United States Department of Agriculture Technical Release No.

5
Soil Conservation Sexvice Design Section
Engineering Division November 17, 1958

TIE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND CONDUITS

The objectives of this Technical ~eleaskare (a) to present the subject

of loads on underground conduits and thhr supporting strengths, and
(b) to furnish working aids and proceddes for the computation of loads
and strengths. The scope of the subject is limited to phases which per-
tain to the needs of the Soil Conservation Service. Some phases of the
subject are relatively new and further experience and knowledge may re-
sult in revisions of the release from time to time.

This Technical Release has Messrs. Gerald E. Oman and

Paul D. Doubt. MT. M. M. the values used for Xp for
cradles and proposed the Type BL beddings. Mr.
Doubt developed the theory and for evaluating the settlement
ratio 6. Messrs. H. J. Goon, Matthews, Norman P. Hill, and
A. R. Gregory assisted in the of this release. bps. Joan
obis son typed the manuscript. was done under the general
administrative direction of Mr. M. M. kP, Chief, Design a d Con-
struction Branch, and k.Paul D. Ibubt] Head, Design Section.
 TECHNICAL RELEASE NO 5 .
THE STRUCmAL DESIGN bl? UNDEBGROUND CONDUITS
Subject Page
INTRODUCTION ............................ 1-1
CHAPTER 1
. Loads on ............. 1-1
Construction Methods 1-2
Relative Settlements 1-2
Relative Height of Ehbadment 1-2
Loads on Ditch Conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2
Loads on Positive Projecting conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definitions of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The interior prism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The exterior prism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The criticalplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The plane of equal settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The projection ratio p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........
Deformation. consolidation,and settlement
Additional consolidations., additional deformations.
................
and additional settlements
Settlement ratio 6 .....................
................
Projection and Ditch Condition
Complete and Incomplete Conditio ..........
....
Height of Equal Settlement .. ...............
Load Formulas for Positive ........
Conduits
Effect of Width of Ditch ... ..............
The Effect of Surface Loads on und&rground Conduits ...... 1-10
Internal Fluid Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Hydrostatic Loads . . . . . . . 1.
. ........ . . . . . . 1-12
Procedure for Iktermining Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Ekample-Determining Loads . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
CHAPTER 2.
Strength of Pipe R,b
LoadFactorL r
Supporting Strength of Ri id Pipe Conduits
.......................
.........................
b a d Factors for Ditch Cradles and Beddings
......
.........
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Load Factors for Projecting ~radjlesand Beddings
Five variables of the load p t t e r n
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-4
~t ............................ 2-4
s ............................ 2-4
@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
............................ 2-4
W, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Farpression for the h a d Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
 Equations for the Safe Supporting Strength of Pipes Reb ... 2-6
InternalFluidPressures .................. 2-6
Effect of Hydrostatic Lo& ................. 2-7
Procedure for Determining Safe Supporting Strength . . . . . 2-7
Example-Determining Safe Supporting Strength ........ 2-8
3 Formulas Obtained by Equating Expressions . . . . . .
CHAPTIR . 3-1
Positive Projecting Conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Positive Projecting Conduits, Complete Projection
Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Positive Projecting Conduits. Incomplete Projection
Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Fkaples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Tabulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Example No 1
Example Eo . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Example No . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Example No . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Example No . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Example No . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
&ample No . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
Example No . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
Fxample No . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30
Example No . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
ES Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37 to 3-87

APPENDIX .A Derivation of Formulas for Loads on

Underground Conduits ................. A-L
Loads on Ditch Conduits ............... A-1
Assumptions .................... A-1
Derivation of Load Formula for Ditch Conduits ... A-1
Shearing Stresses ................ A-1
Differential equation .............. A-2
Load formulas for ditch conduits ......... ~ 1 3
Loads on Positive Projecting Conduits . . . . . . . .
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Existence of the Plane of Equal Settlement . . . . .
Determination of the Height of Equal Settlement H, .
Expression for the value of s, . . . . . . . . . .
Expression. for the value of he . . . . . . . . . .
Expression for the value of hi . . . . . . . . . .
&pressionfor& .................
Derivation of Load 'Formulas for Positive Projecting
Conduits. Complete Condition . . . . . . . . . . .
Derivation of Load Formulas for Positive Projecting
Conduits. Incomplete Condition ..........
 iii

Subject ~ Page

Loads on Negative Projecting C0ndul.t~ '

.............
Classification Requirements .................
Projection Condition .....................
Ditch Condition .......................
Definitions ........................
The interior prism ....................
The exterior prism ....................
The critical plane ....................
..............

1
The plane of equal settlemen
..................
The projection ratio p 1
Determination of the height of equal settlement H,.....
Symbols .........................
Definition of settlement rat o 6'. ............
V ~ U of~ SSd, hen. a d hin ................
E~pressionforH~ ....................
.............
Complete and incomplete condit ons
F
Derivation of load formulas fo negative projecting
conduits. complete ditch condition ............
Derivation of load formulas fo! negative projecting
conduits. incomplete ditch condition...........
.............
~~
Ditch Conduit with Compacted ~ a c kill
f
Imperfect Ditch Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conduit on Compressible Bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-13
A-14
A-14

Beddings
L
APPENDIX ..B Derivation of Supporting Strength Formulas for
Circular Rigid Pipes Installed on rejecting Cradles and
............................. B-1
b a d Factor ........................... B-1
Elastic Theory of a Thin Ring . ............... B-2
The Bending of a Beam by a ............. B-2
Maximum Fiber Stress for Three-edgt Bearing Load ........ B-4
Second Relation by Elastic Theory ............... B-4
Maximum Fiber Stress in a Pipe Ins alled on a Bedding . .... B-6
t
Maximum Fiber Stress in a Pipe Ins aLLed on Cradles ...... B-8
Load Factor for Projecting cradles and Beddings ........ B-8

APPENDIX C..Evaluation of the ~ettlehentRatio for

Positive Projecting Conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
 SUBJECT Page

Four Cases ............................

Casea ............................
Caseb .........................L .
Casec ............................
..............
Lower plane of equal set.f;lement
.................
: and P l
Expressions f o r P
Expressions f o r & hi,.............
and
ExpressionforQ .....................
ExpressionforH.....................
......................
Expressionfor6
Cased ............................
 ENGINEERING ST1 JDARD DRAWINGS

TECHNICAL RI m E NO, 5

THF, STRUCTURAL DESIGN ( UNDERGRCAJND CONDUITS

Drawing Sheet
Title No. No. Page
Procedure for ditch conduits or pod: .ve pro-
jetting conduits; Determination of p: le when
H, and cradle or bedding are known .,.... ES-113 1 3-37
Procedure for ditch conduits or posi ,ye pro-
jecting conduits; Determination of c: idle or
bedding when H, and pipe are known .
,.... ES-113 2 3-38
Procedure for ditch conduits or posi. -ye pro-
jecting conduits; Determination of i -owable
fill height H
,, when pipe and cradle )r bed-
ding are known ........... ..... ES-113 3 3-39
Required data from site dimensions . I . . . . ES-114 1 3-41
Required data from soil tests--other required
data .. ............... .... ES-114 2 3-42
Relation of K, p, and in terms of b , . . . ES-114 3 3-43
Determination of settlement ratio 6;
Procedure .................. ES-1-13 1 3-45
Determination of settlement ratio 6; :ases .. ES-115 2 3-47
Determination of settlement ratio 6; jolution
for W .................... ES-115 3 3-49
Determination of settlement ratio 6; ielation
...
of H@ and Sp for various values of 4-1 ES-115 4 3-51
..
Classification. used for load determi stion ES-116 1-2 3-53
Categorizing positive projecting con lits;
Complete or Incomplete condition .. . I . . . ES-117 1 3-57
Categorizing conduits; Ditch conduit or posi-
tive projecting conduits ........... ES-117 2 3-59
Mads on ditch conduits ........... ES-118 1 3-61
Loads on positive proJecting conduit .... ES-118 2-3 3-63
Reinforced concrete culvert, storm d ain, and
sewer pipe (AsTM Spec. ~76-57~); Val 2s of be,
Reb, and sYFSp ................ ES-119 1 3-67
Reinforced concrete pipe; Values of C, Reb7
andsyFsp .............. * . . . ES-119 2 3-69
Clay and non-reinforced concrete pip ; Values
of b,, R,b, and sYFSp - . .......... ES-119 3 3-71
 Drawing Sheet
Title No. No. Page
Rigid pipes; Ditch c r a d l e s and beddings and
...........
t h e i r l o a d f a c t o r values ES-120
Rigid pipes; P r o j e c t i n g cradles and t h e i r
bedding f a c t o r values . . . . . . . . . . . . ES-120
Rigid pipes; P r o j e c t i n g beddings and t h e i r
bedding f a c t o r values . . . . . . . . . . . . ES-120
Rigid pipes; P r o j e c t i n g c r a d l e s and beddings;
relationofX,andp . . . . . . . . . . . . . ES-120
Rigid pipes; R e l a t i o n o f T and H,/bc fox
various values of p . . . . . . . . . . . . . ES-121
P o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g conduits, complete pro-
j e c t i o n condition; Relation of 2Kp(~,/b,) v s
U f o r various values of
mxa
-. . . . . . . . . ES-122
x~
Values of ex f o r various values of x .... ES-123
Values of e-Xf o r vasious values, of x .... ES-123
Values of e - x f o r various values of x . . ES-123
 vii

b = bottom width of cradle or rigid bedding, ft (b 2 b,)

be = outside width of conduit, ft
bd = width of ditch at the top of the conduit, ft
:b = value of the width of ditch at which the load on a conduit as com-
puted by the ditch conduit formula is equal to the load on the
conduit as computed by the positive projecting conduit formula, ft
Cd = load coefficient for ditch conduits
C, = load coefficient far negative projecting conduits, ditch condition
Cp = load coefficient for positive projecting conduits
c = distance from the neutral axis to the outer fiber
D = load per foot of diameter per foot length of pipe fox the three-
edge bearing test
d = inside diameter of pipe, inches
E' = Young's modulus of elasticity
E = modulus of consolidation of the embanInnent or backfill material,
tons/ft2
Ef = modulus of consolidation of the foundation material, tons/ft2
e = 2.7183 = base of natural logarithms
feC = maximum fiber stress in a pipe having a given Load which produces
0.01-inch crack in a R C pipe or ultimate fiber stress for other
t y p e s of pipes, lbs/ft 4
f,b = maxFmum fiber stress for three-edge bearing load of R,b, lbs/ft2
fs = allowable stress- in reinforcing steel
- 1.431 Reb = provided strength factor
Fsp - syb,"
Fs, = CpXp - KT = required strength factor
H = for the.complete condition--vertical distance from top of backfill
to a horizontal element of fill material having a height of dEI, ft
for the incomplete condition--vertical distance from plane of equal
settlement to a horizontal element of fill material having a
height dH, ft
He vertical distance from top of backfill or embankment to top of con-
=
duit, ft
Hc, = allowable vertical distance from top of backfill or embanbent to
top of conduit, ft
viii

= v e r t i c a l distance from t h e plane of equal settlement t o top of con-

duit, f t
= distance between t h e top of t h e conduit and the upper plane of
equal settlement when t h e i n t e r i o r prism has a width b
= distance between t h e bottom of the cradle o r r i g i d bedding (bottom
of t h e pipe i f no cradle o r r i g i d bedding i s used) and t h e non-
yielding foundation
= distance between the bottom of the cradle and the lower of
equal. settlement, f t . When no cradle i s used, it i s t h e distance
between t h e bottom of the conduit and t h e lower plane of equal
settlement.
= v e r t i c a l distance from any point i n the embadanent t o t h e upper
surface of the fill, f t
= moment of i n e r t i a , i n 4
= r a t i o a t a point of a c t i v e 1 a t e r a l . p r e s s u r e t o v e r t i c a l pressure
for the b a c k f i l l o r embanlment material
= r a t i o a t a point of a c t i v e l a t e r a l pressure t o v e r t i c a l pressure
f o r t h e foundation material
= Load f a c t o r
= length of a d i f f e r e n t i a l element of t h e pipewall (see Fig. B-2,
B-3)
= moment with upper case subscripts denoting l o c a t i o n
= bursting pressure of the pipe, lbs/in2
= t o t a l v e r t i c a l pressure on a horizontal plane within the i n t e r i o r
prism, l b s l f t length of pipe
on a horizontal plane within. the i n t e r i o r prism
= v e r t i c a l pressure
when the embadanent height i s equal t o the height of equal
settlement, l b s / f t length of pipe
= additional v e r t i c a l pressure on a horizontal plane within the i n -
t e r i o r prism due t o t h e weight of t h e material above the plane
of equal settlement, l b s / f t length of pipe
= t o t a l v e r t i c a l pressure i n t h e width bd a t the top of t h e conduit,
l b s / f t length of pipe
= intensity of l a t e r a l pressure, l b s / f t 2
= i n t e r n a l pressure i n a pipe, lbs/in2
= reaction with upper case subscripts denoting location
= supporting strength of pipe f o r a s t a t e d load pattern, ~ b s / f t
length of pipe
= safe supporting strength of pipe, l b s / f t length of pipe
= supporting strength of pipe f o r three-edge bearing load, l b s / f t
length of pipe
 = value of the reduced supporting strength of a pipe having positive
internal pressure, lbs/ft length of pipe. It is used in support-
ing strength formulas in place of the three-edge bearing strength
Reb
= mean radius of pipe, ft
= allowable shearing stress, lbs/in2
= a safety factor
= addi-t;ionaldeformation of the conduit, ft (positive and negative
projecting conduits)
= additional consolidation of the backfill material between the top of
the conduit and the critical plane (negative projecting conduits)
= additional settlement of the bottom of the conduit (i.e., the sur-
face of the natural ground beneath the conduit) due to the con-
solidation of the foundation, ft (positive and negative projecting
conduits)
=. additional settlement of the natural ground surface below the ex-
terior prism due to the consolidation of the foundation, ft
(positive and negative projecting condufts )
= additional consolidation of the emb-ent material between the
critical plaae and the natural ground surface in the exterior
prism, ft (positive projecting conduits)
- p a ( )+ = a parameter used in expressing active lateral earth
pressure
= thickness of pipewall, ft

