VANOS

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION

ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
VOL. 4, NO. 1, JULY 2019

EDITORIAL BOARD

Person in charge:
Dr. H. Aceng Hasani, M.Pd.

Chief Editor:
Atep Iman, M.Pd.

Editors:
Moh Fawaid, S.Pd.T., MT.
Muhammad Nurtanto, M.Pd.
Sulaeman Deni Ramdani, M.Pd.
Azas Ramang Pambudi, M.Pd.
Soffan Nurhaji, M.Pd.
Iwan Ridwan, M.Pd.I.
Haris Abizar, M.Pd.
Setuju, M.Pd.

Layouting:
Wahyu Purnami, SE.

Secretariats:
Ande Ma’sum, SE.

Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akhyar, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Badrun Kartowagiran, M.Pd.
Dr. Muhammad Khumaedi, M.Pd.
Dr. M. Burhan Rubai W, M.Pd.
Bayu Rahmat Setiadi, M.Pd.
Agus Pramono, Ph.D. Tech.
Ahmad Ali Alhamidi, Ph.D.
Dr. Burhan, R. W., M.Pd.
Dr. Zaenal Arifin, MT.
Rabiman, S.Pd., M.Pd.

Address of the publisher:

Mechanical Engineering Education
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
Campus II: St. Ciwaru Raya No. 15 Cipocok Jaya St., Serang, Banten 42117
Website: http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
Email: vanos@untirta.ac.id
i
 INTRODUCTION
Bismillahirahmanirahim
Praise and Gratitude, we pray to the presence of God Almighty because of the
blessing of His grace and mercy, so that we can arrange VANOS Journal of Mechanical
Engineering Education Volume 4 Number 1 published in July 2019. VANOS Journal of
Mechanical Engineering Education is a periodical scientific journal which publish the
results of research in the field of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Education
published 2 times a year.
Articles in VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education came from
lecturers, researchers, teachers, students, practitioners and other relevant stakeholders.
Volume 3 Number 1 consists of 9 articles that have passed the review stage by the
reviewer team. Article published namely, (1) Design of Voice Control System an Android
And Arduino-Assisted as a Component Activation on Vehicles, (2) Increasing Activities
And Results Of Student Learning Chassis Lesson Through PBL ( Problem Based
Learning) Learning Model In Vocational School, (3) Identification Of Induced Draft Fan
(IDF) Damage In Boiler Waste Gas System, (4) Characteristics Of Effective Vocational
Education In The Industrial Revolution 4.0., (5) Analysis Of Energy Efficiency Ratio
(EER) In Air Conditioner (AC) Type Split, (6) Analysis Of Flat Plate Collector Efficiency In
Solar Water Heater, (7) Making The Rotary Table Lock Of Schaublin 13 Milling Machine,
(8) Testing Of The Solar Thermal Cooking Performa Of The Energy Conversion
Technology Center Agency Of Technology Assessment And Application, (9) Comparison
Of Hint Wind Tines Of Airfoil Type Naca 4412, Naca 23012, And Naca 16-212 Using
Qblade Software.
In the publication of this journal, we have many challenges and obstacles, but
with help of various parties, the problem can be solved. By that, we would like to express
our gratitude to all those who have assisted in publishing this journal. May receive a
worthy reply from God Almighty.

Editorial Board

ii
iii
VANOS, VOL,4, NO.1, JULY 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………. i
INTRODUCTION …....………………………………………………………..………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …..…………………………………………………………………………………… v
1. Design of Voice Control System an Android And Arduino-Assisted as a
Component Activation on Vehicles
Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas……..……………..………………………...... 1 – 10

2. Increasing Activities And Results Of Student Learning Chassis Lesson Through

PBL (Problem Based Learning) Learning Model In Vocational School
Suyitno………………………............................................................................................................... 11 – 18

3. Identification Of Induced Draft Fan (IDF) Damage In Boiler Waste Gas System
Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih......…...…………………..……….…………………..…………… 19 – 28

4. Characteristics Of Effective Vocational Education In The Industrial Revolution

4.0.
Irwanto.…………………………………………………………………………….………….…............... 29 – 44

5. Analysis Of Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) In Air Conditioner (AC) Type Split
Yolanita Fani.…………………………………..………………………………………………..……….. 45 – 50

6. Analysis Of Flat Plate Collector Efficiency In Solar Water Heater

Galan Raditya Saputra…………………………………………...………………….………...…….. 51 – 64

7. Making The Rotary Table Lock Of Schaublin 13 Milling Machine

Adhan Efendi.……..…….……………………………………………………………………….……….. 65 – 74

8. Testing Of The Solar Thermal Cooking Performa Of The Energy Conversion

Technology Center Agency Of Technology Assessment And Application
Adam Prasetyo Nugroho.…………………….……..……………………………..…..……….. 75 – 84

9. Comparison Of Hint Wind Tines Of Airfoil Type Naca 4412, Naca 23012, And
Naca 16-212 Using Qblade Software
Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana…………………………….………………………… 85 – 93

iv
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.1-10.

DESIGN OF VOICE CONTROL SYSTEM AN ANDROID AND ARDUINO-ASSISTED

AS A COMPONENT ACTIVATION ON VEHICLES

Wachid Yahya1, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas2

1Automotive Engineering, Polytechnic Indonusa Surakarta, Jl. KH. Samanhudi No.31, Surakarta
2Informatics Management, Polytechnic Indonusa Surakarta, Jl. KH. Samanhudi No.31, Surakarta

Corresponding author: wachidyahya@poltekindonusa.ac.id

Accepted: 1 July 2019. Approved: 23 july 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to design an Android and Arduino-assisted voice control
system as a component activation on vehicles. The method in this study are; making initial
design concepts, procuring tools and materials, manufacturing products, testing products, and
analyzing product performance. The conclusion of this research is that this system has gone
through the application design stage on android using MIT App Inventor 2 and making the
program using Arduino IDE, and the last stage is product testing. The test results show that the
application installed on an android smartphone is able to work properly. The design of the
program on a microcontroller using Arduino was also successfully compiled. This voice control
vehicle module achieves connectivity capability with Bluetooth as far as 14 meters. Accuracy of
voice commands in the range of 73-95%, this result was obtained using clear voice articulation
according to acceptance in google speech and using good internet network connectivity. Able to
activate and turn off vehicle door locks, hazard, alarm, and engine.

Keywords: voice control, android, arduino, vehicle

1 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

INTRODUCTION wireless. The use of Android technology on

The world's automotive technology is smartphones can provide alternative
developing very rapidly, ranging from solutions in modifying existing features on
interior-exterior design, electrical systems, the vehicle, so that the control of activation
ignition systems, engine construction and so of components on the vehicle can be done via
on have experienced significant a smartphone remotely.
developments and changes from year to From the background above, there are
year. In the ignition system, the use of some interesting things to be examined
breaker point, CDI, and now the ECU are including designing an Android and Arduino
smarter to detect the character of the user voice control system to activate the
and adjust any settings needed on the vehicle components on the vehicle, so that it can
according to the user's character so that simplify the operation.
maximum performance is obtained. With the Voice sensor
rapid development of the world automotive, A voice sensor is a device that can
innovations have begun on features that are convert sinusioda voice waves into sine
based on electrical, including the voice waves of electrical energy (Alternating
control system that is currently being Sinusioda Electric Current). The voice sensor
developed. Additional features such as voice works based on the size of the sound wave
commands began to be applied to vehicle strength on the sensor membrane that
infotainment systems. Thus, all the causes the sensor membrane to move, which
commands can be done without the need to also has a small coil behind the membrane
press the button, just simply by saying it. going up and down. The voice sensor works
According to Kevin (2015) voice by changing the amount of sound into an
control technology on smartphones enables electric quantity. The incoming signal will be
mobile device users to gain freedom to move processed so that it will produce a condition
and reduce the need to constantly glance at that is condition 1 or 0, where the signal is
their screens. This is achieved by allowing read by the microcontroller (Afi, 2015).
users to verbally instruct their devices to Voice control can use the Android
perform ordinary tasks such as setting Arduino application as a voice sensor
alarms, making calls, or even starting any replacement channel.
application. Voice control technology can be
combined with Android on a smartphone,
that is by making a command program using
Arduino which is implanted by wireless
devices such as bluetooth, infrared and

2 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

Arduino UNO contains a

microprocessor in the form of Atmel AVR
and is equipped with a 16MHz oscillator that
allows time-based operations to be carried
out properly, and a regulator (voltage
generator) 5 volts. Arduino has Pin 0 to Pin
Figure 1. Voice control application on 13 which are used as digital cues. Next Pin
Android
A0 to A5 is used for analog signals. Equipped

According to Prerana (2015) voice with 2KB of Static Random-Acess Memory

control is a software that allows users to (SRAM) for holding data, 32KB of flash

control computer functions and determine memory, and Erasable Programable Read-

text with sound. This system consists of two Only Memory (EEPROM) for storing

components, the first component to process programs.

the acoustic signal captured by the

microphone and the second component is to
interpret the signal being processed, then
map the signal to words.
Arduino UNO
Yahya (2017) explains that Arduino is
an open source single board micro
Figure 2. Arduino UNO
controller, derived from a wiring platform,
designed to facilitate the use of electronics in
Activation of components in vehicles
various fields. According to Kadir (2013)
The components of the vehicle that can
Arduino is one of the products labeled as
be activated using a voice control system
Arduino which is actually an electronic board
namely; starter motor, car door, hazzard
containing an Atmega328 microcontroller (a
lights and horn.
chip that functionally acts like a computer).
Central door lock vehicle
This device can be used to realize electronic
Central door lock security system has
circuits from simple to complex. LED control
the main function to lock all car doors
to robot control can be implemented using
simultaneously which can be controlled by
small boards. Even with the addition of
locking on the driver's side door. If knopa or
certain components, this device can be used
the lever on the driver's side is pulled or
for remote monitoring via the internet.
pressed, the door with this system will either
lock or open simultaneously. Besides being
able to be operated manually, this system

3 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

can also be operated using Remote Control passed to the heating coil, the electric
for lock and unlock positions. This system current will be transmitted to the contact
has several main components, namely point and the light then to the mass, when
actuator (motor), main board module, siren, the light is on. Some time the coil will heat up
LED, and remote control (Suratman, 2009). the bimetal so that it expands and will break
The working concept of the central the contact point, as a result the current is
door lock circuit is centered on the main cut off and the lights will turn off. When the
board part as a signal regulator component heating coil is not electrified again, the
to each of the other components. If in a car temperature will go down and the bimetal
engine with an EFI system, the main board will shrink back so that the contact points
on this unit works the same as the ECU on return to normal contact. and so on until the
the engine, which functions to receive the battery current is disconnected.
input signal from each sensor in the circuit
and then forward the signal to the other
components as Output.

Figure 4. Hazard sequence

Horn
Figure 3. Central door lock system circuit Horn or signal horn or also called flute
works based on electromagnetism, an iron
Hazard Lamp
core is equipped with a coil connected in
Hazard lights or commonly referred to
series to the contact breaker, in the non-
as emergency warning lights are the function
working position. The contact is closed, the
mode of external lights on the majority of
iron core becomes a magnet when the
motorized vehicles that can be activated to
current is flowed into the horn.
make the left and right turn signal blinking
The iron core pulls the armature which
simultaneously indicating that there is an
is connected to the elastic diaphragm, when
emergency or notice to be careful of other
pulled, the contact breaker is moved by the
drivers on the road.
armature and the contact is cut off, the
Electronic flasher works by utilizing
current stops to the coil, the armature
metal expansion and shrinkage to make
returns because the diaphragm spring power
contacts work on-off. When a current is

4 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

and tone disc produce sound (Daryanto, RESEARCH METHODS

2008). This research was conducted at the
Polytechnic Indonusa Surakarta Automotive
Workshop. The following will explain the
research flow in the design of Android and
Arduino-assisted voice control systems to
activate components in the vehicle.

Figure 5. A series of horn systems

Starter Motor System

The starter system is part of the
system in the vehicle to provide the engine
with an initial rotation so that it can run its
working cycle. By turning the fly wheel, the
engine gets an initial spin and then it can
work giving its own rotation through the
combustion cycle in the combustion chamber
(Kuswana, 2014)
Of the various types of starter systems
Figure 7. The flow of research
in cars that are most often used, namely
electrical starters.
Design
In the process of designing this tool the
first thing to do is to draw a prototype design
first in order to obtain a more mature
prototype planning. The design uses the help
of proteus software version 7.7 SP2 Pro.
Initial design concept
All existing thoughts and ideas are
expressed in an initial design or drawing
sketch.
Figure 6. Starter system circuit

5 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

Procurement of tools and materials

Equipment needs to be provided in
advance to support the work. Materials or
components to be used are inventoried first,
then grouped into electronic and mechanical
components.
Product manufacture
After all the equipment and materials
are available, the next step is making the Figure 8. The home page of MIT App
product. Based on the finished design, the Inventor 2
system began to work by programming the How to use MIT App Inventor 2,
Arduino and Android microcontrollers. namely by logging in using an email account.
Product testing Click on "creat apps" and the MIT App
This step is done to determine the Inventor 2 work sheet will appear. On that
ability of the product performance that has work sheet, the place to create the
been made. Trials are carried out several application will appear.
times to get results according to the plan.
Product performance analysis
In retrieving data we can find out
whether the product can function properly
through the data taken. The last stage is to
draw conclusions from the results of testing
and analysis based on data that has been
collected. Figure 9. Worksheet MIT App Inventor 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Software design in Arduino IDE is done

The design of voice control by testing serial instructions for matching
applications on android is made using MIT data with the control to be designed. The
App Inventor 2 which is done online on the control is in the form of an order to turn
website http://appinventor.mit. edu. objects on and off. If active it will be given
the command "HIGH" and if turned off it will
be given the command "LOW". Following is
the coding made on the Arduino IDE:

6 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

Declaring output
The output declaration is used to call
the output pin on Arduino, so it will
automatically activate the pin.

Calling Bluetooth serial

Connectivity used is via Bluetooth. The
pins used are PIN 10 and 11.

Figure 10. Voice control program

After the design is finished, the next

Program commands
step is to arrange and try to get the
The command program used is to turn
results that are in accordance with the
on and turn off the door lock (padlock),
plan. The results of the design of
hazard lights, alarms, and engine.
applications on android are then
converted into a form of application files
that can be installed on an android
smartphone. Furthermore, the coding
program from Arduino IDE is also
uploaded on Arduino R3. The pins used
are; PIN 2, PIN 3, PIN 4, PIN 5.

7 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

In addition, the program is also made Application testing

by activating and shutting down all This test is done by activating the
components in the following way. touch screen button item on the smartphone.
In this test, the application was successful
through pairing on bluetooth.

Tool design
Here is a product design image of
Android and Arduino-assisted voice control
system design to activate components in the Figure 12. Testing the application on
Android smartphone
car. In product design there are two stages,
the first is designing electrical system Testing bluetooth connectivity on the
hardware circuit designs and the second is module
designing programs through sketching on Trial of this module is by finding
the Arduino IDE. Bluetooth connection capabilities with a
Next is the circuit design and sound maximum connection distance.
control system program assisted by Android
and Arduino to activate components in the
car.

Figure 11. A series of sound control systems

Figure 13. Testing Bluetooth connectivity

8 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

CONCLUSION
The test results found that the Based on the research and testing
connection capability within 14 meters still results described above with reference to the
has good connection capabilities. At a problem formulation, it can be concluded
distance of 14.5 meters to 16 meters that the design of an android and arduino-
connectivity becomes unstable and at a assisted voice control system as component
distance of more than 16 meters the activation on this vehicle has gone through
connection is no longer good. the application design stage on android using
MIT App Inventor 2 and making a program
Sound accuracy testing of the using Arduino IDE, and the last step is to do
application product testing. The test results show that
Voice accuracy is done to test the the application installed on an Android
effectiveness of voice commands on the smartphone is able to work properly. The
reception of sound wave signals on design of the program on the microcontroller
smartphone applications. Application using Arduino was also successfully
connectivity utilizes Google Speech tools. compiled. This voice control vehicle module
The results of the accuracy of voice has the ability to connect with Bluetooth as
commands are shown according to Table 1. far as 14 meters. The results of accuracy of
Table 1. Results of accuracy of voice voice commands in the range of 73-95%.
commands These results are obtained by using clear
Sound Command Accuracy Results (%)
Padlock ON 85 voice articulation according to the
Padlock OF 92
acceptance on google speech. Able to activate
Hazard ON 73
Hazard OF 73 and deactivate the vehicle door lock
Alarm ON 90
Alarm OFF 90 (padlock), hazard, alarm, and engine.
Engine ON 95
Engine OFF 95
All ON 90 REFERENCES
All OF 90
Afi. 2015. Sensor Suara. Accessed on 2 June
2017. Available at
Based on the table above shows that http://afielektronika.blogspot.com/20
the results of the measurement of the 15/01/makalah-sensor-suara.html.
Daryanto. 2007. Motor Bensin Pada Mobil.
accuracy of voice commands in the range of Bandung : Yrama Widya.
73 - 95%. This result is obtained by using Daryanto. 2008. Memahami dan Merawat
Sistem Kelistrikan Mobil. Bandung :
clear articulation of sound according to Yrama Widya.
acceptance in google speech. Das, P., Acharjee, K., Das, P. and Prasad, V.
2015. ‘Voice Recognition System:
Speech-To-Text’. Journal of Applied
and Fundamental Sciences 1(2):2395-
5562. Available at : https://www.

9 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Wachid Yahya, Canggih Ajika Pamungkas

researchgate.net/profile/Vijay_Prasad
8/publication/304651244_VOICE_REC
OGNITION_SYSTEM_SPEECH-TO
TEXT/links/5775f84708ae1b18a7dfe
584/VOICE-RECOGNITION-SYSTEM-
SPEECH-TO-TEXT.pdf
Kadir, Abdul. 2013. Panduan Praktis
Mempelajari Aplikasi Mikrokontroler
dan Pemrogramannya Menggunakan
Arduino. Yogyakarta: Penerbit ANDI.
Kevin, O and Kasamani, B. 2015. The
Application of Real-Time Voice
Recognition to Control Critical Mobile
Device Operations, International
Journal of Research Studies in Science,
Engineering and Technology Volume 2,
Issue 7, July 2015, PP 174-184 ISSN
2349-4751 (Print) & ISSN 2349-476X
(Online)
Kuswana, Wowo Sunaryo. 2014. Sistem
Kelistrikan Kendaraan Ringan.
Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya.
Suratman. 2009. Servis dan Teknik Reparasi
Sepeda Motor. Bandung: Pustaka
Grafika.
Widodo, Edi. 2011. Otomotif Sepeda Motor.
Bandung: Yrama Widya.
Romadhon, W.E. 2017. Cara Memasang Relay
Klakson Motor / Mobil. Accessed on 2
June 2017. Available at
http://www.wahyueko.id/2016/08/ca
ra-memasang-relay-klakson-motor
mobil.html.
Skynet, Z. 2015. Koleksi Skema Lampu
Darurat Hazard. Accessed on 2 June
2017. Available at
http://mitrabaterai.blogspot.co.id/201
5/11/koleksi-skema-lampu-darurat-
hazard.html.
Yahya, Wachid. 2017. ‘Sistem Kontrol
Otomotif’. Yogyakarta : Deepublish.

10 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.11-18.

INCREASING ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS OF STUDENT LEARNING CHASSIS LESSON

THROUGH PBL ( PROBLEM BASED LEARNING) LEARNING MODEL IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
Suyitno1
1Vocational Education of Automotive Technology,f Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo KH.
Ahmad Dahlanst 3 & 6 Purworejo 54111 Central java, Indonesia

Corresponding author: yitno@umpwr.ac.id

Accepted: 18 July 2019. Approved: 25 July 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
This study aims to: 1) To find out whether or not student activity has been applied to the PBL model
(Problem Based Learning ) on the XI class chassis subjects at PN Purworejo Vocational School. 2) To find
out whether or not student learning outcomes increase after the PBL model ( Problem Based Learning ) is
applied on the XI class chassis subjects at PN Purworejo Vocational School. This type of research is
Classroom Action Research. This research was conducted in two cycles. The subject of this action research
is a class XI student of Engineering Program kendaraa n Light The PN Purworejo Vocational School
2018/2019 , which numbered 27 students, consisted of 26 male students and 1 female student. The
aspects studied included curiosity, behavior, and activeness of students who showed students' enthusiasm
for learning and learning actions shown by the teacher as indicators of implementing learning with
problem-based learning models. After the data is obtained then it is analyzed using percentage description
techniques. A nalisis data by quantitative descriptive analysis to find the average percentage of the activity
and student learning outcomes. The results of this study are that activeness and student learning
outcomes increase from each cycle. This can be seen from the increase in the average score of student
activity from the pre-cycle with a percentage of 70.37% categorized as less, up to 82.87% in the good
category and increasing in the second cycle that is equal to 90.89% and falls into the very good category .
While for student learning outcomes can be seen from the increase in learning outcomes by applying the
problem based learning model ( Problem Based Learning ). Based on results the average learning of
students who meet competency standards is as follows: in the pre cycle the average value is 72.37 with a
percentage of 29.63% in the sufficient category then increasing in the first cycle with an average of 81.03
with the percentage is 51.85% and is included in the good and increasing category in the second cycle
with an average of 90.66 with a percentage of 88.88% and included in the excellent category.

Keywords: problem-based learning, student activity, results study .

