens to get information from the
Government as a matter of right. This law is very comprehensive and covers almost all matters of
governance and has the widest possible reach, being applicable to Government at all levels
Union, State and Local as well as recipients of government grants.1

“A popular Government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a
Prologue to a Farce, or a Tragedy; or, perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance;
and a people who mean to be their own Governors must arm themselves with the power which
knowledge gives”

Governance is an all-inclusive term covering various aspects of the organization and structure of
government, which have an impact on the efficiency of government and the delivery of public
services, and incorporates accountability, transparency, financial devolution,
political/administrative decentralization and administrative vigilance to check corruption. Good
governance can be related to the basic goals of a society as enshrined in its constitution and other
policy and plan documents. A faceless citizen is now blessed with a tool with the help of which
he can now demand from the high and mighty in the government to know the details of every
action they take, professedly on behalf of the people. The responsibility of ensuring that the RTI
Act will deliver its potential rests with us.2

“Four years ago I said to you that an important challenge we face is the challenge of providing
good governance. The right to information act was one major step. We have initiated refoem and
modernization of government.”

In India, after many deliberations over the years, the RTI Act was passed by the parliament in
October 12, 2005, thus opening up the governance processes of our country to the public The
Right to Information Act is considered to be the most revolutionary of all enactments in
Independent India. The right to information and the assurance of widespread citizen participation

1
http://rti.gov.in/rticorner/guideonrti.pdf 
2
http://www.bcasonline.org/policy/Article%20by%20Shailesh%20Gandhi%20for%20February%2006.htm

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in public affairs and an active civil society are essential for the full realization of democracy. The
RTI Act, which if used sensibly and efficiently can take the country in the direction of new
democracy and good governance.

“If liberty and equality, as is thought by some are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be
best attained when all persons alike share in the government to the utmost”.

RTI is perceived as a key to strengthen participatory democracy and ushering in people-centered

governance. With access to information on their side, people can function better as an informed
and responsible citizenry - investigating and scrutinizing government actions and reviewing the
performance of their elected representatives with a view to seriously holding them accountable.
People can access information on how officials are delivering on their commitments, how the
bureaucracy is spending public money and how representatives are interacting with special
interest groups. Without good governance, no amount of developmental schemes can bring in
improvement in the quality of life of the citizen3.Good governance has four
elementstransparency, accountability, predictability and participation and RTI helps in achieving
the same.

The Act also requires the Government to compile a guide in easily comprehensible form and to
update it from time to time. The Government has already published four guides in the past, one
each for the information seekers, the public authorities, the Central Public Information Officers
and the Appellate Authorities. This would help all the information seekers in getting information;
public information officers in dealing with RTI applications; first appellate authorities in taking
cogent decisions on appeals and public authorities in implementing various provisions of the Act
effectively will help all stakeholders in furthering the objectives of the RTI Act, 2005.

OBJECTIVE OF THE ACT

Objective of the Act is to establish “the practical regime of right to information for citizens to
secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote
transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, the constitution of a
Central Information Commission and State Information Commission and for matters connected
therewith and incidental thereto.”

3
Government of India, Second Administrative Reform Commission, First Report on Right to Information: Master 
Key to Good Governance, June 2006, para1.1.1, p.1.

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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005

• All citizens possess the right to information

• The term Information includes any mode of information in any form of record, document, e-
mail, circular, press release, contract sample or electronic data etc.

• Rights to information covers inspection of work, document, record and its certified copy and
information in form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes in any electronic mode or stored
information in computer etc.

• Applicant can obtain Information within 30 days from the date of request in a normal case

• Information can be obtained within 48 hours from time of request. If it is a matter of life or
liberty of a person.

• Every public authority is under obligation to provide information on written request or request
by electronic means.

• Certain information are prohibited.

• Restrictions made for third party information Appeal against the decision of the Central
Information Commission or State Information Commission can be made to an officer who is
senior in rank.

Penalty for refusal to receive an application for information or for not providing information is
Rs. 250/- per day but the total amount of penalty should not exceed Rs. 25,000/-.

• Central Information Commission and State Information Commission are to be constituted by

the Central Government and the respective State Governments.

• No Court can entertain any suit, application or other proceedings in respect of any order made
under the Act.

The aforesaid mentioned promote transparency in government organisations, makes them

function more objectively thereby enhancing predictability. In a fundamental sense, right to
information is a basic necessity of good governance.