- WFsp + wm2x, + Tp
X~
= total vertical. load on the top of an underground conduit, lbs/ft
length of conduit
= a function of the projection onto a vertical plane of the area of
t h e pipe over which the lateral loads are assumed to be distributed
= a f'unction of the distribution of the vertical Load and vertical.
reaction
= a factor (Eq. B-12, page B-7)
= distance from the neutral axis to a differential element in the pipe-
wall
= a factor (Eq. B-13, page B-7)
= one-half of the central angle subtended by the a r c of the pipe over
which no lateral loads are acting on the pipe
= one-half of the centra.2. angle subtended by the arc of the pipe over
which the upward vertical reactions are acting
7 = unit weight of backfill or embadment material, 1bs/ft3
 unit weight of the foundation material, lbs/ft3
(s, + s g ) - (sf + "c) = settlement ratio for positive projecting
nr' conduits
unit strain
sg - ( s c + Sf + sa)
settlement ratio for negative projecting
=
"a conduits
angle used in deriving Eq. B-8 (see Fig. B-4, page B-5)

@
C~
( . E)
+ = ratio of total lateral load to total vertical load
additional consoliaation of the embankment material in the exterior
prism between the critical plane and the plane of equal settle-
ment, ft (positive projecting conduits)
additional consolidation of the embankment material in the interior
prism between the top of the conduit and the plane of equal
settlement, ft (positive projecting conduits)
hen = additional consolidation of the embanhnent material in the exterior
prism between the natural ground and the plane of equal settle-
ment, ft (negative projecting conduits)
additional consolidation of the embanlanent material. in the interior
prism between the critical plane and the plane of equal settle-
ment, ft (negative proJecting conduits)
tan @ = tangent of the angle of internal friction of the backfill
or ernbadanent material
tangent of the angle of sliding friction between the backfill
material and the material in the ditch wall
t a n af = tangent of the angle of internal friction of the founda-
tion material
angle of rotation (see Fig. B-4, page B-5)
projection ratio for positive projecting conduits = ratio of the
distance between the natural ground surface and the top of the
conduit (when Hc = 0 ) to the outside width of the conduit
projection ratio for negative projecting conduits = ratio of the
distance between the natural ground surface and the top of the
conduit (when H, = 0) to the width of the ditch bd
unit stress
angle of internal friction of the backfill or embankment m a % e r i d
angle of internal friction of the foundation material
ratio of the distance $'be (ES-114,page 3-41) to the outside width
of the conduft
G
W T
Alpha - %ltf& Nu - nu (new)
Beta - bGtt& Xi - z -i
Gamma - ghtA Omicron - 8 m t T kr&
Xlta - dEltt& Pi - p? (pie)
Epsilon -- gplsl l o n
Y u
Rho
-
- ro
Zeta - za1tZL -
-
E t a - attA
Sigma
Tau -
s'igtm&
ta ( t a w )
Theta - thz'tzi Upsilon - iiprST l6n
- --
Iota i ott& Phi - f? or fg
Kappa - kgpl& Chi - ki
Lambda - lknldA - -
P s i - si o r pse
MU - mU (mew) Omega - o megt a
* u
 TEZHNICAL RELEASE

TEE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND CONDUITS

The structural design of any structure requires a determination of the

loads on the structure and the proportioning of the structure to resist
the loads. An understanding of the structural design of underground
conduits is facilitated by dividing the subject into the following
chapters:

Chapter 1 - Loads on Underground Conduits

Chapter 2 - Supporting Strength of Conduits

Although the structure can be designed by the use of these t w o divisions,

a third chapter is added to facilitate the solution of positive project-
ing conduit design problems. It also contains examples and charts.

Messrs. Anson Marston, M. G. Spangler, and W. G. Schlick of the Iowa En-

gineering Ekperiment Station, Iowa State College, have developed the
theory and performed the research on which this technical release is
based,* This is a compilation of their theory and data for use by the
Soil Conservation Service. Their analysis has been rearranged and addi-
tional charts have been prepared.

Since most conduits designed by engineers of the Soil Conservation Ses-

vice will be classed as ditch conduits or positive projecting conduits,
o n l y these t w o classes are considered in Chapters 1 and 3. The deriva-
tion of load equations for ditch conduits, positive projecting conduits;
negative projecting conduits, and ditch conduits with compacted backfill
is given in Appendix A. A brief discussion of other classes is also
given in Appendix A.

The supporting strength of rigid circular conduits is considered in

Chapters 2 and 3. Appendix B gives the derivation of the supporting
strength formulas for rigid circular pipes. The method of design for
concrete monolithic box culverts is given in the rJational Engineering
Handbook, Section 6, Structural Design.

The design of the usual underground conduit installations may be accom-

plished without a complete understanding of the subject by the use of
the procedure charts and computation aids given in the ES drawings,
pages 3-37 to 3-87.

CHAPTER 1 - LOADS ON UNDmRCRTND CONDUITS

A classification of conduits based on the sets of factors listed below

is required for load determinations, The manner in which these factors
are used to classify underground conduits is given in Es-116,page 3-53.
%umerical references refer to the bibliography following page C-12.
Construction Methods
The term constrmction methods is used for classification purposes only,
It includes sfte conditions and design requirements, as well as con-
struction methods, and involves

1. The width of the ditch (sometimes infinitely wide) in which

the conduit is placed;
2.The compressibility of the backfill relative to the compressi-
bility of the earth in which the ditch was excavated;
3 The compressibility of the materials on which the conduit rests
relative to the adjacent foundation materials;
4. The elevation of the top of the backfill or embadanent relative
to the natural ground line;
5. The elevation of the top of the conduit with respect to the
natural ground line; and
6. The compressibility of the material directly above the conduit
relative to the compressibility of the adjacent material.
This set or fact~rsis used to determine whether the conduit is classed
as a ditch conduit, a positive projecting conduit, a negative project-
ing conduit, a ditch conduit with dense backfill, an imperfect ditch
conduit, or a conduit on compressible bedding.
Relative Settlements
The term relative settlements means the settlement of the top of the con-
duit relative to the settlement of the critical plane. This involves
1. Deformation of the conduit; and
2 Settlements or consolidations of the backfill, embankment, and
foundations. These depend on the soil characteristics,

This set of factors is used to determine wheth'erthe positive projecting

conduit or the negative projecting condu3.t is classed as the ditch con-
dition or the projection condition.

Relative Height of Ehbarhnent

The term relative height of embankment means the height of embankment
relative to the height of the plane of equal settlement. This factor
is used to determine whether the conduit is classed as the complete con-
dition or the incomplete condition.

Loads on Ditch Conduits

When a conduit is placed in a ditch and covered with backfill material,

the backfill material tends to settle downward. This tendency of the
backfill material above the top of the conduit to move produces vertical
friction forces or shearing stresses along the sides of the ditch,
These shearing stresses give support to the backfill material. (See
Fig. 1-1.)
The proportion of the t o t a l v e r t i c a l pressure t h a t i s carried by the con-
d u i t w i l l depend on the r e l a t i v e r i g i d i t y of the conduit and of the f i l l
material between the sides of the conduit and the sides of the ditch.
For r i g i d pipes (see footnote, page 2-1) such a s clay, concrete, o r cast-
iron pipe, the side f i l l s may be r e l a t i v e l y coapressible and the pipe it-
s e l f w i l l carry p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of the load. If the pipe i s a r e l a t i v e l y
f l e x i b l e thin-walled pipe and the side f i l l s have been thoroughly tamped,
the load on the conduit w i l l be reduced by the amount of load the side
f i l l s carry.

Fig. 1-1 Ditch conduit

The t o t a l v e r t i c a l load on r i g i d ditch conduits with r e l a t i v e l y com-

pressible side f i l l s i s

w, = cdybd2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1-1)
where Cd =
1 - @ ~ K P '(lI,/bd
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1-la)
W'
W, = t o t a l v e r t i c a l load on the top of the underground conduit,
l b s / f t length
Cd = load coefficient f o r d i t c h conduits
ba = width of the ditch a t t h e top of the pipe, f t . The width
of the ditch ba i s the a c t u a l width of a v e r t i c a l walled
d i t c h i n which the pipe i s i n s t a l l e d . When the d i t c h i s
constructed with sloping sides o r the conduit i s placed
i n a subditch a t t h e bottom of a wider ditch, experi-
mental r e s u l t s indicate t h a t the proper width bd i s a t
o r s l i g h t l y below the top of the conduit (see Es-114,
page 3-41.
p = tangent of the angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n of the b a c k f i l l
material

K = . J'2
-
+

= r a t i o a t a point of active l a t e r a l pressure

\/r2+1+11 t o v e r t i c a l pressure
 p1 is the tangent of the angle of sliding friction between the
backfill material and the material in the ditch wall.
is the value of p for the material in which the ditch is
dug if the excavated material is used for backfill. When
the backfill material differs from the material in the
ditch walls, the smaller of the two values of y for the&
two materials should be used for the value of p ' .
. ..
7 = u n i t weight of
the backfill material, 1bs/ft3
e = 2.7183 =base of Naperian logarithms
Hc = vertical distance from top of backfill to top of conduit, ft

The total vertical Load Wc on flexible pipes with thoroughly compacted

side fills is

where bc = outside width of the conduit, ft

The above formulas will give maxFmwn vertical Loads to be expected on

ditch conduits throughout the life of the structure if the proger physi-
cal factors involved in their solution have been selected.

Uads on Positive Projectina Conduits

In the discussion of loads on positive projecting conduits) several terms

are used (see Fig. 2-2)

1. The interior prism is that prism of embanhent which is bounded

by the critical plane at the top of the conduit, the plane of
equal settlement, and the vertical planes which are tangent to
the sides of the conduit.
2. The exterior prisms axe the two masses of embanlnnents exterior
to the conduit and having for their boundaries the vertical
tangent planes, the natural ground, and the plane of equal
settlement.
3. The critical plane is that film of particles of embadanent ma-
terials which was originally lying in the horizontal flat plane
at the top of the conduit when Hc = 0.
4. The plane of equal settlement is that film of particles of em-
b a h e n t materials which lies in the lowest horizontal plane
that remains as a plane as settlement takes place. !Chis neces-
sitates that the settlement of a particle of embankment at any
elevation above the interior prism wL11 be equal to the settle-
ment of any particle having the same elevation above the ex-
terior prism. Thus, there are no vertical shearing forces
exi-stingbetween particles of embanlunent materials above the
plane of equal settlement.
5. The projection ratio p is the ratio of the distance between the
natural ground surface adjacent to the conduit (when Hc = 0)
and the top of the condHt (when 1, = 0) to the outside width
of €he conduit.
6. Deformation, consolidation, and settlement. It w i l l
be impor-
tant to differentiate between the meaning of the words deforma-
tion, consolidation, and settlement. Deformation is the change
in the length of structural materials due to stress. The word
deformation is reserved here to denote the change in the verti-
cal dimension of the conduit. If the conduit is rigid the
deformation of the conduit is assumed to be negligible or zero.
Consolidation is the change in the vertical length of embank-
ment or foundation materials caused by loads above the mate-
rials. It is used exactly in the same sense as deformation ex-
cept the word deformation is reserved for structural materials
and consolidation is reserved for embankment and foundation
materials. Settlement is the change in elevation of a particle
of embankment or foundation material as a result of consolida-
tion of materials or deformation of structures below the
particle.