11 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
INTRODUCTION develop their potential to have religious
Education is one thing that cannot spiritual strength, self-control, personality,
be separated from a nation's civilization. intelligence, noble character, and skills
This causes the approach to be one of the needed by themselves, society, nation and
important indicators in the matter of country. "
community and state affairs. It is the According to Slameto (2013: 2) said
education process that will influence and that learning is a business process carried
become one of the starting points for the out by a person to obtain a change in new
success and progress of a nation. "Education behavior as a whole, as a result of his own
is a conscious effort to prepare students experience in interaction with his
through guidance, teaching, and / or environment . Thus learning is an attempt to
training for their role in the future" (UUR.I. change the habits of students who were not
No. 2 of 1989, Chapter 1 Article 1). good at first to be good and continuous.
education is a process in order to Which of changing these habits aims to
influence students to be able to adjust to make students 'behavior better than before
their environment, and thus will lead to to use for students' knowledge and skills.
changes in themselves that allow According to Oemar (2014: 57)
themselves to be ready to immediately explains that "Learning is a combination
plunge into the community and not that is composed of human, material,
awkward when facing people who are facilities, equipment, and procedures that
different in character. In addition, the influence the learning objectives. Humans
strategy for implementing education is are involved in teaching systems consisting
carried out in the form of guidance, of students, teachers, and other personnel,
teaching, and / or training activities. such as laboratory personnel. Materials,
Guidance in essence is the provision of including books, blackboard, chalk,
direction, input, motivation, advice and photography, slides and films, audio and
counseling whose functions are so that video tape. Facilities and equipment,
students can overcome and solve problems consisting of classrooms, audio-visual
and overcome themselves. equipment, as well as computers.
According to the Law of the Republic Procedures, including schedules and
of Indonesia number 20 of 2003 concerning methods for delivering information,
the national education system (article 1) practices, learning, examinations, etc. "
states: The learning process is essentially a
"Education is a conscious and planned effort process of interaction between the teacher
to create a learning atmosphere and and students which contains the activities of
learning process so that students actively students through various interactions and

12 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
learning experiences experienced by both. According to Winataputra (2001: 3),
Student learning activeness is one of the explaining that the model is interpreted as a
basic elements that are important for the conceptual framework that is used as a
success of the learning process. (Wibowo, guide in conducting a learning activity .
2016) . If the activeness of students during Effective learning if there is a learning
the learning process in the lower class can model by carrying out an approach taken by
result in the learning outcomes even more the educator in order for the learning
and more and also decline. process activities during the classroom and
Learning outcomes are a measure or outside the classroom which aims to
level of success that can be achieved by a improve students' abilities.
student based on the experience gained According to Amir (2009: 21)
after an evaluation in the form of a test and explained that PBL is a curriculum and
is usually realized with certain values or learning process. In the curriculum,
numbers and causes changes in cognitive, problems are designed that require students
affective, and psychomotor. (Nafiah & to get important knowledge, make them
Suyanto, nd) . As for the coverage of the proficient in solving problems, and have
three things according to Sudjana (2017: their own learning strategies and
22), namely as follows: 1) The cognitive participate in teams. The learning process
domain, which is related to intellectual uses a systematic approach to solving
learning outcomes which consists of six problems or facing challenges that will be
aspects, namely knowledge or memory, needed in everyday life. The application of
comprehension, application, analysis, the PBL model at Purworejo District
cystesis, and evaluation. 2) Affective Vocational High School is very effective and
domain, that is with regard to attitude students are more enthusiastic when given
which consists of five aspects namely assignments in the form of problems and
acceptance, answer or reaction, judgment, assignments in the form of discussion. With
organization, and internalization. 3) the implementation of the PBL model, the
Psychomotor domain, which is related to activeness of students, especially at
the learning outcomes of skills and abilities Purworejo District Vocational High School,
to act. There are six psychomotor aspects, is higher than before.
namely reflex movements, basic movement
skills, perceptual abilities, harmony or RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
determination, complex skill movements This research is a class of action
and expressive and interpersonal research (CAR) conducted at the PN
movements. Purworejo Vocational School. The research
was conducted in March 2019. The subjects

13 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
of this study were class XI A Light Vehicle records all matters relating to the
Engineering, the class numbered 26 male author's research problem.
students and 1 female student. In this study, 2. Interview
the theory is adopted from (Kemmis The author interviewed the subject
Taggart, 2006) , which is quoted by matter teacher at the Purworejo
Suwarsih Madya (2007: 67) in Suyitno District Vocational High School to get
(2018) namely: 1) Planning, 2) Actions, 3) the information needed by the author.
Observation, 4) Actions. 3. Test
The author examines the ability of
students in order to find out to what
extent students understand related to
Chasis learning. talking about student
understanding, of course it will affect
the learning outcomes. Therefore, the
author conducted a test as a testing
instrument to determine student
learning outcomes. The test used by the
author is multiple choice.
4. Documentation
The documentation method in this
Figure 01. Methodology
study is used to collect data which is
This study aims to improve the the initial research data. Documented
activity and learning outcomes of students data in the form of the number of
in class XI A Light Vehicle Engineering students in the class, the names of
Vocational School of PN Purworejo. At the students who will be the subject of
time of conducting research at the research, and others.
Purworejo District Vocational High School,
the author used data collection techniques RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
namely observation, interviews, tests and In this class action research is
documentation. divided into several cycles, the following are

1. Observation the results of each cycle, namely as follows:

This research was carried out by 1. Pre cycle

observation activities. The author made A. Activity and student learning

observations by looking directly at the outcomes

Chasis learning process . The author Students who get a very good

observes the learning process and average score of 3 students with a

14 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
percentage of 11.11% then students who with a percentage of 51.85 % of 27 class XI
get good average scores amount to 3 people students.
with a percentage of 11.11% and students 3. Cycle II
who get enough average scores amount to 2 A. Student activity and student
students with a percentage 7.40%, while learning outcomes
students who get very low scores are 19 In the second cycle the activity of students
people with a percentage of 70.37 %. increased to "very good". With the
Whereas student learning outcomes that percentage of students who get the value
scored below 75 were as many as 19 "very good in cycle II as many as 16
students with a percentage of 70.37% of 27 students 59.26%, students who get the
students of class XI. Then those who got the value of" good "amounted to 8 people
above score were only 8 students with a 29.63% and students who get the value of"
percentage of 29.63% from 27 children in enough "amounted to 3 people 11.11% .
class XI. While the indicator of the success of Whereas the average score is "less good"
learning outcomes is if 27 students of class and "less good" 0%. There was an increase
XI get an average score above 75 over 85%. in the second cycle and the increase could
2. Cycle I be said to be maximum, because the average
A. Student activity and student grade was 90.89% and was included in the
learning outcomes excellent category . While student learning
activeness of students in the first cycle outcomes, namely students who get a
increases to "good". With the percentage of value> 87 amounted to 21 students
students who get grades in cycle 1 as many categorized as "high" and passed with a
as 5 students 18.12%, students who get the percentage of 77.77%. Students with a score
value of "good" amount to 9 people 33.33% of 75-86 total 3 students in the "medium"
and students who get "enough" scores category and passed with a percentage of
amount to 13 people 48.15%. Whereas the 11.11%. Students with 70-74 grades were 3
average score is "less good" and "less good" students in the "less" category and were
0%. There was an increase in this first cycle declared not graduated with a percentage of
but the increase was not maximal, because 11.11%. Thus a significant increase that
the average grade was 82.87% and was still occurred in the second cycle where students
in the good category. Whereas for the who have values below 75 are only 3
learning outcomes there are students who students with a percentage of 11.11%.
get a score below 75. This can be seen from While students who have met the
students who get scores below 75 as many graduation criteria are 24 students with a
as 13 students with a percentage of 48.15% percentage of 88.88%. The following is an
while students who score above 75 are 14

15 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
image of increasing the activity and learning 72.37 with a percentage of 29.63% and
outcomes of each cycle, as follows: included in the less category. Then the first
cycle obtained an average of 81.03 with a
percentage of 51.85% and still in the good
category. K e mudian the second cycle get an
average of 90.66 with a percentage of
88.88% and fall into the very good category
. Thus to achieve the competency of
students with a percentage of 88.88% with
the category of graduation and already
exceeding class competency which is equal
to 85%.
Figure 02. Student learning outcomes each
At the time of research at the
cycle
Purworejo District Vocational High School
by applying the PBL model it was very
effective when used for the learning process
and students were always more active and
efficient when using the PBL model (
problem based learning ).

REFERENCES
Figure 03. The results of student activity
Amir, M. Taufiq. 2009. Inovasi pendidikan
each cycle melalui problem based learning.
Jakarta: kencana.

CONCLUSIONS Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik

The application of the learning Indonesia, 2003, "Undang-Undang
Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 tahun
model ( problem based learning ) can 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan
increase the activeness of student learning Nasional", jakarta, Depdiknas.

outcomes. This is evidenced by the activity Hamalik, Oemar. 2014. Kurikulum dan
of cycle students obtaining a percentage pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara
that is equal to 73.76% and is still in the less Kurikulum, A. K. T. (2013). Bab 2 kajian
category. Then the first cycle obtained a teori a. Kajian Tentang Kurikulum
2013, hal. 33–39.
percentage of 82.87% and cycle II and
obtained a percentage of 90.89% with a Madya,Suwarsih. (2006). Teori dan Praktek
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Action
very good category. While the student Research): Bandung. Alfabeta. Kemmis
learning outcomes in the pre-cycle were taggart. (2006). No Title. Model
Penelitian Ptk, 22–38.

16 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno
Nafiah, Y. N. dan, & Suyanto, W. (n.d.). Suyitno,S., Pardjono, P., & Sofyan, H. 2017.
Penerapan model problem-based Work Based Learning Terintegrasi
learning untuk meningkatkan Konsep, Strategi dan Implementasi
keterampilan berpikir kritis dan the dalam pendidikan Kejuruan. K-
application of the problem-based Media: Yogyakarta
learning model to improve the Suyitno. 2016. Pengembangan Multimedia
students critical thinking, (c), hal. Interaktif Pengukuran Teknik untuk
125–143. jurnal http://www. Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa
uny.ac.id. SMK. Jurnal jptk.uny Vol 23, No 1
Setuju, S. (2017). Implementation Of Project (2016) .
Based Learning Model For http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/j
Improving Students Learning ptk/article/view/9359.
Outcomes Of Advanced Machining
Engineering In Universitas Suyitno. 2015. Evaluasi pelaksanaan praktik
Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa. VANOS industri SMK di Yogyakarta.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Autotech. vol.06/No.02/Juni 2015.
Education, 2(1). http://ejournal.umpwr.ac.id/index.p
Slameto.2013. Belajar & faktor-faktor yang hp/autotext/article/view/2318.
memperngaruhi. Jakarta:Rineka
Suyitno, Pardjono. 2018. Integrated Work-
Cipta. Based Learning (I-Wbl) Model
Development In Light Vehicle
Sudjana Nana. 2017. Penilaian Hasil Proses
Engineering Competency Of
Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: PT.
Vocational High School. Jurnal
Remaja Rosdakarya.
Pendidikan Vokasi Volume 8, No 1,
Suyitno, Iis Widiyanto, Suryaneta binti
February 2018 (01-11).
Masrul. 2018. Development Of
https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.ph
Learning Media For The Course Of
p/jpv/article/view/14360.
Two-Stroke Gasoline Motors To
Wibowo, N. (2016). Pembelajaran
Improve Students’ Learning
berdasarkan gaya belajar di smk
Outcomes. Jurnal pendidikan
negeri 1 saptosari gunung kidul. No.
Teknologi Kejuruan (JPTK). Volume
2, Vol. 1, jurnal electronik,
24, No 1. Mei 2018.
informatics, and vocational
https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/
education.
jptk/article/view/18008
Winataputra, U. S., et al. (2008). Teori
Suyitno. 2018. Metodologi Penelitian
Tindakan Kelas Eksperimen dan R & belajar dan pembelajaran. Jakarta:
D. Alfabeta: Bandung
Penerbit Universitas Terbuka.

17 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Suyitno

18 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.19-28.

IDENTIFICATION OF INDUCED DRAFT FAN (IDF) DAMAGE IN BOILER WASTE GAS SYSTEM

Yasdin1, Alimin1, Siti Ramasih1

1Departemen of Automotive Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Negeri Makassar

Corresponding author: alimin@gmail.com

Accepted: 25 June 2019. Approved: 5 July 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
Induced Draft Fan (IDF) is a fan that sucks air from inside the boiler out to the chimney, producing
negative pressure on the boiler, keeping the circulation of combustion air in the boiler normal. IDF is one
of the main components in the exhaust gas system which serves to maintain the temperature and vacuum
of the furnace in the boiler. This report will identify IDF damage using vibration indication control
instruments by looking at vibration indication trending data through the Distributed Control System
(DCS) in the Central Control Room (CCR). The results of the trending data will then be identified whether
the vibration in Induced Draft Fan has increased, if the vibration ≥ 5.6 mm/s is declared an alarm and if
the vibration ≥ 7.1 mm/s then the unit trip or must be stopped. Based on the results of research during
industrial practice in Banten 2 PLTU Labuan there were 2 conditions in the IDF, namely when there was a
disturbance with a height of X and Y side vibrations of 22.5 mm/s, and conditions after improvement with
the height of X vibration side that is, an average of 4.2 mm/s and Y side averaging 4.1 mm/s. The high
vibration is affected by the damage of several IDF components, caused by the amount of ash remaining
combustion that enters the IDF which causes abrasion of the impeller blade.

Keywords: Induced, Draft, Fan, Indications, Vibration

19 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

INTRODUCTION which is a reduction in production of around

The Steam Power Plant (PLTU) in 100 MW from a total of 300 MW per unit.

Banten Province has a total capacity of Because the system at the Banten 2 PLTU

4,945 MW which is divided into three Labuan has a closed system (balance draft),
the heat energy of the remaining burners or
regions namely Banten 1 PLTU Suralaya
exhaust gas in the combustion chamber must
located in Suralaya Village, Pulo Merak
be utilized optimally.
District, Cilegon City, Banten 2 PLTU
Therefore, the exhaust gas system is
located in Sukamaju Village, Labuan
needed to suck and manage the heat from the
Subdistrict, Pandeglang Regency, and combustion residue, so that the remaining
Banten 3 PLTU Lontar located in Lontar combustion heat is released into the
Village, Kemiri District, Tangereng atmosphere which can damage the
Regency. Banten 2 Labuan PLTU is the environment because the temperature can
second steam power plant in Banten with reach 300 degrees Celsius. and serves to

a capacity of 600 MW. Banten 2 PLTU maintain a vacuum in the furnace. The

Labuan is owned by a subsidiary of PT. furnace pressure must be smaller than the
atmospheric pressure which is around (-30)
PLN (Persero), namely PT. Indonesia
Pa. During the past 1 week there were
Power, has 2 generating units, each of
problems in the exhaust gas system caused
which has a capacity of 300 MW. The first
by damage to induced draft fans as one of the
PLTU in the Banten area, namely the 1
main components in the exhaust gas system
suralaya PLTU which has 7 generating
which caused a reduction in production of
units with each 4 units having a capacity unit 2 to around 100 MW from a total of 300
of 400 MW and 3 units having a capacity MW.
of 600 MW which supply national Induced Draft Fan
electricity needs as much as 20%, while Induced Draft Fan is a fan that sucks air

the Banten PLTU 2 supplies only 7% from inside the boiler out into the chimney,

National electricity needs every year and producing negative pressure in the boiler and
maintaining air circulation in the boiler
Banten 3 PLTU Lontar with a capacity of
Khakam & Hendriawan (2010) and Nurtanto,
3x315 MW supplying state electricity as
Sari, Ramdani, & Fawaid, (2018). Each unit
much as 11%.
has two IDFs for each side, namely side A and
Based on the results of observations in
side B, in operation IDF must continue to
the field, there are problems caused by
work to maintain vacuum pressure on the
disruption to the exhaust gas system,
boiler.
resulting in a considerable impact, one of

20 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

According to Nurul, K. M., & Akhmad, H. (DCS). These parameter limits are listed in
(2010). Induced Draft Fan (IDF) functions to the following table:
maintain the temperature and pressure of the Table 1. Indicating Vibration Indications
vacuum furnace in the boiler. IDF is used to Number KKS Alarm Trip
Name
BVE (mm/s) (mm/s)
suck the gas and combustion ash in the boiler
X0HNC11CY001X Bearing fan ≥5,6 ≥7,1
for further disposal through the chimney. Fan vibration X
X0HNC11CY001X Bearing fan ≥5,6 ≥7,1
ID has a workload of 50% of the Unit's total vibration Y
workload. So, if one ID Fan trip then the unit
load will derating 50% because it affects the If the vibration is at an altitude of ≥ 5.6,
vacuum pressure of the furnace pressure the IDF is declared alar, whereas if the
boiler. vibration reaches a height of ≥ 7.1 mm/s then
Induced Draft Fan is equipped with the IDF must be stopped or trip while the
instrument and control equipment which vibration standard used is ISO 10816-13.
functions as an indication of monitoring This vibration indication indicator
important parameters so that the operation control instrument used by Banten 2 PLTU
of induced draft fan is reliable and safe to operators as a reader in identifying Induced
operate. Instrument instruments on induced Draft Fan (IDF) damage through tranding
draft fan include the appointment of vibration data that can be seen through DCS.
parameters on induced draft fan monitored in
the Central and Room Control Room (CCR)
through the Distributed Control System

21 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

Figure 1. ISO 10816-3 Vibration Standard

(Source: ejurnal3.undip.ac.id)

Because induced draft fan motors have Control System (DCS), by looking at the
an output power of 2100 KW with a rigid height of the vibration parameter based on
type base plate, so the standard vibration of time.
ISO 10816-13 is included in the Group 1
category, where if the vibration height is RESULT AND DISCUSSION

more than 7.1 mm/s then the vibration is in Result

the Setyawan (D) category , HP, & Suryadi, D. The results of the study were

(2018). identification of induced draft fan damage in

boiler unit 2 gas system PT. Indonesia Power

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PLTU Banten 2 Labuan is as follows:

The method used in this study is to use

the literature study method, observation and
check list to find out the indication of
vibration parameters every time through the
tranding data in the Central Control Room
(CCR).
The data collection procedure is by
checking trending data in the Distributed

22 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

Table 2. IDF 2B Vibration Parameters

When Damage Occurs Discussion
IDF vibration
Normal Based on the table and graph of the
N indication Unit 2B
Day conditions Info
o (mm/s) vibration parameters above in induced draft
Side X Side Y Yes No
1 Day XB = 4,5 YB = 5,3  Alarm fan 2B within 1 week from day 1 to day 6 of
1
2 Day XB = 4,5 YB = 5,1  Alarm
high vibration for side X which is an average
2 of 4.9 mm/s and side Y height of average
3 Day XB = 4,8 YB = 6,3  Alarm
3 vibration reaching 6.2 mm/s, the indication
4 Day XB = 5,0 YB = 6,5  Alarm
4 of vibration at this altitude indicates an alarm
5 Day XB = 5,3 YB = 6,7  Alarm
5 indication, on day 6 on the Y side the
6 Day XB = 5,6 YB = 7,6  Alarm
6 vibration is on the indication of trip, but the
7 Day XB = 22,5 YB = 22,5  Trip
7
operator based on the results of the daily
Information: meeting has not decided to stop the unit.
XB = Vibration bearing fan side X IDF 2B
YB = Vibration bearing fan side Y IDF 2B While on the 7th day the unit is stopped or
trip, because it experiences an increase in
vibration reaching 22.5 mm/s. Based on the
control instrument equipment indicating
vibration indication if the height of vibration
side X or Y side is, 65.6 mm/s then the
condition is stated in an alarm state, whereas
if at an altitude of ≥7.1 mm/s then the unit
Figure 2. Vibration Indication Parameter Chart trip.

Figure 3. Tranding Indicator for Vibration

23 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

Figure 4. Vibration Parameters by Time

Then based on the Distributed Control insulating the outer and inner cover
System (DCS) data above the IDF 2B vibration damaged, b) static and dynamic blade, c)
on the 7th day of the X side which is shown support main bearing disengaged, d)
by the brick red color graph and the Y side support playing bearing assembly
shown by the Pict color graph, the increase is detached and torn at the base plate, e) bolt
very significant with a height of 22.5 mm / s support coupling cut off entirely, namely 3
which almost reaches the maximum limit of pieces. Static and dynamic blade IDF 2B
30 mm / s. In addition to the breaking signal that have been damaged have been
indication (Signal Bad), the Ampere rises for repaired in OH in 2017.
2 seconds from 213 A to 400 A, the Furnace
The following is a history of damage
Pressure rises to 42 Pa which is shown by the
that occurred in the induced draft fan
brown chart, it should be at -30 Pa. So, IDF 2B
component based on identification through
was stopped from the Central Control Room
the indicator control instrument indicating
(CCR) because it was based on information
vibration and the results of the inspection
from local high vibration and broken damper
directly after the IDF was demolished.
isolation.
a. Cover of Outer and Inner Insulation
1. History of Damage to Induced Draft Fan Damage
Unit 2B Components Based on Inspection
Results
From the results of the examination
on IDF 2B, there was damage to a)

24 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

The condition of the blade impeller is

completely bent and broken 4 pieces, bent
and broken due to changes in the position of
the bearing so that the blade touches the
casing, so that the trigger of vibration
increase to 22.5 mm/s.
Figure 5. Damaged Cover Insulation
d. Support Main Bearing Tear
Damaged insulation cover may be due
to the release of static basic blade and high
vibration of 22.5 mm/s for 45 minutes
causing main bearing to exit its position.

b. Static Blade Regardless of its Position

Figure 8. Damage to the Main Bearing

Assembly Support

The support conditions for the main

bearing assembly are detached and torn on
Figure 6. Damage to Static Blade
the base plate, so the possibility of causing
the main bearing housing to drop or out of
Static blade detached from its position,
position causes the impeller blade to touch
the fixing bolt was cut off and part of the
the casing and bend.
casing plate was damaged due to thinness
e. Disconnected Support Coupling Bolt
which was 15 mm to 5 mm.
c. Broken Blade Impeller

Figure 9. Damage to the Support Coupling

Figure 7. Damage to the Blade Impeller Bolt

25 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

The condition of the bolt support that it is not in accordance with the
coupling is cut off from its position, possibly standard.
due to the shaft and coupling down, support 2) X and Y side bearing vibrations
is bent and dragged by the impeller blade so increased from 5 mm to 22.5 mm/s.
that it is cut off. 3) Ampere IDF 2B high 400 A (for 2
2. Causes of Induced Draft Fan Damage seconds) initially 213 A.
From the results of the identification 4) The increase in sudden vibrations to
and discussion above it can be concluded the level of 22.5 mm/s rms is likely
that the high vibrations that occur in IDF due to the breakdown of a blade, 45
2B are due to the abrasion of the static and minutes of high vibration causing
dynamic blade IDF 2B. This is in detachment and damage to support
accordance with the analysis of the stiffness of main bearing.
vibrational spectrum that there is a blade 5) The discharge of the static blade is
pass frequency indication (problem in the likely due to a broken blade
blade). Abrasion that occurs in static and impeller.
dynamic blade is caused by: 6) The release of support plays the
a. Abrasion caused by the high amount of bearing and static blade causing the
ash in the exhaust gas, this is due to the impeller to drop and the touch blade
8 ESP transformers on the IDF 2B side to bend.
only 3 operating. With the large 7) The drop of the shaft causes the
amount of ash in the exhaust gas support coupling to bend and be
causing an abrasion rate that occurs in dragged by the impeller blade and
static and high dynamic blades. So that break up three pieces.
the remaining ash is not filtered 8) High vibration > 7.1 mm/s in
properly in ESP and causes a large category (D) based on ISO 10816-13
amount of ash to enter the IDF. As a vibration standards.
matter of fact, the incoming ash is only 9) Weakening support for playing
0.16%, because ESP has the ability to bearings due to erosion and eroded
filter the remaining ash from burning weld seam.
up to 99.84%. Other causes that cause
Meanwhile according to Yustika,
damage to IDF equipment are as
F., Putri, K., Nainggolan, B., & Jannus, P.
follows:
(2017). Over vibration is caused by an
1) The number of blades on the
indication of unbalance, so that
impeller is added from 13 to 19 so
balancing problems must be overcome.
In addition, high vibration can be

26 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

caused due to bearing and of increasing vibration in induced draft fan

misalignment damage. This can be seen unit 2B which reaches 22.5 mm/s. Thus, the
from the values of X and Y side unit was stopped by the operator through the
vibrations which reached 22.5 mm / s. Central Control Room (CCR), because it was
Due to the high vibration, the fan based on information from local high
cannot function. vibrations and the isolation of broken
3. Impact of Induced Draft Fan Damage dampers. The high vibration is caused by
The impact of IDF damage can be damage to several induced draft fan
said to be quite fatal because it will affect components, including: a) isolation of the
the production, where the performance of outer and inner cover damaged, b) static and
the boiler to produce electricity will be dynamic blade, c) support main bearing
reduced by around 75-100 MW from 300 disengaged, d) support for playing bearing
MW. Another impact is that it requires assembly detached and torn on the base
substantial repair costs if there are plate, e) the bolt support coupling is
components that are damaged. completely cut off, which is three pieces.

