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CE8394 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LTPC

4004
OBJECTIVES
1. The properties of fluids and concept of control volume are studied
2. The applications of the conservation laws to flow through pipes are studied.
3. To understand the importance of dimensional analysis
4. To understand the importance of various types of flow in pumps.
5. To understand the importance of various types of flow in turbines.
UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS 12
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity,
viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control
volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
UNIT II FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS 12
Hydraulic and energy gradient - Laminar flow through circular conduits and circular annuli-Boundary layer
concepts – types of boundary layer thickness – Darcy Weisbach equation –friction factor- Moody diagram-
commercial pipes- minor losses – Flow through pipes in series and parallel.
UNITIII DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 12
Need for dimensional analysis – methods of dimensional analysis – Similitude –types of similitude - Dimensionless
parameters- application of dimensionless parameters – Model analysis.
UNIT IV PUMPS 12
Impact of jets - Euler’s equation - Theory of roto-dynamic machines – various efficiencies– velocity components at
entry and exit of the rotor- velocity triangles - Centrifugal pumps– working principle - work done by the impeller -
performance curves - Reciprocating pump- working principle – Rotary pumps –classification.
UNIT V TURBINES 12
Classification of turbines – heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. Axial, radial and mixed flow turbines. Pelton
wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines- working principles - work done by water on the runner – draft tube.
Specific speed - unit quantities – performance curves for turbines – governing of turbines.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to
CO1 Apply mathematical knowledge to predict the properties and characteristics of a fluid. UNIT 1
CO2 Can analyse and calculate major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping networks. UNIT 2
CO3 Can mathematically predict the nature of physical quantities UNIT 3
CO4 Can critically analyse the performance of pumps. UNIT 4
CO5 Can critically analyse the performance of turbines. UNIT 5

TEXT BOOK:
1. Modi P.N. and Seth, S.M. "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", Standard Book House, New Delhi 2013.

REFERENCES:
1. Graebel. W.P, "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", Taylor & Francis, Indian Reprint, 2011
2. Kumar K. L., "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", Eurasia Publishing House(p) Ltd., New Delhi 2016
3. Robert W.Fox, Alan T. McDonald, Philip J.Pritchard, “Fluid Mechanics and Machinery”, 2011.
4. Streeter, V. L. and Wylie E. B., "Fluid Mechanics", McGraw Hill Publishing Co. 2010

OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to

• Apply mathematical knowledge to predict the properties and characteristics of a fluid.

• Can analyse and calculate major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping networks.
• Can mathematically predict the nature of physical quantities
• Can critically analyse the performance of pumps
• Can critically analyse the performance of turbines.

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Subject Code: CE8394 Year/Semester: II /03

Subject Name: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Subject Handler: Mr.M.K.Karthik & Mr.D.Arunkumar
UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific
gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics –
concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum
equation.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Define fluids. BTL1
1.
Fluid may be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. It has no definite shape of its
own, but confirms to the shape of the containing vessel.
What are the properties of ideal fluid? (APRIL2012) BTL1
Ideal fluids have following properties:
2 • It is incompressible
• It has zero viscosity
• Shear force is zero
What are the properties of real fluid? (APRIL2012,2014) BTL1
Real fluids have following properties
3 • It is compressible
• They are viscous in nature
• Shear force exists always in such fluids.
Define density and specific weight..BTL1
4 Density is defined as mass per unit volume (kg/m3)
Specific weight is defined as weight possessed per unit volume (N/m3)
Define Specific volume and Specific Gravity. BTL1
Specific volume is defined as volume of fluid occupied by unit mass (m3/kg)
5
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific weight of
standard fluid.
Define Surface tension and Capillarity. BTL2
Surface tension is due to the force of cohesion between the liquid particles at the free surface.
6
Capillary is a phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to the adjacent general level
of liquid.
Define Viscosity.BTL2
7 It is defined as the property of a liquid due to which it offers resistance to the movement of one
layer of liquid over another adjacent layer.
Define Kinematic viscosity. (NOVEMBER2012,2015) BTL2
8
It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. (m²/sec)
Define Relative or Specific viscosity. BTL2
9
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity of fluid to dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C.
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Define Compressibility. BTL2

10 It is the property by virtue of which fluids undergoes a change in volume under the action of
external pressure.
Define Newton’s law of Viscosity. (NOVEMBER 2012) BTL1
According to Newton’s law of viscosity the shear force F acting between two layers of fluid is
11
proportional to the difference in their velocities du and area A of the plate and inversely
proportional to the distance between them.
What are Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids? (APRIL2011) BTL2
12 Fluids which obey the Newton’s law of Viscosity are known as Newtonian fluids and the fluids
which do not obey the Newton’s law of Viscosity are known as Non-Newtonian fluids.
What is cohesion and adhesion in fluids? (APRIL2013) BTL2
Cohesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of the same liquid.
13
Adhesion is due to the force of attraction between the molecules of two different liquids or
between the molecules of the liquid and molecules of the solid boundary surface.
State momentum of momentum equation. (APRIL2014, NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
14 It states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is equal to the rate of change of
moment of momentum
What is momentum equation? (APRIL2012) BTL1
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle. It states
15
that, the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of flow per unit
time in that direction.
What are the types of fluid flow? (NOVEMBER2015) BTL1
• Steady & unsteady fluid flow
16 • Uniform & Non-uniform flow
• One dimensional, two-dimensional & three-dimensional flows
• Rotational & Irrotational flow
Name the different forces present in fluid flow.BTL1
• Inertia force
17 • Viscous force
• Surface tension force
• Gravity force
When in a fluid considered steady? BTL2
18 In steady flow, various characteristics of following fluids such as velocity, pressure, density,
temperature, etc at a point do not change with time. So it is called steady flow.
State the application of Bernoulli’s equation. BTL1
It has the application on the following measuring devices.
19 • Orifice meter.
• Venturimeter.
• Pitot tube.
What is importance of kinematic viscocity? (NOVEMBER 2014) BTL1
20
Since the density is a strong function of pressure and temperature, so is the kinematic viscosity it
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is generally a preferred unit when we deal with motion of fluid under the influence of gravity.