Plane of Equal Settlement

7
1-7

1 -1
Exterior ~ r l m i! ! Exterior Prim

Fig. 1-2 . Basic case for considering the action

of an embaukment over a positive projecting conduit

7. Additional consolidations, additional deformations, and addi-

tional settlements. The weight of the embadanent materials
above the plane of equal settlement will cause consolidations
and. deformations in addition to those consolidations and defor-
mations due to the weight -ofthe embanlonent material below the
plane of equal settlement. These consolidations and deforma-
tions (due to the weight of the material above the plane of
equal settlement) will be referred to as "additional consoli-
dations" and "additional deformations" and the corresponding
settlements as "additional settlements." The convenience of
the use of "additionalt'instead of "total" becomes apparent in
the derivation of load formulas (see Appendix A).
 Plane of Eaual Settlement--s
he = additional consolidation hi = additional coneolidation of
of the material in the the material in the interior
exterior prima for the prim for the distance He
Ustance H,

a
m

When H
L O - .
sm = additional con-'
solidation of
the material in
the distance & ,

Critical Plane

-a, = additional deformation

of the conduit

Natural Ground 7

--- Initial Elevation (when Hc = 0)

------Elevation (when H, = El,)

Elevation at Completion of Fill

Fig. 1-3 Settlements which influence loads on positive proJecting conduits

The symbols used to evaluate the additional settlement of the top of the
exterior prism are (see Fig. 1-3)

A, = additional consolidation. of the embankment material between the

critical plane and the plane of equal settlement, ft
= additional consolidation of the embankment material between the
critical plane and the natural ground surface, ft
isg = additional settlement of the natural ground surface below the
exterior prism due to the consolidation of the foundation, ft
s, + sg = additional settlement of the critical plane, ft
The symbols used to evaluate the additional settlement of the top of the
interior prism are

hi = additional consolidation of the embankment material between

the top of the conduit and the plane of equal settlement, ft
s, = additional deformation of the conduit, ft
sf = additional settlement of the bottom of the conduit.(.i.e., the
surface of the natural ground beneath the conduit) due to the
consolidation of the foundation, ft
6f + sc = additional settlement of the top of the conduit, ft

8. Settlement ratio 6 . The settlement ratio is the ratio of the

difference of the additional settlement of the top of the con-
duit and the additional settlement of the critical plane in the
exterior prism to the additional consolidation of the embanbent
material below the critical plane.

The value of 6 determines whether the projection or the ditch

condition exists. The projection condition occurs when 6 3 0.
The ditch condition exists when 6 < 0.
-
Projection and Ditch Condition
The projection condition is defined as the conditfon in which the criti-
cal plane in the exterior prism settles more than the top of the conduit
(see ES-116,page 3-53). When this condition exists, loads are trans-
ferred from the exterior prism to the interior prism. It is obvious -that
the load on a conduit for the projection condition is always greater than
the weight of embankment material above the top of the conduit.

If the conduit is sufficiently flexible, the settlement of the top of the

conduit will be greater than the settlement of the critical plane in the
exterior prism. This is called the ditch condition. Since loads are
being transferred from the interior prism to the exterior prism, the load
in the interior prism is less than the load in the exterior prism. Again
it is obvious that the load on the conduit for the ditch condition is
less than the weight of the enhankment material above the conduit.
A neutral condition exists when there is no transfer of loads between the
interior and exterior prisms, and the load on the conduit is the weight
of the embament material above the top of the conduit.
The relation between the rigidity of the conduit and the degree of com-
pressibility of the adjacent fill material as well as the modulus of
consolidatLon of -tihe foundation material will determine whether the
ditch condition or the projection condition occurs for any given instal-
lation. These two conditions represent subclassifications of projecting
conduits which are determined by relative settlements or consolidations.

It is important to observe the difference of the meaning in the unfortu-

nate termfnology of "ditch conduits" and "ditch condftions .
The term
"ditch conduits" pertains to a classification of underground conduits
based on construction methods. The term "ditch condition" pertains to a
subclassification of projecting conduits based.on relative settlements.

Likewise, the difference between the terms "projecting conduits" and

"projection condition1'should be understood. The term "projecting con-
duits" (positive or negative) pertains to a classification of under-
ground conduits based on construction methods. The term "projection
condition1'pertains to a subclassification of projecting conduits based
on relative settlements.
Complete and Incomplete Conditions
The complete condition exists when the embadanent height Hc is less than
or equal to the height of the plane of equal settlement R, (see ES-116,
- g e 3-53). The shearing
S - stresses between the interior and exterior-

prisms extend completely to the top of the embanInnent. Thus - He

Hc 5 -
, bc bc
.
The incomplete condition exists when the embankment height Hc is greater
than the height of the plane of equal. settlement He. The shearing
stresses between the interior and exterior prisms do not extend completely
to the top of the embanbent. Hence, -
be
ak
=c > -
be
.It is possible to have
complete and incomplete conditions for both the ditch and projection
condition.

Heiaht of Equal Settlement &

The value of He is determined for two reasons.
He Hc values
1. The comparison of - values with - define whether the
bc bc
complete or incomplete condition exists.

When
H 5 -
He
bc be
, the complete condition exists.
Hc He
When - >-
b, bc
, the incomplete condition exists.

2. He is required to determine the load on a project-

-
The vahe of b,
L
ing conduit for the incomplete condition,

The derivation shown in AppCndix A in the deteminatibn of He is that

originally developed by A. M a r ~ t o n . ~
Marstonfs assumption for
determining He yields an expression which gives slightly greater values
for loads on conduits than those assumptions used by M. G. ~pngler.

The expression for the determination of Q is

The solution of Eq. 1-4 is facilitated by the use of ES-117, page 3-57.

Load Formulas for Positive Projecting Uonduits-

(See Appendix A for derivation). The equation for the load on a positive
projecting conduit, complete condition, is

where the load coefficient for positive projecting conduits, complete

condition, is

In Eq. 1-3the top sign in the (*) symbol is used for the projection
condition, and the bottom sign is used for the ditch condition. This
convention applies wherever double signs appear.

Since Eqs. 1-5 and 1-5a are applicable for both the complete ditch con-
dition and the complete progection condition, they may be used to deter-
mine loads oa both rigid and flexible conduits.

The equation for the load on a positive projecting conduit, incomplete

condition, Is

where the load coefficient for positive projecting conduits, incomplete

condition, is

Since Eqs. 1-6 and 1-6a are applicable for both the incomplete ditch con-
dition and the incomplete projection condition, they may be used to de-
termine loads on both r i g i d and flexible conduits.

The solution of Eqs. 1-5a and 1-6a is facilitated by the use of ES-118,
pages 3-63 and 3-65.

It is necessary to determine the value of &/be by the use of Eq. 1-4 to

solve Eq. 1-6a since Eq. 1-6a contains &/be as on& of its variables.
Effect of Width of Ditch
No definite width of ditch is specified to define whether a conduit is
classed as a ditch conduit or as a positive projecting conduit. In the
analysis of loads on ditch conduits, it is assumed that a rigid conduit
resists all of the pressure at the top of the conduit for the width ba.
This pressure which is equal to the load on the rigid conduit is less
than the weight of the backfill material because a portion of the weight
is transferred by shear into the ditch walls. Increasing the value of
bd for ditch conduits increases the load on-theconduit. As the width
of a ditch is increased, a value of bd is reached where the total pres-
sure is no longer resisted by the conduit and the classification changes
to a positive projecting conduit.

In the analysis of positive projecting conduit, projection condition,

the load on the conduit is the pressure at the elevation of the top of
the conduit distributed over the width bc rather than bd. This load is
greater than the weight of the prism directly above the conduit because
a portion of the weight of the exterior prism is transferred by shear to
the interior prism. By increasing bd, the load is increased on ditch
conduits to a value bi which is equal to the load computed by the for-
mulas for positive projecting conduits, projectllon condition. It is
this value of b; which defines the boundary between ditch conduits and
positive projecting conduits. Conduits for a given value of ~,/b, in a
ditch having a width bd < b i are ditch conduits. Those conduits in
which bd > b i are positive projecting conduits. The value of b; can be
determined from the chart in ES-117, page 3-59.
Figure 1-4 is a plot showing two curves which gives the load on a 2-foot
diameter/conduit (b, =. 2.5 ft) when Hc = 10 ft and Hc = 15 ft for vari-
ous values of ba.. When bd = be, the load on the conduit computed by the
positive projecting conduit formulas is greater than the load computed
by the ditch conduit formula because of the transfer of weights by shear.
As bd is increased, holding bc constant, the load computed by the posi-
tive p2ojecting conduit formulas remains constant while the load com-
puted by the ditch conduit formula increases. At some value of ba the
loads computed by both formulas tecome equal. Observe in this plot how
the value of bi increases from bd = 5.5 ft to :b = 6.2 f-t as the value
of He is increased from 10 ft to 15 ft.

The .Effect of Surface Loads 'onUnderground Conduits

Underground conduits may also be subjected to a Load that is transmitted

through the soil from traffic loads applied to the surface of the back-
f i l l . The effect of these loads may be determined by the use of the
Boussinesq solution14 or by the approximate method given in ES-25,
National Engineering Ilandbook, Section 6, Structural Design. Such
loaJs will be of major importance when the conduit is undex a shallow
fill and subjected to heavy traffic loads. Most conduits designed by
the Soil Conservation Service are subjected to heavy traffic loads
only during construction. If the construction equfpnent is not per-
mitted to cross over the conduit until at least 2 feet of cover has
been placed over the conduit and the conduit is designed to carry a
minimum earth load of 10 feet, the effect of loads due to construction
equipnent may be neglected.
Fig. 1-4 Effect of increasing the width of ditch on the load on a conduit.
 Internal Fluid Pressures

The determination of internal fluid pressure in a conduit is a hydraulic

problem (see National Engineering Handbook, Section 5, Hydraulics). The
magnitudes of internal fluid pressures encountered in Soil Conservation
Service work is usually of minor importance in determining loads on
underground conduits.

Hydrostatic Loads
When an underground conduit is below the water table, these is an external
hydrostatic load acting on the conduit. The determination of hydrostatic
pressures is also a hydraulic problem ( s e e National Engineering Handbook,
Section 5, mdraulics) .
Procedue for Determining ~ o a d s

Ditch

I Sub-classify -ES 117, page 3-57 1

cd -- ES 118, page 3-61 I Complete I Incomplete

Solve for
t
Obtain
Cp - ES 118, page 3-63 or 3-65

Fig. 1-5. Procedure for determining the load on a ditch conduit or

positive projecting conduit.
 Example - Determining Loads

Given: 1. A 36 in. refaforced concrete pipe (bc = 3.5 ft. ) is proposed

f o r installation on a cradle (b = 5.0 f t ) .

2. The height of f i l l above the conduit i s 30.0 f t .

3 The backfill material has a unit weight (y ) of 120 l b s / f t 3

aad an angle of internal f r i c t i o n ( 4 ) of 300.

4. The ditch w a l l and foundation material has an angle of in-

ternal Friction of 20°.

5 The value of [T- 3 = 1.0.

6. The distance pb, = 3.0 ft. and the distance qb, = 1.5 ft.

7 The distance from the bottom of the cradle t o non-yielding

foundation material i s 10.0 ft.

Determine :
1. The load on the conduit when bd = 6.0 ft.

2. The load on the conduit when bd = 19.0 Ft.

,natural ground

foundation material
Solution:
1. Follow the procedure chart in Fig. 1-5.

Cktain S. ES 119
From ES 115, page 3-45 either case c or d exists
b = 5.0 ft.

&om ES 114, page 3-43? Kp = 0 .19, K f i r = 0.178

Hf = 10.0 fi.
Since Hf > case c exists.
Kfb
 Since 3 < 3 the conduit is classed as a ditch conduit
bc b,
Obtain Cd from ES 118, page 3-61.

From ES 114, page 3-43, K = 0.333

p for backfill = 0.58, p for ditch W l = 0.36.
The smallest value of p is 0.36 therefore v 1 = 0.36

Cd = 2-92
solve for Wc = cdyba2 = (2.92)(120) (6.0)~
= 12,614 i b s / f t .

2. Find the load on the conduit when bd = 15.0 ft.

The values of 6 computed in part 1 will remain unchanged.

Determine classification from ES 117, page 3-59

Since 2 >- t
the conduit is classed as a positive projecting
bc bc
conduit.

Sub-classify (ES 117, page 3-51). Since the conduit is rigid, it

is classed as a projection condition.
Since
- > - He the conduit is classed as the incomplete condition
b, be
Obtain C from ES 118, page 3-63
P
 CRAPlTER 2 - SUPPORTING STRENGTH OF RIGID PIPE cONC~TITS*

The supporting strength of a pipe is the maximum total load the pipe is
capable of restraining without failure. The safe supprtimg strength of
an underground rigid pipe depends on three major factors; strength of
pipe, load factor, and the safety factor.

Strength of Pipe %b

The supporting strengths of short lengths of pipes are determined by

direct test for certain standard load distributions. The most common
method of determining supporting strength of pipes is the three-edge
bearing testL (Fig. 2-1 and Fig. 2-pa).

The American Society for Testing Materials (AS'I~M)has set forth specifi-
cations or standards for manufactured pipe of various materials. These
specifications give the'pipedimensions and their supporting strength
Reb for the three-edge beariq test. Fbr reinforced concrete pipe the
supporting strength is expressed as the ultimate load and also as the
load to produce 0.01-inch crack in the pipewall. Fox reinforced concrete
pipe the value of &b to produce 0.01-inch crack is used in this Tech-
nical Release. For other types of rigid pipes it is the ultimate load.

The supporting strength as determined by the three-edge bearing test is

u$ed for the derivation of the safe supporting strength of underground
conduits. The use of the supporting strength as determined by other
standard tests requires a revision of formulas.