The damage to the IDF component was

CONCLUTION
triggered by the non-operation of 5
From the above discussion it can be
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) transformers
concluded below is the method for
from the 8 units of the unit. So that ESP
identifying Induced Draft Fan damage in the
cannot filter the remaining ash burning
boiler exhaust gas system, one of which is by
maximally, which should be able to filter ash
using a vibration indication control
reaching 99.84%.
instrument that can be seen from the data
trending Distributed Control System (DCS)
with parametric boundary specifications,
namely ≥ 5.6 mm/s to indicate alarm and 1
7.1 mm/s to indicate trip. While the ISO
10816-13 vibration standard is in the Group
1 category, because the induced draft fan
motor has an output power of 2100 KW with
a rigid type base plate. So, if the vibration
height is more than 7.1 mm/s then the
vibration is in the category (D) Setyawan, H.
P., & Suryadi, D. (2018). Based on the results
of observations in the field, there is a problem

27 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yasdin, Alimin, Siti Ramasih

REFERENCES
Harjono, R. N., Sukmadi, T., & Karnoto.
(2013). Pemanfaatan Spektrum Vibrasi
Untuk Mengindikasikan Kerusakan
Pada Motor Induksi Di Pltu Indramayu
3 X 330 Mw. Pemanfaatan Spektrum
Vibrasi Untuk Mengindikasikan
Kerusakan Pada Motor Induksi Di Pltu
Indramayu 3 X 330 Mw, 9.
Nurtanto, M., Sari, I. N., Ramdani, S. D., &
Fawaid, M. (2018). Failure Mode And
Effect Analysis (Fmea) As Treatment Of
Predictive Prevention And Leakage Of
Boiler Type Balance Draf Fan. VANOS
Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Education, 3(2).
https://doi.org/10.30870/vanos.v3i2.4
558
Nurul, K. M., & Akhmad, H. (2010). Simulasi
Sistem Kontrol Induced Draft Fan
Sebagai Furnace Pressure Control Pada
Boiler Pltu Paiton Unit 7 &8. EEPIS
Final Project, (Id), 1–5.

Operasi, B. (2016c). Bidang OperasI Level

Kompetensi 2 Pengoperasian Induced
Draft Fan PT. Indonesia Power.
Setyawan, H. P., & Suryadi, D. (2018). Analisis
Karakteristik Vibrasi pada Paper Dryer
Machine untuk Deteksi Dini Kerusakan
Spherical Roller Bearing. Rotasi, 20(2),
110.
https://doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.20.2.1
10-117
Yustika, F., Putri, K., Nainggolan, B., & Jannus,
P. (2017). ISSN 2085-2762 Seminar
Nasional Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri
Jakarta Studi Vibrasi Pada Induced
Draft Fan Di Pltu Indramayu Unit 1 ISSN
2085-2762 Seminar Nasional Teknik
Mesin Politeknik Negeri Jakarta.
(September), 432–440.

28 | VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, Juli 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.29-44.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0.

Irwanto
Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,
University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
Ciwaru Rayast, No. 25, Serang, Banten, 42117

Corresponding author: irwanto.ir@untirta.ac.id

Accepted: 20 June 2019. Approved: 30 June 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
Effective vocational education is a dream for students, especially the community and parties involved in
vocational education. Vocational schools are required to graduate their students according to what is
needed by the industry in the field. Vocational education is expected to collaborate with industry to jointly
develop or develop curriculum so that there is no deviation between the SMK and the industry. The
purpose of this study is to find effective and efficient vocational education indicators. The research
method used is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study found in the
characteristics of effective SMKs that are the basis for developing school performance indicators can be
grouped into six aspects, namely: (1) Program for improving vocational student achievement; (2) Practice
learning both theory and practice; (3) School leadership; (4) Staff development and development; (5)
Environmental conditions and academic climate in SMK; and (6) The participation of parents in the
administration of education. SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo is one of the vocational schools in the field of
technology that is professional in graduating students. In this case, the graduates of SMK Negeri 2 Kotif
Palopo have been scattered everywhere, especially in local industries and large industries in Indonesia,
especially in Makassar City and North Sulawesi.

Keywords: Vocational Education, Effective, Efficient, Industrial Revolution 4.0.

29 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

INTRODUCTION community college education which is

Vocational education is basically a directed to study specialization fields so that
subsystem of the education system, but there vocational graduates have certain expertise
are still many definitions proposed by in areas of expertise such as business,
vocational education experts and these fabrication, agriculture, household,
definitions develop in tune with people's automotive, telecommunications, electricity,
perceptions and expectations about the roles buildings and so on (Snedden, 1917: 8 );
they must play (Muchlas Samani, 1992: 14); (Bartel, 1976: 11).
Slamet PH (1990: 2). Evans & Edwin (1978: From the above description it can be
24), argues that vocational education is part concluded that if viewed from the economic
of the education system that prepares aspects of vocational education raises a
individuals for a job or group of work. dilemma that is on the one hand the
Vocational education is education that objectives of vocational secondary education
prepares youth and adults to work in demand a responsive attitude to the world of
technical and practical fields which are not work (contributing to economic growth) but
the same as general education concerned on the other hand vocational education
with the development of the individual fully requires investment and operational costs
to prepare his life to be respected and tall one. To realize this is very difficult,
become good citizens (Clarke & Winch, 2007: between realizing the ideal conditions and
63). The above definitions are in line with the funding conditions that are rolled out by
Wenrich & Wenrich (1974: 3) argues that the government cannot be synchronized with
vocational education is education organized real needs. Specifically regarding the
for students who plan and develop their relevance or external efficiency, in the
careers in certain areas of expertise to work vocational education system can be measured
productively. The National Center for to what extent vocational education can
Research in Vocational Education in the supply the needs of skilled workers in
United States (NCRVE, 1981: 15) believes that sufficient quantities as required by various
vocational education is a subsystem that sectors in development. Specifically, for
specifically helps students prepare to be vocational education, the problem of
workforce, which means that vocational relevance is not only caused by the gap
education is an education subsystem that is between "supply" and "demand" but can also
specifically provided after high school helps be caused by curriculum content that is not in
students in preparing themselves entering accordance with the demands of the world of
the workforce. In the United States, work, the development of science and
vocational education is considered as a technology and economic development

30 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

(Tilaar, 1991: 8). Components of an effective competent. The essence of PBM is its
vocational high school are: effectiveness. The level of learning
1. Curriculum effectiveness is strongly influenced by the
Galen Saylor and William Alexander in behavior of educators and the behavior of
the book Curriculum Planning for Better students. Effective educator behavior is clear
Teaching and Learning (1956) explain the teaching, using variations in teaching
meaning of the curriculum as follows. "The methods, using variations in
Curriculum is the total sum of school's efforts media/educational teaching aids, enthusiasm,
to infleunce learning, whether in the empowering students, using context as a
classroom, on the palyround, or out of school" means of learning (contextual teaching
Any school effort to influence children's learning), using types of questions that
learning, whether in the classroom, in the arouse and so on.
school yard or outside the school including Practical learning is a series of learning
the curriculum. The curriculum also includes experiences in the form of learning activities
what is called extracurricular activities. in an effort to teach mastery of basic
William Ragan in the book Modern competencies and learning indicators.
Elementary Curriculum (1966) explains the Learning experiences can be done inside and
meaning of the curriculum as follows: outside the classroom and even outside the
"The tendency in recent decades has school in accordance with basic competencies
been to use the terms in a boarder sense to and learning materials as well as the ability of
refer to the whole life and program of the students who carry out activities. In addition,
school. The term is used…….to include all the learning experiences must consider
experiences of children for which the school effectiveness and efficiency in
accepts responsibility. It denotes the results implementation. Forms of learning
of efforts on the parts of the adults of the experience can be in the form of knowledge,
community, and the nation to bring to the attitudes and skills or expertise. Learning in
children the finest, most whole influences Vocational Schools can be done by using a
that exist in the culture. number of strategies because learning with
2. Teaching and Learning Process an approach based on production and
PBM implementation is an event/event competence requires completeness for that
of interaction between educators and learning strategy to be developed: (a)
students that is expected to produce changes mastery learning is students are given
in students, namely: from not being able to sufficient time to master each competency
being able, from not being educated to being learned; (b) learning through activities that
educated, from not being competent to being can provide meaningful learning experiences

31 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

(learning by doing); (c) learning by paying Slamet (2005: 271) says that a teacher is
attention to the uniqueness of each individual a profession if it has the following
(individualized learning); (d) learning in characteristics: (1) Position involves
groups (group learning) and (e) learning with intellectual activity; (2) Positions based on
systems using learning packages or certain scientific fields that are clear and
modulators. solid: (3) Positions that require a long period
3. Educators and Educational Personnel of preparation for education and or training
Educators and education personnel are before the person concerned can assume the
those who are qualified as educators, position; (4) Position that requires training in
managers and educational support staff. a sustainable position; (5) Position that
Educators have the duty to plan, implement promises an adequate life career; (6) Position
and assess and develop the learning process. that can determine its own quality standard
School administrators are tasked with and is not much influenced by other parties;
managing and leading the teaching staff and (7) Positions that are more concerned with
supporting staff at the school. School support the function of social services rather than
staff are those who are tasked with their own benefits; and (8) Positions that
supporting the implementation of the have strong professional organizations.
learning process at school. Teachers are Professional teachers are people who
required to be an ideal person or in other have special abilities and expertise in the
words referred to as the good teacher. The field of teacher training so that they are able
mention of this definition was stated by to carry out their duties and functions as
Korthagen, (2004: 87) good teacher is good teachers with maximum abilities or in other
teaching; although someone may have words professional teachers who are well
excellent competency, the right believer, and educated and well trained, and have rich
an inspirational self and mission, the level of experience in their fields. Educated and
the environment may put serious limits on trained not only obtain formal education but
the teacher's behavior. To make an ideal also must master a variety of educational
teacher the basic attitudes of character strategies or techniques as stated in teacher
educators are needed. This was revealed by competencies (Usman, 2004: 20).
Koesoema (2009: 154-159) its characteristics The teacher is a professional educator
are as follows: (1) Anti-adultism; (2) with the main task of educating, teaching,
Pursuing perfection; (3) Authentic guiding, directing, training, assessing and
appreciation of values; (4) Practical personal evaluating students, in early childhood
responsibility; (5) Be the learner; and (6) education through formal education, basic
Social responsibility. education, and secondary education (Law No.

32 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and the inner / human character such as faith and
Lecturers). Even though in the description piety towards God Almighty, compassion,
Competenee Based Education/Training honesty, politeness, tolerance, responsibility,
(CBE/T) states that learning is oriented moral courage, commitment, self-discipline
towards the needs of students (students) and and aesthetics. Third, learning outcomes
the teacher's function switches from teaching must also measure physical strength, which
role to facilitator but with the change in includes sports skills (athletics, soccer,
teacher's function demands quality badminton and so on) health (endurance,
improvement which includes an increase in disease free) and art (music, visuals, theater
technical competence in accordance with and crafts).
areas of expertise taught and teaching Considering that learning outcomes are a
methodology in accordance with CBE/T fusion of the three elements of ability, namely
learning patterns. This implies that the thought power, heart power, and physical
position of the teacher is not merely as a power, learning outcomes can be grouped
teacher of transfer of knowledge but also as back into academic achievement, non-
an educator who transfers of value and at the academic achievement, repetition rates and
same time as a mentor who provides dropout rates. Academic achievements
guidance to students in full on cognitive, include, for example, NEM, ways of thinking,
affective and psychomotor aspects. youth scientific work competitions, Physics,
4. Educational Assessment Mathematics and English contests. Non-
Educational assessment is a learning academic achievements include, among
outcome that reflects how well students are others, inner character/quality, sports
able to follow the learning process. Ideally, achievements, artistic achievements and
learning outcomes should express three scouting achievements.
elements of ability, namely the power of 5. School Culture
thought, heart power and physical power. School culture is the character or view of
First, the ability of thinking does not merely life (a way of life) of a school that reflects the
measure learning achievement in the form of beliefs, values, norms, symbols and traditions
NEM, but must also measure multiple / habits that have been formed and agreed
thinking abilities such as deductive, inductive, upon by the school community. This
scientific, critical, creative, reasoning, definition is reminiscent of that school
exploitative, discretionary, lateral and culture is a fusion of elements of the quality
systemic thinking. Second, learning outcomes of spiritual material (reason, emotion, taste,
must also measure the ability of the heart spirit) which are then expressed in the form
which basically is measuring the quality of of attitudes and actions outwardly. The

33 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

results of the study concluded that school research lies in contemporary phenomena
culture is very influential on school (time) now) in real life.
effectiveness. That is, the more conducive In this study, data analysis has been
school culture, the more effective the school. carried out from the beginning of the
School culture that needs to be cultivated research activity until the end of the study. In
and developed to improve school this way it is hoped that there will be overall
effectiveness includes: centering on the data analysis consistency. To present the data
development of learners, a conducive so that it is more meaningful and easy to
learning environment, emphasis on learning, understand, the data analysis step used in
professionalism, high expectations, this study is Analysis Interactive Model from
excellence, respect for each individual school Miles and Huberman (1994: 21) which
member, justice, certainty, corporate culture divides the analysis activities into several
or the habit of collaborative / collective work, parts, namely: data collection, grouping by
the habit of being a learning society, the same component, reduction data, data
future insight (vision), joint planning, presentation, separating outlier data and
collegiality, educators and educators as drawing conclusions or data verification.
learners, the culture of learning communities,
mutual empowerment, and transformative RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and participative leadership. In this study State Vocational School 2 Kotif Palopo is
focused on how the characteristics of a school that has a fairly strong development
effective vocational education in SMK Negeri that is in line with the vision of the school to
2 Kotif Palopo? be an international-level vocational education
and training institution that produces
RESEARCH METHODS professional graduates, is capable of
This study uses a qualitative approach to entrepreneurship, faith and devotion. To
the type of case study research. According to realize this vision, the school has collaborated
Robert Stake (Denzin and Lincoln, 2009: 299) with DUDI in accordance with existing study
a case study is not a methodological choice, programs at SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo. The
but rather a choice of the object under study. working relationship carried out by SMK
Yin (2008: 1) says that case studies are a Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo is very closely related
more suitable strategy if the main question of because graduates from SMK Negeri 2 Kotif
a study regarding how or why, if researchers Palopo can be distributed to DUDI who
have little opportunity to control the events already trust their graduates. In accordance
to be investigated and when the focus of with the pioneering PI process, students of
SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo are attempting to

34 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

have PIs abroad at the time being pioneered students majoring in computer and network
relationships with overseas institutions as engineering as well as audio video
partner institutions, both government and engineering, in the form of assembling LCD
DUDI institutions. To channel graduates of monitors, laptops and personal computers.
SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo to form an Teaching factory marketing products such as
institution called the Special Work Exchange LCD monitors, laptops and personal
(BKK). This institution gets permission from computers, among others, to the area of
the labor and transmigration department South Sulawesi, East Java and DIY. UPJ State
BKK's main task is to establish cooperation Vocational High School 2 Kotif Palopo covers
with companies to market graduates. the following activities: (a) Engineering
The form of cooperation includes giving training services, carried out in collaboration
special permission to SMK Negeri 2 Kotif with related agencies or institutions. Has
Palopo to carry out the registration and test collaborated with the manpower and
of prospective employees. At the end of the transmigration department for community
school year many companies come to SMK training in the automotive and electronics
Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo to look for workers sector. Other departments are ready to
who will work at the company, class XII collaborate; (b) Serve car service; (c)
students are intended to fill these vacancies. Collaborating with PT. Astra opens the
Students of SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo take workshop Ahass; (d) Making trainings for the
the test through three stages, namely the engineering learning of various majors; (e)
theory test, interview test and health test. Production of goods according to community
Students who are declared graduated are still needs; (f) Manage school canteens for
given the opportunity to continue school until students, teachers and employees; and (g)
they graduate. Photocopies and providing goods and
One of the requirements for an services for the administrative needs of
international standard SMK is to have a schools and residents in need.
Business Center Manufacture (BCM) in which Students of SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo
teaching factory activities and Service feel happy because there are a number of
Production Units (UPJ) are conducted, DUDI which are used as partner or
teaching factories are practical lessons that cooperation with SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo.
produce factory-standard goods, ready to Therefore, the school adopted the previous
compete in the public market. The goods curriculum or curriculum from DUDI with the
produced must be able to penetrate the aim of synchronizing the curriculum at SMK
market, be able to compete in quality and Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo with DUDI. Even though
price. Teaching factory is carried out for the school has cooperated with industry to

35 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

support the formation of a culture the sense that the curriculum is still used
atmosphere with schools and DUDI. But there KTSP but competency material that has not
are some students who want to continue been listed in it is included in the local
their education to higher education such as content curriculum. Such conditions are
UNY to deepen their knowledge in carried out by SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo. The
accordance with their respective majors. SMK curriculum is a set of plans and
Based on data analysis, it can be arrangements regarding the content and
concluded that the culture of cooperation learning materials as well as the methods
between SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo and DUDI used to guide the implementation of KBM in
went smoothly. The State Vocational School 2 SMK. In the context of a global era marked by
Kotif Palopo must develop more cooperation intense competition in various aspects of life,
so that graduates can be absorbed later. On curriculum development must be oriented to
the other hand, the school organizes activities the world of work. Effective curriculum
that can support the creation of an standards in vocational schools are school
atmosphere of mutual trust between the curriculums based on the objectives to be
school and DUDI. For this reason, the school achieved by schools, especially SMK Negeri 2
invites DUDI to renew the curriculum in the Kotif Palopo. The curriculum can be seen that
school annually so that the curriculum there is a direct and clear
between the SMK and DUDI curriculum is relationship/relationship between the
synchronized. Besides that, writings and objectives to be achieved by the school and
encouragement were also displayed, which the contents of each curriculum component
also added to the atmosphere, and had to be (each quality of learning).
able to achieve the vision and mission set by The results also found that effective and
SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo. quality education urgently needed effective
The main purpose of education for schools, effective classes and effective
vocational students is to enter decent work. teachers. Effective teachers will produce
Therefore an effective Vocational School is a effective teaching and learning, effective
school that prepares its graduates to enter classes will produce effective schools and the
the workforce where at this level of accumulation of effective and quality schools
education, students are prepared to have the will produce quality educational outputs as
skills so that graduates are ready to use and well. Look at the media used by the teacher,
are ready to compete in entering DUDI. The learning strategies, subject feedback and how
results of the study found that SMK Negeri 2 to deliver material for group subjects
Kotif Palopo uses an integrated curriculum normative and adaptive are good. The results
between the KTSP curriculum and DUDI. In of this study are in accordance with Brophy

36 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

Cornstein & Levine (1989: 582) which states teaching behavior based on student cues in
that the criteria for effective teachers are: (1) order to achieve effective teaching and
Ensuring that students know and understand learning.
the material in accordance with teacher PBM which is carried out in workshops
expectations; (2) Ensuring that students and laboratories has used some learning
know what to do if they encounter difficulties media and demonstrated teaching aids
and need help; (3) Guiding low achiever directly to students. There is an interaction
students and giving encouragement to between the teacher and special students in
progress to high achiever students; (4) productive subject groups. Comparative
Making a smooth transition step between the study research on PBM has three categories:
first subject and the subsequent subjects; (5) teachers who teach adaptive and normative
Assigning varied assignments to students to subjects are good because they use varied
maintain student interest; (6) Monitoring of learning strategies in delivering material in
KBM and anticipating students' lack of the classroom. Whereas teachers who teach
understanding and seriousness; (7) on productive subjects have implemented
Implementing innovative and varied learning varied learning strategies in PBM theory and
strategies to keep student motivation and practice in the classroom and workshop.
learning participation high; (8) Does not The results of this study are consistent
respond emotionally to students who act with the characteristics of an effective
disciplined and other negative actions; and classroom based on Sukamto (1999: 9): (2)
(9) Organizing the environment, media and Formulation of learning objectives, subject
learning aids for the achievement of effective areas, organization and structure of the
and quality KBM. discussion; (3) Learners' opportunities to
The results of this study are consistent develop learning materials; (4) Students'
with Haigh and Katterns (1984: 34) expectations and opportunities to achieve
suggesting that the characteristics of effective higher achievement; (5) Monitoring and
teachers are: (a) Able to learn from a evaluating the success of students and (6)
compendium of extensive and complete reinforcement or enrichment. The results of
teaching modes (standard competency this study are consistent with Anderson,
objectives, material organization, structure) Evertson and Brophy (Davis & Thomas, 1989:
with supporting skills; (b) Able to apply and 135) suggesting several characteristics of
control a variety of teaching strategies and effective classrooms, namely: (1) Always
tactics to match student learning needs; and bringing students' attention to well-
(c) Be sensitive to learning situations that organized subject matter; (2) Give
indicate to maintain, modify or replace assignments and clear questions to students