LINKS BETWEEN RTI AND THE ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Since Independence government of India and state governments have been entrusted by the
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legislature on behalf of people of India, Billions of Crores of Rupees for various schemes for the
welfare of the people so that the disadvantaged group of people can enjoy the fruits of freedom.
Clearly, the Act has laid emphasis on good governance, of which the major elements that have
been identified are: informed citizenry for encouraging people’s participation in development
process, transparency, accountability and reduction in corruption. Thus, the major objectives of
the Act are:

Greater Transparency: ‘provide as much information suo motu to the public at regular intervals
through various means of communication, including internet, so that the public have minimum
resort to the use of this Act to obtain information’. In addition, a public authority, u/s 4(1)(d) of
the Act, is required to “provide reasons for its administrative or quasi-judicial decisions to the
affected persons”. To facilitate the access to information, a citizen has, u/s 2 (j) of the Act, the
right to:

i) Inspection of work, documents, records;

ii) Taking notes extracts or certified copies of the documents or records;

iii) Taking certified sample of material;

iv) Obtaining information in electronic form, if available.

The Commission, u/s 20(1) of the Act, has the mandate, inter-alia, to impose penalty and/or to
recommend disciplinary action against the information providers, if held responsible for
obstructing the free flow of information. The Commission may also award compensation for any
detriment suffered by a requester for seeking information.

Greater Accountability: Every public authority is required ‘to provide reasons for its
administrative or quasi-judicial decisions to the affected persons’ u/s 4(1)(d) of the Act. There is
therefore no scope for any arbitrary decision. The worldwide governance indicators report on 6
broad dimensions of governance for over 200 countries over the period 1996-201113:

• Voice and accountability

• Political stability and absence of violence

• Government effectiveness• Regulatory quality

• Rule of law

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• Control of corruption

‘Right to Information’ (RTI) refers to the right of every citizen to access information held by or
under the control of public authorities. Information is crucial for good governance as it reflects
and captures Government activities and processes. It is said that information is the oxygen of
democracy. If people do not know what is happening in their society, if the actions of those who
rule them are hidden, then they cannot take a meaningful part in the affairs of the society. Access
to information not only promotes openness, transparency and accountability in administration,
but also facilitates active participation of people in the democratic governance process. The RTI
ACT is a tool helping to ensure rights already promised in the constitution.

Public participation in Government, respect for the rule of law, freedom of expression and
association, transparency and accountability, legitimacy of Government, and the like which are
the core values of good governance, can be realised only if the right to information is
implemented in the right spirit.

AN INTERFACE:

Right to information has been seen as the key to strengthening participatory democracy and
ushering in people centered governance. Access to information can empower the poor and the
weaker sections of society to demand and get information about public policies and actions,
thereby leading to their welfare. Without good governance, no amount of developmental schemes
can bring improvements in the quality of life of the citizens.

“Open Government is the new democratic culture of an open society towards which every liberal
democracy is moving and our country should be no exception. In a country like India which is
committed to socialistic pattern of society, right to know becomes a necessity for the poor,
ignorant and illiterate masses”.4

Good governance has four elements- Transparency, Accountability, Predictability and

Participation. Transparency refers to availability of information to the general public and clarity
about functioning of governmental institutions. Right to information opens up government’s
records to public scrutiny, thereby

4
S.P Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149

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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION IN THE PROMOTION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Over 50 countries now have freedom of information laws and another 15-20 are actively
considering adopting one. These nations are joined by a growing number of inter-Governmental
bodies – including the World Bank, European Union and UNDP – that have established FOI
policies.

It provides that all citizens enjoy rights of freedom of opinion and expression, including the right
to “seek, receive, and impart information and ideas, a guarantee now generally considered to
include an obligation of openness on the part of Government.

PERFORMANCE OF THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005

PM said this legislation was not a substitute for good governance, but was intended “to support
and aid the process of good governance”. The passage of RTI Act has up to a certain extent
infused transparency and accountability in the working of public departments. This has increased
the efficiency of decision making process. This has led to reduction in corruption in the country
as evident from the following:

i) The Transparency International (TI) has reported that perceived corruption in India (a score of
3.5 out of 10)has declined at the rate of about 15-20 per cent per year, due mainly to the
implementation of the RTI Act. ii) The Centre for Media Studies in collaboration with TI has
recently accomplished an all India survey study (un-published) of the poor below the poverty
line. The views of the poor have been elicited in respect of all the flagship programmes that have
been implemented for alleviation of poverty. At least 40 per cent of the respondents have
reported that corruption has declined. iii) It has also been observed that wherever NGOs are
actively involved in the development activities, the perceived corruption is abysmally low. The
progress of RTI Act has been studied by PRIA (Society for Participatory Research in Asia) in
August 2006.