The values of &b for various types of rigid pipes meeting ASTM specifi-
cations are given in ES-119, pages 3-67 to 3-71. The values of %b for
rigid pipes not included in ES-119 may be obtained from ASTM specifica-
tions. Some ASTM specifications express the strength of the pipe in
terms of D loads. The value of Reb for these pipes is

where d = nominal diameter of the pipe, ft

Load Factor Lt

In a field installation the supporting strength of a pipe is greater than

that determined by the three-edge bearing test, A more favorable load
distribution exists on pipes in the field installation than that of the
three-edge bearing test.

* ~ i g i dpipe conduits are defined as pipes whose cross-sectional shape

cannot be distorted sufficiently to change their vertical and hori-
zontal dimensions more than 3 percent without causing materially injuri-
ous cracks in the pipe.
 1" per Foot
Lower Less Than 1"
Least

Fig. 2-1 Arrangement of conduit and bearing blocks f o r

standard three-edge bearing laboratory t e s t s of c u l v e r t pipe

T o t a l Load = Wc

Total Load = Wc

Fig. 2-2n Assumed load Fig. 2-2b Assumed load d i s t r i -

distribution for the case bution on an underground conduit
of three-edge bearing i n s t a l l e d on a projecting bedding
The load factor is the ratio of the supporting strength of the pipe in
any stated loading condition Re to the supporting strength of pipe in
three-edge bearing Qb.

where Lf = load factor

Rc = supporting strength of pipe for a stated load pattern,
lbs/ft length of pipe
Reb = supporting strength of pipe for three-edge bearing load,
lbs/ft length of pipe

The value of a load factor depends on the type of cradle or bedding asso-
ciated with the conduit together with the classification of the under-
ground conduit. Beddings axe a ty-pe of construction which provide a dis-
tribution of vertical reaction along -the lower surfaces of the conduit,
Cradles f'urnish a lateral qupport as well as a distribution of'vertical
reaction.

Load Factors for Ditch Cradles and Beddings

Ditch cradles and beddings are associated with those underground conduits
for which no lateral loads from the adjacent materials are assumed to act
on the conduit. O n l y two classifications of underground conduits are
associated with ditch cradles and beddings. They are ditch conduits and
negative projecting conduits, ditch condition. For these two classifi-
cations, the backfill adjacent to the conduit is more compressible than
the material in the ditch walls. Since none of the vertical loads are
assumed to be transmitted through the material adjacent to the conduit,
no lateral forces are considered to exist on the conduit.

The load factors for ditch cradles and beddings are determined experi-
mentally for various ty-pes of cradles or beddings. Because of the wide
variety of cradles and beddings, it is practical to group them and assign
load factors which will give safe supporting strengths.

Values of Lf for various ditch beddings and cradles are given in ES-120,
page 3-73.
h a d mctors for Pro,iecting Cradles and Beddings
Projecting cradles and beddings are associated with those underground
conduits for which Lateral loads axe assumed to act on the conduit. All
classifications of undergro~dconduits except ditch conduits and nega-
tive projecting conduits, ditch condition, are associated with project-
ing cradles and beddings. The value of the load factor for projecting
cradles and beddings depends on the magnitude and distribution of verti-
cal and horizontal loads.

Figure 2-2b is a generalized load pattern consisting of five variables

(B., a or p, r, tct? and we). This pattern was prepred from a study of
experimental data of loads on underground conduits. Because of the va-
riety of values of these five variables, it is impractical to obtain
load factors by actual test. An expression of the load factor in terms
of these variables has been a n a l y t i c a l l y derived. It i s determined by
t h e following procedure:

The maximum allowable f i b e r s t r e s s i n a pipe f o r t h e three-edge bearing

t e s t i s derived (Fig. 2-2a). This i s s e t equal t o the derived maxLmum
f i b e r s t r e s s f o r the assumed load p a t t e r n given i n Fig. 2 2 . The re-
s u l t i n g equation i s rearranged t o give R,/R,~ o r t h e load f a c t o r Lf.
The derivation i s given i n Appendix B.

The five variables of t h e load p a t t e r n are

1. K~ = r a t i o of t o t a l l a t e r a l load t o v e r t i c a l load.
An expres-
sion f o r the value of ~t i s obtained by t h e following
procedure: Rankine's formula f o r a c t i v e l a t e r a l pres-
sure is

where p = i n t e n s i t y of l a t e r a l pressure, l b s / f t 2
h = v e r t i c a l height from any point within t h e
embankment t o t h e upper surface of the
f i l l , ft
K = r a t i o of a c t i v e horizontal pressure a t a
point t o v e r t i c a l pressure
y = u n i t weight of embankment material, l b s . / f t

The t o t a l a c t i v e l a t e r a l pressure on a r i g i d pipe i s

K tWc

Sub s t i t u t i n g the value of W, from Eq. 1-5 page 1-9

2. r =mean radius of pipe, f t

3. f3 = one-half of the c e n t r a l angle subtended by the a r c of the

pipe over which the upward v e r t i c a l reactions a r e a c t -
ing. This value depends on t h e type of cradle o r
bedding.

4. cw. = one-half of t h e c e n t r a l angle subtended by t h e arc of the

pipe over which no l a t e r d loads a r e a c t i n g on the pipe.
Thus,
1
p = 5 [1 - sin (a - 9~0)]

5. Wc i s evaluated i n accordance with Chapter l.

The load f a c t o r f o r projecting cradles and bedding, derived i n Appendix
B, i s

where Xp i s a function of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l load and

v e r t i c a l reaction (see Appendix B f o r t h e equation f o r x ~ ) .
!The values of $ depend on t h e type of projecting cradle and
bedding, and were determined by experimentation, analysis, o r
approximation. Values of Xp f o r various cradles and beddings
a r e given i n ES-120, pages 3-74 t o 3-76.
X, i s a function o f - t h e projection onto a v e r t i c a l plane of t h e
area of t h e pipe over which the l a t e r a l loads a r e assumed t o
be d i s t r i b u t e d (see Appendix B f o r the equation f o r &).

For uncradled pipe t h e L a t e r a l loads a r e assumed t o a c t on that portion

of t h e pipe t h a t i s above t h e n a t u r a l ground. Considering a length of
pipe of 1 foot, t h i s area i s pbc. When p i s g r e a t e r than u n i t y (p > 1)
the height of t h e projected area over which t h e l a t e r a 1 , l o a d s a r e d i s -
t r i b u t e d i s only be and t h e value of X , w i l l correspond t o a value o f
p =1.0. The l a t e r a l forces on cradled pipes a r e assumed t o be trans-
mitted through t h e cradle t o the pipe, thus, the loads a r e assumed t o be
a c t i n g on t h e same area a s f o r uncradled pipe. Values of X , f o r pipes
on cradles and beddings f o r various values of p may be obtained from t h e
curves i n ES-120, page 3-77.

Safety f a c t o r s

The safe supporting strength of pipe i s the supporting strength of a

pipe divided by the s a f e t y f a c t o r . Safety f a c t o r s a r e recommended f o r
various types of materials. Since t h e value o f Reb f o r r i g i d pipes
o t h e r than reinforced concrete a r e specified as strengths f o r u l t h a t e
loads, a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 1.5 o r 2.0 may be used. Values of %b f o r
reinforced concrete a r e based on t h e load t o produce 0.01-inch crack
i n t h e pipe. A f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 1.0 i s considered s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r
reinforced concrete pipe f o r the following reasons:

1. The three-edge bearing load t o produce the 0.01-inch crack i s

t h e minimum load t h a t random samples of t h e pipe must meet,
t,hus, i n p r a c t i c e samples usually withstand more than the mini-
mum required.

2 Within time l i m i t a t i o n s concrete pipe increases i n strength

with age.

3. Other design variables a r e generally chosen t o produce a s a f e

s t r u c t u r e , thus making t h e conservative choices additive.

4. Failure i s reached only a t a load considerably i n excess of

the cracking three-edge bearing load.
Equations for the Safe Supporting Strength of Pipes Rd
The symbol Rd is used to represent the safe supporting strength of the
pipe in pounds per foot length.

1. Ditch craUes and beddings.

2. Projecting cradles and beddings.

a. Beddings

.
wilere tct, &, and Xp are defined by Egs 2-3, B-15, and 13-16.

b. Cradles

where X,, and

K ~ , Xp are defined by Eqs. 2-3, B-20, and B-21.

Internal Fluid Pressures

Positive internal fluid pressure causes tensile stresses in the pipe

wall. These tensile stresses add algebraically with the flexural
stresses caused by the external loads. The conduit is not capable of
supporting as large an external load as it would support when no in-
ternal fluid pressure exists. When positive internal fluid pressure
exists, the value of three-edge bearing strength Reb used in the su
porting strength formulas is reduced. The adjusted value of R,b is%-

where R& = value of. the reduced supporting strength of a pipe having
positive internal pressure, lbs/ft .
It is substituted
in the supporting strength formulas for the three-edge
bearing strength Reb .
N = bursting pressure of the pipe, lbs/ia2
pi = internal pressure in the pipe, lbs/in2

The bursting pressure of a reinforced concrete pipe is

where a = cross sectional area of the circumferential steel in one
foot of pipe, .in2
f, = allowable stress in reinforcing steel, lbs/in2
d = inside diameter of the pipe, inches

The operating internal pressure is usually small compared to the burst-

ing strength of the pipe. The effect of internal pressures on the sup-
porting strength of rigid pipes installed as underground conduits is
usually neglected except for extremely high internal pressures.

Effect of Kydrostatic b a d

A hydrostatic load has a similar effect on stresses in a pipe wall as

negative internal pressure. The compressive stresses resulting from a
hydrostatic load reduce the critical tensile stresses created by earth
loads. Therefore, hydrostatic Loads are usually neglected in calcula-
ting loads on rigid circular pipes.

Procedure for Determiniw Safe Supporting Strength

\ Obtain 8-ES 115 page 3 - 45 I

Classify: ES 117 page 3-59
Ditch P o s i t i v e ProJecting
-<-
b" b"

1 I hb-classify ES 117 page 3-57

Obtaln L ~ ( E S120 page 3-73)
-<-
be b,
Obtain R , ~ ( E s 119 pages

Solve f o r

/ Obtain \
Obtain Reb - ES 119 pages 3-67,

Fig. 2-3. Procedure for determining the safe supporting strength of

a conduit installed as a ditch conduit or a positive
projecting conduit.
 Example - Determining Safe Supporting Strength

Given: 1. A 36 " Class I11 Wall A pipe (ASTM ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~i s) proposed

f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n on a type A2 cradle.

2. The height of f i l l above the conduit is 35 ft.

3. The distance pbc = 4.-5 ft.

4. The distance Hf = 12 ft.

5. The bottom width of the cradle i s 5.0 f t .

6. The b a c k f i l l material has a u n i t weight of 100 l b s / f t 3

and an angle of i n t e r n a l Friction of 28'.

7. The ditch w a l l and foundation material has an angle of in-

t e r n a l f r i c t i o n of 300.

8. me v d u e of
9. A load factor L of 3.0 may be used for t h i s i n s t d l a t i o a
i f it i s c l a s s e i as a d i t c h conduit.

10. A safety factor of s = 1 may be used.

-
Find: 1. The safe supporting strength of' the conduit.if the ditch
i n which it ts i n s t a l l e d i s 7 ft wide.

2 The safe supporting strength of the conduit i f the d i t c h

which it i s i n s t a l l e d i s 13 f t wide,

Foundation Material
or = 30°
.- -. -. . .-
l r .~ ~. ~.- 1
~ 1 m l m l ~ 1 m 1. ~
,
',nonylelainp r J 1 i ~ I ~ l ~ ~ I ~ ~

foundation material
Solution: Use the procedure given i n figure 2-3.

1. Obtain 6 - ES-115, page 3-45

From ES-115, page 3-47 e i t h e r case c o r case d e x i s t s

b = 5.0 ft.

Assume case c

Since the natural ground i s a t the bottom of the

cradle Jr = 0 (ES-114, page 3-42)
fiom ES-114, page 3-43, Kp = 0.19, K f ~ =r ~0.19

6 (Case c ) =
+ 0)
0.19 = O**
+0 ) 0.19
6~ = (0.5)(1.286) = 0.643,
e'
&om ES-115, page 3-51, = 1.65

Since Hp

Classify -
> :H -
KfClf
case c e x i s t s

ES-117, page 3-59

Since -< 4
bd
- the conduit is a ditch conduit.
"c be
Obtain Lf from ES-120, page 3-73.

Lf = 3.0 (given)
'
Obtain Reb from ES-119, page 3-67.
Reb = 4050 l b s / f t .
, ,os for ~a = - LfReb - (3-0)(4050) = 12,150 lbs/ft
S 1
2 The value of 6 is the same as for part 1
s = 0.5, 6p = 0.643
Classify - ES-llT? page 3-59

(from part A)

-
Since '=d - the conduit is classed
> bi as a positive pro-
be bc
jecting conduit. Since a rigid conduit i s used, the
conduit is sub-classed as the projection condition.