37 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

so they can maintain the pace of learning; (3) evaluation of learning so that the preparation
Provide sufficient time for students to and implementation carried out by teachers
understand material, answering teacher at SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo are effective in
questions and followed by feedback; (4) the sense that the teacher has performed his
Mastering the material and teaching duties as an educator well so that this is a
competencies needed; and (5) Monitoring the complete series that cannot be separated.
progress of student learning progress and The results of the study also found that
taking the necessary learning steps. evaluation of learning is a process of
The results of this study are in obtaining information about learning
accordance with Davis & Thomas (1989: 117) outcomes. The focus of evaluation of learning
in academic learning time which suggests is on results, both results in the form of
that the more time allocated to conduct processes and products. Information on
academic activities will be directly related to learning outcomes is then compared with
how far the depth and weight of the material predetermined learning outcomes. If the real
can be delivered and understood by students. results of learning in accordance with the
The implementation of PBM in SMK Negeri 2 results set so that learning can be said to be
Kotif Palopo has been effective because the effective. Conversely, if the real learning
interaction of teachers and students in the outcomes are not in accordance with the
class has been going well. This is due to the specified learning outcomes, then learning is
method used that has been used in teaching. said to be ineffective. Educators use various
The teaching teacher has used the right types of evaluation tools according to the
learning strategy in the delivery of material characteristics of competencies that must be
so students are active in the classroom. PBM achieved by students.
is the most important process because this is The implementation of PBM in SMK
where direct interaction occurs between Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo has been effective
educators and students. Here also direct because educators have made and
intervention between educators and students implemented SAP and its elements in PBM
takes place so that it can be ensured that and educators have also used learning media,
educational outcomes are highly dependent classroom management, teacher interaction
on the behavior of educators and the with students in the classroom effectively.
behavior of students. Educational outcomes Teachers who teach on normative, adaptive
are collective results between educators and and productive group subjects have been
students. PBM that occurs in SMK Negeri 2 effective because most have used media and
Kotif Palopo is a series of activities consisting learning strategies in delivering material and
of preparation, implementation and class management. PBM in SMK Negeri 2

38 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

Kotif Palopo has been effective in accordance relations in schools; and (6) evaluation
with the vision and mission of SMK. The use potential.
of instructional media, learning strategies Effective teachers will create effective
have been used by teachers at SMK Negeri 2 teaching and learning activities, effective
Kotif Palopo. The results revealed that classes are an accumulation of effective
teachers at SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo for teaching and learning activities while
teaching adaptive, normative and productive effective schools guarantee the creation of
group subjects were creative and effective teaching and learning activities.
professional in their respective fields and Observing the criteria or characteristics of
made and implemented SAP. effective schools, effective classes and
The researcher revealed that the teacher effective teachers without reducing or
had made the material in accordance with the ignoring the importance of other factors,
PBM standards in force but in its there are at least 5 important factors to
implementation, it had been applied in the create an effective teaching and learning
classroom so that classroom management process, these factors are: (1) Factors of
was effective. The results of this study are in teachers who are competent in fields of study,
accordance with Squires, Huitt & Segars teacher training and evaluation; (2)
(1983: 6) suggesting the characteristics of Organized and structured material factors
effective schools include, active school including their supporters; (3) Student
leadership, a conducive school climate, high factors that must be stimulated and
student success expectations, safe school motivated to excel; (4) KBM conditions that
environments and high discipline settings, must be conducive and pleasant; and (5)
teachers who plan and manage KBM with the Learning strategy factors that must be varied
right strategy so students are actively and innovative.
involved in completing assignments. The Educators and educational staff in
results of this study are in accordance with schools are already qualified as educators,
Scheerens (Sukamto, 1999: 10) saying that managers and educational support staff.
effective schools are influenced by several Educators have the duty to plan, implement
factors, namely: (1) The degree of and assess and develop the learning process.
achievement-oriented policy; (2) Principal's School administrators are tasked with
leadership; (3) Joint planning and teacher managing and leading the teaching staff and
collaboration; (4) Achievement of curriculum supporting staff at the school. School support
targets and curriculum structure and staff are tasked with supporting the
organization; (5) The climate of work implementation of the learning process at
school. In general, school teaching staff are

39 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

tasked with carrying out planning, learning, consistent with the opinion of Herminarto
mentoring, training, management, Sofyan above.
assessment, supervision, technical services SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo has a very
and literature, research and development of good physical appearance. This is proven by
practical matters needed to improve the the fact that school buildings have been
quality of the learning process. Educators are equipped with fences, complete school
the soul of the school and the school is only a infrastructure facilities, slogans or writings
container because educators are one of the on display in strategic places. For example in
keys to successful school development. the teacher's office, the principal's office, BK's
The assessment that is applied by room and other rooms. Discipline culture
teachers in SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo using implemented in this school is manifested in
the Benchmark Reference Assessment (PAP) various ways. Discipline by the principal is
is applied individually as the success of shown by coming to school early or before
students is only categorized as competent 07:00 in the morning. Teacher discipline is
and not yet competent and is carried out in realized by the accuracy of teaching hours in
an ongoing manner. Assessments made by class and the accuracy of the uniform worn
teachers are actually to measure the ability of on the teacher. Teachers have their own rules
students in one of these competencies. The in wearing uniforms (Irwanto, 2011).
results of this study are in accordance with To accommodate input and criticism
Herminarto Sofyan (2005: 28) school culture from school residents each new school year, a
is an artifact network system, norms of workshop was held which was attended by
behavior, traditions, warnings, school stories teachers, employees, and students. Based on
and rituals and other symbolic forms, values, observations, school rules have been
beliefs and assumptions that underlie, fill and socialized to all school residents both
fill guide in performance, managing verbally or in writing. In writing it is shown
institutions and giving charter in schools. The by attaching sheets containing school rules in
results showed that SMK Negeri 2 Kotif various strategic places of the school both in
Palopo has a variety of cultures such as the teacher's room, the BK room while
physical culture and behavioral culture. verbally shown during the ceremony, the
Physical culture can be seen from the principal always reminds his citizens to obey
physical appearance of SMKN 2 Yogyakarta. the rules (Irwanto, 2011).
Behavior culture can be seen from the culture School management in the development
of discipline and discipline, the culture of of school culture studied at SMK Negeri 2
achievement and competition and the culture Kotif Palopo is the management of school
of reading. The findings of this study are personnel and student management. School

40 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

personnel management has not been addition, teachers can also foster close and
maximally managed because there are no harmonious relationships with school
official rules regarding prizes and sanctions residents. For example, fostering a
in schools. Student management at SMK harmonious relationship with students can
Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo can be well managed. begin with greeting, sharing, prayer in
Every new school year a new admission congregation and outdoor activities.
committee has been formed and there are Harmonious relations or the establishment of
also new student registration requirements this intimacy can create an atmosphere of
(as in the brochure of SMK Negeri 2 Kotif togetherness and strengthen the brotherhood
Palopo). In addition, there is already a record between teachers and students. The results of
of students in the parent book, student code this study are in accordance with Suharsimi
of conduct and attendance list. Good (1993: 39-40) states that students will be
management of student management at SMK able to learn well if there can be a good
Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo is expected to increase relationship between teachers and students
student input at SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo so proven while the familiarity with teachers
that it will produce quality output. The and employees can be realized by friendship
principal's leadership also influences the to the home of the teacher / employee, both
development of school culture. The when Eid or when you get disasters /
principal's leadership has been going well. sickness, midday prayers, greeting when they
With the leadership of the school principal meet.
there have been many changes such as in the The results of this study are in
procurement of school facilities and accordance with Brown (2004: 4) school
infrastructure, transparency in finance, culture which is supported by hard work and
democracy, enforcement of discipline and high achievement is influenced by factors
discipline of school residents and efforts to such as vision and mission, curriculum,
improve the quality of teachers (Irwanto, instruction and assessment, time, focus on
2011). teacher and student learning, relationships,
In addition to the role of the principal, leadership , decision making systems, parent
the teacher also has a role in creating a and student support and flexibility. The
positive school culture. The teacher's role can vision set is a clear vision so that school
be realized by streamlining empty class hours residents can easily understand and
for example by giving assignments. This is implement the vision. With a clear and easy-
done as a way to anticipate the class so that it to-understand vision and mission so that the
is not empty so students continue to study goals set can be achieved. The school has
even though the teacher cannot enter. In tried to socialize the vision and mission to all

41 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

school members, among others by displaying where UAS has referred to the assessment
the school's vision and mission writings in with competency exams and UN. Minimum
strategic places and in the brochure for new completeness criteria (KKM) has been
students so that school residents can read it applied in SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo by
and find out. setting a Benchmark Reference Assessment
(PAP), namely normative lessons atif 7.60,
CONCLUSION adaptive lessons ≥ 7.60, productive lessons
Based on the results of data analysis 7.60 and local content lessons 7.50. School
from this study, the following conclusions can culture in SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo already
be drawn: The development of this has an effective DUDI culture because the
curriculum is intended to have a cyclone SMK vocational discipline is DUDI. State
between the curriculum in SMK with DUDI or Vocational School 2 Kotif Palopo has planned
also called the link and match between the and implemented theory and practice.
world of SMK with DUDI. The implementation
of PBM for theory and practice in SMK Negeri REFERENCES
2 Kotif Palopo has been running effectively in Bartel, C. R. (1976). Instructional analysis and
accordance with the standard processes materials development. USA: American
consisting of teaching preparation, teaching Technical Society.
implementation and evaluation of learning Brophy, J. (1986). Classroom management
outcomes applied at SMK. Educators and techniques. Education and urban
educational staff of SMK Negeri 2 Kotif society, February 1986, 182-195.
Palopo have fulfilled their S1 qualifications Brown, R. (2004). School culture and
and have personality competencies, organization: Lesson from research and
pedagogical competencies, professional experience. A background paper for the
competencies and social competencies that Denver commission on secondary
are sufficiently adequate as educators and school reform. New York: Teachers
educational staff. What's more, most of them College Press.
have S1 education and have been certified by Clarke, L & Winch. C. (2007). Vocational
teachers with the certification of teachers, the Education: Internasional Approaches,
quality of education in vocational schools can Developments, and Systems. New York:
improve besides that teaching staff are also Routledge.
professionals in their respective fields. Davis, G. A & Thomas, M. A. (1989). Effective
Educational assessment for theory and school and effective teacher. Boston:
practice in SMK Negeri 2 Kotif Palopo has Allyn and Bacon.
used a standardized assessment system

42 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

Denzin, N. K & Lincoln, Y. S. (Ed). (2009). pendidikan di Indonesia. Jakarta:

Handbook of qualitative research. Departemen pendidikan nasional.
California: Sage Publications, Inc. --------.(2008). Sekolah sebagai sistem.
Evans, R. N. & Edwin, L. H. (1978). Handout I desentralisasi pendidikan di
Foundatiins of vocational education. Indonesia. Jakarta: Depdiknas.
(2nd ed). Columbus, OH: Charles E. Squires, D. A., Huitt, W. G., & Segars, J. K.
Merrill Publishing Company. (1983-84). Effective schools and
Haigh, N & Katterns, B. (1984). Teacher classrooms: A research-based
effectiveness: problems of goal for perspective. Alexandria Virginia,
teacher education. Journal of teacher Association for supervision and
education, XXXV (5), 23-27. curriculum development, 225th North
Herminanto Sofyan. (2005). Pengembangan Washington Street.
kultur sekolah. Program Pascasarjana Suharsimi Arikunto dkk. (1993). Studi
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. pengembangan sekolah efektif pada
Irwanto. (2011). Studi komparasi sekolah jenjang SLTP di D. I. Yogyakarta.
menengah kejuruan yang efektif di Laporan penelitian tidak
daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Disertasi dipublikasikan. Cadedcom
Doktor. Tidak diterbitkan. Universitas International Corp, Canada dan
Negeri Yogyakarta. Tridarma FIFITA, Indonesia.
Koesoema A Doni. (2009). Pendidikan Sukamto. (1999). Perencanaan dan
karakter di zaman keblinger. Jakarta: pengembangan kurikulum pendidikan
PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. teknologi dan kejuruan. Jakarta:
Miles, M. B & Huberman, A. M. (1994). departemen pendidikan dan
Qualitative data analysis: An expanded kebudayaan.
sourcebook. London: Sange Publication. Tilaar, H. A. R. (1991). Sistem pendidikan
Muchlas Samani. (1992). Keefektifan program nasional yang kondusif bagi
pendidikan STM: studi penelitian pembangunan masyarakat industri
pelacakan terhadap lulusan STM modern berdasaarkan Pancasila,
rumpun mesin tenaga dan teknologi Makalah disajikan pada Kongres Ilmu
pengerjaan logam di Kotamadya Pengetahuan Nasional V, Jakarta 3 - 7
Surabaya tahun 1986 dan 1987. September 1991. Jakarta.
Disertasi Doktor. IKIP. Jakarta. Usman Muh Uzer. (2008). Menjadi guru
Slamet, P. H. (2005). MBS, life skills, KBK, CTL, profesional. Bandung: PT Remaja
dan saling keterkaitannya. Handout Rosdakarya.
kapita selekta desentralisasi

43 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Irwanto

Wenrich, C. R & Wenrich, W. J. (1974).

Leadership in Administration of
Vocational and Technical Education.
Ohiu: Charles. E. Merril Publishingco.
Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research design
and methods. Beverly Hills Sage
Publication.

44 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.45-50.

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER) IN AIR CONDITIONER (AC) TYPE SPLIT

Yolanita Fani1, Ilham Arnif1

1Center for Energy Conversion Technology b2t to bppt gd. 620-625 serpong puspiptek area in
the southern city of Tangerang province of Banten

Corresponding author: yolanitafani08@gmail.com

Accepted: 15 June 2019. Approved: 23 June 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
Cooling system is something that is already familiar to the people of Indonesia, both in domestic and
industrial use. The cooling system functions to reduce the temperature of a room so that the temperature
is as desired. The development of air conditioners is increasingly modern. The use of air conditioners (AC)
is growing rapidly so that the CFCs produced affect the environment which can cause the ozone layer to be
damaged and cause global warming. Therefore, there is a need for research related to the level of energy
use. This study discusses the Energy Efficiency Ratio test to realize a government program that is "one
family one number testing". Retrieval of data in this report is by testing the split type air conditioner,
where this test aims to obtain an energy-saving star label on the air conditioner. All tests are carried out at
the AC Chamber Laboratory located at the Center for Energy Conversion Technology (B2TKE) - BPPT
which is a professional energy conversion testing center in Indonesia. The testing process is carried out in
a structured way from initial checking of test materials, preparation of tests, testing to analysis of test
results. Based on the test analysis results, it can be concluded that the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) value
to get the energy saving sign star label and the test results obtained the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
value of 11,805 Btu / h and get a four star.

Keywords: Air Conditioner, Energy Efficiency Ratio, Energy Saving Sign Label.

45 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif
INTRODUCTION With the growing use of AC, the Ministry
Electrical energy has become a basic of Energy and Mineral Resources applies
requirement for modern society. Indicators regulations regarding "the application of
of community prosperity are determined by minimum energy performance standards
the level of use or consumption of electricity. and the inclusion of energy saving sign labels
Electricity demand continues to increase for air conditioning devices" this regulation
along with increasing population and the is stated in ESDM Regulation No. 57 of 2017
rate of economic growth. Where economic aimed at "one family one test number" .
growth is triggered by various factors, Air Conditioner is able to condition the
including industry, technology and air in the room and provide a comfortable
commercial. effect for the body. Some people do not know
Growth in electricity consumption is that electricity consumption, achievement
triggered by population growth factors. The coefficient (COP) and the level of energy use
population in Indonesia according to data (EER) about AC is very important to know.
from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) is Therefore, the authors will conduct COP and
estimated to be 265,000,000 by 2018 and EER tests on Split type central air brand Air
will be 293,000,000 by 2035. Population Conditioners to find out the coefficient of
growth with an average range of 0.89% - achievement and the level of energy use in
1.24% will certainly have an impact on the this air conditioner.
use of various resources such as land for RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
settlement, agriculture, industry, etc. This The method used in this study is a
will increase energy consumption, one of reference study, testing and observation that
which is electricity. is by conducting testing to get EER on the air
In modern times, technology influences conditioner. Data is collected by using a
the survival of human beings such as in the psychrometer.
home, office or vehicle. Especially for people Data collection procedure that is
who live in the Tropics like Indonesia, AC is conducting test preparation, ac split type
an electronic item that must be owned by EUT installation, operation of testing
every home, office, or vehicle. The use of air facilities, installation of water sampling,
conditioners that are growing and affecting regulation of the psychrometer, regulation of
the environment where CFCs produced by temperature conditions, entalphy testing and
the use of air conditioners can cause the overall testing.
ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere to
become hollow and will cause global
warming.

46 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif
chamber and calculate the AC capacity
RESULTS through the heat exchanger air flow.
The air conditioner test results are as The analysis of energy saving sign labels
follows: is as follows:
Data ESDM Minister Data Test Label in
Information Test result
Specifications
Regulation No. Specific Result Indonesia
3.460 3.490
W/W W/W 57 of 2017 ations Data
EER 3.460 x 3.490 x ★ 8,53 ≤
3.412 = 3.412 =
11.805 Btu/h 11.907 Btu/h EER < 9,01
★★ 9,01≤ 11, 1
Based on the data above, it can be seen EER < 9,96 907 1,805 ★★
the Energy Efficiency Ratio specification data ★★★ 9,96 Btu/h Btu/h ★★
on the Air Conditioner (AC) tested in the ≤ EER < 10,41
BPPT B2TKE lab which is 3,490 W / W ★★★★
where EER is a comparison of cooling 10,41≤EER
capacity with power input. Cooling capacity
is measured using Btu / h while power is From the data above, it shows the
measured using watts. criteria for labeling energy saving signs in
The formula to get the EER is the Air Conditioner (AC) test, where
multiplying the data with 3,412 for the Indonesia has criteria of one to four stars
specification data to get an EER of 11,907 that have been set in the Ministry of Energy
Btu / h and for the test results in B2TKE and Mineral Resources No. 57 of 2017. The
using the enthalpy method to get an EER of test results obtained in testing in B2TKE,
11,805 Btu / h. In this experiment every five which is getting an Energy Efficiency Ratio
seconds takes one data and every five (EER) of 11,805 Btu / h, which is getting a
minutes the data that has been taken is star rating of four stars because the EER
averaged so that the data that has been yield exceeds 10.41 Btu / h. This shows that
steady can be displayed on the graph. the air conditioner tested already has
Experiment using the enthalpy method. enough stars to meet the energy-efficient air
This enthalpy method reviews air to test AC conditioner.
performance by measuring the enthalpy and From the results above, it shows the
volume of air in the AC inlet and outlet. This difference between specification data and
method has many advantages of speed, test data, this can occur due to several
convenience and high-test precision to meet factors including:
production requirements. The air enthalpy 1. The producer takes the maximum
method aims to measure the difference in number when doing the test, this can
enthalpy of air inlet and outlet in the AC

47 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif
happen because the producers when CONCLUSION
testing for production take the average From the above test, it can be
value of the test taken the highest value. concluded as follows:
2. There is a difference in cooling capacity Testing split type air conditioner to get
testing. This cooling capacity is the value of Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
influenced by latent and sensible heat. In has the following work steps: test
refrigeration and air conditioning preparation, installation of split AC type EUT,
systems, the unit of heat energy is when the air conditioner being tested is split
expressed in the British Thermal Unit type then the next step is connecting the
(BTU). The heat that affects the latent refrigerant pipe, checking the pipe leakage,
heat is the heat needed to change the vacuum drawing, start operation of the
phase of an object, starting from the testing facility, installation of air sampling,
melting point or boiling point or freezing psychrometer settings, type of entalpy
point until the object changes phase testing, connect all channels, pick up the
perfectly, but the temperature is fixed, taister nozzle code and start the testing
the next is sensible heat, sensible heat is phase.
the heat that can be measured heat that The EER results obtained in tests
causes the increase / decrease in conducted at B2TKE-BPPT are 11,805 Btu /
temperature. h, for energy saving sign labels through
3. The occurrence of heat loss, this can ESDM Regulation No 57 of 2017, it gets four
occur due to inaccurate ducting and stars. This indicates that the air conditioner
problems with the taister code. When tested is in compliance with regulations and
connecting ducting with taister code or saves energy.
ducting with an evaporator or condenser
there is a possibility that there is a gap so REFERENCES
that air from the environment of the test ____. (2017). JATL Testing Manual
room enters the equipment. This can on Air Conditioner Capacity Test For
result in a loss of actual cooling capacity Residential Air Conditioners.
or heating capacity. Arismuandar Wiranto, Heizo Saito.,
4. If heat loss occurs, the cooling capacity (1981). Penyegaran Udara Pradnya
rises, so that the EER will rise. Paramita, Edisi Enam.Jakarta.
Berman,T.E. (2013). Modul PLPG
TeknikPendingin. Universitas Negeri
Yogyakarta.
Peraturan Kementerian Energi Dan

48 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif
Sumber Daya Republik Indonesia .
Mineral No 57 Tahun 2017. Tentang
Penerapan Standar Kerja Energi Dan
Pencantuman Label Tanda Hemat Energi.

49 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Yolanita Fani, Ilham Arnif

50 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.51-64.

ANALYSIS OF FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY IN SOLAR WATER HEATER

Galan Raditya Saputra1, Noor Fachrizal1

1Center for Energy Conversion Technology b2t to bppt gd. 620-625 serpong puspiptek area in

the southern city of Tangerang province of Banten

Corresponding author: galanrs26@gmail.com

Accepted: 26 June 2019. Approved: 3 July 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT

In Solar Water Heaters require collectors to absorb solar radiation. This absorbed radiation is
useful for heating fluid (water) which is used to heat water for domestic use. To get the desired
water temperature, the collector must meet certain criteria. In this test, conducted in the Testing
Laboratory of Solar Water Heater B2TKE-BPPT for 3 days at 08.30 to 16.00 WIB using a flat plate
collector covering an area of 2 m2 with a tank capacity of 150 liters, testing refers to SNI 3021-
1992 1st edition. The data taken are Solar Radiation (W/m 2), Ambient Temperature (T-amb),
Temperature of Inlet Collector (T-in), Water Temperature Out of Collector (T-out) using the help
of sensors that have been installed in accordance with the provisions and data generated will be
managed via a computer every 30 minutes interval on an ongoing basis. This test, obtained results
that the daily average of the efficiency of a flat plate collector of 2 m 2 is 46.55%, which means that
a solar panel is only able to absorb 46.55% of the solar radiation that illuminates the solar
collector. For optimal results, testing should be carried out during clear weather so that collector
efficiency can be achieved.

