CRIM111  Economic Approach – financial security

Approaches in Crime Causation of inadequacy and necessities supporting

Subjective Approaches life as factors to criminality (Merton)
– biological explanation of crimes  Socio-Cultural Approach – institutions,
– forms of abnormalities existing in criminal economic, financial, educations, etc.
before, during, after commission of crime (Tradio, influence to crime (Cohen)
1999)
 Anthropological Approach – physical Contemporary Approaches
characteristics of offender (Hooton) – scientific modes of explaining crime and
 Medical Approach – medical criminal behavior
examinations on criminal explaining – psychoanalytical, psychiatrist, and sociological
mental and physical condition of individual explanations of crime: concepts merged from
prior and after commission of crime different sources (Schmalleger, 1997)
(Positivist)
 Biological Approach – genetic influences Schools of Thought
to criminal behavior, heredity Classical School of Criminology
 Physiological Approach – nature of – group of thinkers of crime and punishment in
human being, physical needs to satisfy 18th and early 19th centuries
oneself (Maslow) – Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham:
 Psychological Approach – deprivation of criminal behavior is an outcome of “human
psychological needs of man (Freud, nature”; hedonistic > own self-interest; rational >
Maslow) which course of action is really self-interest –
 Psychiatric Approach – diagnosis of deterrence: fear of punishment

mental diseases as cause of criminal – Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesara Marchese

behavior (Positivist) de Beccaria) with Jeremy Bentham (1823):

 Psychoanalytical Approach – based on proposed “Utilitarian Hedonism” > seek pleasure,

Freudian Theory, traces behavior as avoid pain

repression of basic drives (Freud) – Cesare Beccaria: “Essay on Crimes and

Punishment” > abolition of torture; absolute free

Objective Approaches will > every man is responsible for his act

– study of groups, social processes and  Freewill (Beccaria) – advocating severe

institutions influencing behavior, from social punishment for people to avoid criminal
sciences (Tradio, 1999) acts; certain punishment for certain crime

 Geographic Approach – topography,  Hedonism (Bentham) – choose pleasure,

natural resources, geographical, and avoid pain

location (Quetelet)
 Ecological Approach – biotic grouping of Neo-Classical School of Criminology – doesn’t

men: migration, competition, social disagree with Classical School but exempts

discrimination, etc. as factors of crime lunatics and children from absolute free will –

(Park)
argues that free will can be mitigated by stigmata (man’s inferior/animalistic behavior);
pathology, incompetence, and mental disorder criminal behavior to their psychological
equivalents > moral anomalies
Positivist / Italian School of Criminology –
composed of Italians agreeing that study of crime Types of Criminals by Garofalo
should emphasize on scientific treatment of 1. Murderers – satisfied from
criminals – rejected Classical School’s idea and vengeance/revenge
argued that most serious crimes were committed 2. Violent Criminals – commit very serious
by “primitive or atavistic (failed to evolve to crimes
human civilized state)” individuals 3. Deficient Criminals – commit crime
– scientifically isolating and identifying against property
determining causes of criminal behavior in 4. Lascivious Criminals – commit crime
offenders against chastity
– Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909): Italian leader,
“Father of Modern Criminology”, development of Other advocates of Positivist Criminology
scientific approach to study criminal behavior  Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) – earliest
reforming criminal law, “Crime: Its Causes and sociological theories of criminal behavior;
Remedies” > classifications of criminals rejected Lombrosian Theory, argued that
crime is learned just as others learned
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso legitimate trades; laws of imitation >
1. Born Criminals – inherited principles governing process by people
2. Criminal by Passion – influenced by became criminals
great emotions (anger)  Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) – “Anomie
3. Insane Criminals – abnormalities or Theory” > sociological point of positivist
psychological disorders, exempted from school, explaining absence of norms in