Sub-classify (ES-117,page 3-57)

- >-
He
the conduit is classed as the incomplete
bc
condition

Obtain. C from ES-118,page

P
3-63

Solve for ttt

Since p = 1.286 is greater than 1 use p = 1

>om ES-114,page 3-43, K = 0.36

Obtain Xa from ES-120, page 3-77

Since p > 1 use p = 1
X, = 0.638
Obtain 5 from ES-120, page 3-74
X = 0.45
P
Solve for Lf =
1.431 - 1.431 = 1.431 = 4.53
Xp'bXa - 0.45- (0.210) (0 638) 0.316
Obtain Reb from ES-119, page 3-67
Reb = 4050 l b s / f t .
RebLf = (4 m53) (4050 ) = 18, $7 i b s / f t .
Solve f o r Rd = -s 1
 C m 3 - FOlWUTAS OBTAImD BY EQUATING EXPRESSIONS FOR
LOAD AND SAFE SUPPORTING STRE3VGTH O F POSITIVE PRQ7ECT,WG CONDUITS

The load on an underground conduit can be determined by the use of the

equations in Chapter 1. Similarly, the safe supporting strength of a
conduit can be determined by the use of the equations in Chapter 2.
Sometimes neither of these quantities are specifically desired in
practical design problems. Then the question to be answered is one
of three types.

1, What are the allowable classes of pipes that can be used for
a given embankment height and cradle?

2. What are the types of cradles or beddings that ,canbe used for
a given embankment height and pipe?

3. What are the allowable fill heights Hc, over the top of the
pipe for a given cradle and pipe?

Chapter 3 is written to facilitate the solution of each of the three

questions without predetemination. of the load or allowable strength of
the positive projecting conduit. This is desirable because fewer calcu-
lations are required.

'Theexpression for the load on the conduit is equated to the expression

for the safe supporting strength of the conduit. This equation is rear-
ranged to permit graphical presentations of certain portions of the
equation. Such a rearrangement will usually permit an easy solution
without trial and error methods for any one of the three quantities.

!I!he procedures for the determination of each of the three quantities

listed above are given on ES-113, pages 3-37 t o 3-39.

Positive Pro,jecting Conduits, Complete Projection Condition

(Projecting Cradles and ~eddings)

Equate Eqs. 1-5 and 2-7.

where

Rearrange
3-2

Let

Then

Values of Cp are determined from the charts in ES-118,pages 3-63 and

3-65. Values of Xp for various types of beddings and cradles are given
in ES-120, pages 3-74 to 3-76. Values of K for various values of $ are
determined from the chart in ES-114,page 3-43. Values of T for various
values of p and H,/bc a r e read from the charts in ES-121, pages 3-79 and
3-81.
The eqression to the left of the equal sign in Eq. 3-4 represents the
strength factor Fsp that is provided by a given pipe for a particular
installation.

Values of FSp for various pipes are determined from ES-119, pages 3-47
to 3-71.

The expression to the right of the equal sign i n Eq. 3-4 represents the
F that is required for a p a r t i c u l a r installation.
strength factor ,

When the allowable height of fill H,, is to be determined, Eq. 3-2 is

rearranged

where

The solution of Eq. 3-7 is facilitated by the use of ES-122, page 3-83.
Values of X, for various values of p are read from the curves in ES-120,
Page 3-77.
In Eq. 3-7 and Eq. 3-7a the value of p cannot be greater than one.
 Positive Projecting Conduits, Incomplete Projection Condition

Equate Eqs. 1-6 and 2-7.

where

Reasrange Eq. 3-1.

Let

Then

Values of Cp are determined from the charts in ES-118,pages 3-63 and

3-65. Values of Xp for various types of beddings and cradles are given
in ES-120, pages 3-74 to 3-76. Values of K for various values of @ are
determined from the chart in ES-Ilk, page 3-43. Values of T for various
values of p and H,/b, are read from the charts in ES-121, pages 3-79 and
3-81.
The expression to the leFt of the equal sign in Eq. 3-4 represents the
strength factor FSp that is provided by a given pipe for a p a r t i c u l a r
installation.

Values of Fsp for various pipes are determined from ES-119, pages 3-67 to
3-71
The expression to the right of the equal sign in Eq. 3-4 represents the
strength factor Fsr that is required for a particular installation.
When the height of fill ,
H is to be determined, Eq. 3-1 is rearranged
in the form

where x = 2IQ -
He
be
Values of Xa for various values of p are read from the curves in ES-120,
page 3-77.

When p > 1, use p = 1 for substitution into Eq. 3-8. Eq. 3-8 is solved
by the following procedure:

Find the value of ex- x from the relation

ex - x = 2QGp + 1 -- Use t h e actual value of p in this equation.

Obtain x fiom ES-123, page 3-87.
Obtain ex from the relation
eX = ( eX - x ) + x
Substitute these v d u e s into Eq. 3-8.
 Examples

Examples have been prepared to illustrate the solution of underground

conduit design problems, using the procedures and computation aids
given in ES-113 through ES-123. The following tabulation permits the
selection of examples which illustrate solutions by vmious methods.

kample Classifi - Subc l a s - Case Bedding

Find or In a
Number cation sifi'cation of 6 Ditch?
Cradle

Pipe Ditch -- bedding

Pipe Pos. Proj. Incomplete cradle
Pipe Pos. Proj. Incomplete bedding
Bedding Pos. Proj. Incomplete bedding
Cradle Pos. Proj. Incomplete cradle
Bedding
or Pos. Proj. Incomplete either
Cradle
%a Pos. Proj. Incomplete bedding
Pos. Proj. Incomplete
Hca Ditch -- cradle
Pas. Proj. Complete
Hca Ditch -.-
bedding

Hca Pos. Proj. Incomplete cradle

%ample 6 illustrates the type of solution required to determine the

unknown quantity at more thanone point under dam.
tExamples 2 and 7 illustrate the effect of changing the value of

Example No. 1

Given: 1. A 24-inch rigid pipe conduit is proposed for installation in

a 42-inch ditch (bd = 42 ln.). The ditch is in a very deep uniform
material which has an angle of internal friction 4f of 30°, a unit
weight Tf of 120 lbs/ft3, aha a modulus of consolidation Ef = 11.4
tons/ft2. The maxinun depth of the ditch. is 23.6 ft. The distance
pb, = 1.6 ft,
2. The backfill material has the following properties when com-
pacted to required density:
(a) unit weight 7 = 120 lbs/ft3
(b) angle of internal friction 4 = 3 0'
( c ) modulus of consolidation E = 10 tons/ft2
 3 . A first-class bedding (Ty-pe B ditch bedding or Type B2 pxo-
Jecting bedding) i s proposed (ES-120, pages 3-73 to 3-76).

4. Consider 0.01-inch crack permissible f o r safe design for R/C

pipe and use 1.5 safety factor for clay and non-reinforced concrete
pipe
Determine: A rigid pipe that can be used.

Backfill material

Firet-clasa bedding Foundation mtcrlal

Solution :
List data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
7 = 120 lbs/ft3

p =p ', therefore, = Kp = 0.19 (ES-114, page 3-43 )

s = 1 for R/C and 1.5 for other pipes

Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-37

Assume b, = 2.5 ft
Find 6 ( ~ o l l o wprocedure on ES-115, page 3-43)
F r o m ES-115, page 3-47, case c applies since the material i s
very deep.
b = bc = 2.5 ft (Es-114, page 3-41)
Solve for 6
Check whether c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s d i t c h conduit o r positive project-
i n g conduit (use ES-117, page 3-59 ).

Since - < bh
bd
-, the conduit i s classed as a ditch conduit.
bc bc
Obtain Cd from ES-118, page 3-61.

Obtain Lf from ES-120, page 3-73, Lf = 1.9

solve f o r W, = ca7ba2 = (2.38) (120)(3.5)~ = 3500 l b s / f t
Let W, = Rd, Solve fox Reb required.

(for other types of pipes)

From ES-119, pages 3-67, 3-69 ,

and 3-71, any 24-inch reinforced
concrete pipe having a value o f R,b equal t o o r greater than 1840
l b s / f t may be selected. Any 24-inch non-reinforced concrete or
 clay pipe having a value of Reb equal t o o r greater than 2760
L b s / f t may be selected.

Select an e x t r a strength clay pipe.

R , ~ = 4400, bc = 2.292

Obtain 6 using new b, value (ES-115, page 3-45) Case c s t i l l e x i s t s

6 (case c) = 1 + (0.877)(7.431) = o.73

1 + (0.877 (1)
Classic--ES-117, page 3-57
Zp@ = (0.38)(0.734)(0.698) = 0.1947

ba
Since - < bk c l a s s i f i c a t i o n remains ditch conduit.
-, Selected
bc bc
pipe i s satisfactory.

Example No. 2

Given: 1. A 30-inch pipe (ASTM Spec. ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~is) proposed f o r i n s t a l -

l a t i o n through a dam on. a type A2 cradle r e s t i n g on rock. The con-
d u i t i s not i n s t a l l e d i n a ditch.

2. The distance pb, i s 2.10 f t .

3. The distance $be i s 1.42 ft.

4. Use a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 1.

5. The height o f f i l l above t h e top of the pipe i s 18.4 ft.

6. When compacted t o required density, t h e embanlrment material

has a unit weight 7 = 110 l b s / f t 3 and an angle of i n t e r n a l friction

- EEf
-l
4 of 3P0.

[:i
7

7. Consider t h a t the value m y range *om 0.1 t o 1.0.

Determine: Class of pipe meeting ASTM Spec. C76-5TT that m a y be used.

Embankment material

Solution :
List data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
Y = 110 l b s / f t 3
b, will vaxy fox the various wall thicknesses. The v a l u e of bc f o r
wall B will be used for a preliminary determination.
b, = 3.083 f t
From ES-114, page 3-43, K = 0.31, JQ= 0.19
s = l

Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-37

bc is assumed as 3.083 ft
Obtain 6 . Follow the procedure given on ES-115, page 3-45.
Prom ES-115, page 3-47, case b applies.

When [T- 4 - = 0.1

Classify--Since bd = - > b-
bd
m' bc
i
bc , the conduit is classed as a posi-
tive projecting conduit.
Determine subclassification of conduit from ES-117, page 3-57.

4 (min) = 1.74
-
bc
R, (max) = 2.13
-
bc

Since c -
bc
R,
>-,
bc
conduit is classed as incomplete condition.

Obtain Cp from ES-118,page 3-63.

2K.psp = 0.434...
------- 'i

ewe, = 4.51
cp (-1 = 0.38 = 11.87 \
Obtain Xp from ES-120, page 3-74, % = 0.450
Obtain T from ES-121, page 3-79, T = 3.52 (for cradles)
Solve for F,, = CpXp - KT
Fsr (min) = (10.71)(0.45) - (0.31)(3.52) = 3.73
F,, (max) = (11.87)(0.45) - (0.31)(3.52) = 4.25

[$ $1
Note that the range of F,, values are -small compared to the large
range in values.

Select pipe (ES-119,page 3-67).

s7FSr (max) = (1)(110)(4.25) = 468
A class 111, wall B, pipe is selected. syPsp = 508.1
 When the actual value of b, f o r t h e selected type of pipe i s not
equal t o the assvmed value, the solution should be repeated. The
a c t u a l value of bc i s used i n the repeated solution which deter-
mines whether Fsp i s g r e a t e r than o r equal t o F
,.

Example No. 3

Gsven: 1. A 30-inch pipe with type B 1 concrete bedding (bottom width

of 2.8 f t ) i s proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n through a dam. !I!he conduit
i s not i n s t a l l e d i n a ditch.

2 The embadanent material has a u n i t weight 7 = 110 lbs/ft3,

an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n 4 of 32') and a modulus of consolida-
t i o n E of 26 tons/ft2.

3. The foundation material has an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n af

of 26O) a u n i t weight Yf of 90 lbs/ft3, a modulus of consolidation Ef
of 32 tons/ft2, and extends t o a rock l a y e r which i s 7 . 1 f t below the
concrete bedding.

4. The distance pb, =c 2.01 f t and h, = 1.11 f t .

5. The height of f i l l above the top of the pipe i s 18.4 f t .

6. Consider 0.01-inch crack permissible f o r safe design of r e i n -

forced concrete pipe.

Determine: Type o f R/C pipe t h a t may be used.

Embankment material
Solution:
List data (ES-114,pages 3-41 and 3-42)

Follow the procedure an ES-113, page 3-37.

Assume b, =. 3.083 (for w a l l B, ASTM Spec. ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~ )
Obtain 6 . FolIov procedure on ES-115, page 3-45.
Prom ES-115, page 3-47 case c or case d exists..
Since the bottom width o,f the rigid! bedding is less than b e use
b =b,
b = 3.083
Solve for

6 (case c ) =

- - -26-0.81fi
-
Ef - 32

'f -2
Y - 110
= 0.818

= (0.818)(0.81)) = 0.66j

$-
- - -@-, - -1.11
- 2.01 - 0.452
P pb,

&om ES-114,,page 3-43, K e f = 0 .19, &-Q&

Kf* - 20.19-
-1

6 (case c)
1 + (0.665)(0.552) = 0.821
1 + 0.665

Find %
2.01
p = - 0.652
3.0 3 -
~p = (0.821)(0.652) = 0.535

From ES-115, page 3-51,

G = 1.51
 Since Hf > q, depth i s sufficiently great and case c
exists. Kfh

Classify--ES-117, page
1
3-59.
Since bd = a, bd > bd , conduit is classed as positive projecting.
bc bc
Determine subclassification,
Hc- - 18.4 He
- - 3.083 = 597, From EE-1.17, page 3-57, - = 1.31
bc bc
*c
Since - >
bc b,
, incomplete condition exists.