PART * B
Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered vertical pipe.
The diameter at the bottom is 240mm and at the top 200mm and the length is 5m. The
pressure at the bottom is 8 bar and the pressure at the top side is 7.3bar. Determine the
head loss through the pipe. (13M) (APRIL2010) BTL2
Answer: Page 126 – R.K.Bansal
d1=0.24m, d2=0.2m, A1=0.04523m2, A2=0.03141m2, z1=0, z2=5m, Q=0.2m3/s, P1=8x105
N/m2, P2 =7.3 x105 N/m2.
(i) Q = A1V1 = A2V2
1 𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
(ii + + 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓 (2M)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
Q = A1V1 (1M)
V1= Q/A1= 0.2/0.04523
V1= 4.4218 m/s, (2M)
V2= Q/A2= 0.2/0.03141
V2=6.3763 m/s (2M)
Z1=Z2=0
hf=1.067m (6M)
The water level in a tank is 20m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the
tank, and nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level, and
the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line learning from the tank to nozzle is a
pump, which increases the pressure of the water. If the water jet rises to a height of 27
from the ground, determine the minimum pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water
line. (13M) (APRIL2012,2016) BTL2
Answer: Page 184 – R.K.Bansal
2 z1=0, z2=7m,
p1=0, p2 =0,
V1= 0, V2=0 (2M)
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 (1M)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
hp=7m (3M).
Pp=ρghp
Pp=68.67 x103 N/m2 (7M)
If the velocity discharge of a fluid over a plate is given by u=ay 2+by+c with the vertex 0.2
from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2m/s. Calculate the velocity gradient and shear
stress at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is
0.85Ns/m2. (13M) (APRIL2010) BTL2
3
Answer: Page 196 – R.K.Bansal
U=120cm/sec,
µ=0.85Ns/m2,
u=ay2+by+c (1M)
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i)y=0, u=0 (1M)

ii)y=0.2, u= 120m/s (2M)
iii)y=0.2, du/dy=0.
c=0, b=12, a=-0.3
u=-0.3y2+12y (1M)
du/dy=-0.6y+12
y=0,
du/dy=12 s-1,
τ=10.2 N/m2. (4M)
y=10, du/dy=6 s-1,
τ=5.1 N/m2(4M)
A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at the higher
end to 300mm diameter at the lower end, and carries 100lps of oil having specific
gravity 0.8, if the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2., determine the
velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end. (13M) (APRIL2012)
BTL2
Answer: Page 202 – R.K.Bansal
d1=0.5m, d2=0.25m
z1=5m
4 Q=0.07m3/s,
p1=2.5x105 N/m2
L1=L2=150m (1M)
(i) Q = A1V1 = A2V2
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
(ii) + + 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑐 (1M)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
V1=0.3565m/s (2M)
V2=1.4260 m/s. (2M)
hc=0.5V22/2g = 0.0518m (3M)
P2 = 297.5883 x103 N/m2(4M)
Write the assumptions and derive the bernoulli’s equation from the euler’s equation.
Assumptions: (13M) (APRIL2015,2016) BTL2
Answer: Page 216 – R.K.Bansal
Assumption:
• flow is steady and continuous
• flow is incompressible
5 • flow is non viscous
• flow is irrotational (4M)
Bernoulli’s principle says that the faster a fluid is moving the less pressure it exerts.
Pressure force = pdA in the direction of flow
𝜕𝑃
Pressure force 𝑃 + 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑆𝑑𝐴 opposite to the direction of flow
𝜕𝑃
pdA - 𝑃 + 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑆𝑑𝐴 – ρgdAdS cosθ = 0 (3M)

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𝑑𝑣
𝐴𝑆 = (2M)
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑣2
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧 = constant (4M)
𝜌𝑔
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of oil which is used for lubrication between a square plate
of size 0.8m x 0.8m and an inclined plane with the angle of deflection 30 . The weight of the
square plate is 330N and it is slide down the inclined plane with a uniform velocity of
0.3m/s. the thickness of the oil film is 1.5mm. (13M) (NOVEMBER 2011,2015) BTL2
Answer: Page 204 – R.K. Bansal
b=0.2m
6 m=30kg, θ=30°,
µ=2.3 x10-3 Ns/m2
t=0.02mm(1M)
F=Wsinθ (1M)
τ=µ du/dy. (1M)
U=31.9891 m/s. (4M)
F=147.15N (6M)
A 6m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 20º with the horizontal. The smaller section of the
pipe which is at lower level is of 100 mm dia and the larger section is of 300 mm dia. If the
pipe is uniformly tapering and the velocity of the water at the smaller section is 1.8m/s.
Determine the difference of pressures between two sections. BTL2 (13M)
Answer: Page 166 – R.K.Bansal
L=6m
Θ = 20º
D1=100mm
7 D2=300mm
V1=1.8m/s.
Q = A1V1 (1M)
A1= π/4 d2 (1M)
A1= 581.77 m2 (1M)
Q = 1.047m3/s (3M)
A1V1=A2V2
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
P1-P2=18.44 N/m (7M)
A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of specific
gravity 0.9, the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and
entrance section of the venturimeter is 30 cm. The differential U tube mercury manometer
shows a gauge deflection of 25 cm. Calculate: (i) the discharge of oil. (ii) The pressure
difference between the entrance section and the throat section. Take Cd=0.98 and specific
8 gravity of mercury as 13.6. (13M) (APRIL2012) BTL2
Answer: Page 274 – R.K.Bansal
S= 0.9
D1=30 cm
D2=15 cm

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𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ (2M)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
h= 3.53 m of oil (3M)
A1= π/4 d2
A1= 0.0706 m2 (2M)
Q = A1V1
Discharge Q= 0.1489 m3/s (3M)
P1-P2=33.8 KN/m2 (3M)
PART * C
A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 rpm. in a bearing of length 120 mm. If the
thickness of oil film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m2 determine:
(i) Torque required to overcome friction in bearing (ii) Power utilized in overcoming
viscous resistance.(15M) (APRIL2007) BTL2
Answer: Page 12 – R.K.Bansal,
D= 400mm
N= 200 rpm
1 L=120mm
dy= 1.5mm (1M)
dynamic viscosity = 0.7 N.s/m2
πDN
𝑢= 60
u=4.19 m/s (3M)
shear force ,F= 294.85N (3M)
Torque, T= Fx D/2= 58.97 N-m(3M)
Power utilized, P = 2πNT/60 = 1235 w (3M)
A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300 mm and 100 mm respectively
is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is 130 Kn/m2 while the
vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury. Assuming that 3% head lost
between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of discharge for the venturimeter
and also determine the rate of flow. (15M) (APRIL2009,2010,2013) BTL2
Answer: Page 273 – R.K.Bansal
2 D1= 300mm
D2= 100mm
hf = 3%

