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Gain Measurement Notes

The direct comparison method measures antenna gain by comparing signal strengths transmitted or received by the test antenna and a standard gain antenna (SGA) of known gain. The procedure involves recording signal levels with the SGA connected, then connecting the test antenna and adjusting the attenuator until the same signal level is reached. The gain of the test antenna is then calculated based on the attenuator settings. Absolute gain methods calibrate the SGA by either using two identical antennas or measuring gains between three arbitrary antennas. Antenna efficiency is measured as the ratio of radiated power to input power, while directivity is defined based on radiation intensity patterns.

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1K views4 pages

Gain Measurement Notes

The direct comparison method measures antenna gain by comparing signal strengths transmitted or received by the test antenna and a standard gain antenna (SGA) of known gain. The procedure involves recording signal levels with the SGA connected, then connecting the test antenna and adjusting the attenuator until the same signal level is reached. The gain of the test antenna is then calculated based on the attenuator settings. Absolute gain methods calibrate the SGA by either using two identical antennas or measuring gains between three arbitrary antennas. Antenna efficiency is measured as the ratio of radiated power to input power, while directivity is defined based on radiation intensity patterns.

Uploaded by

govindarajulu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Measurement of gain by Direct Comparison Method:


 This method is commonly used at HF.

 The measurement of gain is carried out by comparing the signal strengths


transmitted or received with the test antenna and a Standard Gain Antenna (SGA).

• A standard gain antenna is that antenna whose gain is accurately known so that it
can be used in measurement of other antenna.

• HORN antenna at microwave frequencies (300MHz and 300GHz) is mostly used as


SGA.

• The secondary antenna may be an arbitrary transmitting antenna and it is not


necessary to know its gain.

• In place of primary antenna, there will be two antennas, one is test antenna and
another one is standard antenna at a considerable distance.

• The distance between primary and secondary antennas must satisfy the condition

r >=2d2\λ and reflections between them should be minimized.

• The attenuator pad is inserted to the input of receiver, in order that AUT & SGA
work into a matched load.

1
Procedure:

 At first, standard antenna is connected to the receiver with the help of switch “ S ”.

 The input to the transmitting antenna (secondary antenna) is adjusted to a


convenient level and corresponding reading at the receiver (primary antenna circuit)
is recorded.

 The attenuator dial setting and the power bridge reading are also recorded. Say it is
W1 and P1 respectively.

 Now connect the test antenna whose gain is to be measured in place of standard
gain antenna.

 The attenuator dial is adjusted such that receiver indicates the same previous
reading as was with SGA.

 Let the attenuator dial setting reading W2 and power bridge reading P2.

Case I. When P1 = P2

 If P1 = P2, then no correction need to be applied and the gain of the test antenna
measurement with respect to standard gain antenna is given by

Power gain (GP) = W2 / W1

Case II. When P1 ‡ P2

 The power level is changed during the measurements and P1 ‡ P2, then actual
power gain of test antenna can be obtained by multiplying Gp with ratio (P1 / P2) =
P.

Power gain (G) = GP * (P1 / P2)

2. Absolute gain Method:


 There are two methods with which the calibration of standard gain antenna can be
done.

i. Two Identical Antennas

ii. Three Arbitrary Antennas

i). Two Identical Antennas

 The input to the transmitting antenna is adjusted to an appropriate level and


corresponding receiver reading level is recorded.

2
 The attenuator dial setting and the power bridge reading are recorded. Say it is Wt
and Pt1 respectively.

Absolute gain of Identical Antenna Measuring setup

r
Receiving Antenna Transmitting Antenna
(AUT)
Precision Calibrated
Variable Attenuator

Signal
Source
Attenuator
Padd.

Detector Modulator
Receiver Detector

Power Bridge
Indicator

 Now the transmitter is disconnected from the antenna and is connected to the
receiver through pads.
 The attenuation dial is adjusted until the receiver reads the same previous levels.
 The attenuator dial setting and power bridge reading are noted, say Wr and Pt2.
If Pt1 = Pt2
 Then no correction would be needed.
 If drifting of power is involved, then correction would be needed. The second
method is needed only when two identical antennas are not available.

ii). Gain Measurement by 3 Antenna Method

This method consists of


 Three unknown antennas.
 Using antenna 1 as transmitter and antenna 2 as
receiver, the received power W1 is measured. Let
the transmitter power be P1.

3
Gain Measurement by 3 Antenna Method
 Replacing antenna 2 by antenna 3, the received
power W2 is measured for the same transmitted
power (P2 = P1).

 When antenna 2 is used as transmitter and


antenna 3 is used as receiver, receiver power W3 is
measured. Let the transmitter power be P3.

Measurement of Antenna Efficiency


 Antenna radiation efficiency is the ratio of power
radiated to the power supplied to the antenna.

Measurement of Directivity
 Directivity is defined in terms of radiation intensity.

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