Obtain Cp

a b-
=c
c
= (0.38)(5.97) = 2.27

-6p = (0.38)(0.535) = 0.203

Prom ES-118, page 3-63

W C , = 3.78

Obtain Xp from ES-120, page 3-75'.

,
X = 0.65
Obtain T from ES-121, page 3-81.
T = 2.28

Select pipe from ES-119, pages 3-67, 3-69, and 3-71.

sYF,, = (1)(110)(5.76) = 634
Any pipe having a value of sYFSp > s7F,, i s satisfactory.
A class IV, w d l B, pipe is selected.
If a wall A or wall C is selected, the solution is repeated
using the correct value of be.
 Example No. 4
Given: 1. A 36-inch e x t r a strength clay pipe (AsTM Spec. ~ 2 0 0 - 5 5 ~i )s
proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n a d i t c h which i s 1 2 ft wide.

2 The depth of the d i t c h t o the top of the conduit i s 17 f t .

3. The d i t c h i s excavated i n a clayey material having a unit

weight yf = 100 ibs/ft3, a modulus of consolidation Ef of 30 tons/ft2,
and angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n $f of 20'. Borings show that the
clayey material i s e s s e n t i a l l y uniform down t o a rock layer 25.3 f t
below the surface of the ground.

4. The material used f o r b a c k f i l l i s a l o e s s s o i l . Tests show

t h a t when the backfill material i s compacted t o the required density
it has a unit weight 7 of 100 lbs/ft3, an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n
@ of 26', and a modulus of consolidation E of 1 2 tons/ft2.

5. The distance pb, = 2.4 f t and = 1.0 f t .

6 . Use a f a c t o r of s a f e t y s of 1.5.
Determine: The type of bedding t h a t may be used.

B a c k f i l l material

E - 12 tons/ftz

Foundation material

Solution:
L i s t data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 5-42)
7 = 100 l b s / f t 3
bd = 12.0 f t
For t h e d i t c h w a l l material 4f = 20°
From Es-114, page 3-43, pf = 0.37
For the b a c k f i l l material 9 = 2 6 O

Since the ditch w a l l material has the smallest value of p, p' = 0.37
and K p l = (0.38)(0.37) = 0.141

Follow the procedure i n ES-113, page 3-38.

Obtain 6. Follow procedure on ES-115, page 3-45.
From ES-115, page 3-46, e i t h e r case c or case d exists.
b = b, = 3.396 ft
Solve f o r

6 (case c) =

F r o m ES-114, page 3-43, Kfpf = 0.178

Find iG
;- from ES-115, page 3-31.
 -
H* 4.9 ft
=
Hf < 5.689 (shallow depth, case d exists)

Compute 43 b = (o.~o)(o.)B) 3.396 = 0.219 9

Obtain w from ES-115, page 3-49.

w = 0.61

From ES-115, page 3-51, obtain. 6p = 0.61 - 74

Deteqine classification from ES-117, page 3-59.

3 - = 5.006
bc - 3.396 bi .; 6n
From ES-117, page 3-59, -
bc
- 2.43., -- -
bc - 3.396 =
ba
- > bh
- , therefore, the conduit is classed as a positive
b~ jecting conduit.
Determine subclassification from ES-117, page 3-57.

- B,
=c >-, therefore, the conduit is classed as incomplete
b~ condition.

C = 8.49 A ,7/
P
F r o m ES-119, page 5-71, obtain s7Fsp = 744.5, Fsp -
(100) (1.5
= 4.963
From ES-121, page 3-81, obtainT = 2.24 (for beddings)
Let F,, = Fsp

Solve for Xp for beading

Select bedding frm'ES-120,pages 3-75 and 3-76.

 Any bedding having a value of Xp equal t o o r l e s s than t h e calcu-
l a t e d value i s allowable. A type Bl (concrete bedding) may be used.

,&ample No. 5
Given: 1. A 24:inch c l a s s IV, w a l l A, R/C pipe (ASTM Spec. ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~ i s)
proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n on a concrete cradle which r e s t s on rock.
There i s no foundation material adjacent t o the pipe o r cradle. The
conduit i s not i n s t a l l e d i n a ditch.

2. The distance pbc i s 4.77 ft.

3 . The embadanent material has an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n

of 30' and a u n i t weight 7 of 110 l b s / f t 3 .

4. The proposed height of f i l l above the conduit i s 20 f t .

5. Consider 0.01-inch crack i n the R/C pipe satisfactory f o r

design.

Determine: Ty-pe of cradle t h a t can be used.

Embankment Material

Solution:
L i s t data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
7 = 110 l b s / f t 3
fiom.ES-119, page 3-67, b, = 2.417 f t
From Es-114, page 3-43, K = 0.333, K+J = 0.19
s = l
 Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-38.
Obtain 6.
Follow procedure on ES-115, page 3-45.
From ES-115, page 3-47, case a exists, and 6 = 1.0.
Determine the classification from ES-117, page 3-59.
Since bd = oo
bd
- >%
--,conduit is classed as positive projecting
' bc
'

conduit. bc

Determine the subclassification of the conduit from ES-117, page 3-57.

R, the conduit is classed as the incomplete condi-

Hc > -,
Since -
tion. bc bc
Obtain Cp from ES-118,page 3-63.
m S p = (0.38)(1.974) 0.750
= , JB

2lQ(&/b,) = (0.38)(8.27) = 3.143

From chart
wcp= 7.65 6 / I, -L.-

Cp =

Obtain Fsp from ES-119, page 3-67,

= 8.907
Obtain T from ES-121, page 3-79, T = 5.59 (fox cradles)
F
, + KT
FSp = F
, and solve for Xp =
C~

Select cradle from ES-120, page 3-74.

Any cradle havlng a value of Xp less than 0,535 is allowable.
Ty-pe A3 cradle ( x =
~ 0.50) is satisfactory.

Given: 1. A 2binch standard strength R/C (3500 p i ) culvert pipe is

proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n through an earth dam.
 2. The proposed maximum height of embadment above the top of
the conduit H, a t S t a l+5O i s 20.8 f t and t h e distance pb, i s 0.3 f t .
A t S t a 1+67 Hc = 19 f t and pbc = 1.8 ft.

3 . Consider t h a t 0.01-inch crack of the R/C culvert i s permis-

s i b l e f o r safe design.

4. The foundation material has an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n Of

of 30°, a modulus of consolidation Ef of 30 tons/ft2, and a u n i t
weight Y of 120 l b s / f t 3 . The material i s uniform down t o a rock
l a y e r wdch l i e s 8.4 ft, below the bottom o f t h e conduit.

5 . When compacted t o required density, the embankment material

has a u n i t weight Y of 120 lbs/ft3, an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n @
of 40°, and a modulus of consolidation E of 26 t o n s / f t 2 .

6. The v d u e of b f o r cradles i s 4ft and f o r beddings i s 2.5 f t .

Determine: Types of beddings o r cradles t h a t may be used.

Solutfon :
L i s t data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
Y = Yf = 120 l b s / f t 3 , -
7f -
- 1
Y
Ftrom ES-119, page 3-69, b, = 2.5 f t
fiom ES-114, page 3-43, K = 0.22, = 0.183 f o r o = 40°
s = 1.0
 p =
1.8 = 0.72
- f o r Sta 1+67
2*5
Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-38.
Obtain 6 .
Follow procedure on ES-115, page 3-45.
From ES-115, page 3-47, e i t h e r case c o r case d exists.

Solve for

6 (case c) =

Prom ES-114, page 3-43, Kfpf = 0.19 when @ = 30'

Since several values of 6 (case c ) must be determined, prepare

columns 1 t o 13 of t a b l e on page 3-22.

Column 1 l i s t s t h e s t a t i o n considered.
Column 2 l i s t s a r b i t r a r i l y selected types of bedding o r cradle
mder consideration.
Column 3 L i s t s values of @. Values of @ are obtained from t h e
distance lh,. For type B 1 bedding and f o r a l l cradles, it i s the
distance between.the n a t u r a l ground and the bottom of t h e bedding
o r cradle. Types B2, C, and D beddings would not be used f o r a
conduit through a dam. Use minimum values f o r thickness of
bedding ma cradles unaer t h e conduit (ES-120, pages 3-74 and 3-75).
Column 4 lists values of p .
Column 5 l i s t s values of Hf. The distance Hi. i s measured from
the bottom of the cradle o r r i g i d bedding t o t h e nonyielding
foundation material. Hf = 8.233 f t f o r I31 bedding. Hf = 7.90 ft
f o r cradles (Es-120, pages 7-74 and 3-75).

\ i s column J divided by column 4.

Column 7

l i s t s 6 (case c ) ,
( 6 p ) is t h e product of column 8 and: column 4..
 Column 10 lists vdues of H&/b obtained from ES-115, page 3-51, for
values of 6p shown in column 9 and for the given value of K ~ J .
Column 11 ( G ) is the product of column 10 and b = 2.5 ft or
b = 4.0 ft.
Column 12 is the product of column 11 and &.
Kf*
Column 13 lists the case for the determination of 6.

When $ L Hf, case c exists.

KfF F
When > Hf, case d exists.
Kfw
When case c is determined in column 13, the desired values of 6 are
given in column. 8. If case d is determined in column 13, the de-
sired values of 6 ase determined by the procedure for case d.
The conduit is not installed in a ditch, therefore, it is a positive
projecting conduit.
The subclassification is determined by preparing columns 14 and 15 of
the table on page 3-22.
Column 14 lists values of H,/b,.,
Column 15 lists classification by comparing column 14 with column
10 since b -- 2
-
bc b '

When
Hc 5 -,
- H,
complete condition exists.
bc b,

When
=c
- H,
> -,incomplete condition exists.
bc b,
The remainder of the solution is made by preparing columns 16 through
24 of the table on page 3-22.
m o m ES-119, page 3-69, Fsp = 5.724.
Column 16 lists the value of T (ES-121, pages 3-79 and 3-81)
Column 17 lists values of -6p.
column 18 m t s vdues of (~,/b,).
page 3-63)
column 19 lists values of 2KpCp (ES-118,
Column 20 ( c ~is
) column 19 divided by 2Kg.
Column 21 (KT) is the product of column 16 and K.
Column 22 ( +~KT)~ is Fgr plus column 21 (when Fsr =
F
Column 23 ( x ~ )
is column 22 divided by column 20.
Column 24 gives permissible beddings and cradles. A bedding or
cradle is permissible when the value of Xp in column 23 is equal to
or greater than the value of Xp for the particular bedding or cradle
(ES-120, p g e s 3-74 to 3-76).
If it is desirable to use the same type of cradle throughout the
length of the conduit, a type A l cradle is required.
 Bedding
Sta . or @
Cradle

ES-121

Bedding Satisfactory
Bedding or
Cradle

none
I
 Example No. 1
Given: 1. A 2 b i n c h c l a s s 111, w a l l B, R/C pipe (AS'IM ~ 7 6 - 5 7 i~s) pro-
posed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n through an e a r t h dam. The conduit i s not i n -
s t a l l e d i n a ditch.

2 . A t y p e Blbedding i s proposed f o r use. The bottom width of

the bedding i s 3.0 f t .

3. The distance pb, i s 1.75 ft.

4. The distance $kc i s 1.05 f t .

5 . The emb-ent material has a u n i t weight Y of 120 l b s / f t 3

and has an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n 4 of 30'.

6 . The foundation material i s a l a y e r of clayey s o i l over a non-

yielding l a y e r . The distance from t h e bottom of t h e B1 bedding t o
t h e nonyielding Layer i s 2 . 1 f t . The angle of i n t e r n d f r i c t i o n of
t h e clay i s

0 0
7.
<
+
= 20'.
.
b

Assme that
[ < 2.0.
r.
-- "11 f a l l within t h e range of

8. Consider 0.01-inch crack i n t h e conduit permissible.

Determine: The allowable height of f i l l HCa.

7
r
-
Embankment material
120 1be/ft3
joO

Clam LZf, W a B,

Foundation matcrial
Solution:
List data (Es-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
Y = 120 lbs/ft3
From ES-119, page 3-67, bc = 2.5 ft
From ES-114, page 3-43, K = 0.333, Kp =, 0.19
s = 1.0

Follow procedure on E3-113, page 3-39.

Obtain 6.
Follow procedure on ES-115, page 3-45.
From ES-115, page3-47, case c or case d exists.
b = 3.0 ft
Solve for 6 (case c )

From ES-114, page 3-43, K ~ Q= 0.178

6 (case c) = 1

Find
*- + 0.20

$ from ES-115, page 3-31

0.60 - omg23

therefore, foundation is of shallow depth and

case d exists.

Compute 2TQp
I 1
Compute 2Kp [[lif $1 i.0
= (0.38)(0.2) 2*1 = 0.0532

Obtain w from ES-115, page 3-49.

w = 0.66

Compute -
b
u
=- -
0.66
0.38
-
- -
-

From ES-115, page 3-31, obtain S p = 0.72

Solve for 8 = @ = = 1-03

P 0.7

p 41
hen - - = 2.0

Find 6 (case c ) =
1 + (2.0)(0.60) = 0.702
1 -+ (2.0)(1.067)

Find -
JG
b from ES-115, page 3-51

-b
-1-43
=& - and = (1.45)(3.0) 4-35.ft

Bf = 2.1 < 4.641, therefore, foundation is of s h d l o w depth

and case d exists.