(6M)

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(9M)

A vertical venturimeter 40 cm x 20 cm is provided in a vertical pipe to measure a flow of oil

of relative density 0.8. The difference in elevations of the throat section and the entrance
sections in 1 m, the direction of flow of oil being vertically upwards. The oil-mercury
differential gauge shows deflection of mercury equal to 40 cm. Determine the quantity of
oil flowing the pipe. Neglect losses. (15M) BTL2
Answer: Page 278 – R.K.Bansal
D1= 40 cm
D= 20 cm
S=0.8
Z1-Z2= 1m
3
h= 40 cm
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ (1M)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑃1/ 𝜌𝑔 = 13.25 (2M)
𝑃2/ 𝜌𝑔 = −4.76 𝑚 (2M)
H= 18.01 m (2M)
Cd=0.985(3M)

Q=0.146 m3/s(5M)
UNIT II FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS
Hydraulic and energy gradient - Laminar flow through circular conduits and circular annuli-Boundary
layer concepts – types of boundary layer thickness – Darcy Weisbach equation –friction factor- Moody
diagram- commercial pipes- minor losses – Flow through pipes in series and parallel.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow. BTL1
• There is a shear stress between fluid layers
1. • No slip at the boundary
• The flow is rotational
• There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear
What is Hagen poiseuille’s formula? BTL1
𝑃1−𝑃2 32 µ𝑈𝐿
= hf =
pg 𝜌𝑔𝐷 2
2 The expression is known as Hagen poiseuille formula.
Where,
𝑃1−𝑃2
pg
= Loss of pressure head; U = Average velocity

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µ = Coefficient of viscosity; D = Diameter of pipe, L = Length of pipe.

List the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow. BTL1
Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is
• Proportional to velocity varies from 1.5 to 2.0.
3 • Proportional to the density of fluid.
• Proportional to the area of surface in contact.
• Independent of pressure.
• Depend on the nature of the surface in contact.
Write athe expression for head loss due to friction in Darcy formula. BTL1
4𝑓𝐿𝑉2
hf =
4 2𝑔𝐷
Where f = Coefficient of friction in pipe L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of pipe V = velocity of the fluid
What do you understand by the terms a) Major energy losses b) Minor energy losses. BTL2
Major energy losses: -
This is loss due to friction and is calculated by Darcy-Weisbach formula and
Chezy’s formula.
Minor energy losses:-
5
• Sudden expansion in pipe.
• Sudden contraction in pipe.
• Bend in pipe.
• Obstruction in pipe.
• Various pipe fittings.
Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe. BTL1
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )2
he = 2𝑔
6 Where,
he = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe .
V1 = Velocity of flow at section 1-1
V2 = Velocity of flow at section 2-2
Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction. BTL1
𝑉2
hc = 0.5 2𝑔
7 Where,
c = Loss of head due to sudden contraction.
V = Velocity at outlet of pipe.
Give an expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe. BTL1
𝑉2
hi = 0.5 2𝑔
8
Where,
hi = Loss of head at entrance of pipe.

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V = Velocity of liquid at inlet and outlet of the pipe.

Define the term Hydraulic gradient line [HGL]. (NOVEMBER 2015) BTL2
9 Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and
datum head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect the reference line.
What is Syphon? Where it is used? BTL2
Syphon is a long bend pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a higher
elevation to another reservoir at a lower level.
10
Uses of syphon : -
• To carry water from one reservoir to another reservoir separated by a hill ridge.
• To empty a channel not provided with any outlet sluice.
What are the basic educations to solve the problems in flow through branched pipes? BTL1
• Continuity equation.
11
• Bernoulli’s formula.
• Darcy Weisbach equation.
What is Dupuit’s equation? BTL1
𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
+ 𝑑25 + 𝑑35 = 𝑑5 Where
𝑑15 2 3
12 L1, d1 = Length and diameter of the pipe 1
L2, d2 = Length and diameter of the pipe 2
L3, d3 = Length and diameter of the pipe 3
Define kinetic energy correction factor. BTL1
Kinetic energy factor is defined as the ratio of kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on
13
actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on average
velocity across the same section. It is denoted by (α).
What is Hydraulic mean depth? BTL1
14 It is the ratio of cross-sectional area of the flow and wetted perimeter, where wetted perimeter is
the perimeter of the pipe or the channel which remains in contact with the flowing fluid.
What do you understand by the transmission efficiency of a pipe? BTL1
It is the ratio of the power available at the end of the pipe to power available at the entry of the
15
pipe.
μ = Power available at the end of the pipe/ Power available at the entry of the pipe
Mention the condition for maximum efficiency. BTL1
16
The condition for maximum efficiency is given by (H-(H/3))/H
What do you meant by viscous flow? BTL1
17 A flow is said to be viscous if the Reynold’s number is less than 2000 (or) the flows in layers
i.e., Re<2000.
State the Relationship between Shear stress and pressure gradient. BTL1
18 The relationship between shear stress and pressure gradient indicates that the pressure gradient in
the direction of flow is equal to the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow.
19 State the assumptions made in finding the equivalent length of a compound pipe. BTL1
A compound pipe consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and length may be replaced by
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a pipe of uniform diameter is known as equivalent pipe.