Keywords: Collector Efficiency, Solar Water Heaters.

51 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Collector Parts

Solar heaters are heat collector
devices from solar energy that are used to
heat fluid. This heater uses a solar collector as
its main component. According to Duffie &
Beckman on a heat exchanger that converts
radiation energy into heat. According to the (Source: Ekechukwu, O.V., Norton, B. 1999)
Solar water heater tank consists of: a)
ASHRAE standard the definition of a solar
inner tank, is a place to store water that will
collector is a device designed to absorb solar
be used both water that has been heated by
radiation and transfer energy through it. [1]
solar power and water to be heated, b)
Judging from the types of solar collectors, this
Isolator, serves to reduce heat loss from the
solar water heater has various types
outer surface of the tank inside, c ) The tank
including flat plate collectors, vacuum tube
sheath, serves to place the position of other
collectors, and compound parabolic
components in the specified position. An
collectors.
additional heating source, which functions to
Collector of solar water heaters
heat the water in the tank when solar
consists of: a) Absorber Plate, functions to
radiation is not enough to heat the water as
absorb solar radiation that arrives, convert it
needed. When additional heating is used, a
into heat into the working fluid. b) Fluid flow,
temperature controller (thermostat) is
functions where the working fluid or flowing
required. Which serves to control the
liquid has good thermal contact with the
temperature of the water in the tank. In
absorber plate. c) translucent, functions as a
general, the components of a Solar Water
successor to solar radiation and isolation of
Heater are shown in figure 2.
the absorber plate against the cooler outside
air, as well as a protector against the weather.
d) Isolator, serves to reduce heat loss through
the back and side of the collector. e) collector
box, serves to place other collector
components in a certain position.

52 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

The process of testing the efficiency

of a flat plate collector with a collector area of
2 m2 using a tank with a capacity of 150 liters
carried out in a Solar Water Heater refers to
SNI 3021-1992 1st edition.
The test was carried out in a testing
laboratory for solar water heaters using a flat
plate collector covering an area of 2 m2 and a
water capacity of 150 liters. In the testing
period of 08.30 to 16.00 West Indonesia Time
Figure 2. Test Specimens of Solar Water
carried out for 3 days, the data taken are solar
Heater Materials
(Source: Personal Photos) radiation (W/m2), ambient temperature (T-
amb), temperature of the water entering the
In conducting collector efficiency
collector (T-in), temperature of the water out
testing, sensors are needed to find out the
of the collector ( T-out) by using the help of
amount obtained, then the data captured by
sensors that have been installed in
the sensor will be forwarded to the computer
accordance with the provisions and the
for retrieval of data that are running
resulting data will be managed through a
programs. These sensors will be placed
computer every 30 minutes intervals on an
according to their functions. Active sensors
ongoing basis.
for testing collector efficiency can be seen in
table 1.
Table 1. Measured Parameters
Measuring
No Description Unit
Variable
1 Pyranometer Solar W/m2
Radiation
2 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 Ambient oC

Temperature
𝑇𝑐−𝑖𝑛 Water oC

Temperature
Enter
Collector
4 𝑇𝑐−𝑜𝑢𝑡 Water oC

Temperature
Out of
Collector
5 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑙 Flow Rate dm3/m
Speed en
6 𝑊𝑐 Wind m/s
velocity

53 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

RESEARCH METHOD heaters it is recommended around 2 - 2.5

Basically, solar collector testing is liters / minute (minimum 0.0136 kg /
done every day for 1-2 years, but only for 1-3 (det.m2)), with a maximum change of 1%.
days collector testing is adjusted to the needs. Fluid pressure around 2.4 bar (minimum 2
Tests carried out on 11 to 13 February 2019 bar) must be obtained after the collector is
at 08.30 to 16.00 WIB. A schematic of the filled with water and no air bubbles are
solar water heater quality test circuit is given trapped inside.
in Figure 3. The collector slope 15o so that the The maximum wind speed across the
radiation is perpendicular to the collector's collector is 4.5 m / sec. The Heat Sink in the
plane. test installation is turned on, the thermal-
switch is adjusted until the water which
Figure 3. Testing Scheme of solar water becomes the input of the collector
approaches stationary at a certain
temperature, and if sufficient solar radiation.
The collector input temperature is ideally
conditioned in 3 stationary regions between
32oC to 60oC, for example 40oC, 50oC, 60oC.
Changing the thermal-switch must be done
every day in order to obtain water input at a
certain temperature. Data is recorded from
an average of 300-600 samples in 30 minutes.
The data recorded for the calculation
is presented in tabular form. The
heaters
(Source: Scientific Journal of Energy accumulation of solar radiation is calculated
Technology, Vol.1, No.1, August 2005) based on linearity assumptions for 30
minutes of data recording, so that solar
After the collector is installed as
radiation is obtained every square meter
configured in Figure 11, initially all valves are
collected during the count time.
opened except for K2, K4, K5, K9, and K11
From each data (recorded every 30
which are closed so that the water path to the
minutes) a momentary collector efficiency
tank is closed and forms a closed water
price calculation is performed. From daily
circulation in the collector system. The
data, i.e. data accumulated in one day, daily
sensors remain installed in the data
efficiency calculations are performed. The
recording system, the test device can be
instantaneous efficiency (η_s) of the collector
activated. The flow rate of working fluid
is based on the formula:
(water) is attempted at a rate that produces
turbulent flow, for the case of solar water

54 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

𝜂𝑠 =
𝑊𝑢
= 𝜏 . 𝛼 . 𝐹𝑝 − The fluid heat capacity (J/KgoC) is
𝐼𝑜 .𝐴𝑐
(𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 ) given in equation 9:
𝑈𝑘 . 𝐹𝑝 . 3)
𝐼𝑜
𝐶𝑝 = 4216956 − 3,47519. 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 +
𝑊𝑢 = 𝜏. 𝛼. 𝐹𝑝 . 𝐴𝑐 . 𝐼𝑜 −
2 3
0,1218524. 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 − 0,00248039. 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 +
𝑈𝑘 . 𝐹𝑝 . 𝐴𝑐 . (𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 ) 4)
2,246634 x 105 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐
4 −
τ is the glass transmission factor, α is
1,20792 𝑥 107 . 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐
5 +
the absorber's absorbance, Ac is the
2.711372 𝑥 1010 . 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐
6 9)
collector's area, Fp is the absorber's
efficiency, Io is the solar radiation in Watt/m2, 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 is average 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙−𝑖𝑛 and
Uk is the thermal loss factor of the collector in 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙−𝑜𝑢𝑡 , while 𝑑𝑇 is the difference between
W/m2K. 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙−𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙−𝑖𝑛 . The desnsity 𝜌 and 𝐶𝑝 of
hot water is calculated based on the 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐
Daily efficiency is obtained from the
price. The quantity Ω is the quantity defined
equation:
as (𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙−𝑖𝑛 –𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 )/𝐼𝑜 , which will be used to
𝑄𝑢
𝜂𝑑 = ∑ 5) determine the parameters of thermal
𝐼𝑜 .𝐴𝑐 .0,6
collector losses. This will be discussed later.
𝑊𝑢 (watt) is the use of energy It was agreed that the calculation of
collected by the collector and its collector efficiency was carried out on data
accumulation 𝑄𝑢 (in joules) given in the obtained under daily insulation conditions
equation: greater than 4 kWh/m2, while the calculation
of thermal losses was carried out on data
obtained at instantaneous insulation above
𝑊𝑢 = 𝑚̇. 𝐶𝑝 . 𝑑𝑇 6a) 500 W/m2.
Then the efficiency of the collector
𝑄𝑢 = ∑∞
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑢 . 600 6b)
can be defined as the ratio between the useful
Mass rate (Kg/det) given in equation 7. heat from the collector and the intensity of

𝜌.𝐹𝑙
solar radiation. The efficiency of the
𝑚̇ = 7)
60000 momentary collector for testing is:[6]

𝐹𝑙 is the water flow rate 𝑊

𝜂𝑘𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑡 = 𝑄𝑢 ( )/
𝑚2
(liters/minute), while ρ is the water fluid
𝑤
(1,6 𝑥 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑖 ( ) 10)
density (Kg/m3) given in equation 8: 𝑚2

𝜌 = 1000.205 + 0,01928318 . 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 − For daily collector efficiency for testing are:
2 3
0,00610612 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 + 0,00001828𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 −
4
0,0000000119633𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐 8)

55 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

𝜂𝑘𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (𝑄𝑢 (
𝐽
)𝑥 100) ÷ panel can only convert the efficiency obtained
𝑚2
𝐽 from all the light energy received by the
(𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑖 ( )𝑥 1,6) 11)
𝑚2
collector. While the rest is reflected back into

In general, a solar panel has its own the air.

efficiency, which means that easily a solar

56 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TEST RESULTS

The first test was on February 11, 2019. Obtained from the data logger and the calculation
results, as follows:

Radiasi Surya Energi Guna Efisiensi Kolektor

Tamb Tfi Tfo Flow Laju Massa Cp Delta T
Waktu Akumulasi Akumulasi Sesaat Harian
W/m2 (°C) (°C) (°C) (dm3/men) (Kg/sec) (J/Kg°C) (°C) W/m2
(J/m2) (J/m2) (%) (%)
8:36:09 578.0230373 346.81 28.76 26.76 30.48 2.334068249 0.04 4172.06 3.72 602.08 361.25 0.65 56.39
8:46:09 610.6001967 713.17 28.99 30.00 33.18 2.331283944 0.04 4169.42 3.18 512.63 668.82 0.52
8:56:09 639.6265483 1096.95 29.47 32.28 35.52 2.327699444 0.04 4167.22 3.24 521.70 981.84 0.51
9:06:09 670.7026183 1499.37 29.41 34.44 37.80 2.321647444 0.04 4164.94 3.36 537.76 1,304.50 0.50
9:16:09 688.0880767 1912.22 29.99 36.52 39.98 2.336598167 0.04 4162.55 3.45 556.01 1,638.10 0.51
9:26:09 712.5330983 2339.74 30.60 38.50 42.08 2.339577361 0.04 4160.06 3.59 577.04 1,984.32 0.51
9:36:09 726.3493933 2775.55 31.36 40.39 44.08 2.336825583 0.04 4157.46 3.69 592.72 2,339.96 0.51
9:46:09 745.672825 3222.96 31.17 42.19 45.95 2.337867972 0.04 4154.81 3.75 602.22 2,701.29 0.50
9:56:09 757.9223283 3677.71 32.14 43.92 47.75 2.335995306 0.04 4152.06 3.83 612.63 3,068.86 0.51
10:06:09 834.078495 4178.16 32.86 45.54 49.75 2.320735139 0.04 4149.01 4.21 667.67 3,469.46 0.50
10:16:09 883.717815 4708.39 33.48 47.10 51.60 2.288511528 0.04 4145.92 4.50 703.45 3,891.53 0.50
10:26:09 896.6068933 5246.35 33.65 48.63 53.19 2.266795611 0.04 4142.9 4.56 705.27 4,314.70 0.49
10:36:09 907.5157683 5790.86 33.72 49.67 54.53 2.265000861 0.04 4140.46 4.87 750.63 4,765.07 0.52
10:46:09 912.4637567 6338.34 33.80 42.07 48.78 2.261984278 0.04 4152.71 6.71 1039.80 5,388.96 0.71
10:56:09 914.9044867 6887.28 34.04 40.00 45.73 2.258054222 0.04 4156.57 5.73 888.14 5,921.84 0.61
11:06:09 908.349825 7432.29 34.37 40.24 45.93 2.254381944 0.04 4156.26 5.69 881.13 6,450.52 0.61
11:16:09 924.278635 7986.86 34.47 39.98 45.79 2.2619685 0.04 4156.54 5.81 901.99 6,991.71 0.61
11:26:09 923.19937 8540.78 34.66 40.01 45.75 2.264956472 0.04 4156.56 5.74 892.21 7,527.04 0.60
11:36:09 921.34622 9093.59 34.94 40.34 46.09 2.269127667 0.04 4156.07 5.75 896.36 8,064.86 0.61
11:46:09 911.4793333 9640.48 34.86 40.10 45.88 2.272587972 0.04 4156.39 5.78 902.04 8,606.08 0.62
11:56:09 916.5522417 10190.41 35.14 39.88 45.64 2.283099806 0.04 4156.72 5.76 903.68 9,148.29 0.62
12:06:09 914.0593983 10738.84 35.41 40.12 45.80 2.274936389 0.04 4156.44 5.68 887.19 9,680.60 0.61
12:16:09 901.3886333 11279.68 35.53 40.36 46.07 2.270173278 0.04 4156.07 5.72 890.69 10,215.02 0.62
12:26:09 913.5252033 11827.79 35.76 40.14 45.98 2.267276917 0.04 4156.29 5.84 909.18 10,760.53 0.62
12:36:09 913.32129 12375.78 35.86 40.02 45.86 2.273076028 0.04 4156.47 5.84 911.93 11,307.69 0.62
12:46:09 910.5977633 12922.14 35.91 40.04 45.78 2.273524444 0.04 4156.52 5.74 895.57 11,845.03 0.61
12:56:09 885.242795 13453.29 35.82 40.24 45.82 2.262628556 0.04 4156.34 5.59 867.72 12,365.66 0.61
13:06:09 870.5340867 13975.61 35.56 40.35 45.76 2.261797694 0.04 4156.3 5.41 840.41 12,869.90 0.60
13:16:09 848.291935 14484.58 35.83 40.19 45.47 2.262776306 0.04 4156.63 5.28 820.89 13,362.44 0.60
13:26:09 824.682285 14979.39 36.17 40.01 45.15 2.263770278 0.04 4156.98 5.15 800.34 13,842.64 0.61
13:36:09 812.623915 15466.97 35.97 40.34 45.25 2.26491175 0.04 4156.67 4.91 764.18 14,301.15 0.59
13:46:09 775.9340017 15932.53 35.97 40.34 45.08 2.264521861 0.04 4156.79 4.74 737.16 14,743.44 0.59
13:56:09 740.12282 16376.60 35.90 39.97 44.46 2.264970944 0.04 4157.49 4.49 698.01 15,162.25 0.59
14:06:09 702.00256 16797.80 35.92 40.18 44.31 2.269264417 0.04 4157.45 4.13 643.10 15,548.11 0.57
14:16:09 668.3234717 17198.80 36.00 40.41 44.28 2.26912325 0.04 4157.32 3.87 602.95 15,909.88 0.56
14:26:09 622.6035417 17572.36 35.50 40.21 43.83 2.265261917 0.04 4157.76 3.61 562.52 16,247.39 0.56
14:36:09 604.1394317 17934.84 35.27 39.98 43.34 2.262582611 0.04 4158.25 3.37 523.76 16,561.64 0.54
14:46:09 577.8249233 18281.54 35.40 40.20 43.32 2.263606944 0.04 4158.12 3.11 484.51 16,852.35 0.52
14:56:09 540.2080283 18605.66 34.99 40.35 43.18 2.268184472 0.04 4158.12 2.83 441.14 17,117.03 0.51
15:06:09 507.8178683 18910.35 34.93 40.16 42.79 2.264582222 0.04 4158.5 2.63 409.39 17,362.66 0.50
15:16:09 477.3166683 19196.74 35.00 39.85 42.26 2.267012861 0.04 4159.06 2.41 376.28 17,588.43 0.49
15:26:09 446.9415233 19464.91 34.51 39.82 41.93 2.261838389 0.04 4159.3 2.12 329.51 17,786.14 0.46
15:36:09 409.703155 19710.73 34.34 39.88 41.72 2.265555056 0.04 4159.39 1.84 286.14 17,957.82 0.44
15:46:09 365.92112 19930.28 34.21 39.92 41.45 2.269327111 0.04 4159.54 1.53 239.24 18,101.36 0.41
15:56:09 324.481655 20124.97 34.00 39.92 41.18 2.271605222 0.04 4159.72 1.26 196.71 18,219.39 0.38
16:06:09 285.1761517 20296.08 33.95 39.91 40.91 2.268755611 0.04 4159.9 1.00 155.50 18,312.69 0.34

57 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

Second testing on date; 12 February 2019. Obtained from the data logger and the results of the
calculation, as follows:

Radiasi Surya Energi Guna Efisiensi Kolektor

Tamb Tfi Tfo Flow Laju Massa Cp Delta T
Waktu Akumulasi Akumulasi Sesaat Harian
W/m2 (°C) (°C) (°C) (dm3/men) (Kg/sec) (J/Kg°C) (°C) W/m2
(J/m2) (J/m2) (%) (%)
8:30:00 492.65701 295.59 28.33 38.53 40.43 2.354753556 0.04 4161.07 1.89 306.48 183.88982 0.39 41.63
8:40:00 496.9282133 593.75 29.19 39.68 41.62 2.35237125 0.04 4159.59 1.94 313.18 371.79562 0.39
8:50:00 550.3587567 923.97 29.13 40.79 43.00 2.360389972 0.04 4157.94 2.21 358.32 586.7866 0.41
9:00:00 572.0332683 1267.19 29.53 41.90 44.25 2.3564875 0.04 4156.28 2.35 380.12 814.85916 0.42
9:10:00 580.7297417 1615.62 29.43 42.95 45.33 2.356621389 0.04 4154.7 2.38 384.15 1045.3485 0.41
9:20:00 635.5192867 1996.94 29.78 44.00 46.69 2.357356278 0.04 4152.84 2.69 434.56 1306.0875 0.43
9:30:00 686.0591167 2408.57 30.76 45.07 48.04 2.360426056 0.04 4150.87 2.97 479.22 1593.6166 0.44
9:40:00 731.8136267 2847.66 30.83 46.16 49.44 2.351029694 0.04 4148.74 3.28 527.68 1910.2262 0.45
9:50:00 735.9248667 3289.21 31.13 47.26 50.55 2.348430056 0.04 4146.75 3.29 528.31 2227.2099 0.45
10:00:00 723.1247967 3723.09 31.07 48.29 51.49 2.340933806 0.04 4144.9 3.19 510.55 2533.5388 0.44
10:10:00 759.5132867 4178.80 31.43 49.29 52.71 2.334181778 0.04 4142.72 3.42 544.82 2860.4305 0.45
10:20:00 751.5556133 4629.73 31.92 50.31 53.71 2.332836222 0.04 4140.65 3.40 540.73 3184.8657 0.45
10:30:00 717.9193433 5060.48 31.55 51.26 54.33 2.328148694 0.04 4138.99 3.07 486.37 3476.6869 0.42
10:40:00 823.26036 5554.44 32.50 52.13 56.04 2.268785028 0.04 4136.16 3.91 603.06 3838.5233 0.46
10:50:00 862.71738 6072.07 32.95 53.08 57.30 2.241427889 0.04 4133.6 4.21 641.22 4223.2531 0.46
11:00:00 866.452135 6591.94 33.40 54.10 58.33 2.236344861 0.04 4131.13 4.23 641.90 4608.3926 0.46
11:10:00 916.00632 7141.54 33.90 55.11 59.71 2.226976056 0.04 4128.16 4.60 694.25 5024.9402 0.47
11:20:00 890.8329217 7676.04 33.28 56.11 60.40 2.223301306 0.04 4125.96 4.30 646.42 5412.7912 0.45
11:30:00 865.4982383 8195.34 33.58 56.98 61.07 2.220309639 0.04 4123.93 4.09 613.95 5781.1635 0.44
11:40:00 853.6600733 8707.54 33.83 57.78 61.80 2.218655917 0.04 4121.83 4.02 601.97 6142.3438 0.44
11:50:00 855.6602717 9220.93 33.63 58.42 62.36 2.217095917 0.04 4120.14 3.94 589.41 6495.987 0.43
12:00:00 910.0295933 9766.95 34.26 58.99 63.33 2.216248639 0.04 4117.94 4.34 648.15 6884.8756 0.45
12:10:00 934.577215 10327.70 34.17 59.62 64.07 2.213646361 0.04 4115.91 4.45 663.96 7283.2508 0.44
12:20:00 715.0774083 10756.75 34.07 60.25 63.47 2.207769833 0.04 4115.87 3.21 478.03 7570.0705 0.42
12:30:00 803.1740417 11238.65 34.33 60.49 63.87 2.205183917 0.04 4114.92 3.38 501.59 7871.0272 0.39
12:40:00 852.46613 11750.13 34.34 60.66 64.59 2.19746075 0.04 4113.56 3.93 581.07 8219.6702 0.43
12:50:00 673.6257417 12154.30 34.30 61.05 64.12 2.193341278 0.04 4113.69 3.07 452.78 8491.3376 0.42
13:00:00 333.4914667 12354.40 33.14 61.06 61.34 2.193139139 0.04 4117.83 0.28 41.24 8516.0794 0.08
13:10:00 467.2516383 12634.75 33.44 60.29 61.50 2.183822056 0.04 4118.7 1.22 179.11 8623.5464 0.24
13:20:00 464.0311867 12913.17 33.46 48.83 53.99 2.225411694 0.04 4141.89 5.17 783.57 9093.6866 1.06
13:30:00 469.1328383 13194.65 33.57 39.81 42.62 2.223271139 0.04 4158.85 2.81 429.79 9351.5599 0.57
13:40:00 424.6839633 13449.46 33.32 41.93 43.82 2.233927222 0.04 4156.56 1.88 288.67 9524.7592 0.42
13:50:00 579.9633367 13797.44 33.63 43.13 45.91 2.232584917 0.04 4154.13 2.79 426.79 9780.8325 0.46
14:00:00 604.3221433 14160.03 34.08 44.54 47.59 2.230052389 0.04 4151.69 3.05 466.47 10060.717 0.48
14:10:00 345.7983783 14367.51 33.13 48.56 48.97 2.211544944 0.04 4147 0.42 63.18 10098.627 0.11
14:20:00 301.6052783 14548.47 32.71 50.41 51.14 2.211131056 0.04 4143.16 0.73 110.66 10165.021 0.23
14:30:00 295.566615 14725.81 32.68 50.48 51.03 2.209627639 0.04 4143.21 0.56 83.69 10215.233 0.18
14:40:00 416.068415 14975.45 32.76 50.56 51.71 2.213610139 0.04 4142.45 1.15 173.83 10319.531 0.26
14:50:00 345.8629833 15182.97 32.75 50.84 51.84 2.211806389 0.04 4142.03 0.99 149.85 10409.442 0.27
15:00:00 273.3888767 15347.01 32.26 42.84 45.29 2.226831722 0.04 4154.82 2.45 373.81 10633.727 0.85
15:10:00 438.94397 15610.37 32.51 41.42 42.72 2.220751917 0.04 4157.7 1.31 199.16 10753.221 0.28
15:20:00 404.46989 15853.05 32.30 47.43 48.51 2.214328778 0.04 4148.44 1.07 162.46 10850.699 0.25
15:30:00 325.8295383 16048.55 32.23 47.71 48.46 2.216355389 0.04 4148.23 0.75 113.54 10918.824 0.22
15:40:00 294.2393017 16225.09 32.00 48.12 48.62 2.2161725 0.04 4147.72 0.51 76.74 10964.87 0.16
15:50:00 270.1433083 16387.18 31.90 48.34 48.69 2.219266111 0.04 4147.46 0.35 52.79 10996.543 0.12
16:00:00 241.6761117 16532.19 31.76 48.46 48.62 2.224659639 0.04 4147.42 0.16 24.18 11011.054 0.06