In order to track the progress of RTI Act in 12 states (Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Gujarat and Bihar), PRIA decided to conduct a study on a set of indicators namely the
constitution of State Information Commission and its role, role of Nodal agencies, appointment
of PIOs, experience of seeking from PIOs mandatory disclosure under section IV of RTI Act and
role of government in educating people under 26 of the Act. The study indicated the following

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results, which are discussed in very brief manner as following:-

• The constitution of SIC in some states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
Haryana and Rajasthan, the constitution of SIC was delayed by several months. Inadequate
infrastructure and working staff has been provided to the SIC.

• There has been a general tendency of non-imposition of penalties on the PIOs who have
indulged in dereliction of duty.

• People belonging to rural areas feel that appeal process is very expensive.

• Public Information Officers have been appointed in most public authorities in the states. The
process of accessing information by people has started slowly through Right to Information Act.
However, there exits great confusion in definition of public authority.

• Most of the PIOs at state level and district level are not cooperative and they sometimes
threaten applicants to withdraw applications. PIOs should be given more training so that they are
sensitive to people’s need and PIOs who are guilty of deliberate denial of information should be
penalized.

NEED FOR RIGHT TO INFORMATION

The RTI had already received judicial recognition as a part to the fundamental right to freedom
of speech and expression. Soli Sorabji has aptly stressed “Lack of transparency was one of the
main causes for all pervading corruption and Right to Information would lead to openness,
accountability and integrity". The common did not have any legal right to know about the public
policies and expenditures. It was quite ironical that people who voted the persons responsible for
policy formation to power and contributed towards the financing of huge costs of public
activities were denied access to the relevant information.

P.B. Sawant has expressed similar views, he holds that “the barrier to information is a single
most cause responsible for corruption in society, it felicitates clandestine deals, arbitrary
decisions, manipulations and embezzlements. Transparency in dealings, with their every detail
exposed to the public view, should go a long way in curtailing corruption in public life.

CORRUPTION: RTI HELPS FIGHT

The political mobilization against corruption started with the RTI21 .The culture of secrecy, as
known, encourages the government officials to indulge in corrupt practices, which result in lower

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investments due to misuse of power and diversion of funds for private purposes. As a result, the
government’s social spending yields no worthwhile benefits, because, for instance, the teachers
do not teach, doctors and nurses do not attend health centres, ration card holders do not receive
subsidized food grains and, thus, livelihood support is denied, and the promised jobs are not
provided to the poor, who are assured of income support. In the process, it perpetuates poverty
and harms the poor. It creates an environment of distrust between the people and the government,
which impinge upon the development and jeopardize democratic governance.

The legislation on RTI can act like an antidote to vested interests which try to conceal or
misinterpret information or which try to manipulate the media directly or indirectly to plant
misinformation. The Right to Information Act 2005 has provided us the right to get information
from the government. Through this we can now expose corruption and also bring to light those
duties that are not being performed by the officials. Also, in some countries RTI has been seen as
part of the anti-corruption or state modernization agendas (for instance Mexico and Chile), in
South Asia, particularly in India.

Through all this we can also seek solutions to our problems. We can ask information about
projects and plans. We can inspect files and check for any misappropriations. The government
spends a huge amount of money for development work. We can ask for information about the
work being done in our area. Information relating to tenders, agreements, payments and
estimates of engineering work etc. can be obtained with the help of the Right to information Act.
Besides these, information can be sought on the following-

1. You can demand samples of materials used for the construction of roads, drains and

buildings etc.

2. You can demand an inspection of any social development work, work in progress or

information related to any completed work.

3. You can demand an inspection of government documents, maps for the construction,

registers and records.

4. You can demand information related to the progress made on any complaint filed by you

in the recent past.

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 Experiences suggest that in the states where the Right to Information Act has been
implemented, it has become an important tool of social development and governance. Tackling
pendency at the Information Commission and stringent punishment to guilty officials as well as
massive awareness campaigns among the masses for proper use of RTI constitute the key to the
success of RTI regime.