• The material of the pipe is same, and hence the co efficient is same.
• The minor losses are neglected.
Define the term Total Energy line [TEL].BTL2
20 Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head
and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.
PART * B
A fluid of viscosity 0.7 Pa.s and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a pipe diameter
120mm. the maximum shear stresss at the pipe is 205.2N/m2. Determine the pressure
gradient, reynold number and average velocity? 13M (APRIL2015) BTL2
Answer: Page 421 – R.K.Bansal
µ=0.7 Pa-s
S=1.2
D=0.12m
1 R=0.06m (1M)
τmax=200 N/m2.
τmax=(-dp/dx) R/2 (2M)
Uavg=(-dp/dx)R2/8µ
Re=ρUavg D/µ
dp/dx = -6.667 x103 N/m2/m (3M)
Uavg=4.2859 m/s (3M)
Re=881.6708(4M)
For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow conditions
show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the average velocity is
half of the maximum velocity. (13M) (APRIL2011) BTL2
Answer: Page 430 – R.K.Bansal
2 τ=(-dp/dx) r/2
τmax=(-dp/dx) R/2(4M)
u= (-dp/dx)1/4µ(R2-r2)
u max =(-dp/dx) R2/4µ
u = umax(1-r2/R2) (9M)
Three pipes of 400mm,200mm and 300mm diamters have lengths 400m, 200m and 300m
resp. they are connected in series to make a compound pipe. The ends of this compound
pipe are connected with two tanks whose difference of water levels is 16m. if the coefficient
of friction for these pipes is same and equal to 0.005. determine the discharge through the
3 compound pipe neglecting the minor losses. (13M) (NOVEMBER2016) BTL2
Answer: Page 505 – R.K.Bansal
d1=0.2m, d2=0.4m, d3=0.6m
L1=400m, L2=800m, L3=1200m
H=20m
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3

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V2 = 0.25 V1
V3 = 0.1111 V1(4M)
H=hf1+hf2+hf3
Hf=4flv2/2gD
H=51.5926 v12/2x9.81
V1=2.7578 m/s(4M)
Q=86.63 lps(5M)

The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U = 2(y/δ) – (y/δ)2, δ being the
boundary layer thickness. Calculate the following: i. Displacement thickness, ii.
Momentum thickness, iii. Energy thickness. (NOVEMBER2016) (13M) BTL2
Answer: Page 412 – R.K.Bansal
u/U = 2(y/δ) – (y/δ)2
δ - boundary layer thickness

(6M)

(7M)

Derive the expression for shear stress and velocity distribution for the flow through
circular pipe and using that derive the Hagen Poiseuille formula. (NOVEMBER2016)
Answer: Page 390 – R.K.Bansal
The derivation of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow in straight, circular pipes is
5
based on the following two assumptions.
a) The viscous property of fluid follows Newton’s law of viscosity, that is, τ=μ(du/dy).
b) There is no relative motion between fluid particles and solid boundaries, that is no slip of
fluid particles at the solid boundary. (3M)

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(3M)

p1  p 2 32uL
= hf  (7M)
g gD 2
Calculate discharge through a pipe of diameter 200 mm when the difference of pressure
head between the two ends of a pipe 500 mm apart is 4m of water. Take the value of
f=0.009. (13M) BTL1
Answer: Page 469 – R.K.Bansal
d=0.2m
L= 500m
6 f=0.009
Q = AV
A = π/4 d2 = 0.0314 m2(3M)
hf=4flv2/2gD,
V= 0.934 m/s (2M)
hf = 0.872 (4M)
Q = 0.0314x0.934= 0.0293 m3/s (4M)
PART * C
Derive an expression to find the loss of head due to friction in pipes. (15M)
(NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
Answer: Page 466 – R.K.Bansal
It is also called as Darcy’s weibach’s equation.
The Darcy–Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation, which relates the head loss, or pressure
loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an
incompressible fluid. (5M)

(4M)
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Where,
hf = head loss due to friction
f- coefficient of friction in pipe material
l- length of pipe v- velocity of liquid
g- acceleration due to gravity d-diameter of pipe.
hf=4flv2/2gd (6M)

A pipe of 0.6 m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order to augment the discharge, another line of
the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half of the length.
Neglecting minor losses. Find the increase in discharge, if friction factor hf = 0.04. The
head at inlet is 300 mm. (15M) (APRIL2012) BTL2
Answer: Page 510 – R.K.Bansal
D= 0.6m
L=1.5m
hf=0.04

(2M)
A1= 0.282 m2
V1= 1.3 m/s (2M)
V2= 2.4 m/s(2M)

Q1= 0.02 m3/s (3M)

Q2= 0.25 m3/s (3M)

Q = 0.27 m3/s (3M)

A crude oil of kinematic viscosity 0.4 stoke is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300 mm at
the rate of 300 litres per sec. Find the head lost due to friction for a length of 50 m of the
3 pipe. (15M) BTL2
Answer: Page 468 – R.K.Bansal
d=0.3m
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L= 50m
Q = 300 lit/s (2M)
Q = 0.3 m3/s
V= 4.24 m/s (5M)
hf=4flv2/2gD (1M)
hf = 3.61 m (7M)
UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Need for dimensional analysis – methods of dimensional analysis – Similitude –types of
similitude - Dimensionless parameters- application of dimensionless parameters – Model
analysis.
PART * A
Q.No. Questions
State the methods of dimensional analysis. BTL1
1. The methods of Dimensional analysis are:
1. Rayleigh’s method
2. Buckingham’s π theorem
State Buckingham’s π theorem. (NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
It states that, “If there are n variables (independent and dependent variables) in a physical
2
phenomenon and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M, L,T), then the
variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms. Each term is called π-term”.
Define the term dimensional homogeneity. BTL1
3 Dimensional homogeneity means the dimensions of each terms in an equation on both sides are
equal.
Differentiate between fundamental units and derived units. Give examples. BTL1
Fundamental units are physical quantities from which every other unit can be generated. They
are a set of seven basic units.
4
Example: Length, Mass, Time.
Derived units are obtained by combining one or more fundamental units.
Example: Speed(or) Velocity, Volume, Density, etc.
State the limitations of dimensional analysis. BTL1
1. Dimensional analysis does not give any due regarding the selection of variables.
5 2. The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis.
3. The values of coefficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by
experiments or from mathematical analysis.
Define Similitude. (NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
6
Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and prototype.
State Froude’s model law. BTL1
7 The law states ‘The Froude’s number is same for both model and prototype. Only Gravitational
force is more predominant force.