criminal liability society provides setting for crime and anti-
4. Criminoloid – less physical stamina / self- social acts
control
5. Occasional Criminal – insignificant Chicago School of Criminology
reasons pushing them at given occasion – early 20th century thru Robert Ezra Park, Erness
6. Pseudo-criminals – kills in self-defense Burgess, and urban sociologist at University of
Chicago
– Enrico Ferri (1856-1929): best-known – 1920’s, they identified five concentric zones,
Lombroso’s associate, parliamentarian, lecturer, including “zone in transition” > most volatile and
etc.; importance of social, economic and political subject to disorder
determinants; criminals were driven to commit – 1940’s, Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw
crimes by conditions in their lives focused on Juvenile Delinquents, they were
concentrated in zone of transition
– Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934): Italian
nobleman, magistrate, senator, etc.; atavistic The Crime Theories
Theory – Greek word, prefix a- “without” and
– like a jigsaw puzzle > solve it nomos “law” > without law
– any system of ideas arranged in rational order – advocated by David Emile Durkheim
– general principles derived from particular facts – absence of norms in society provides
but not dependent on particular thing to be setting to crime and anti-social acts
explained (Kaplan, 1964) 3. The Psychoanalytical Theory
– function: provide puzzles for research (Lewis – defective conscience, emotional
Coser) immaturity, inadequate childhood
– explanation of something socialization, maternal deprivation, and
poor moral development
Crime Theories – Freudian view on criminal behavior
– to understand crime – Sigmund Freud (1835-1918):
– where criminal justice is based from  Criminal behavior is a form
– failed policies: misinterpretation, partial neurosis, that criminality may
implementation, ignorance of criminological result from an over active
theory conscience.
– crime is crime because of law  Crime is the result of the
– criminalization (too many laws) and under compulsive need for punishment
criminalization (not enough laws): legalistic to alleviate guilt and anxiety
approach seems practical  Criminal behavior is a means of
– concerned with etiology (causes or reasons of obtaining gratification of need
crime) but also with law enforcement officers and  Criminal conducts represent a
the victims displaced hostility. Criminality is
– contains assumptions, description of a essentially a representation of
phenomena, explanation of phenomenon psychological conflict.
– keep in mind: accuracy, scope, simplicity, 4. The Human Ecology Theory
falsifiability – Robert Ezra Park (1864-1944)
– scientific method of explaining
1. Demonological Theory criminality
– possessed by good/evil spirits causing – interrelationship of people and
good/bad behavior environment
– criminal behavior caused by evil spirits – crime is a function of social change
and demons occurring along environmental change
– harsh punishments were given – isolation, segregation, competition,
2. The Anomie Theory conflict, social contract, etc., are major
– anomie: condition or malaise in influences of criminal behavior and crimes
individuals > absence or diminution of 5. The Somatotyping Theory
standards or values – William H. Sheldon (1898-1977)
– social unrest > anarchy – relation of body built to behavior
– Survival of the Fittest
 – belief of inheritance as primary – form of control, series of both internal
determinants of behavior and physique is and external factors contributes to criminal
reliable indicator of personality behavior
– originated from Ernest Kretschmer – containing external structure and
(1888-1964), German psychiatrist: protective internal structure: defense,
 Asthenic – lean, slightly built, protection, insulation against
narrow shoulders crime/delinquency
 Athletic – medium to tall, strong, 8. Social Class Conflict and Capitalism
muscular, course bones Theory
 Pyknic – medium height, rounded – Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem
figure, massive neck, broad face Bonger (1818-1940)
– Classification of Body Physique by – Marx and Engel say ruling class:
Sheldon: responsible for criminal law and
 Endomorphy – soft, roundness ideological bases in interpretation and
throughout regions of body; with enforcement of laws > crime:
relaxed and comfortable underprivileged, unemployed and
disposition underemployed