JUDICIARY: ENFORCEMENT OF RTI

In order to understand the effectiveness of an act it is important to analyse the various aspects in
which the act has been utilised and its outcomes. In order to understand its effectiveness and use,
various cases registered under RTI have been gathered .A few sample cases have been taken to
highlight the various facets of the act. They have been categorised under various to heads, in
order to come to conclusion about what all could be done with the RTI.5

CREATING AWARENESS ABOUT RTI

Drive against bribes: A Gujarat based Ngo Mahiti Adhikar Gujarat Pahel organised a drive
against bribe using the Right to Information Act at the Satyagrah Kochrab ashram for 15 days
which ended on 15 July 2006.They had over 1400 visitors at the ashram, they filed 1366
applications for RTI. They received about 1275 phone calls. The impact is not to be assessed in
terms of numbers but in terms of the creation of awareness about RTI among people. The citizens
were empowered with the confidence that they can ask for information, and ask questions, from
government functionaries .Some of the citizens could be transformed into propagators of RTI and
a core of volunteers who were aware about the provisions, uses and implementation aspects of
RTI. The people who attended the camp were from various parts of the State as well as various
walks of life from a daily wage-earner to well-off business people.

HEALTH SERVICES

Use of RTI to improve health care services: Boru is a small village in Gujarat and the Primary
Heath Centre is 8 km away from the village due to which the villagers were not able to get
timely and desired medical help. Deaths had occurred in the village due to inadequate medical
facilities. They filed an application with the doctor in the Primary Health centre who was also the
PIO on the health facilities provided to the villagers, what they were entitled to and the duties

5
Manzra Dutta and Nandita Chauhan, Right to Information and Good Governance, https://www.legalindia.com/wp­ 
content/uploads/2013/03/RTI.pdf

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carried out by the Health worker who was supposed to visit their village three 7times a week and
administer medicines and vaccinations to children, pregnant women and TB patients. Once the
application was filed the health worker started visiting the village regularly. But the villagers still
insisted to get a reply for their quires so that they were aware about their entitlements.

WATER & SANITATION

Water Pollution:-An environmental activist Ajay Dubey filed an RTI application seeking
information on number of industries emitting waste in air and water beyond the norms set by the
government. The state pollution control board in its reply said that more than 300 commercial
units in Madhya Pradesh are causing pollution by emitting harmful air and water effluents
beyond the permissible limits. The State Pollution Control Board gave details of about 313 such
industries which flouted standard pollution control norms during 2009-10. 170 such units are
located in the industrial hubs -- Ujjain, Indore and Dhar, followed by 48 in Bhopal and 32 in
Jabalpur. About 24 such commercial establishments are located in Gwalior, 18 in Guna, 12 in
Rewa and two in Patna.

LAND SCAMS

Illegal Buildings: An RTI application was filed after the collapse of the building in Lalita Park in
Delhi in which 65 persons were killed. More than 65 buildings in Shahadra, East Delhi are
illegal. The information also reveals a close connection between the builders and officials of the
MCD and DDA. They have particular modus operandi, a building is constructed in three to six
months. While the building is constructed no attention is given to any complaint and later the
building is declared as old and given a regularization certificate.

FAKE CERTIFICATES

Corporate with fake certificate: An RTI application filed in the caste verification department,
Swar Gate, Pune by Santosh Shrimant Jadhav, a resident of Ward no.42 same as that of Suresh
Shivaji Kulkarni, corporator from Navi Mumbai revealed that kulkarni’s caste certificate was
fake. Kulkarni was a Telgu Brahmin from Andhra but he claimed to be an OBC (Vadari) from
Maharashtra.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Railways false assurance exposed:-The Human Rights Defence Forum filed an RTI application

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to the Deputy Chief Operating manager, Southern Railways. The ErnakulamKayamkulam
passenger train has fewer coaches than the sanctioned number of 14. Though the Railway
authorities have agreed to increase the number of coaches in certain trains after a protest by the
passengers at Thuravoor. In a reply to the application, the Southern Railway said: "Owing to
shortage of general second class unreserved coaches, it is not feasible at present to augment Train
no: 339 Ernakulam Kayamkulam passengers." The forum has now filed an application with the
Railway Minister, Mamta Banerjee.

UNNECESSARY EXPENDITURE BY THE GOVERNMENT

Activist Nikhil Desai filed an RTI plea with the Bombay Municipal Corporation to find out what
they planned in the five gardens at Dadar Parsi Colony. The municipal corporation has spent Rs
70 lakh on laying pavements and redoing the lawn at just one of the five gardens at Dadar Parsi
Colony. Upset with the "unnecessary work" and "unjustified exorbitant spending", the residents
have now stepped up the heat on the municipal corporation over the controversial Five Gardens
beautification project.