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What is meant by Model and Prototype? BTL1

8 The model is the small scale replica of the actual structure or machine. The actual structure or
machine is called Prototype.
How are hydraulic models classified? BTL1
9 The hydraulic models are classified as:
1.Undistorted models
2. Distorted models.
Define Euler’s Number. (APRIL 2016) BTL1
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the pressure
10 force.
𝑭 𝑽
Mathematically, it is expressed as: Eu = √𝑭 𝒊 =
𝑷 √𝒑/𝝆

Define Weber’s Number. BTL1

It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the surface
11 tension force.
𝑭 𝑽
`Mathematically, it is expressed as: We = √𝑭 𝒊 =
𝒔 √𝝈/𝝆𝑳

List the types of similarity. BTL1

1. Geometric Similarity
12 2. Kinematic Similarity
3. Dynamic Similarity
4. Complete Similarity
Define Geometric Similarity. BTL2
13 The model must be the same shape as the prototype. Each dimension must be scaled by the
same factor.
Define Kinematic Similarity. BTL1
14 This similarity requires that the length and time scales be similar between the model and the
prototype implying that velocities at corresponding points be similar
Define Mach’s Number. BTL1
It is the ratio of inertia force to the elastic force of flowing fluid.
15
𝑭
M = √𝑭 𝒊
𝒆

PART * B
A ship model of scale 1/50 is towed through sea water at a speed of 1 m/s. A force of 2N is
required to tow the model. Determine the speed of the ship and the propulsive force on the
1
ship, if the prototype is subjected to ware resistance only.(13M) (APRIL2015) BTL2
Answer: Page 590 – R.K.Bansal

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(6M)

(7M)
Using buckhingam’s π theorem, show that the velocity of flow through a cicrular
orifice is given by V=√2gH (D/H, µ/ρvH). (13M) (APRIL2011) BTL2
Answer: Page 569 – R.K.Bansal
V=f(H,D,µ,ρ,g)
The dimensions are
V = LT-1
H=L
D=L
µ = ML-1T-1 (1M)
2 ρ = ML-3 (1M)
g = LT-2 (1M)
Then
n=6
m=3
no.of π terms = n-m = 3
π1=Ha1.ρb1.gc1.v (2M)
π2=Ha2.ρb2.gc2.D (2M)
π3=Ha3.ρb3.gc3.µ (2M)
solving we get, V=√2gH ᴓ(D/H, µ/ρvH) (4M)
Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10kN/m2 over 10m
length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000kg/m3 and air density is 1.2kg/m3.
Viscosity of water is 0.001Ns/m2 and viscosity of air is 0.00002 Ns/m2. Estimate
3 corresponding drop in a 20m long air duct. (13M) BTL2
Answer: Page 609 – R.K.Bansal
Lp/Lm= 1/50, µp/ µm =0.001/0.0002, ρp/ρm = 1.2/1000

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(6M)

(7M)
Using buckhingam’s π theorem, derive an expression for the drag force R on a partially
submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a field; the other variables are linear
dimension L, height of surface roughness K, fluid density and acceleration due to gravity g.
(13M) BTL2
Answer: Page 568 – R.K.Bansal
R=f(µ,ρ,l, v,g)
The dimensions are
R = MLT-2 (1M)
µ = ML-1T-1 (1M)
ρ = ML-3 (1M)
l=L
4
V=LT-1
g = LT-2
Then
n=6
m=3
no.of π terms = n-m = 3
π1=la1.Vb1. ρ c1.R (2M)
π2=la2.Vb2. ρ c2. µ (2M)
π3=la3.Vb3. ρ c3. g(2M)
solving we get, R= ρl2v2 ᴓ(µ/ρVl, lg/V2) (4M)

An object of diameter 900mm is to move in air at 60m/s. Its drag is to be estimated from
5 tests on a half scale model in water. The drag on the model is 1140N. Estimate the speed of
the model and drag on the full scale object. Assume density of air as 1.2kg/m3, viscosity of
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air 1.86x10-5 Ns/m2, water as 1.01x10-3 Ns/m2, and density of water as 1000 kg /m3. (13M)
Answer: Page 602 – R.K.Bansal
Vp=60m/s, µp=µair=1.86x10-5 Ns/m2, ρp= ρair=1.2kg/m3

(6M)

(7M)

Find the discharge Q of a centrifugal pump depends upon the mass density of fluid, speed
of the pump and diameter of the impeller, manometric head and viscosity of the fluid.
(13M) BTL1
Answer: Page 568 – R.K.Bansal
Q=f(N,D,g,H,µ,ρ)
The dimensions are
D=L
N = T-1
P = ML-3
Q = L3T-1
G = L T-2
6 H=L
µ = ML-1T-1(3M)
Then
n=7
m=3
no.of π terms = n-m = 4
π1=Da1.Nb1. ρ c1.Q(2M)
π2= Da2.Nb2. ρ c2.g(2M)
π3= Da3.Nb3. ρ c3.H(2M)
π4= Da4.Nb4. ρ c4. µ(2M)
solving we get, Q= ND3 ᴓ(gH/N2D2, µ/ ρ ND2) (2M)
PART * C

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A pipe of diameter 1m is required to transport an oil specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity 3 x
10-2 poise at the rate of 3000 liters/s. Tests were conducted on a 15 cm diameter pipe using
water at 20oC. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in the model. Viscosity of water at
20oC is 0.01 poise. (15M) (APRIL2014) BTL1
Answer: Page 584 – R.K.Bansal

(5M)

(10M)
A model of submarine is scaled down to 1/20 of the prototype and is to be tested in a wind
tunnel where free stream pressure is 2 MPa and absolute temperature is 50oC. The speed
of the prototype is 7.72 m/s. Determine the free stream velocity of air and the ratio of the
drags between model and prototype. Assume kinematic viscosity of sea water as 1.4 x 10-6
m2/s and viscosity of air as 0.0184 CP. (15M) (APRIL2012) BTL2
Answer: Page 585 – R.K.Bansal
2

(3M)

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(12M)

UNIT IV PUMPS

Impact of jets - Euler’s equation - Theory of roto-dynamic machines – various efficiencies–

velocity components at entry and exit of the rotor- velocity triangles - Centrifugal pumps–
working principle - work done by the impeller - performance curves - Reciprocating pump-
working principle – Rotary pumps –classification.

PART * A
Q.No. Questions
What is the Slip in a reciprocating pump? (APRIL 2015) BTL1
1. Slip is the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge of the pump.
Slip= Qth-Qact.
What is meant by Priming? (NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
The delivery valve is closed and the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe up to
2
delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This is called as
priming.