Obtain w from ES-Il5, page 3-49

u = 0.72

Obtain &Q from ES-113, page 3-51.

6p = 0.87

Compute 6 =
P
= 0.87 = 1 - 2 4
0.7
Assume that classification is positive projecting conduit, incomplete
condition.

From ES-119, page 3-67, obtain FSp = 5.152

From ES-120, page 3-77, obtain X, = 0.588
From ES-120, page 3-75, obtain Xp = 0.65
Solve for

Erom ES-123, page 3-87, obtain x = 0.659

Solve for
ex = ( eX - X) + X = 1.274 + 0.659 = 1.933

Subclas s i e
=e
Fmm ES-117, page 3-57, b_ = 1.74

Since (2) - ,0
> He
bc
incomplete condition exists.

Since bd = m

bd
- > bA
- and conduit is classed as positive projecting conduit.
bc bc

Values of Fsp, Xa, and Xp are unchanged.

Solve for
ex- + 1 = 1.331
= w~p
From ES-123, page 3-87, obtain x = 0.717
Solve for
 Subclassify

ES-ll7,

> -,
H,
incomplete condition e x i s t s as assumed.
bc

Since bd =

bd bi
- > - and conduit is classed as positive projecting conduit,
b, bc
,
H = (4.956)(2.5) = l2.39 f;t

Note the small difference i n values of Hca on using values of

Given: 1. A 24-inch standard strength concrete sewer pipe (ASTM Spec.

~14-55)i s proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n a 5.5 fi ditch.
2 A ty-pe A2 cradle with a bottom width b of 3.52 f t i s t o be
used. The ty-pe of construction. used w i l l give a load f a c t o r of 2.6
if the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s a t c h conduit.

3. The distance pbc i s 1.25 f t , the distance $b, i s 1.6 f t , and

Hf i s 10.0 f t .

4. The excavated material. i s used for b a c k f i l l and has a u n i t

weight Y of 120 l b s / f t 3 and an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n 4 of 30'.

5. Use a safety factor s of 1.5.

Determine: The allowable f i l l height Hcam

 Backfill Mturial

Standard
Concrete

Solution:
L i s t data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
7 = 120 l b s / f t 3
From ES-119, page 3-71, bc =2.354
From ES-114, page 3 4 3 , K = 0.333, Kp = 0.19
s = 1.5

Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-39.

Obtain 6.
Follow promcedure on ES-115, page 3-45
F r o m ES-115, page 3-47, either case c orAcase d exists.
b = 3.52 ft
Solve for 6 (case c )

6 (case c ) = = =

From ES-115, page 3-51, obtain

 4 '
'HeKpb , case c exists

Assume classification is positive projecting conduit, incomplete

condition.
From ES-119, page 3-71, obtain s7FSp = 619.8

From ES-120, page 3-74, obtain Xp = 0.450

From ES-120, page 3-77, obtain X, - 0.85
Solve for
. X
e -x = S Q A+ ~1. = (0.38)(0.605) + 1 = 1.230

From ES-123, page 3-87, obtain x = 0.609

by using Eq. 3-8

0

Subclassify
From ES-117, page 3-57, Be = 1.60
-
bc

Since (2) 0
>4 clarsilicrtion is incomplete condition.

From ES-117, page 3-59, ($), = 2.51

 Assume c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s ditch conduit.
Since t h e excavated m a t e r i a l i s used f o r b a c k f i l l p' = p .
L~ = 2.6

-om ES-119, page 3-71> Reb = 2400 l b s / f t

Solve for

Let Rd .= ,W
Solve f o r

%a
From ES-118, page 3-61, - - 1.60
bd

Solve f o r (2) HEa (2)

2
=
ba
= (1.60)(2.536) = 3.738

From ES-117, page

-

3-59, obtain k)= = 2.23

%a bd bi
From ES-117, page 9-59, obtain 2 Q - by using - = 2.336 f o r -
c bc be

Ha = puk) b,
= 0.6721 = 10.358 f't

Given: 1. A 72-inch standard strength (3500 psi) R/C culvert pipe on

type B1 bedding i s proposed f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n a 10 f t d i t c h
(bd --- 10.0 ft). If the conduit i s classed as a d i t c h conduit, use
Lf = 1.9.

2. The excavated material i s used f o r b a c k f i l l and has a u n i t

weight 7 of 140 l b s / f t 3 and an angle of internal friction 4 of 2g0.
 3. The distance pb, i s 6.50 ft.
4. The foundation material is rock and there is no foundation
material adjacent to the pipe.

5. Assume 0.01-inch crack in the culvert is satisfactory for

design.

Determine: Allowable height of fill He,.

Solution:
List data (ES-114,pages 3-41 and 3-42)
7 = 140 1bs/ft3
*om Es-119, page 3-69,be = 7.167 ft
From ES-114,page 3-43, K = 0.345, JQJ = 0.19

Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-39.

Obtain 6.
Follow procedure on ES-ll5, page 3-45.
From ES-Ll5, page 3-47, case a exists.
6 = 1.0

Assume positive projecting conduit, incomplete condition.

From Es-119, page 3-69, obtain s7Fsp = 183.9
from ES-120, page 3-77, obtain X, = 0.66
&om ES-120,, page 3-75, obtain Xp = 0.650
Solve f o r
eX-x = msp + 1 = (0.38)(0.907)(1) + I = 1.345
&om ES-123, page 3-87, obtain x = 0.730
Solve f o r
e x = ( e? X) + = 1.345 + 0.730 = 2.075
Solve fox

Subclassify
H,
F r o m ES-117, page 3-57 -
, bc - 1 .g20

Since (%) 0
< %, conduit
bc
i s classed as complete condition.

Compute U, Eq. 3-7a

U = (
0.38)(1.314) + (0.19)(0.345)( 0 4 0 7 )2 (0.66) + 0.650
0.650

Qxa - (0.345)(0.g07)(0.66) =0m318

Compute --
% 0.650

ES-ll7, page 1-39, obtain (2) 1

= 1-i/
 Assme classification i s d i t c h conduit.
Since t h e excavated material i s used fox backfill, K ~ A ' = Q.
L~ = 1.9
From ES-119, page 3-69, obtain R,b = 6600 l b s / f t
Solve f o r

Let Rd = We, = 12,540 l b s / f t

Solve f o r

%a
-om ES-118, page 3-61, obtain - - 1.20
7.r bd

Compute

Example No. LO

Given: 1. A 24-inch Class V, W a l l B, pipe (ASTM Spec. ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~is) pro-

posed fox i n s t a l l a t i o n on a type AL concrete cradle. The conduit i s
not i n s t a l l e d in a ditch.

3. The embadmentmaterial has an angle of i n t e r n a l f k i c t i o n 9

of 30°, a u n i t weight 7 of 100 lbs/ft3, and a modulus of donsolidation
E of 25 tons/ft2.
4. The foundation material has a u n i t weight Yf of 90 lbs/ft3,
an angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n $f of 20°, and a modulus of consolida-
t i o n Ef of 30 tons/ft2. There i s a layer of nonyielding material a
distance of 11.6 f t below -the bottom of the cradle.
 5. Consider 0.01-inch crack i n the pipe as permissible f o r
design.

D&termine: The allowable height of f i l l H,,.

Embankment material I

Class V, w a l l B, /-r-d
/----,

Foundation material

Solution:
L i s t data (ES-114, pages 3-41 and 3-42)
7 = 100 1 b s / f t 3
From ES-119, page 3-67, bc = 2.5 ft
From ES-114, page 3-43, JSp . = 0.19, K = 0.333
s = 1.0

Follow procedure on ES-113, page 3-39.

Obtain 6.
Follow procedure on ES-115, page 3-47.
From ES-115, page 3-47, case c ox case d e x i s t s .
b = 3.0 ft
Solve f o r 6 (case c )

@-
- -- - - -1.0 - 0.5
1JraC
P pb, - 2.0
 From FS-114, page 3-43, K f b =

s (case c ) = .++%#?%)
Find
G
-
b

From ES-115, page 3-51, -7Ue

;- = 1.61

Bf > H' , foundation is sufficiently deep, case c exists.

Kf Fr
h s u m e positive projecting conduit, incomplete condition.
From ES-119, page 3-67, obtain FBp = 13.74
horn ES-120, page 3-77, obtain Xa = 0.766
F r o m ES-120, page 3-74, obtain. % = 0.40
Solve for
ex- x = zqw + 1 = (0.38)(0.611) + 1 = 1.232
From ES-123, page 3-87, obtain x = 0.612

Subclassify
From ES-117, page 3-57, obtain H, = 1.61 -c
Since (2)oG , > He the incomplete condition exists.
 ba b:
Since the conduit is not installed in a ditch bd = rn and - >-.
Conduit is classed a s positive projecting conduit, b, bL2

Compute H
, = (F)~ b, = (26.ik) (2.5) = 66.1 ft
 UNDERGqOUND CONDUITS: Procedure for ditch conduits or positive
projecting conduits; Determination of p i p e when H, and cradle
or bedding are known.

I Assume a value f o r b,

t
Classify--ES-U7, sheet 2
Ditch P o s i t i v e Projecting

Cd.. . E S - ~ 8 ,sheet 1 Subclassify--ES-117, sheet 1

\ Lf.. .ES-UO, sheet 1 1 Complete I Incomplete

4
1 Solve for 1

I Let R~ = w,. I / Obtain \

C p . . . ~ s - I l 8 , sheets 2 and 3
Solve f o r Reb, required, = - Xp. ..ES-UO, sheets 2- 4

Select pipe, ES-119 .* Solve f o r

Obtain be.

Is b, equal to assumed b,?

Select pipe, ES-llg.* Obtain bc.
Yes I NO

I Use b, f o r selected pipe

1 I s bc equal t o assumed b,? I
I Yes I NO I
1

\
I Obtain 6, ES-115

Classify--ES-117,
I
i
sheet 2
U s e bc as new value
of assumed bc.

Ditch Pos. Froj. Selected pipe is

-
bd 5 2
b' ( satisfactory.
bc bc
I 1 *A pipe i s s a t i s f a c t o r y i f it has
a value of Fsp g r e a t e r than F,, o r
a value of R& greater than Reb
required.
Selected pipe i s

REFERENCE STANDARD DWO. NO.

U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
soa CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 113
1 3
I ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
SHEET OF
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Procedure for d i t c h conduits or
positive projecting c o n d u i t s ; Determination of cradle or
bedding when Hc and pipe o r e known.

Obtain 6, ES-115

1
I Classify--ES-117, sheet 2 I
I Ditch I Positive ~ r o ~ e c t i n g I

Obtain Cd. . . .ES-118, sheet 1 I Subclassify--ES-117, sheet 1. I

Obtain R,b ...ES-119 1 complete 1 Incomplete
I

I / Obtain L.
r \
ES-118, sheets 2 and 3.

Solve f o r Lf = -
Reb
'1

I Obtain
F, p . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ - 1 1 9
T cradles....ES-121, sheet 1
T beddings. . .ES-121, sheet 2
\
Select cradle o r 4
bedding, ES-120, sheet Let Fsr = Fsp

i f it has a value of Lf F,, + KT

Solve for Xp = (cradle)
equal t o ox g r e a t e r C~
than the required
value. Fs, + KT
and Xp = (bedding)
CP

Select cradle o r bedding,

ES-120, sheets 2 t o 4. It
i s s a t i s f a c t o r y if it has
a value of $ equal t o o r
-
Less than t h e required
value.

REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.

U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 113

I
I
ENGINEERINQ DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
I
I
SHEET
DATE

REVISED
2 OF
10-18-56

6- 9-58
3
UNDERGROUND CONDU I TS: Procedure for d i t c h conduits or positive
projecting conduits; Determination of allowable fill height Hca when
pipe and cradle or bedding a r e known.

Obtain 6, ES-llg
+
Assme clascificatlon is positive pro-
jecting corrdult, incomplete condition.

1
I
L
Assme cla8eificatlon
is ditch conduit
I
J-
.. Obtain k.....ES-120, sheet 1
......ES.120. sheet 5
.....ES-120, sheets 2- 4
1

Solve for Rd =
4 Reb
- 1
Obtain x, ES-123, sheet 3
I
I Let Rd = Wca
f
W l v e for e x = (ex- x) +x -
wca
Solve for Cd =
%a
1-1
t

Solve fox 1

%a
Obtais. 7 ,Es-ll8, sheet 1
a
SubclassifY--ES-117, sheet 1
Complete Incomplete

r
lCompute

when p
-
>1
1
use p .= 1
Bolve for
t
I

1c- < - ?

No Yes

using 2 for bc
bc

REFERENCE STANDARD DWQ. NO.

U. 9. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 113
SHEET 3 OF 3
ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
I DATE

REVISED
10-18-56

6-9-58
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Required data from site dimensions.

Bc = v e r t i c a l distance.between t o p of embankment
( o r b a c k f i l l ) and t o p of pipe, f t . When t h e
allowable height o f embankment ( o r b a c k f i l l )
He, i s t o be determined, t h e dimension Bca Top of Embankment-
i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r Hc i n t h e l o a d formulas.