58 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

Third testing on February 13, 2019. Obtained from the data logger and calculation results,
as follows:

Radiasi Surya Energi Guna Efisiensi Kolektor

Tamb Tfi Tfo Flow Laju Massa Cp Delta T
Waktu Akumulasi Akumulasi Sesaat Harian
W/m2 (°C) (°C) (°C) (dm3/men) (Kg/sec) (J/Kg°C) (°C) W/m2
(J/m2) (J/m2) (%) (%)
8:30:00 537.1293467 322.27761 28.09 44 45.98 2.20636775 0.04 4153.4 1.97 298.57 179.14277 0.29 41.65
8:40:00 587.56062 674.81398 28.96 44.76 47.04 2.204338833 0.04 4151.95 2.28 343.91 385.4875 0.31
8:50:00 645.72038 1062.2462 29.25 45.6 48.31 2.201297083 0.04 4150.2 2.72 409.35 631.09653 0.33
9:00:00 670.884325 1464.7768 29.11 46.49 49.37 2.198453306 0.04 4148.51 2.88 433.37 891.12013 0.34
9:10:00 682.8572733 1874.4912 29.81 47.39 50.36 2.196602167 0.04 4146.8 2.97 445.21 1158.2457 0.34
9:20:00 696.6442433 2292.4777 29.41 48.25 51.29 2.192307889 0.04 4145.12 3.04 455.42 1431.5003 0.34
9:30:00 707.2557733 2716.8312 29.86 49.08 52.21 2.190534222 0.04 4143.42 3.13 467.22 1711.8315 0.35
9:40:00 738.93583 3160.1927 31.21 49.92 53.35 2.186283611 0.04 4141.43 3.43 511.27 2018.5957 0.36
9:50:00 739.9356167 3604.154 31.82 50.77 54.23 2.178526333 0.04 4139.62 3.46 513.27 2326.5593 0.37
10:00:00 806.08632 4087.8058 31.82 51.66 55.57 2.171587417 0.04 4137.2 3.91 578.02 2673.371 0.38
10:10:00 815.4227433 4577.0595 32.09 52.65 56.59 2.171234611 0.04 4134.93 3.94 580.99 3021.9636 0.37
10:20:00 805.1658567 5060.159 32.86 53.6 57.5 2.161050417 0.04 4132.75 3.90 571.76 3365.0172 0.37
10:30:00 852.7299067 5571.7969 33.22 54.53 58.74 2.155895417 0.04 4130.11 4.22 616.30 3734.7952 0.38
10:40:00 868.5112533 6092.9037 33.09 55.44 59.66 2.149870389 0.04 4127.79 4.22 614.85 4103.7081 0.37
10:50:00 880.8335933 6621.4038 33.72 56.36 60.69 2.143891917 0.04 4125.25 4.32 626.95 4479.8804 0.37
11:00:00 894.6601483 7158.1999 33.95 57.25 61.74 2.136556889 0.04 4122.64 4.49 647.97 4868.6647 0.38
11:10:00 879.503545 7685.9021 34.16 58.14 62.43 2.1302355 0.04 4120.44 4.29 616.50 5238.5647 0.37
11:20:00 930.5750933 8244.2471 34.51 58.9 63.56 2.112031444 0.04 4117.73 4.66 663.37 5636.5854 0.38
11:30:00 916.9803083 8794.4353 34.21 59.73 64.24 2.106561389 0.04 4115.5 4.52 641.27 6021.3446 0.37
11:40:00 932.46423 9353.9138 34.55 60.45 65.06 2.106457028 0.04 4113.17 4.61 653.84 6413.651 0.37
11:50:00 931.2779633 9912.6806 34.90 61.06 65.64 2.110035917 0.04 4111.33 4.57 648.87 6802.9719 0.37
12:00:00 919.7757917 10464.546 35.01 61.61 66.13 2.098211361 0.04 4109.7 4.52 637.30 7185.3531 0.36
12:10:00 909.58653 11010.298 35.06 62.14 66.64 2.091950722 0.04 4108.03 4.50 631.80 7564.4311 0.37
12:20:00 903.3004283 11552.278 35.06 62.57 66.96 2.090141222 0.04 4106.82 4.38 614.86 7933.3449 0.36
12:30:00 867.355785 12072.692 35.43 62.95 67.09 2.088130917 0.04 4105.99 4.15 580.79 8281.817 0.35
12:40:00 855.3884783 12585.925 35.77 63.27 67.39 2.087930861 0.04 4104.96 4.12 576.30 8627.5983 0.35
12:50:00 832.1796767 13085.233 35.89 63.54 67.44 2.087395778 0.04 4104.44 3.90 545.86 8955.1146 0.35
13:00:00 600.3770017 13445.459 34.64 63.67 65.83 2.081792611 0.04 4106.87 2.17 302.67 9136.7169 0.27
13:10:00 779.1990483 13912.978 34.75 63.39 66.65 2.084178167 0.04 4105.98 3.26 455.73 9410.157 0.31
13:20:00 766.7551433 14373.031 34.29 59.26 64.12 2.111780972 0.04 4116.38 4.86 691.17 9824.8572 0.47
13:30:00 737.071725 14815.274 33.91 50.42 55.02 2.137317083 0.04 4139.15 4.59 668.55 10225.985 0.48
13:40:00 703.08756 15237.127 33.85 49.18 52.89 2.137587556 0.04 4142.65 3.71 540.96 10550.562 0.40
13:50:00 699.4217783 15656.78 33.84 49 52.56 2.140495056 0.04 4143.16 3.56 519.29 10862.138 0.39
14:00:00 672.55227 16060.311 33.76 49.04 52.37 2.139374611 0.04 4143.31 3.33 486.52 11154.049 0.38
14:10:00 634.3868817 16440.943 33.71 49.21 52.21 2.13677825 0.04 4143.29 3.00 437.14 11416.333 0.36
14:20:00 600.20124 16801.064 33.72 49.48 52.22 2.13550175 0.04 4143.01 2.74 398.47 11655.415 0.35
14:30:00 556.1273483 17134.741 33.57 49.62 52.06 2.134040389 0.04 4143.03 2.44 355.18 11868.521 0.34
14:40:00 528.2360833 17451.682 33.49 49.57 51.81 2.133218944 0.04 4143.34 2.24 325.30 12063.701 0.32
14:50:00 493.680575 17747.891 33.47 49.49 51.47 2.138078194 0.04 4143.75 1.98 288.16 12236.599 0.31
15:00:00 465.11013 18026.957 33.03 49.23 51.03 2.137374611 0.04 4144.44 1.80 261.99 12393.792 0.30
15:10:00 429.0114917 18284.364 32.91 48.97 50.47 2.134465167 0.04 4145.22 1.50 219.23 12525.331 0.27
15:20:00 390.4933967 18518.66 32.87 48.9 50.09 2.139365417 0.04 4145.65 1.20 175.11 12630.396 0.24
15:30:00 356.10407 18732.322 32.46 49.25 50.11 2.140437611 0.04 4145.29 0.86 125.29 12705.569 0.19
15:40:00 319.1876217 18923.835 32.42 49.49 50.12 2.145783722 0.04 4145.05 0.63 92.59 12761.122 0.15
15:50:00 272.1677017 19087.135 32.07 49.27 49.69 2.14095725 0.04 4145.67 0.42 61.69 12798.133 0.12
16:00:00 235.9333567 19228.695 31.94 48.92 49.11 2.145007583 0.04 4146.54 0.19 27.69 12814.748 0.06

59 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

Daily Collector Efficiency

No Day testing Collector Efficiency (%)

1 1 56.39
2 2 41.63
3 3 41.65
Average Efficiency 46,55

DISCUSSION

1200,00
1000,00
800,00
600,00
Radiasi Surya
400,00
200,00 Energi Berguna
0,00
10:06:09

12:06:09

14:06:09
10:36:09
11:06:09
11:36:09

12:36:09
13:06:09
13:36:09

14:36:09
15:06:09
15:36:09
16:06:09
8:36:09
9:06:09
9:36:09

Figure 4. Graph of Useful Energy (Qu) and Intensity of Solar Radiation Against Time on the 1st
test on 11 February 2019

From the graph shown in Figure 4. There is a useful energy for a moment since 12.36
West Indonesia Time decreases along with the intensity of solar radiation coming on the surface
of the collector. This is due to the fact that useful energy is basically a function of the intensity of
solar energy that comes on the surface of the collector.

1000
800
600
400 Radiasi Surya
200 Energi Berguna
0
14:00:00
10:00:00
10:30:00
11:00:00
11:30:00
12:00:00
12:30:00
13:00:00
13:30:00

14:30:00
15:00:00
15:30:00
16:00:00
9:30:00
8:30:00
9:00:00

Figure 5. Graph of Useful Energy (Qu) and Intensity of Solar Radiation Against the Time on the
2nd test on 12 February 2019

60 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

From the graph shown in Figure 5. There is a useful energy for a moment since 12:30 WIB
decreases along with the intensity of solar radiation coming on the surface of the collector. This
is due to the fact that useful energy is basically a function of the intensity of solar energy that
comes on the surface of the collector. However, at 12:30 to 13:00 West Indonesia Time there was
a decrease in useful energy and the intensity of solar radiation was very sharp, because in that
position there was very heavy rain and at 13.00 to 13.30 West Indonesia Time there was very
intense heat resulting in an increase in useful energy which large, after 13.30 until 16.00 WIB
erratic weather occurs making energy useful and irregular intensity of solar radiation.

Figure 6. Graph of Useful Energy (Qu) and Intensity of Solar Radiation Against the Time on the

1000
800
600
400
200 Radiasi Surya
0 Energi Berguna
15:50:00
10:30:00
11:10:00
11:50:00
12:30:00
13:10:00
13:50:00
14:30:00
15:10:00
9:50:00
8:30:00
9:10:00

3rd test on 13 February 2019

From the graph shown in Figure 6. There is a useful energy for a moment since 13.30
West Indonesia Time decreases along with the intensity of solar radiation coming on the surface
of the collector. This is due to the fact that useful energy is basically a function of the intensity of
solar energy that comes on the surface of the collector. But at 12:30 to 13.30 WIB there was heavy
rain accompanied by sufficient heat to make a significant decrease and increase.

Figure 7. Daily Collector Efficiency Graph Against the Testing Time

1,50
1,00
Efisiensi Kolektor Hari 1
0,50
Efisiensi Kolektor Hari 2
0,00
11:00:00

14:30:00
10:00:00
10:30:00

11:30:00
12:00:00
12:30:00
13:00:00
13:30:00
14:00:00

15:00:00
15:30:00
16:00:00

Efisiensi Kolektor Hari 3

8:30:00
9:00:00
9:30:00

From the graph shown in Figure 7. That the highest daily collector efficiency occurs at
13.30 WIB with tests conducted on the 2nd day and the lowest daily collector efficiency occurs at
16.00 WIB on the 3rd day testing, due to the time of the afternoon until evening sun has shone a
little on the surface of the collector.

61 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

8,00
6,00
4,00 Suhu Keluaran Hari 1
2,00 Suhu Keluaran Hari 2
0,00 Suhu Keluaran Hari 3

10:30:00

11:30:00

12:30:00

13:30:00

14:30:00

15:30:00
10:00:00

11:00:00

12:00:00

13:00:00

14:00:00

15:00:00

16:00:00
8:30:00

9:30:00
9:00:00

Figure 8. Graph of Output Temperature Against the Testing Time

From the graph in Figure 8. It is shown that the highest exit temperature is reached at
12:30 WIB and decreases closer to late afternoon. This is due to the collector not having sufficient
intensity of solar radiation because the position of the sun is on the right.

Figure 9. Highest Radiation Graph of Day 1 on 11 February 2019

From the graph in Figure 9. It was shown that the highest solar radiation testing day 1 on
11 February 2019 at 12:26 WIB amounting to 913,525 W/m2 followed by 12:36 WIB amounting
to 913.321 W/m2

Figure 10. The Highest Radiation Graph of Day 2 on February 12 2019

62 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

From the graph in Figure 10. It is shown that the highest solar radiation testing day 2 on
12 February 2019 at 12:10 WIB at 934,577 W/m2 followed at 11:10 WIB at 916,006W/m2.

Figure 11. The Highest Radiation Graph of Day 3 on February 13 2019

From the graph in Figure 11. It was shown that the highest solar radiation testing day 3
on 13 February 2019 at 11:40 WIB amounting to 932,464 W/m2 followed by 11:50 WIB
amounting to 931,277 W/m2.

CONCLUSION be used to heat water is highly dependent on

the intensity of solar radiation that illuminates
The conclusions of the results of testing
the solar collector. 5) Flat plate type solar
solar water heaters, namely: 1) The collector
collectors on Solar Water Heaters have a
for testing uses a type of flat plate collector
collector efficiency of 46.55%. Which means
with a collector area of 2 m2 with a capacity of
that a solar panel can only absorb 46.55% of
150 liters of water. 2) In the solar water heater
the solar radiation that illuminates the solar
laboratory in B2TKE-BPPT at the time of
collector.
testing must follow procedures in accordance
with SNI 3021-1992 1st edition. 3) Collector
efficiency testing procedures, namely: 1) the
collector is filled with water continuously with
a flow to the collector alone without opening
the valve to other components, 2) the sensor
pairs on Solar Radiation (W/m2), Ambient
Temperature (T-amb), Temperature of Inlet
Collector (T-in), Temperature of Water Out of
Collector (T-out), 3) testing is carried out for 7
hours 30 minutes, 4) waiting for the results of
data obtained and managed through a
computer every 30 minutes intervals. 4) In the
use of solar collectors, useful energy that can

63 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Galan Raditya Saputra

REFERENCES Fachrizal, Noor. Mustafa, Rivai. 2005.

Pengujian Kapasitas Tangki
B2TKE-BPPT.2019. “Balai Besar Teknologi
Penyimpanan Kalor Dan Efisiensi
Konversi Energi”
Kolektor Pada Pemanas Air Tenaga
http://b2tke.bppt.go.id/index.php/id/
Surya. B2TKE: Serpong
diakses pada 14 Febuari 2019 Pukul
09.42 M. Helmi F.A.P, Epyk sunarno, Endro Wahyono.
Pemanfaatan energi matahari
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1992. SNI 3021-
menggunakan solar cell sebagai energi
1992 Pemanas air tenaga surya, definisi,
alternative untuk menggerakan konveyor
satuan dan lambing, dan klasifikasi
bagian 1 Yani, Endri. Abdurrachim. Pratoto, Adjar. 2009.
Perhitungan Efisiensi kolektor surya pada
BPPT.B2TKE. Clean Energy for a Brighter
pengering tipe aktif tidak langsung pada
Future. Serpong
laboratoriumsurya ITB. Bandung

64 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.65-74.

MAKING THE ROTARY TABLE LOCK OF SCHAUBLIN 13 MILLING MACHINE

Adhan Efendi
Maintenance Mechanical Engineering, Subang State Polytechnic

Corresponding author: adhan@polsub.ac.id

Accepted: 4 June 2019. Approved: 10 June 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT

The milling machine in the workshop of Bandung Manufacturing Polytechnic works not too
optimally in the process of the incision. This is due to the disappearance of two rotary table lock
milling machine which makes the cutting process less than perfect. This study attempts to make
a rotary table lock milling machines schaublin 13. The stages in this study are the study of
literature, making work drawings, preparing tools and materials, and execution. Data obtained
in the process of making the rotary table lock was analyzed qualitative descriptive. The results of
this study are (1) there are several parameters that must be considered such as spindle rotation,
feeding motion, and depth of cut, (2) the milling process must be carried out in accordance with
the procedure to ensure the operator and engine safety, (3) the milling process must be carried
out carefully so that the workpiece can match to the work drawings. Perseverance in the milling
process is needed for maximum results

Keywords: rotary table lock, schaublin 13 milling machine

65 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

INTRODUCTION Second, the vertical milling machine.

Large-scale industry aims to produce This is a production milling machine with
workpieces in various types and quality spindles mounted vertically on the machine
standards set. The standard quality of results head. The head of this machine can be fixed
is determined by the machine and by humans type, movable type, or tilted type. While the
as work equipment and the operator of the machine table can be bed type or knee type.
engine operation. (A. Efendi; D, 2019)
Machinery, people, and safety are important
industrial factors. The machine often used in
engineering processes is a milling machine.
The milling machine can do all the execution
machine tools such as peg hole work, angle
cutting, gear cutting, and flat fieldwork (Zen,
2017). According to (Susila, Risano, &
Hertanto, 2016) the milling machine process Figure 2. Vertical Milling Machine
is most often used to make a complex profile Third, the bed-type milling machines.
or trajectory component, so high accuracy is This type of milling machine is able to
needed in this process. withstand heavier loads compared to other
In general, the milling machine is types of milling machines. This is because the
classified into four types. First, the horizontal table is placed above a strong stand. This type
milling machine. This milling machine has a of table can only be moved in a longitudinal
nose spindle that is mounted horizontally. direction while transverse and vertical
This machine can do movements in three movements can be carried out by a cutter
directions; in the form of transverse, spindle.
longitudinal, and vertical.

Figure 2. Bed Milling Machine

Figure 1. Horizontal Milling Machine

66 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

Fourth, the universal milling machine. It

is a combination of types of vertical and
horizontal milling machines so that the cut
spindles can be arranged transversely or
upright as needed. The machine table can be
tilted or horizontal. Universal type is a type of
milling that is complete and widely used. One
of them is used in the manufacturing
workshop of Bandung Manufacturing Figure 2. Bed Milling Machine

Polytechnic for the learning process. Fourth, the universal milling machine. It

Second, the vertical milling machine. is a combination of types of vertical and

This is a production milling machine with horizontal milling machines so that the cut

spindles mounted vertically on the machine spindles can be arranged transversely or

head. The head of this machine can be fixed upright as needed. The machine table can be

type, movable type, or tilted type. While the tilted or horizontal. Universal type is a type of
machine table can be bed type or knee type. milling that is complete and widely used. One
of them is used in the manufacturing
workshop of Bandung Manufacturing
Polytechnic for the learning process.

Figure 2. Vertical Milling Machine

Third, the bed-type milling machines.
Figure 4. Universal Milling Machine
This type of milling machine is able to
According to (Londa, 2016) the milling
withstand heavier loads compared to other
machine is a machine that moves
types of milling machines. This is because the
automatically and has a high level of
table is placed above a strong stand. This type
accuracy. High production capacity in making
of table can only be moved in a longitudinal
components can be achieved when the
direction while transverse and vertical
milling machine works briefly and quickly
movements can be carried out by a cutter
(Suteja, Candra, & Aquarista, 2017).
spindle.
Shortness and speed can be achieved if all the
components of the milling machine are

67 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

installed in good condition. Installation of workshop of Bandung Manufacturing

components that are not good or in disability Polytechnic works not too optimally in the
condition will greatly affect the results of the process of the incision. This is due to the
workpiece obtained later. disappearance of two rotary table lock
The milling process is a very effective milling machine which makes the cutting
process of cutting workpieces because the process less than perfect. The angle on the
milling knife has multiple cutting edges. rotary table can change by itself if it is not
When compared with a lathe knife, the locked. The pressure received by the rotary
milling knife is analogous to several more table can rotate the rotary table, which makes
efficient lathe blades. The milling process can the workpiece being processed will be
be classified into three types. The damaged.
classification is based on incision direction, Research method
tool type, and relative position of the tool to The process of data collection in this
the workpiece (Mujiono, 2016). study was conducted at the Polytechnic
Manufacturing Bandung for three months.
Data were analyzed by descriptive
qualitative. Stages of the research is as
follows:

Figure 5. Milling process (a) peripheral

milling (b) face milling, (c) finger milling
One component of the workpiece holder
in the milling machine is a rotary table. This Tools &
Materials
turntable is placed on the table of the milling
machine, then the vise or triple jaw can be
placed on top of it. With the help of this
turntable, the processing of the workpiece
fields can be faster because to cut the sides of
the workpiece does not need to remove the
workpiece, simply rotate the turntable handle
with the desired angle. In addition, this rotary
table can be made in a circular shape, either a
full circle of 3600 or less than 3600.
Based on the observation results of the
research team, the milling machine in the

68 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

Results and Discussion a. n when leveling the surface with an

Tools and Materials Endmill 16
1. Milling machine
2. Vernier Caliver
3. Brush
4. Cut Saw
5. Height gauge
6. Markers
7. Hammer
8. Endmill Cutter 16
9. Drill Bit 6
10. Center Pin
11. Counterbore Drill M6
12. VCN with dimensions of 70x20x20 mm b. n when making a hole with a drill bit
13. Coolant
14. Dust Cloth
6

Work Drawings

c. n when creating a counterbore with

Figure 7. Table Lock Work Drawings drill M6

Work Steps
This process is the process of preparing
all forms of materials and workpieces to be
used such as a vise, measuring instruments,
work objects, and work safety equipment.
Milling Process
After the tools and materials are ready,
1. Install the cutter on the adapter collet.
set the engine rotation speed (n) using the
2. Install the adapter collet on the
formula:
milling machine spindle.
3. Attach vise to the table of the milling
machine, then tighten it.
4. Complete the vise with the parallel
pad to flatten the position of the
workpiece.