What are the main parts of a reciprocating pump? BTL1

1. A cylinder with a piston, Piston rod, connecting rod and a crank.
3 2. Suction pipe, Delivery pipe.
3. Suction valve and
4. Delivery valve.
How will you classify the reciprocating pumps? (APRIL 2010) BTL1
The reciprocating pump may be classified as,
1. According to the water in contact with one side or both sides of the piston.
4
2. According to the number of cylinders provided.
Classification according to the contact of water is
(1) Single acting (2) Double acting.

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According to the number of cylinders provided they are classified as,

(1) Single Cylinder pump.
(2) Double cylinder pump.
(3) Triple cylinder pump.
Define Mechanical efficiency. BTL1
5 It is defined as the ratio of the power actually delivered by the impeller to the power supplied
to the shaft.
Define Overall efficiency. BTL1
6
It is the ratio of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump.
Define Speed ratio and Flow ratio. BTL1
Speed ratio:
It is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet to the theoretical velocity of jet
7 corresponding to manometric head.
Flow ratio:
It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit to the theoretical velocity of jet
corresponding to manometric head.
What are the various types of casing used in centrifugal pumps?
1. Volute casing
8
2. Vortex casing
3. Volute casing with guide blades.
Why negative slip occurs in reciprocating pump? BTL1
If the actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the slip of the pump will be
9
negative. Negative slip occurs only when delivery pipe is short, Suction pipe is long and pump
is running at high speed.
What is indicator diagram? BTL1
Indicator diagram is nothing but a graph plotted between the pressure head in the cylinder and
10
the distance traveled by the piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of the
crank.
What is meant by Cavitation? (NOVEMBER2013) BTL1
It is defined phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where
11
the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the sudden collapsing of theses
vapor bubbles in a region of high pressure.
Define rotary pumps. BTL1
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working method differs.
12
Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be obtained by using these rotary pumps; It
has the combined advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.
What is an air vessel? BTL1
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the top portion and liquid at the
13
bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an opening through which the liquid
may flow into the vessel or out of the vessel.
14 What is the purpose of an air vessel fitted in the pump? (NOVEMBER2016) BTL1
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1. To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate.

2. To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional resistance in the suction
and delivery pipes, and
3. To run the pump at a high speed without separation.
What is the work saved by fitting an air vessel in a single acting, double acting pump?
BTL1
15
Work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting pump is 84.87%, In a double acting pump the
work saved is 39.2%.
What is meant by Pump? BTL1
16 It is defined as the hydraulic machine in which converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy, which is mainly in the form of pressure energy.
Mention the main components of Centrifugal pump. BTL1
1. Casing
17 2. Impeller
3. Suction pipe, strainer & Foot valve
4. Delivery pipe & Delivery valve
PART * B
A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and
running at 1000rpm works against a head of 40m. The velocity of flow through the impeller
is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. the vanes are set back at angle of 40 at outlet. If the outer
diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is 50mm determine (i) vane angle at
the inlet, (ii) manometric efficiency, (iii) work done by impeller on water per second.
(13M) (APRIL2012) BTL2
Answer: Page: 953 – R.K.Bansal
D2= 2 D1, N=2000rpm, Hm=75m, Vf1=Vf2=3m/s, ˉᴓ =30°, D2=0.6m, B2=0.05m, D1=0.3m

πD1N
𝑈1 =
60
Vf1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1 𝑢𝑙
πD2N
𝑈2 =
60
Vf2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
(u2 − Vw2)
Q=πD2B2Vf2
ρQ
𝑊𝐷 =
(u2. Vw2)
gHm
𝐻=
(u2. Vw2)

U1= 18.8495m/s (2M)

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θ= 9.0430°
U2= 37.6991m/s (2M)
Vw2=32.5029 m/s (2M)
Discharge,Q=0.2827m3/s (2M)
Work Done =3464008 W (2M)
Efficiency η=60.06% (3M)

A single acting reciprocating pump running at 50rpm delivers 0.01 m3/s of water. The
diameter of the piston is 200mm and stroke length 400mm. determine (i) theoretical
discharge (ii) coefficient of discharge (iii) slip and percentage of the pump.
(13M) (APRIL2015) BTL2
Answer: Page 997 – R.K.Bansal
N=50rpm,
Qact=0.01m3/s,
D=0.2m,
L=0.4m
2 A=πD2/4,
𝑄𝑡ℎ = ALN/60
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑄𝑡ℎ − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 (1M)
A=0.03141m2 (2M)
Theoretical discharge, 𝑄𝑡ℎ = 0.01047m3/s (3M)
Coefficient of discharge, Cd=0.955, Slip = 4.1x10-4 (3M)
%slip = 4.489% (4M)

Explain the construction and working of Reciprocating pumps with a neat sketch.(13M)
(APRIL2015) BTL2
Answer: Page 993 – R.K.Bansal
Principle: Reciprocating pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that
executes a reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder. (2M)
Components of reciprocating pumps:-
(i) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted cylinder.
3 (ii) Crank and Connecting rod: – crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power
source. Power source gives rotary motion to crank. With the help of connecting rod we
translate reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder.
(iii)Suction pipe: – one end of suction pipe remains dip in the liquid and other end attached to
the inlet of the cylinder.
(iv) Delivery pipe: – one end of delivery pipe attached with delivery part and other end at
discharge point.
(v) Suction and Delivery value: – suction and delivery values are provided at the suction end
and delivery end respectively. These values are non-return values. (4M)

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(3M)
WORKING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
(i) Operation of reciprocating motion is done by the power source (i.e. electric motor or i.c
engine, etc).
(ii) Power source gives rotary motion to crank; with the help of connecting rod we translate
reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder (i.e. intermediate link between connecting
rod and piston).
(iii)When crank moves from inner dead centre to outer dead centre vacuum will create in the
cylinder.
When piston moves outer dead centre to inner dead centre and piston force the water at outlet or
delivery value (4M)
A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500mm diameter running at 400rpm. The discharge at
the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at inlet is 1m/s. the vanes are curved
backwards at outlet at 30 to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is 0.14m3/s.
calculate the impeller power and torque on the shaft.
(13M) (APRIL2011) BTL2
Answer: Page 955 – R.K.Bansal
D2=0.5m,
R2=0.25m,
4
N=400rpm,
α=90°,
Vf2=1m/s,
ᴓ=30°,
Q=0.14m3/s

πD2N
𝑈2 =
60

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Vf2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
(u2 − Vw2)
ρQ
𝑇=
(u2. Vw2)
2πNT
𝑃=
60
U2=10.4719 m/s (3M)
Vw2=8.7399 m/s (3M)
Torque, T=305.8965 N-m (3M)
Power, P=12.8133 kW (4M)
Explain the performance characteristics curves of centrifugal pump (NOVEMBER2015)
(13M) BTL2
Answer: Page 978 – R.K.Bansal
The curves which are plotted from the series of a number of tests on the centrifugal pump are
known as characteristics or performance curves. It refers to the graphical representation of
variation in head, power and efficiency of pump drawn to a common base line of flow rate. (5M)
The following four types are the characteristic curves used for centrifugal pumps.
(i) Main characteristic curves,

(2M)
(ii) Operating characteristic curves,

(2M)
(iii) Constant efficiency curves

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(2M)
(iv) Constant head and constant discharge curves.