 Mesomorphy – athletic type, – Willem Bonger: working about crimes of

normally heavy, hard and firm, economic gain, profit-motive capitalism

sting and tough; routinely active generates egoistic personality > crime as

and aggressive; most likely to inevitable outcome

commit crime 9. The Strain Theory

 Ectomorphy – thin physique, flat – Robert King Merton (1910)

chest, slender, poorly muscled; – failure of man to achieve higher status of

look more fatigue and withdrawn like caused them to commit crimes to

6. The Differential Association Theory attain their goals

– Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950): most – crime is a means to achieve goals and

Important Criminologist of the Twentieth social structure is root of crime problem –

Century; Dean of Modern Criminology people law-abiding but pressure results to

– society composed of group organization crime

having criminalistics and anti-criminalistics 10. Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency

tradition – Albert Cohen (1918)

– learned through process of – lower class gathered sharing common

communication: learned behavior via problems and forms subculture rejecting

social interaction with others middle class values > reaction formation

7. The Containment Theory – subculture: gang; kids: delinquents

– Walter Reckless (1899-1988) 11. The Neutralization Theory

Containment Theory: relationship between – Gresham Sykes (1922)

personal and social controls – individual will obey or disobey societal

rules by his/her ability to rationalize
 whether he is protected from hurt or  Direct: punishment for wrongful
destruction behavior, compliance rewarded by
– people law-abiding when feeling safe parents, family, authority figures
and violate laws when law isn’t favorable  Indirect: youth refrains from
to them delinquency thru superego or
12. Differential Opportunity Theory conscience
– Lloyd Ohlin (1928)  Internal: identification with who
– society leads lower class to want thing influence behavior
and society does things to people  Control through needs
13. Labeling Theory satisfaction: all needs are met, no
– Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, need for criminal activity
Howard Becker (1822-1982) 17. Social Disorganization Theory
– or Social Reaction Theory – Chicago School, related to ecological
– social reaction to behavior theories
14. The Rational Choice Theory – crime occurs when mechanisms of
– Utilitarian belief, man is reasoning actor, social control are weakened
weighs means and ends, costs and – social institutions are not able to direct
benefits, and makes rational choice or control groups
– maximize gain, minimize pain – Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay:
15. The Instrumentalist Theory poverty, population heterogeneity
– Earl Richard Quinney (1934) weakens effectiveness of social control
– state exists as device for controlling 18. The Social Learning Theory
exploited class (laboring class for the – Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess
benefit of ruling class) (1966)
– upper class creates laws to protect their – deviancy by variables encouraging
interests and the unwanted behavior of delinquency
other members of society – learn new behavior thru reinforcement or
– focus on examination of Criminal Justice punishment, or observational learning of
System for clues social actors in environment
16. The Social Control Theory 19. Theory of Evolution
– or Social Bonding Theory – Charles Darwin’s Theory (1809-1882)
– Travis Hirschi: Positivist > Neo-Classical – humans are parasite
> Right Realism – man has animalistic behavior being
– exploiting process of socialization and dependent on others for survival
social learning builds self-control and 20. Charles Goring’s Theory (1870-1919)
reduces anti-social behavior – criminals are physically inferior to
– derived from Functionalist theory normal individuals (shorter and weightless
proposing 4 types of control: than non-criminals)
21. Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887-1954)
 – tall thin men: forgery and fraud; narcotics distribution, prostitution,
undersized men: thieves and burglars; extortion, etc.
short heavy person: assault, rape, sex  Syndicate Crime – organization
crimes; mediocre (average) physique: participating in illicit activity by use of
flounder around other crimes force, intimidation or threats; providing
22. Cartography – Adolphe Quetelet (1796- illicit services which has strong public
1874) demand thru use of secrecy on part of
– social statistics associates; assurance of protection and
– crimes against person: increases at immunity necessary thru political
summer; crimes against property: corruption
increases at winter
2. White-Collar Crimes
Crime Topologies – a.k.a. crime in suits
Crimes in the Modern World – business/economic and political crime
– latest and most dangerous manifestations of – crimes by people of high social position in the
something-for-nothing-complex problems of course of their occupation (Edwin Sutherland)
society – involve significant public harm, victimizes
everyone and no one
1. Organized Crimes – Types of White-Collar Crimes:
– unlawful activities of members of highly  Workplace crime: by employees for
organized, disciplined organization individual pain; occupational crime:
– illegal goods and services (gambling, individual or group’s illegal use of
prostitution, loan sharking) professional position to secure something
– pursue crime as livelihood of value
– lower echelons: criminals, top individuals:  Organizational crime: decision-makers of
legitimate society corporation engage in illegal activity for
– Types of Organized Crimes: organizational advantage
 Political-Social Organized Crime –  Strategic bankruptcy: declares
political criminal activity, guerilla and bankruptcy to avoid paying tax, changes
terrorist groups, militant social movements name like a new organization
using violence (ex. Ku Klux Klan, Molly  Patriotic crime: to achieve important
Maguires, Palestinian Liberation national goals
Organization)
 Mercenary (Predatory) Organized 3. Conventional Crimes – a.k.a. street crimes –
Crime – direct personal profit preying categorized as:
unwilling victim, extortionist gangs (mafia)  Violent Crimes (Index crimes): actual
 In-Group Oriented Organized Crime – physical harm to victim that everyone
psychological gratification (kicks, rep, recognizes as violent (murder, rape,
highs, bopping, trashing), ex. Motorcycle robbery) involving force and intimidation;
gangs and such groups are involved in Forms of Violent Crimes:
 1. Interpersonal Violence (forcible  Wire transfer of funds from a fraudulently
rape, murder, serious assault, acquired credit card
family violence, robbery)  On-line auction fraud
2. Political Violence (terrorism)
Cyber Crimes in the Philippines
3. Collective Violence (Riots, mobs,
– Cyber Crime Law of 2013 (RA 10175)
crowds, urban violence)
– unfortunately, it was suspended due to
 Property Crimes (Non-Index Crimes):
individuals and groups filing a TRO with Supreme
economic interest; theft, shoplifting,
Court
vandalism, arson; Forms of Property
Crimes:
5. Victimless Crimes or Public Order Crimes
1. Occasional Property Crimes
– act implies there is perpetrator and victim of
(shoplifting, vandalism, motor
wrongful behavior with EXEMPTION with
vehicle theft, check forgery)
victimless crimes
2. Conventional Property Crimes
– no clear victim is identifiable
(burglary/unlawful entry to commit
– offender: self-destructive behavior
theft, fencing, larceny/theft)
– a.k.a. moral offenses or vice
3. Destructive Property Crimes
– Public Order Crimes: consensual and lacks
(arson, malicious mischief)
complaining participant

4. Cyber Crimes
Common Forms of Victimless Crimes or
– criminal intent in cyberspace
Public Order Crimes
– ILOVEYOU Virus or LOVE BUG by 23-y/o
 Prostitution
student of popular computer university which
 Pornography
steals password in computers having access to
 Drug Abuse/Using
the internet
 Alcoholism
– Common Types of Cyber Crimes already
 Gambling
handled by the Law Enforcement Agencies of
the Country such as the PNP and NBI
 Hacking/Cracking
 Malicious email sending
 Internet Pornography
 Launching of harmful Computer Viruses
 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
(DDOS)
 Website defacement
 Acquiring credit card information from an
e-commerce website
 Internet shopping using fraudulently
acquired credit cards