69 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

5. Clamp the workpiece into the vise, 11. Remove the workpiece, then cut it
and make sure the workpiece is not into 2 parts using a hand saw.
tilted.
12. Install one of the workpieces on the
6. Tighten the grip on the workpiece.
milling vise, and do the cutting to a
7. Pay attention to the conditions
dimension of 27 x 17.5 x 15 mm
around the engine before turning on
the engine.
8. Use protective glasses.
9. Look for a zero point, that is by
attaching the knife to the workpiece
and then turning it on, if it has been
cut then the zero points can already Figure 10. Desired dimensions
be determined.
13. Do it on the second workpiece.
10. Flatten all sides and make the
workpiece dimension 65 x 17.5 x 15
mm

Figure 11. Cutting and Incision

Results

Figure 8. Levelling Dimension 14. Remove the workpiece, give a mark

on the point to be punched using
height gauge and marker.

Figure 9. Workpiece Leveling Process

Figure 12. Dimensions of Hole Center
Points

70 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

Figure 13. Marked workpieces Figure 14. Drilling process

15. Remove the cutter on the spindle. 27. Remove the drill chuck on the spindle.

16. Install the center pin on the drill 28. Remove the drill counterbore on the
chuck. drill chuck.

17. Install the drill chuck on the spindle. 29. Install the cutter on the adapter collet.

18. Perform the drilling process as deep 30. Install the adapter collet on the
as 2 mm at the point that has been spindle.
marked.
31. Perform the engraving process so that
19. Perform the same process on the the two workpieces are in accordance
second workpiece with the working drawing.

20. Remove the center pin, and attach the

drill bit 6 to the drill chuck.

21. Perform the drilling process as deep

as 10 mm.

22. Do the same process on the second

workpiece.

23. Remove the drill bit 6 on the drill

chuck. Figure 15. Desired dimensions

24. Pair the M6 counterbore drill on the

drill chuck.

25. Perform the drilling process as deep

as 3 mm.

26. Do the same process on the second

workpiece. Figure 16. Process of Incision

71 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

32. Remove the workpiece. Clean and 35. Locking assembly and rotary table.
trim the milling machine.

33. Make a camper on each side of the

two workpiece.

Figure 20. Assembly Process

Figure 17. Results of scrape

34. Perform the blackening process

Figure 21. Assembly results

Conclusion
Based on the results of the practicum of
making locking rotary table spare parts,
several conclusions can be taken:
Figure 18. Blackening Process
1. There are several parameters that
must be considered such as spindle
rotation, feeding motion, and depth of
cut.

2. The milling process must be carried

out in accordance with the procedure
to ensure the safety of the operator

Figure 19. Blackening Process Result and also the engine.

3. The milling process must be carried

out carefully so that the workpiece
can fit the working picture. Tenacity
in the milling process is needed for
maximum results.

72 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

Knuth Romiyadi Pengujian orifice flow

Acknowledgments meter dengan kapasitas aliran rendah .

The researcher thanks to the Director of Ainul Ghurri , S . P . G . Gunawan Tista ,

Subang State Polytechnic for the research Syamsudin .………………………….…. Bandar

facilities provided, also to laboratory Lampung September 2016, 7(2).

assistants who had helped during the Suteja, T. J., Candra, S., & Aquarista, Y. (2017).

observation process Optimasi Proses Pemesinan Milling Fitur

Pocket Material Baja Karbon Rendah
REFERENCES Menggunakan Response Surface
Methodology Optimasi Proses
A. Efendi; D, K. (2019). Evaluation of the
Pemesinan Milling Fitur Pocket Material
Application of Occupational Safety and
Baja Karbon Rendah Menggunakan
Health (OSH) at the Subang State
Response Surface Methodology,
Polytechnic Lab. Automotive Experience,
(December).
2(1), 9–14.
Zen, H. (2017). Perhitungan Kekuatan Pisau
P. Londa, “Dasar-Dasar
Frais pada Proses Perautan Alur Pasak
Pengefreisan,”Politeknik Negeri
Poros Model Propeller, 2(2), 87–92.
Bandung, 2016.
Mujiono. (2016). PENGARUH KECEPATAN
PUTARAN SPINDEL DAN KECEPATAN
PEMAKANAN TERHADAP KEKASARAN
PERMUKAAN BAJA EMS 45 PADA PROSES
END MILLING SURFACE. Semarang:
UNNES.
Susila, M. D., Risano, Y. E., & Hertanto, M.
(2016). Proses pack carburizing dengan
media carburizer alternative serbuk
arang tongkol jagung dan serbuk arang
kerang mutiara Penuaan electrode
CuCrlZr spot welding dengan
pendekatan numerical Agus Sifa Effect
of a pipe number on the heat transfert
rate for a granit stone absorber Solar
collector Pengaruh kemiringan benda
kerja dan kecepatan pemakanan
terhadap Getaran mesin frais universal

73 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adhan Efendi

(Khairunisa, 2015)

74 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.75-84.

TESTING OF THE SOLAR THERMAL COOKING PERFORMA OF THE ENERGY CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGY CENTER AGENCY OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND APPLICATION

Adam Prasetyo Nugroho1, Rivai mustafa1 Mujahid Wahyu2

1Center for Energy Conversion Technology b2t to bppt gd. 620-625 serpong puspiptek area in
the southern city of Tangerang province of Banten

2Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic of Kediri

Corresponding author: adamprasetyo8@gmail.com

Accepted: 28 June 2019. Approved: 3 July 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT

Performance testing of solar thermal cooking. At the large institute of energy conversion
technology, the body's assessment and application of technology. Practical Work. Serang:
Mechanical Engineering Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sultan Ageng
Tirtayasa University, 2019. Solar thermal cooking is a technology that works by utilizing solar
energy. This test uses observational methods, interviews, documentation and experiments, to
determine the performance of solar cooking that is being developed by the Center for Energy
Conversion Technology as a cooking aid to reduce or can replace firewood, LPG gas and electric
stoves. The purpose of testing is the use of alternative energy that can be developed and possibly
can be produced as a renewable technology. Conclusions testing for solar thermal cooking
performance obtained data such as the highest radiation 930,211 W / m ^ 3 for the temperature
166⁰C these data as a result of the performance of solar cooking performance and the results of
the temperature test produced on cooking reached> 80⁰C the temperature can pass the cooking
conditions starting from boiling water, boiling eggs and so on.

Keywords: testing, performance, solar, thermal, cooking

75 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

INTRODUCTION temperature data which are read by

Renewable energy sources that are pyranometer sensors and ambient sensors
very abundant, especially in Indonesia is a that send data to the data logger for
gift that we have. becomes an opportunity to processing and then entering to the computer
make all kinds of equipment to support the unit to unite with other data.
process of human activities such as cooking Evacuatedtube
which has been using fuel that comes from Evacuated tube collector is one of the
nature and is not renewable because basically most important ingredients to be used in
it will run out. solar cooking because as a means of receiving
In this era the rapidly growing use of solar energy or an absorber material that is
renewable energy such as the use of wind, able to receive solar heat well and increase
solar, geothermal energy and all of that solar heat higher in the evacuated tube there
becomes an opportunity to create tools that are two more main components namely heat
aim to replace the use of non-renewable insulation and heat pipes as heat transfer
energy. On this occasion I took a test activity component of the sun's absorption process.
related to the use of tools for cooking such as And the heat absorption section is made of
stoves that use sunlight energy to produce borosilicate glass material which has high
heat quickly and improve the quality of strength and is resistant to chemistry and
understanding in the field of testing and work heat. The air inside the gap between the outer
done in the world of institutions engaged in layer glass tube and inside makes the part
testing and research as improving technology become vacuum,
utilization of solar thermal energy in The function of the vacuum as an
Indonesia insulator that prevents the loss of heat signi fi
This solar cooking testing process cantly into the atmosphere or into the air
with 3 types of evacuated tube size tubes, this freely because the reduction factor is very
test is carried out starting from February 8 to drastic influences the temperature drop on
February 13, 2019 using the SWH (Solar the heat absorbed. On the inside of the glass
Water Heater) lab and using manual tools coated with a selective layer (Al-N / AI or AIN
such as digital thermometers to determine / AIN-SS / Cu) which is useful for increasing
the temperature in the performance testing radiation absorption and minimizing
process such as use for cooking and data from reflection of radiation energy. Inside the glass
the swh lab processed digitally using a tube is a flat, curved aluminum plate or
datalogger such as solar cooking surface copper fins attached to the heat pipe inside
temperature data as well as other factors the inner glass tube. The fins function as a
such as radiation data and environmental heat capture sun to heat the heat pipe and the

76 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

liquid evaporator process occurs in the heat Table 1.1 Regulation of Temperature of use
pipe and the design of the tube-shaped
Sector Processes Temp (⁰C)
evaquatedtube collector has advantages
Wort boiling 100
Brewing and
because it can absorb heat more perfectly Bottle washing 60
Maltin
from various sides unlike a flat face which Drying 90
g
Cooling 60
only has one surface only in the collector.
Pasteurization 60 – 85
Milk
sterilization 130 - 150
Food Pasteurization 110 – 125
Sterilization < 80
Cooking 70 – 100
preservation
Scalding 95 – 100
Bleaching <90
Washing,
Meat <90
Figure 1 Evacuated tube circulation Sterilization,cleaning
Bottle washing 60 – 90
(Source: Google) Wine and
Cooling (single effect
In the working process of solar cooking is beverage 85
absorption cooling)
where the mathari radiation is directed Textile washing,bleaching,dyeing <90
towards or evacuatated tube with the cooking 140 – 200

vaporaizing process in the evacuated tube, Automotif Paint drying 160 – 220
degreasing 35 – 55
which is a copper heat pipe filled with liquid
Paper Paper pulp:cooking 170 – 180
vapor liquefies, producing temperatures Tanning Water heating for damp 165 – 180
ranging from 40⁰ to 250⁰ if the radiation Cork Drying, cork baking 40 – 155

obtained is of good quality in the 900 to 1100 Source:: Observatoire Médi-terranéen de l’Energie

radiation range. (OME)

Utilization of Solar Thermal Energy

Utilization
Food Quality IPB utilization of solar
thermal energy can be seen in table 1.1
Regulations for use.

77 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

Table 1.2 Regulations of the pathogenic the Banu Lesmana Bagaskara Guarantee
bacterial sterilization process. Supervisor
The duration
Types of of the process
Temperature of Research methodology
No cooked sterilization
(⁰C) (F⁰)
food of pathogenic Observation
bacteria
Eggs,
The process of introducing the
1 poultry, 74⁰ 165⁰F environment starts from what is done at the
meat, fish
various institution and what services are available at
2 mixed 74⁰ 165⁰F
the institution that is being run so as to
dishes
Stuffed understand and adjust to the workplace
3 74⁰ 165⁰F
meat
environment of the practice as well as at
Animal
4 68,3⁰ 155⁰F Interview This process is carried out for the
Meat
Processed
5
Meat
68,3⁰ 155⁰F collection of some data in order to
15 Second
6 Fish 63⁰ 145⁰F understand how it works and what kind of
Steak /
7 Minced 63⁰ 145⁰F
rules must be applied to the practical work
Meat process so that it does not experience
8 Roasts 63⁰ 145⁰F
Eggs (Boil, problems in the process of this practical
9 63⁰ 145⁰F
Fry) work. documenting the initial preparation of
10 Vegetables 57⁰ 135⁰F
Food tools such as sensors used by tools and
11 Ready to 57⁰ 135⁰F materials and the condition of objects tested
Eat
Source: Banu Lesmana Bagaskara Supervisor of to determine the initial conditions of the
IPB Food Quality Assurance
process and the final process to determine
the condition of the equipment has changed
Solar energy is energy that is clean,
or not.
cheap, safe, unlimited and able to be
ExperimentsThe process carried out
renewable (renewable) and economic
in an experiment is to test a cooking
potential that is extraordinary for example in
experiment with regard to temperature and
Indonesia. Utilization of solar energy can be
radiation as it tries to use a test to find out
in the form of photon energy and thermal
whether the conditions of solar cooking are
energy. Photon energy can be converted into
the same as a stove that uses LPG, electricity
electrical energy in the presence of solar cells
or other such cooking experiments.
while solar thermal energy can be used for
the process of cookers, dryers, water heaters,
power plants, distillation of sea water, etc.
Based on the Observatoire Médi-terranéen de
l'Energie (OME) report), and the results of

78 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

Results and Discussion B. Ambient Graph, Clamp surface

1) Data from performance test results temperature, Solar radiation February
without load or cooking test 9, 2019.

A. Ambient graph, calmp surface

temperature, Radiation on February 8,
2019

Figure 3. Radiation Graph, Ambient Clamp

Temperature on February 9, 2019

In Figure 4 a graph of environmental

Figure 2. Radiation Graph, Ambient Clamp
temperature, radiation, and clamp
surface temperature on February 9, 2019
temperature without load or non-cook test
results can be obtained with observations of
In Figure 2, the graph above can be an
increases or decreases at (10:00) to (15:00)
increase graph between the radiation graph
the data depicted on the graph at (10.00)
and the temperature on the clamp or surface
with the amount of radiation 787 with a
at (09:00) to (13:00) the highest temperature
clamp surface temperature of 147 ⁰C but a
to above 160⁰C with the highest radiation
decrease at (11:15) with the amount of
reaching 1007 (and the graph shows the
radiation 292 but the surface temperature of
amount of decrease between radiation with
the clamp has increased before it reaches
the clamp temperature at 11:00 to nail
157⁰C the decrease in radiation is likely due
(13.00) with the amount of radiation ranging
to clouds covering the radiation sensor. On
from 996 to 481 with a decrease in
the graph the highest radiation value is at
temperature on the clamp at 165 ° C to 116 °
(13:00) with the number 936 and the
C because of the rain in the process of the
temperature at the clamp 148 ⁰C.
experiment.

79 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

2) Performance test data with load or

C. Ambient Graph, Clamp surface cooking test
temperature, Solar radiation Radiation graph Ambient surface
February 10, 2019 clamp temperature, and temperature on
cuisine February 11 2019

Figure 4. Radiation Graph, Clamp and

Ambient Temperature on February 10, 2019
Figure 5. Radiation graph Ambient surface
temperature of the clamp, and temperature
In Figure 4 above can be an increase
on the cuisine Date February 11, 2019
between the radiation graph and the
In Figure 5, the results obtained from
temperature on the clamp or surface at
Observation graph are the amount of
(10:30) to (14:00) illustrated graphs that
radiation increase, clamp temperature,
rise and fall with the highest temperature up
boiling water temperature and boiled egg
to 149⁰ C with the highest radiation reaching
test. For radiation depicted on the blue
1152 (W /) at image at (11:00) and
colored graph the highest results are 996 and
experiencing a purification at (12:30) with
the lowest results are 321 temperature rises
the amount of radiation 487 W / and the
at the highest clamp starting at (09.12) to
clamp surface temperature 121⁰ C the
(12.00) with the result of an increase in
decrease is due to weather conditions in the
temperature on the clamp with a green
cloudy or cloudy experiment process which
graphic image increase of 87° C to 153° C.
results in a decrease in the clamp surface
During the process The load testing was done
temperature due to a decrease in the amount
for cooking such as differences in cooking
of radiation in received by the collector
water with the lid and open data obtained as
while the ambient temperature did not
a table on open water for 15 minutes in the
experience an increase and decrease with an
amount of initial radiation 325.108 and the
average amount of 30⁰ C.
initial temperature of the clamp 87.54⁰ C the
final temperature at the clamp 89,54⁰ C. For
the initial temperature at open water 30 ⁰ C
and for the final temperature 60 ⁰ C with a

80 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

purple chart, for water that is covered for 15 Figure 9. Radiation graph Ambient
minutes in the data with the amount of initial temperature of the clamp surface, and
radiation 477,477 and initial clamp temperature on the cuisine on 12 February
temperature 93.44⁰ C and final temperature 2019.
clamp 100.37⁰ C at water temperature closed In Figure 9: Observation results can be
with an initial amount of 30° C and a final obtained with the amount of radiation, clamp
temperature obtained by 77° C as in the light temperature, ambient temperature, rice
blue graph, for experiments to cook eggs by cooking temperature, temperature of bread
boiling in 75 minutes with data obtained such cooking with Teflon and using aluminum foil,
as initial radiation amount of 759,1598 and from some of the results obtained test results
clamp temperature 112, 84⁰ C for egg data as seen in the graphic image at 10:45
temperature 30⁰ C after 30 minutes until 13.00 can be observed temperature
afterwards it was obtained the amount of observations on the initial clamp surface 113°
radiation 951.7898 for the temperature at the C and the amount of radiation 553,166 to the
clamp 135.29 ⁰C while the temperature in the highest temperature 152° C at 12:15 with the
egg was 65⁰ C after processing for 75 minutes amount of radiation 1057.68 and as shown in
the experiment in the amount of radiation the graph there is a decrease in the amount of
was 996.3252 for the clamp temperature radiation resulting in a decrease in the clamp
153.50⁰ C whereas for the cooking temperature at 12:30:30 until 1:00 p.m.
temperature of 89⁰ C on the orange graph. which is very fast with a total radiation of
With the results as in the table (Table 3.7 510.69 and a clamp temperature of 123.68° C.
Results of cooking performance test on For the results of cooking trials with
February 11, 2019), while for the ambient initial test data that is baking bread using
temperature only slightly affects the increase Teflon at 11:00 with the initial clamp
or decrease that occurs in the clamp. temperature of 113.12° C and initial food
Radiation graph Ambient surface temperature of 30 ° C in accordance with the
temperature of the clamp, and temperature results of environmental temperature data
on the 12 February 2019 and the results of the last test on the bread
cuisine. indeed at o'clock 11.15 with the amount of
radiation at 660.10 and the number of clamp
temperatures 110.63° C for food
temperatures obtained at a result of 60 ° C.
For data indeed using aluminum foil starts at
11:45 with the amount of radiation 1060.437
and the temperature temperature clamp

81 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

124.92 ° C while for food temperature at 30⁰C Figure 13 Radiation graph Ambient surface

after being tested for 15 at 12.00 in the result temperature of the clamp, and the temperature in

of the amount of radiation 1147.76 and for cuisine February 13, 2019.

the temperature of the food reached 70 C.

The last experiment was cooking rice In the picture 13 graphs can be obtained

weighing 100gr for 60 minutes starting at from the graphs The data from the graph are

12:15 to 13.15 with the results of the initial the test of cooking instant noodles which at

radiation data 1057 , 686 with the 09.45 to 10.15 can be the result of the

temperature at the clamp 152.12 ⁰ C and the amount of radiation seen in the blue graph

initial temperature of the food 30 ⁰ C after with a starting point of 197.59 for the clamp

doing for 15 minutes gradually doing the temperature of 76.63C and the highest point

temperature on food after 80 ° C the food at 975.36 with a clamp temperature of 115.48

temperature remained until the last minute at 10:15. For the process takes 30 minutes

with a total radiation of 946.50, the result because the first thing to do is to taste the

data are in the table (Table 1.4 Results of the water that will be used to boil the instant

cooking performance test on February 11, noodles with a cooking temperature of 68⁰C

2019). then insert instant noodles for 10 minutes

Table 1.4 Results of cooking performance with the final temperature reaching 74 ⁰C

tests on 11 February 2019 with a clamp temperature of 115.48 ⁰C the

Test material following results are described in the results

No Test Material Duration temperature of instant noodle cooking in the table (Table
(⁰C)
1 Bread using 30 Minute 68⁰ 3.11 Results of the cooking performance test
Teflon
on February 13-2019).
2 Bread uses 15 Minute 72⁰
aluminum foil Table 1.5 Results of cooking performance
3 100-gram rice 60 Minute 80⁰
becomes tests on February 13, 2019.
cooked rice Test
Test material
No Duration
Radiation graph Ambient surface Material temperature
(⁰C)
temperature of the clamp, and temperature 1 Instant 18 Minute 74⁰
boiled
on the 12 February 2019 cuisine noodles

3) Thermal comparison data between

Isolators using Glas Woll and Foam
Polyuretane Insulators

82 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

Table 1.6 Table The heat efficiency achieved Types of

No Solar Advantages Deficiency
in insulating replacement Cooking
single • Concise • cooking
Highest Total reflector form process
Material
No temperature radiation system takes a long
Name
reached (⁰C) intensity (with glass • Material is time
1 Glass Woll 147(⁰C) 933.8276 Reflector) easy to • Requires
Sriwijaya obtain adjusting
2 Foam 166 (⁰C) 930.211 Polytechnic the angle of
Polyuretane each
cooking
The increase in clamp isolator is very process

significant in the type of insulator that

CONCLUSION
uses polyurethane foam because this type
B2TKE is a large center of study and
has very few gaps in the clamp that can
research in the field of energy conversion,
cause heat loses to the clam itself and also
work in B2TKE (Center for Energy
the spread of heat occurs in the heat pipe
Conversion Technology) such as air
can be channeled directly towards the
conditioning testing, household appliances
surface of the clamp which can increase
and so on with the existence of this can help
the temperature maximally
the quality of producers to know the goods
4) Advantages and disadvantages of
they will market pass the standardization test
Solar coking with other types of solar
or not. B2TKE is also a development body for
cooking.
a product such as solar cooking products
Table 1.7 Too much and lack of solar
which is a development stage and is a
cooking
prototype that is still being developed to
Types of
No Solar Advantages Deficiency improve performance better and work
Cooking
1 Solar • Having a • Evacuated optimally and can produce this product.
thermal solid shape tube raw
cooking material is The results obtained from the testing
Evacuated • Having difficult
tube centralized process of solar cooking using Evacuatedtube
heat • The price is
(Made in without quite
are some results such as the process of
B2TKE) having to expensive selecting the insulator material used to
move the
sun • Tools are replace glass woll insulators into
regularly not concise
polyurethane foam in the result of an
• Can be
changed by increase with 166 (⁰C) with 930,211
adjusting
the number radiation which before was only 147 (⁰C)
of
evacuated
933.8276For the results of the cooking test,
tubes there are several results such as the test of
• Rapid heat cooking eggs and cooking rice as much as 100
increase
2 Solar stove • Low cost • • The grams can be processed within 60 minutes,
with a

83 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Adam Prasetyo Nugroho

toast takes 15 minutes. Like using a

conventional stove and to boil water in just REFERENCES

15 minutes with an amount of 250 ml

Abdul Halim, Dr. 2001. Menggapai Energi
temperature can be quite high compared to
Matahari, Dimensi Warta Sains
using solar cooking type of light reflector and
danTeknologi. ISSN 1344-0748. Institute
one of the superior that has from solar
for Science and Technology Studies Chapter
cooking with the amount of radiation that is
Japan
comparable to the type of reflector can
Balzar, P. Stumpf, S. Eckhoff, Solar cooker
produce higher temperatures because the
Using Vacuum Tube Collector with
surface of the type of solar cooking evacuated
intergrated Heat Pipes,Germany Lodeve
tube can receive solar radiation without
France 1996
having to reset the position if the position of
Bejan, Adrian. Heat Transfer Handbook,
the sun moves.
1993
For the provisions of the temperature
Danusugondho, Iskandar and Aldy Anwar
achieved has also fulfilled several
(1976). Framework For Solar Energi
requirements such as eggs for meat with
Research And Development Policy Proposed
temperatures> 90 ⁰ and for processed
For Indonesia
vegetables can be exceeded because the
M. Ouannene, B. Chaouachi, S.Gabsiv2003.
temperature generated from solar cooking is
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
166 ⁰ for clamps and the possibility of this
(ASAE) Standard,
product can be run by government programs
Filino Harahap (Trans). 1987.
in the type of energy renewable for the
Thermodinamika Teknik. Jakarta:
cooking process.
Erlangga
This tool also works more optimally
for coastal areas and areas that have a high
amount of radiation such as the area of West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. This
product may be a government program that
can help people in remote areas replace
conventional stove raw materials such as
firewood into solar cooking.