(2M)

With neat sketch describe about the various components of centrifugal pump and its
working principle. (13M) (NOVEMBER 2016) BTL2
Answer: Page 945 – R.K.Bansal

Working principle of a centrifugal pump remains the same, based on the impeller and suction.
Working of the centrifugal motor is pretty simple. The rotation of the impeller creates a
very low pressure at its inlet, called the eye of the impeller. The fluid gets carried along
the impeller towards the casing. (3M)
6 Some of the most common components found in centrifugal pumps are:

(i) Pump main housing.

(ii) Impeller.
(iii) Impeller seal.
(iv) Impeller bearings.
(v) Motor.
(vi) Coupling.
(vii) Shaft-drive. (2M)

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(5M)
Vane pumps use vanes (flat blades) that slide in and out as they rotate, moving the fluid
from the inlet to the outlet and flinging it out at speed. Impeller pumps use a wheel with
curved blades called an impeller, which is a bit like a multi-bladed propeller fitted snugly
in the middle of a closed pipe. (3M)
PART * C
The internal and external diameters of the impellers of a centrifugal pump are 300mm and
600mm resp. The pump is running at 1000rpm. The vane angles of the impeller at inlet and
outlet are 20 and 30 resp. the water enters the impeller radially and velocity of flow is
constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of water.
(15M) (NOVEMBER2012) BTL2
Answer: Page 951 – R.K.Bansal
D1=0.2m,
D2=0.4m,
N=1200rpm,
1 θ=20°,
ᴓ=30°,
α=90°,
Vw1=0, Vf1=Vf2.
πD1N
𝑈1 =
60
Vf1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑢𝑙
πD2N
𝑈2 =
60

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Vf2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
(u2 − Vw2)
ρg
𝑊𝐷 = (2M)
(u2.Vw2)

U1=12.5663 m/s (2M)

U2=25.1327m/s (2M)
Vf1=4.5737m/s (2M)
Vf2=4.5737m/s (2M)
Vw2 =17.6444m/s (2M)
Work Done = 45.9839 W (3M)
Discuss the working of lobe pumps with a neat sketch. (15M) (NOVEMBER 2012) BTL2
Answer: Page 1066 – R.K.Bansal
Lobe Pump:

(i) Lobe pumps are similar to external gear pumps in operation in that fluid flows around
the interior of the casing.
(ii) As the lobes come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the
pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the lobes as they rotate.
(iii) Lobe pumps are used in a variety of industries including pulp and paper, chemical,
food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology. Rotary pumps can handle solids
(e.g., cherries and olives), slurries, pastes, and a variety of liquids. (8M)

(7M)
3 The impeller of a centrifugal pump having external and internal diameter 450mm and
225mm respectively. Width at outlet is 45mm and running at 1250rpm, works against a
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head of 50m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.8 m/s. The
vanes are set back at an angle of 40° at the outlet. Determine (i) inlet vane angle, (ii) work
done by the impeller on water per second, (iii) manometric efficiency. (15M) (NOVEMBER
2014) BTL2
Answer: Page 990 – R.K.Bansal
D1=0.45m,
D2=.225m,
N=1250rpm,
θ=40°,
Vf1= Vf2= 2.8m/s (2M)
πD1N
𝑈1 =
60
Vf1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑢𝑙
πD2N
𝑈2 =
60
ρQ
𝑊𝐷 = (2M)
(u2.Vw2)

U1= 8.5663 m/s

U2=10.7m/s (2M)
Vw2 =17.6444m/s (2M)
Work Done = 136.9839 W (3M)
Manometric efficiency = 63.7% (4M)
UNIT V TURBINES

Classification of turbines – heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. Axial, radial and mixed flow
turbines. Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines- working principles - work done by
water on the runner – draft tube. Specific speed - unit quantities – performance curves for
turbines – governing of turbines.

PART * A
Q.No. Questions
Give an example for low head, medium head and high head turbine. BTL1
1. Low head turbine – Kaplan turbine
Medium head turbine – Modern Francis turbine
High head turbine – Pelton wheel.
What is impulse turbine? Give example. BTL2
In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. From these the turbine will
2
develop high kinetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine.
Example: Pelton turbine
3 What is reaction turbine? Give example. BTL2

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In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here portion of
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the turbine.
Example: Francis and Kaplan turbine.
What is axial flow turbine? BTL2
4 The water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft is called axial flow turbine
Example: Kaplan turbine.
What is mixed flow turbine? BTL2
5 In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the turbine shaft.
Example: Modern Francis turbine.
What is the function of spear and nozzle? BTL2
The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. Thus the nozzle
6
delivers high speed jet. To regulate the water flow through the nozzle and to obtain a good jet of
water spear or nozzle is arranged.
Define gross head and net or effective head. BTL1
Gross Head:
The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the level at the
7
tailstock.
Effective Head:
The head available at the inlet of the turbine.
What is hydraulic efficiency? BTL1
8
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet.
Define mechanical efficiency. BTL1
9 It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by the
turbine runner.
What is volumetric efficiency? BTL1
10 It is defined as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the
jet.
Define overall efficiency. BTL1
11 It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power available from the
water jet.
Differentiate between Kaplan turbine and propeller turbine.BTL1
The difference between the Propeller and Kaplan turbines is that the Propeller turbine has fixed
12
runner blades while the Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner blades.
It is a pure axial flow turbine uses basic aerofoil theory.
List down the main components of pelton wheel. BTL1
13 ➢ Nozzle and flow regulating arrangements
➢ Runner and buckets