UNFILLED GOVERNMENT VACANCIES

The number of beat officers or inspectors posts was lying vacant in schools for a long time. In
the preceding year 63 posts were filled and 25 were vacant. The next year the number of vacant
posts increased to 32.In 2007-08 of the 132 approved posts, 104 were filled. Beat officers or
inspectors are hired to keep a check on teachers and principals of municipal schools. They
conduct an inspection of teachers and class work. One of their key functions is to pay surprise
visits to the schools, as well as pay educational visits where they are supposed to give advice to
the teachers. The BMC had signed a partnership with UNICEF for the school Excellence
Programme; but a look at the records revealed how neglected the civic schools are.

FOOD SECURITY

Food grain Vs Liquor crisis in Maharashtra: The government of Maharashtra is offering

subsidies for liquor production from food grains. This policy will turn jowar into a cash crop and
divert huge quantities of food grains to alcohol production, creating scarcity and causing food
inflation. Moreover, the RTI documents revealed the extent to which the claims made by the

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government have been violated-good quality hybrid jowar is being used instead of rotten jowar,
and distilleries are purchasing grains from dealers rather than farmers. Rather than focusing on
the acute problem of malnutrition plaguing the state, the government is promoting a policy that is
clearly meant to benefit only those with business interests. The Government of Maharashtra
policy entitled Food Grains Based liquid and integrated material financial aid 2007” has
approved alcohol production from food grain. The primary motive of the government in giving a
push to this policy is to help the rain-fed farmers of Marthawada and Vidarbha region by
providing them good prices for jowar, Bajra and corn. Government is also considering proposals
to extract alcohol from various other sources like cashew, jamun etc. The government is
promoting the liquor policy, as though liquor is the only magical solutions to all sorts of
problems. (Tiwale: 2010). The success stories of the RTI act range from identifying lost postal
orders to highlighting scams worth crores of rupees.

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CONCLUSION

The first national youth convention on Right to Information and democracy, held in Rajasthan’s
Beawar town recently, has raised the demand for incorporating the text of the Right to
Information Act, 2005, in the school and college curriculum across the country so that the youth
get a firm footing on the fundamentals of citizens rights.

With a view to realizing the development goals, the followings are suggested to strengthen the
RTI regime:

First, all the development projects, particularly poverty alleviation programmes should
incorporate transparency and accountability norms to allow for objective scrutiny of the process
of execution of programmes and to assess the extent of adherence of the norms of equity and
justice in delivery of essential services to the persons who are entitled for the specified benefits.

Second, with a view to reaping the benefits of RTI for rapid poverty reduction, the Government
should develop the capacities for access to information. The capacities of both the public
authorities (i.e. the duty – bearers) and the citizens (i.e. the claim holders) may have to be
enhanced, for which a two-pronged strategy would be needed.

A comprehensive Information Management System should be developed by each public

authority for storage and retrieval of data and information that may be shared with anyone who
seeks to inspect the records and use the information for development purposes. Use of
information technologies would not only facilitate faster dissemination of information but would
also reduce the costs of servicing and sharing information.

Third, in view of high illiteracy among the poor, a multimedia approach should be adopted to
educate and train people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. Besides, they should also know as to
how to make best use of information for effective participation in economic and political
processes. This alone can ensure cost-effective use of the provisions of the RTI Act and promote
efficient use of resources that are allocated for development purposes, including poverty
alleviation.

Fourth, the role of NGOs is critical for creating effective demand for maximum disclosure of
information relating to public activities so that an informed citizenry can participate in designing
and implementation of socio-economic programmes. This task is challenging in deed. Increase in

16
awareness about the human rights and how to realize them would lead to a strong multiplier
effects to eradicate poverty and to create necessary conditions for good governance, of which all
the stakeholders would be duly proud of.

Finally, democratization of information and knowledge resources is critical for people’s

empowerment to realize the entitlements as well as to augment opportunities for enhancing the
options for improving quality of life. The strengthening of information regime is therefore sine
quo non for promoting democratic governance and right to development. The general awareness
amongst people about the RTI Act and how it can be used for their benefit is still low. Moreover,
there is a lack of sincerity on the part of government officials in disclosing information, who
often threaten the applicant or refuse to provide information. Additionally, the Information
Commissioners have time and again cited the lack of man power required to comply with all the
provisions of the Act.

The RTI Act, as it stands today, is a strong tool to uphold the spirit of democracy. The need of
the hour is that the RTI Act should be implemented to ensure that the objects of the RTI Act are
fulfilled. Any attempt to dilute the provisions of the RTI Act will only quell its’ success.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEB SOURCES

• http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146976

• http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/iftaa.htm

• http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/09/11/8-examine-role-rti-ensuring-good- governance/

• http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v2(2)/version-3/I224651.pdf

• https://www.legalindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/RTI.pdf

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