84 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
VANOS
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
http://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/vanos
ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
Vol.4, No.1, July 2019, Page.85-93.

COMPARISON OF HINT WIND TINES OF AIRFOIL TYPE NACA 4412, NACA 23012, and NACA
16-212 USING QBLADE SOFTWARE

Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono1, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana1

1Mechanical Engineering Education, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sarjanawiyata

Tamansiswa University

Corresponding author: Abdulghofur271196@gmail.com

Accepted: 15 June 2019. Approved: 23 June 2019. Published: 31 July 2019

ABSTRACT
Wind energy as one of the new renewable energies that has considerable potential in Indonesia is
known by the rapid development of wind power plants in Indonesia. The windmill blade which is
one of the main components of the windmill has a role as the conversion of wind potential energy
into motion energy to eventually become electrical energy that is influenced by the shape of the
windmill blade of the windmill. NACA (National Aeronautical Committee Advisory) in charge of
aeronautics has standards regarding varying airfoil shapes. A comparison of variations of 4-digit
type airfoils (NACA 4412), 5 digits (NACA 23012) and series 16 (NACA 16-212) to determine the
value of Cl / Cd from the variation of NACA airfoil types. The results of simulations carried out
using Qblade software showed that the value of Cl / Cd to the highest alpha of the three types of
airfoils was NACA 4412 with a value of 134, alpha 6 and the Cp value for the highest TSR was 0.44
at TSR 5.5. Furthermore, the NACA 4412 airfoil blades can be developed by making lighter
material variations so that the windmill blades are easier to spin so that the resulting power
becomes more maximal.
Keywords: NACA, HAWT, Qblade, Wind Beam, Airfoil

85 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
INTRODUCTION and the torque produced is the airfoil
section. The international institution
The available wind potential energy
recognized as a reference and standard is
can be utilized and converted into electrical
NACA (National Aeronautica Committee
energy with windmills. To do this, there are
Advisory). Based on NACA standards used
several things to support it, namely the
to form windmill designs, there are many
windmill as a means of converting wind
types of airfoils so it is interesting to do
energy into mechanical energy which is then
research on the comparison of HAWT
passed on to the generator which is a means
Windmill Blades Type Airfoil NACA 4412,
of converting mechanical motion energy into
NACA 23012, and NACA 16-212 using
electrical energy. Coupled with the electrical
Qblade Software. The purpose of writing
energy through the controller as a voltage
this article is to find out what type of airfoil
stabilizer and also as a controller of incoming
with an efficient model is used somewhere
electricity. During the process, the
that will serve as the development of new
monitoring activities are very much needed
renewable energy, especially in wind
as input data to further evaluate and develop
energy.
the process. Therefore, the need for a data
The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
loger as a means of conversion of all activities
(HAWT) has a main rotor shaft and an
that take place into data that can be presented
electric generator at the top of the tower.
and can be processed as development
Small turbines are driven by a simple
material. The electricity produced must have
wind vane (weather vane), while large
a place for storing energy, that is the battery
turbines generally use a wind sensor that
so that the electrical energy stored in this
is coupled to a servo motor. Most have a
battery can be used when needed. Some
gearbox that changes the slow turning of
important things that should be reviewed are
the wheel to be faster. Because a tower
the windmill blade, Horizontal Axis Wind
produces turbulence behind it, turbines
Turbine, and Airfoil.
are usually directed against the wind
Windmill blades are the very first direction of the tower. Turbine blades
objects dealing directly with the wind as a are rigid so they are not pushed towards
means of converting wind's potential the tower by high-speed winds. In
energy into mechanical motion energy. To addition, the blades are placed in front of
carry out their duties as a conversion tool, the tower at a certain distance and tilted
the blades must have a design that is slightly.
suitable for the wind conditions where the Because turbulence causes
windmills operate. The part of the blade damage to tower structures, and
that most influences the result of rotation reliability is so important, most HAWTs

86 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
are upwind machines. Even though they To determine the combination of the
have turbulence issues, downwind effects of the two factors above on lift
engines (according to wind majors) are coefficient and airfoil inhibitory
made because they do not require coefficient, it is necessary to study so that
additional mechanisms so that they the use of airfoil in various fields of
remain in line with the wind. In addition, application can be done more optimally.
when the wind blows very hard, the On the airfoil there are sections as
blades can be bent so as to reduce their follows:
blowing area and thus also reduce the
wind resistance from the blades.

Airfoil is a form of geometry. When

placed in a fluid flow will produce a lift
force (lift) greater than the drag force
(drag). Lift force occurs on the airfoil
because the velocity of air flow at the
upper surface of the airfoil is lower than
the velocity of air flow at the lower
surface. One of the geometric parameters
that determines the amount of lift force
produced by an airfoil is the location of
Figure 1. Windmill blades
its maximum thickness. The farther the
1. Leading Edge is the very front of an airfoil
location of the maximum thickness with
2. Trailing Edge is the very back of an airfoil.
the initial tip will result in an increase in
3. Chamber line is a line that divides equally
the velocity of the flow of air that passes
between the upper and lower surfaces of
through the surface of the airfoil so that
the airfoil mean chamber line.
it will be one of the factors causing the
4. Chord line is a straight line connecting the
average velocity along the surface to be
leading edge with the trailing edge.
lower. If this happens on the upper
5. Chord (c) is the distance between the
surface of the airfoil it will cause greater
leading edge and the trailling edge.
lift. But besides these factors there are
6. Maximum chamber is the maximum
still other factors that determine the
distance between the mean chamber line
magnitude of the average velocity of air
and the chord line. The maximum
flow both on the upper surface and on the
position of the chamber is measured from
lower surface of the airfoil, namely the
the leading edge in the form of a chord
magnitude of the angle of attack and the
percentage.
magnitude of the velocity of the air flow.

87 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
7. Maximum thickness is the maximum blade structure and performing
distance between the upper surface and aeroelastic analysis of wind turbine
the lower surface of the airfoil which is rotors in turbulent flow conditions
also measured perpendicular to the chord through rapid coupling from NREL
line (National Renewable Energy
QBlade is an open source wind Laboratory)
turbine counting software, distributed Many research and experimental
under the GPL (General Public License). efforts have been made to develop airfoil
The integration of the XFOIL / XFLR5 designs. This work is mostly done by
function allows users to quickly design NACA (National Aeronautic Committee
special airfoil and calculate their Advisory), now NASA (National
performance poles and directly integrate Aeronautics and Space Administration).
them into the design and simulation of NACA has identified differences in the
wind turbine rotors. This software is shape of the airfoil with a logical
very adequate for teaching, because it numbering system.
provides a 'hands on' design and Around 1932, NACA tested several
simulation capability for the design of the forms of airfoil known as the 4-digit
HAWT and VAWT rotors and shows all NACA series. The distribution of
the fundamental relationships of turbine curvature and thickness of series four
design concepts and performance in an NACA is given based on an equation. This
easy and intuitive way. QBlade also distribution was not chosen based on
includes extensive post processing theory, but was formulated based on the
functionality for rotor and turbine effective wing shape approach used at
simulations and provides insight into all the time, as it was known as the Clark Y
relevant blade and rotor variables. In airfoil. In the NACA four-series airfoil, the
addition, the resulting software is a very first digit represents the maximum
flexible and easy-to-use platform for the percent of chamber to the chord.
design of wind turbine blades. The second digit represents the
tenth position of the maximum chamber
This software uses the Blade
in the chord of the leading edge. Whereas
Element Momentum (BEM), Double
the last two digits represent the percent
Multiple Stream tube (DMS) and
thickness of the airfoil to the chord. For
Nonlinear Lifting Line Theory (LLT)
example, the NACA 2412 airfoil has a
Design and Simulation Software for
maximum chamber of 0.02 located at
Vertical and Horizontal Axis Wind
0.4c from the leading edge and has a
Turbines. It also includes tools for
maximum thickness of 12% chord or
regulating and simulating the internal

88 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
0.12c. Airfoil that has no curvature, 15% chord from the leading edge and
where the chamber line and chord thickness or thickness of 12% chord.
coincide is called a symmetrical airfoil.
An example is NACA 0015 which is a
symmetric airfoil with a maximum
thickness of 0.15c.

Figure 3. NACA 23012 airfoil

Airfoil NACA series 1 which was
developed around 1939 is the first series
that was developed based on theoretical
Figure 2. Airfoil NACA 4412 calculations. The most commonly used
The development of the 5-digit Series 1 airfoil had a minimum pressure
NACA airfoil was carried out around location at 0.6 chord, and came to be
1935 using the same thickness known as the 16-series airfoil. This airfoil
distribution as the four-digit series. The line chamber is designed to produce
average curvature of this series is pressure differences along a uniform
different than the four-digit series. This chord. The naming of this series 1 airfoil
change was made in order to shift the uses five numbers. For example NACA
maximum chamber forward so as to 16-212. The first digit shows series 1.
increase Clmax. When compared to The second digit shows tenths of the
thickness and chamber, this series has a position of minimum pressure against
Clmax value of 0.1 to 0.2 higher than the the chord. The number behind the
four-digit series. This five-digit series hyphen: the first number is tenth of the
numbering system is different from the Cl design and the last two numbers
four-digit series. In this series, the first indicate the maximum percent thickness
digit multiplied by 3/2 then divided by of the chord. So NACA 16-212 means that
ten gives the design value of the lift it is a series 1 airfoil with a minimum
coefficient. Half of the next two digits are pressure location at 0.6 chord from the
percent of the maximum position of the leading edge, with a design of Cl 0.2 and a
chamber with respect to the chord. The maximum thickness of 0.12.
last two digits are the percent thickness
/ thickness of the chord. For example,
airfoil 23012 has a Cl design of 0.3, the
maximum position of the chamber at

89 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana

Gambar 4. Airfoil NACA 16-212

Figure 5. Cl / Cd graph of Alpha Airfoil

RESEARCH METHODS
NACA 4412
This study aims to study the HAWT
Simulation results as above, the
(Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine) blades
maximum Cl / Cd value at alpha value 6
for Bayu Power Plants and compare the
shows that the blades most easily rotate
best type of airfoil based on Qblade
when the angle of attack against the wind is
Software simulation. which is located at
6.
PT. Lentera Bumi Nusantara is a
renewable energy research area
especially the use of wind energy.
Located on Jalan Raya Ciheras RT 02 /
RW 02 Kp. Sindang Asih, Dusun Lembur
Tengah, Ciheras Village, Kec. Cipatujah,
Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java. Data
collection methods used were
Figure 6. Graph of CP against TSR Airfoil
observation, interviews and literature
NACA 4412
studies.
The graph above shows the value of Cp
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Coefficient of Performance) produced from
In this section, simulation data are
the blades with NACA 4412 airfoil. The
displayed from several types of NACA
optimum value of Cp that can be achieved is
airfoils using Qblade software to
at TSR 8.0 with a CP value of 0.44.
compare NACA airfoil types. The
following simulation data:Simulasi airfoil
NACA 4 digit

90 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana

Figure 7. Cl / Cd graph of Alpha Airfoil

NACA 23012
Figure 9. Cl / Cd graph of Alpha Airfoil
The simulation results as above, the
NACA 16-212
maximum Cl / Cd value of 99 being at the
The simulation results as above
angle of attack or alpha 9.5 shows that the bar
where the maximum Cl / Cd value of 75.5
rotates most easily when the angle of attack
is at an angle of attack value or alpha of 7.5
against the wind is 9.5.
shows that the blades most easily rotate
when the angle of attack against the wind
is 7.5.

Figure 8. Graph of CP against TSR Airfoil

NACA 23012
The graph above shows the value of
Cp (Coefficient of Performance) produced Figure 10. Graph of CP against TSR Airfoil
from the slats with the NACA 23012 airfoil NACA 16-212
which is equal to 0.33. The optimum value
of Cp that can be achieved is at TSR 6.5.

91 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
Comparative analysis of 4-digit, 5-digit, and direct contact with the wind. There are two
16-digit NACA types of blades based on the axis of rotation,
namely the horizontal axis of rotation
towards the wind direction and the axis of
rotation of the vertical direction of the wind.
Besides the type of airfoil as a cross section
of the windmill blades have a varied shape.
NACA (National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautices) is an institution that issues
standard forms of airfoil that have been
used as a reference in the world.
Knowing the variations of NACA
airfoil, it can be concluded that it needs
comparative data between airfoils to find a
Figure 11. Cl / Cd graph of Alpha good airfoil so that it can be implemented as
throughout the Airfoil simulation a windmill blade. By using Qblade Software,
The graph data shown is the result of it can be known the value of Lift Coefficient
simulation of three variations of NACA airfoil (Cl), Drag Coefficient (Cd), Coefficient of
obtained the highest Cl / Cd value is the NACA Performance (CP) which can then be used as
4412 airfoil design with Cl / Cd 134 values at a reference to determine the use of
an angle of attack 60. In contrast to the other windmills with NACA airfoil types.
two types of NACA airfoils that get maximum Three variations of NACA airfoil types,
Cl / Cd values of no more of 100. With the namely NACA 4412, NACA 23012, and NACA
following simulation results the NACA 4412 16-212 aim to produce significant data from
airfoil has the highest lifting efficiency so that simulation results between the airfoils. The
when implemented in the form of a blade results obtained are the NACA 4412 airfoil
airfoil, the windmill can rotate more easily has the highest Cl value than the two other
than the two types of airfoil NACA 23012 and NACA airfoil values with a value of 134 with
NACA 16-212 Alpha 6. While for the NACA 16-212 airfoil
CONCLUSION the value of 75 and NACA 23012 obtain a Cl
/ Cd value of alpha of 99. In addition, the Cp
The utilization of wind energy in
value, Airfoil NACA 16-212 obtained the
Indonesia is supported by the holding of
largest Cp value, which is 0.44 at TSR 5.5.
wind power plants. For that efficient
Whereas the NACA 23012 Cp airfoil
support of each component is something
obtained was 0.33 and the NACA 4412
that must be considered. One of them is the
Airfoil obtained a Cp value of 0.43 at TSR 9.
windmill blade as the first component in

92 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
 Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono, Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana
Qblade software as a media analysis of Tim Lentera Bumi Nusantara. 2017. Profil
windmill blades has variations in the NACA 2017. Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat
airfoil which has a relatively simple design
that is easy to understand and use. HAWT
windmill blades have strong and resilient
properties. This is necessary because the
placement of the windmill blades are far
above the ground surface and face to face
with the wind.

REFERENCES
Afiif, M.Naufal. 2017 Perancangan Turbin
Angin Sumbu Horizontal Dengan
Swept Area. Bachelors Degree (S1)
thesis, University of Muhammadiyah
Malang.

Abdillah, R., Luthfi, Gilang, Muliandari, W., &

Megatroika, A. 2010. Kuliah Energi
Angin dan Matahari. Bandung:
Meteorologi ITB.

Mardalis. 1999. Metode Penelitian Suatu

Pendekatan Proposal. Jakarta: Bumi
Aksara.

Piggot, Hugh. 2000. Windpower Workshop:

Building Your Own Wind Turbine.
Centre of Alternative Technology
Publications.

Perusahaan Listrik Negara. 2011. Rasio

Elektrifikasi Indonesia. Jakarta: PLN

Tim Lentera Angin Nusantata. 2014.

Pengenalan Teknologi Pemanfaatan
Energi Angin. Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat.

93 | VANOS Journal Of Mechanical Engineering Education

Vol.4, No.1, July 2019 ISSN 2528-2611, e-ISSN 2528-2700
VANOS, VOL,4, NO.1, JULY 2019 P-ISSN 2528-2611, E-ISSN 2528-2700

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Wachid Yahya 1
Canggih Ajika Pamungkas 1
Suyitno 11
Yasdin 19
Alimin 19
Siti Ramasih 19
Irwanto 29
Yolanita Fani 45
Ilham Arnif 45
Galan Raditya Saputra 51
Noor Fachrizal 51
Adhan Efendi 65
Adam Prasetyo Nugroho 75

Rivai mustafa 75
Mujahid Wahyu 75

Nurcholish Arifin Handoyono 85

Abdul Ghofur Syamdatu Wardhana 85
VANOS, VOL,4, NO.1, JULY 2019 P-ISSN 2528-2611, E-ISSN 2528-2700

INDEX SUBJECTS

Voice Control 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9

Induced 19,20,21,22,23,24,26,27,28
Draft 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
Fan 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
Indications 19,21
Vibration 19,21,22,23,24,25,26,27
Air Conditioner 45,46,47,48
Energy Efficiency Ratio 45,47,48
Energy Saving Sign Label 45,46,47
Collector Efficiency 51,53,54,55,60,61,65
Solar Water Heaters 51,52,53,54
Rotary Table Lock 65,68
Chaublin 13 Milling Machine 65
Testing 1,6,8,9,14,45,46,47,48,51,53,54,55,56,59,60,61,62,63,75,76,80,83
Performance 1,2,6,27,29,40,46,47,75,76,79,80,81,82,83,88,90,91,92
Solar 51,52,53,54,55,56,60,61,62,63,64,73,75,76,77,78,79,80,83,84
Thermal 48,52,54,55,75,76,77,78,82,83
Cooking 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84
NACA 85,86,89,90,91,92,93
HAWT 85,86,88,90,93
Qblade 85,86,88,90,92,93
Wind Beam 85
Airfoil 85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The editorial board of VANOS Mechanical Engineering Education would like to

express its gratitude and highest appreciation to the best partners who have played
an active role in the editing process of the manuscript so that it becomes a worthy
article published in Volume 4 Number 1 July 2019.
1. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akhyar, M.Pd. (University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta)
2. Prof. Dr. Badrun Kartowagiran, M.Pd. (Yogyakarta State University)
3. Dr. Muhammad Khumaedi, M.Pd. (Semarang State University)
4. Dr. Zaenal Arifin, MT. (Yogyakarta State University)
5. Bayu Rahmat Setiadi, M.Pd. (Yogyakarta State University)
6. Agus Pramono, Ph.D. Tech. (Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University)
7. Ahmad Ali Alhamidi, Ph.D. (Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University)
8. Dr. Burhan, R. W. M.Pd. (Semarang State University)
9. Rabiman, S.Pd., M.Pd. (University of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa)
Hopefully this collaboration can continue in the future to synergize and collaborate for
improving the quality of VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education.
 Author Guidelines
VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education

VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education publishes research articles in the field of
Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Education both teachers, lecturers, practitioners and relevant
researchers. The published articles are original manuscripts that have never been published either
domestically or abroad. Articles can be written in Indonesian or English. Articles can be emailed to
vanos@untirta.ac.id, or submitted directly to the VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education
secretariat.

Instructions for authors

1. Articles submitted to VANOS are original manuscripts of engineering and automotive engineering
research that have not been published in any national or international journals and / or are not being
proposed to be published in proceedings or other journals.
2. The article is not a result of plagiarism, it must be proven by the original statement of the work.
3. Articles typed in Indonesian or English with Microsoft Word programs with doc, docx, or rtf file types,
cambrian letters, size 11 pts, space 1.5 with A4 paper format and 10-14 pages long.
4. Articles follow the style of writing and bibliography according to the VANOS Journal of Mechanical
Engineering Education guidance template that has been provided.
5. Articles reviewed by blind review by reviewers (bestari partners) who have been appointed in
accordance with their field. The author of the article is given an opportunity to improve the article on
the recommendation of the reviewers or the editor. Decisions on publishing or rejecting articles will
be notified in writing or email.

Systematic Articles
1. The title should be short and able to reflect from the subject matter, specific, and effective. If written
in Indonesian the title is written a maximum of 12 words, and maximum 10 words if written in
English. The title is written in capital letters in the middle, with cambria 12.
2. Author's name is listed without an academic degree, along with the institution's name and affiliation
(name of institution, address, zip code, country name), and correspondence or e-mail address. The
author's name is placed under the title of the article with cambria 11 bold print. The author's affiliate
description uses numbers without brackets and superscript. Example: (Deni Ramdani1 & Nurtanto2)
3. Abstracts are written in English and Bahasa Indonesia with a maximum length of 200 words that
contain the key issues, research objectives, methods and research results written in a concise, clear,
self-contained whole and fully illustrate the essence of the whole writing. Number of 3-5 word
keywords or word combination.
4. Keywords reflect the concept of related articles, straightforward, and informative.
5. Introduction contains the background of the problem, the research context, the results of the
literature review, and the research objectives. The introductory section is presented in an integrated
manner in the form of paragraphs.
6. The research method describes the design of research forms and methods, places, data collection
techniques, operational definitions of research variables, and data analysis techniques.
7. Results and Discussion contains detailed descriptions of all research results with analysis. The
results can be completed with tables, graphs, drawings and / or charts. The discussion contains the
meaning of results and comparison with the theory and / or the results of similar research.
8. Conclusion contains a brief summary or essence of research results in the form of research findings
in the form of answers to research questions. In the conclusion section should also put forward the
implications of research results for the development of science and technology. The conclusions are
presented in paragraph form.
9. The References List uses the Harvard Referencing Standard system containing the resources
referred to in the article. Referral sources used are 80% of primary sources such as scientific journals
or research reports and are published in the last 10 years.