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➢ Casing, and
➢ Breaking jet.
What do you mean by Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)? (NOVEMBER2015) BTL1
NPSH can be defined as two parts:
14 NPSH Available (NPSHA): The absolute pressure at the suction port of the pump.
NPSH Require (NPSHR): The minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump to
keep the pump from cavitating.
Define negative slip in reciprocating pump. BTL1
The difference between theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called the slip of the pump.
15
Negative slip occurs when delivery pipe is short suction pipe is long and pump is running at
high speed.
PART * B
A Pelton wheel, working under a head of 500 m develops 13 MW when running at a speed
of 430 rpm. If the efficiency of the wheel is 85%, determine the rate of flow through the
turbine, the diameter of the wheel and the diameter of the nozzle. Take speed ratio as 0.46
and coefficient of velocity for the nozzle as 0.98. (13M) (APRIL2014) BTL2
Answer: Page: 870 – R.K.Bansal
H=500m,
P=13MW,
N=430rpm
η= 0.85
1 Kv=0.98
N=0.46
πDN
𝑢=
60
p
η=
ρgQH
𝑢 = 𝐾𝑣. √2gH (1M)
U = 45.56 m/s (4M)
Rate of flow =3.11m3/s (4M)
Diameter = 2.02 m (4M)

A Pelton wheel works under a gross head of 510 m. One third of gross head is lost in
friction in the penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle is 2.2 m3/sec. The angel of
2 deflection of jet is 165°. Find the (i) power given by water to the runner (ii) hydraulic
efficiency of Pelton wheel. Take CV = 1.0 and speed ratio = 0.45. (13M)(APRIL2017) BTL1
Answer: Page: 863 – R.K.Bansal
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Vw1 = 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣. √2gH

𝑢 = 𝐾𝑢. √2gH
Vr1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑢
ρQ
𝑊𝐷 =
(Vw1 + Vw2)𝑢

(Vw1+Vw2)𝑢
η= 2 (1M)
v2
Vw1= 81.67 m/s (2M)
U = 36.75 m/s (2M)
Vr1= 44.92 m/s (2M)
Work done/s = 713986.3 Nm/s (3M)
η= 97.3% (3M)

A 137 mm diameter jet of water issuing from a nozzle impinges on the buckets of a Pelton
wheel and the jet is deflected through an angle of 165 by the buckets. The head available
at the nozzle is 400m. Find: (a) Force exerted on the buckets and (b) Power developed.
Assume Cv as 0.97, speed ratio as 0.46 and reduction in velocity while passing through the
buckets as 15%. (13M)(APRIL2010) BTL1
Answer: Page: 869 – R.K.Bansal
Vw1 = 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣. √2gH
𝑢1 = 𝐾𝑢. √2gH
Vr1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑢1
3 Fx . u
𝑃 =
1000
Fx = ρav1(Vw1 − Vw2)𝑢 (1M)
Vw1= 85.93 m/s (2M)
U1 = 40.75 m/s (2M)
Vr1= 45.18 m/s (2M)
Vr2= 38.40 m/s (2M)
Fx = 104206 N (2M)
P = 4246.4 kW (2M)

A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 KW when working under a head of 300 m the
impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and an overall efficiency of 85%
calculate (i) Quantity of water required, (ii) Diameter of the wheel, (iii) No of jets, (iv) No
and size of the bucket vanes on the runner. (13M)(APRIL2011) BTL1
4
Answer: Page: 940 – R.K.Bansal

𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣. √2gH
𝑢 = 𝐾𝑢. √2gH

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πDN
𝑢=
60
Vr1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑢
𝑃
η=
ρgQH
𝐷
m= (1M)
d
V1= 75.56 m/s (2M)
U = 34.52 m/s (2M)
Diameter = 0.1318 m (2M)
Discharge=3.59 m3/s (2M)
No. of jets = 3.48 (2M)
No. of bucket = 15+0.5 m = 20
Width = 0.659 mm
Depth = 0.158 mm (2M)
A pelton wheel turbine develops 3000kW power under a head of 300m. The overall
efficiency of the turbine is 83%. If the speed ratio = 0.46, Cv = 0.98 and specific speed is
16.5, then find diameter of the turbine and diameter of the jet. (13M)(APRIL2016) BTL1
Answer: Page: 924 – R.K.Bansal

𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣. √2gH
𝑢 = 𝐾𝑢. √2gH
πDN
𝑢=
60
5 𝑃
Po =
ρgQH
1000
𝑁
Ns = 2
𝐻4
V1= 75.12 m/s (2M)
U = 34.95 m/s (2M)
Diameter = 0.142 m (2M)
Discharge=1.23 m3/s (3M)
N = 375 rpm (4M)
PART * C
A hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a head of 12m, is 0.35 times the
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100rpm. If the vane angle of the runner
at outlet is 15deg. And flow ratio 0.6, find (i) diameter of the runner, (ii) diameter of the
1
boss, and (iii) Discharge through the runner. Take the velocity of whirl at outlet as zero.
(15M)(APRIL2012) BTL1
Answer: Page: 909 – R.K.Bansal
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H =12 m

N = 100 rpm

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑉𝑓1/√2gH = 0.6

𝑉𝑓1
tan 𝜙 =
𝑢2
U2 = 34.33 m/s (3M)
Diameter, Db = 2.3 m (4M)
Flow velocity,Vf1= 9.2 m/s (4M)
Discharge Q = 271.7 m3/s (4M)
A reaction turbine works at 450 r.p.m. under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet is 1.2 m
and the flow area is 0.4 m2. The angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet are
20° and 60° respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine: (i)the volume rate of flow,
(ii) the power developed, and (iii) the hydraulic efficiency. (15M)(APRIL2016) BTL2
Answer: Page: 523 – R.K.Bansal

𝑉𝑓1
tan 𝜃 =
𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1
𝑉𝑓1
tan 𝜃 = 𝑉𝑤1

πDN
𝑢1 = 60

2 𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷𝐵. 𝑉𝑓1

W = ρQ(Vw1. u1)
Vw1.u1
ηH = (1M)
gH

u1 = = 28.27 m/s (2M)

Vf1 = 0.364 Vw1 (3M)

Vw1 = 35.79 m/s (3M)

Discharge = 5.211 m3/s (3M)

Hydraulic efficiency ,ɳ = 85.95% (3M)

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