Hf = d i s t a n c e between t h e bottom of t h e c r a d l e o r
r i g i d bedding (bottom of t h e pipe i f no cra-
d l e o r r i g i d bedding i s used) and t h e non-
y i e l d i n g foundation. This may a l s o 'be con-
s i d e r e d a s t h o depth of foundation m a t e r i a l
below t h e bottom of t h e c r a d l e .

b = bottom width of c r a d l e o r r i g l d bedding, f t .

I f b < b,, use b = bc.
If no c r a d l e o r r i g i d bedding i s used b = bc.
bc = o u t s i d e diameter of p i p e (ES-119). When t h e
type of pipe i s t o be determined, a value
f o r bc i s assumed.
b a = a c t u a l width of a v e r t i c a l walled d i t c h I n
which t h e pipe i s i n s t a l l e d . When t h e 'ditch
i s constructed with s l o p i n g s i d e s o r t h e con-
d u i t i s placed i n a subditch a t t h e bottom of
a wider d i t c h , experiments have shown t h a t
t h e width of t h e d i t c h a t o r s l i g h t l y below
Nonyielding Foundation Material:, 1
t h e t o p o f t h e conduit i s t h e proper width t o
use t o determine t h e l o a d on t h e c o n l u i t .

pb, = t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e t o p of t h e conduit and t h e n a t u r a l ground s u r f a c e before any s e t t l i n g

has taken place

p = projection r a t i o . Determine p from th e r e l a t i o n p = -

pbc
bc
hC- For conduits r e s t i n g on a y i e l d i n g foundation, t h e q u a n t i t y VoC i s t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e
s u r f a c e of t h e n a t u r a l ground and t h e bottom of t h e c r a d l e o r r i g i d bedding. I f t h e conduit
i s i n s t a l l e d on a f l e x i b l e bedding, t h e q u a n t i t y @, i s t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e s u r f a c e of
t h e n a t u r a l ground and t h e bottom of t h e conduit. For conduits i n s t a l l e d on a r i g i d support
r e s t i n g on a nonyielding foundation, t h e q u a n t i t y $kc i s t h e depth of t h e y i e l d i n g founda-
t i o n material.

- Obtain t h e value of @ from t h e r e l a t i o n df =

Iba .
bc
The n a t u r a l ground surface i s t h e s u r f a c e between t h e foundation m a t e r i a l and t h e embanbent m a t e ~ i a l
I f t h i s i s not a h o r i z o n t a l surface, values of pbc and $%, t h a t w i l l provide a conservative design
should be s e l e c t e d .

I
REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURF.
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES-l
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Required data from soil tests-other required data
Data from Soil Tests

9 = the angle of internal friction of the backfill or embankment material. The value of 0 may be
obtained by actual measurement or by estimation. Methods for the determination of 0 are given
In the National Engineering Handbook, Section 7, Soil Mechanics. Values of K, p, and Kp for
various values of 0 may be obtained from ES-114, Sheet 3.

Of = the angle of internal friction of the foundation material.

0' = the angle of internal. friction of either the backfill material or material in the ditch wall
according to whichever is the lesser. When the angle of internal friction of the ditch wall
is greater than the angle of internal friction of the backfill material, 9' = Q otherwise
9' = angle of internal. friction of the material in the ditch walls.

= F
P + l - P
o ratio of active literal pressure to vertical pressure at a point in the backfill.
+ P material.

Values of K, q, and Kp for various values of 9 may be determined from ES-114, Sheet 3.

7 = the unit weight of the embankment (or backfill) material, lbs/ft3. The value of 7 varies con-
siderably for different types of embanbent (or backfill) materials. It should be measured,
or closely approximated. Methods for determining the value of 7 are given in the National !
Engineering Handbook, Section 7, Soil Mechanics.

7f = the unit weight of the foundation material.

E - modulus of consolidation of the backfill or embankment material.

Ef = modulus of consolidation of the foundation material.

where Cc = compression index of the soil

eo = initial void ratio of the soil.
Primed quantities refer to the foundation material

An approximate method of determining C, is given in Soils Mechanics in fhzineerina Practice,

Terzaghi aPd Peck, John Wiley and Sons, page 66.

ryf El Since this parameter does not greatly affect the computed value of 6, approximating

Other Data

6 = the settlement ratio. Values of 6 for rigid conduits may be obtained by following the proce-
dure on ES-115.-

s = a safety factor. The safe supporting strength of pipe is the supporting strength of a pipe
divided by the safety factor. Safety factors are recommended for various types of materials
Since the value of Reb for rigid pipes other than reinforced concrete are specified as
strengths for ultimate loads a factor of safety of 1.5 or 2.0 may be used. Values of Reb
for reinforced concrete are based on the load to producea 0.01-Inch crack in the pipe. A
factor of safety of 1.0 is considered satisfactory for reinforced concrete pipe.

lEFERENCE
I U. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
DATE 5-1.58
REVISED
 8 k
$ 40 SanlDA
--

1
REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES-1
14
ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION SHEET 3 OF 3
DATE 5-1-58
REVISED '
 3-4:

ERGROUND CONDUITS: Determinotion of settlement r o t i o 8; Procedure

S e l e c t Proper Case, s h e e t 2
Case a Case b Cases c a n d d

9
Assume c a s e c.
Obtain b

Solve f o r 6 .

6 (case c ) =

t
I s the foundation c o n d i t i o n case d?
I Obtain w, sheet 3

Obtain Eg, sheet 4

i 6 (case c)

STANDARD DWG. NO.

U. 8..Dm- OF AlJRTCULTJRK
SOIL C O N ~ V A T I O NSERVICE ES- 115
SHEm 1 OF 4
mGa(BgRINa DIVLSIOH - DMQN -ON
DATE 9.10.56
----
 UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Determination of settlement ratio 8; cases

Case a Case b

Nonyielding foundation material Nonyielding foundation raterial

Conduit Resting in or on Nonyielding Foundations with Conduit Resting on Nonyielding Support with Compressible
Embankment Extending to the Nonyielding Foundation Foundation Materials Adjacent to the Conduit
The surface of the nonyielding foundation is considered as the natural ground line. The dis- The value of 6 is defined by the following relation
tance between the top of the conduit and the natural ground line is ob,.

Since the foundation is nonyielding, the additional settlements sf and sg are bott zero, and

I Case c I Case d

b I
t= 4
Yielding fbundation mterial

Yielding foundation material

of depth greater than *
Yielding foundation material
HL
of depTb less than *
Yielding foundation aaterial

L.iLb
H:
I

1
t
I
of depth less than -?k
i Kf"f
:
H
I
Kfh ~IIHI~I-/IIHI-
Nonyielding foundation material
Nonyielding foundation material

Conduit Resting on Yielding Foundation

Conduit Resting on Yielding Foundation Material of Shallow Depth
Material of Sufficiently Great Depth The values of 6 and H', depend, among other paraneters, on the value of Hf. They are aeternined
The values of 6 and HL are determined from the following two derived relations: by the simultaneous solution of the following two derived relations:

When the value of 6 has been determined from the flrst of these two relations, the value of EL See Procedure, sheet 1.
may be obtained from the second relation. The values of 6 and HL determined in this manner are
the correct values of 6 and R;? if Hf 1 -!kI&. See Procedure, sheet I.
Kfh

STANDARD DWG'
U. S. DWARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 115
OF
ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
DATE 5-1-58
DERGROUND CONDUITS: Determination of setjlement ratio 8; Solution for w
 S""RO
U. S.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES'115
SHEET OF
ENGTNEERINC DNJSION . DESIGN SECTION
DATE 5.1%
IERGROUND CONDUITS: Clossificotion used for load determination

UNDERGROUND CONDUITS
I
C U S I F I C A T I O N BASED ON CONSTRUC1?ON KZTEODS ------------------

I I 1 1
 UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Classif icojion used for load determination

" C o n s t r u c t i o n metho&" w i l l class a l l c o n d u i t s i n t o 6 p r i m a r y d i v i s i o n s . It i n c l u d e s site " R e l a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t a t ' s u b c l a s s i f y p o s i t i v e a1

c o n d i t i o n s and d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s a s w e l l as c o n s t r u c t i o n methods. n e g a t i v e p r o j e c t i n g c o n a u l t s into e i t h e r pro-
jection condition o r ditch condition.

DITCK C O h i T
An underground conduit i s c l a s s e d a s e d i t c h conduit i f An u ~ d e r g r c u n dconduit i s c l a s e e d a s a d i t c h conduit 1. The p r o j e c t i o n c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s when t h e ex-
dl of t h e following conditions e x i s t : w i t h mmpacted baclrfill i f all of t h e following t e r i o r prism s e t t l e s more t h a n t h e i n t e r i o r p r i m
conditions e x i s t : (6 and 6' a r e p o s i t i v e ) . For p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g car
1. Tne conduit i6 i n s t a l l e d i n a S u P f i c i e o t l y narrow d u i t s t h i s condition occurs f o r a l l r i g i d p i p e s . For
ditch. 1. The conduit i s i n s t a l l e d i n a s u f f i c i e n t l y n a r r w negative p r o j e c t i n g conduits t h l s c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s ri
2. The d i t c h is h a c k f i l l e d t o a n e l e v a t i o n t h a t i s ditch. t h e b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l around and above t h e p i p e is 1
h i g h e r t h a n the top of t h e c o n a u i t b u t n o t higher t h a n 2 . The d i t c h i s b a c k f i l l e d t o a n e l e v a t i o n t h a t i s compressible t h a n t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e d i t c h d l .
t h e o r i g i n a l ground s u r f a c e . higher t h a n t h e top of t h e conduit b u t not higher t h a n
t h e o r i g i n a l ground surface.
3. m e b a c k f i l l is more compressible than t h e m a t e r i a l 2. The d i t c h c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s when t h e i n t e r i o r
i n t h e d i t c h wall. 3. The b a c k f i l l i s l e s s compressible than t h e prism s e t t l e s more than t h e e x t e r i o r prism ( 6 and 6 '
m a t e r i a l in t h e d i t c h m a l l s . a r e n e g a t i v e ) . The d i t c h c o n d i t i o n does n o t occur f c
The determination or' whether o r n o t a d i t c h i s s u f f i - r i g i d p i p e s i n s t a l l e d a s p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g conduits
c i e n t l y narrow i s given by ES-117, s h e e t 2 , A d i t c h i s s u f f i c i e n t l y narrow i f i t s width is l e s s t h e n (1t can e x i s t f o r f l e x i b l e p i p e s i n s t a l l e d as p o s i t i v
the value of b h a6 computed by t h e formula p r o j e c t i n g conduits.) For n e g a t i v e p r o j e c t i n g condui
t h e d i t c h condition occurs -dhen t h e b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l
around and d o v e t h e p i p e i s more c c q r s s s i b l e than
t h e m a t e r i a l in t h e d i t c h W s .
An underground c-duit i s c l a s s e d as s p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t -
i n g conduit i T a l l o r t h e following conditions e x i s t :
IWEWECT DITCH CONLUIT
1. T m conduit i s i n s t a l l e d i n a s u f f i c i e n t l y wide
d i t c h o r no d l t c h . An underground conduit i s c l a s s e d a s an imperPect d i t c h
conduit i f t h e following condition e x i s t s :
2. The foundation m a t e r i a l under t h e c o r d u i t i s
approximntely t h e seme a s t h e foundation m a t e r i a l An unusual methcd of c o n s t r u c t i o n i s uaed to i n - "Relative h e i & o f embmhent" subclassifies E
a d j a c e n t t o t h e conduit. sure t h a t the m a t e r i e l i n t h e i n t E r i o r prism b m e & l a t e l y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s except ditch c o n a u i t s ana a i t d
3. The c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y of t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e i n t e r i o r above t h e conduit i s s u f f i c i e n t l y more compressible than c o n d u i t s w l t h c o m p a c t e d b a c k f i l l i n t o e i t h e r t.k
p r i m i s approximately t h e same a s t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e ex- the m a t e r i a l i n t h e e x t e r i o r p r i m a . An & d e n t i s complete c o n d i t i o n o r t h e i n c o m p l e t e c o n d i t i o n .
terior prim. constructed i n t h e usual manner to a h e i g h t 1 t o 1 l / 2
t i n e s the width of t h e conduit above i t s top. A t r e n c h
The d e t r m i n a t l o n of whether o r not a d i t c h i s s l i f f i - having a v i d t h b c and c e n t e r e d d i r e c t l y above t h e con-
c i e n t l y wide i s given by ES-117, s h e e t 2. d u i t i s dug i n t h i s c o n s t r u c t e d embanlrment t o t h e tap
H H
of t h e conduit. 'Ke t r e n c h i 6 l o o s e l y b a c k f i l l e d to t h e 1. The complete c o n d i t i o n occilrs when 2 6 2 .
top of t h e trench and t h e embedment completed i n t h e bc b,
us& manner. B a
2. Tile incomplete c o n d i t i o n occurs when >2
An underground conduIt i s c l a s s e d as a negarive prodect- bc b,
CUHDJIT ON C O W S S I B L E BEDDIHG
ing conduit i f a l l of t h e Pollowing conditions e x i s t :
vhere Hc = h e i g h t t o t o p or e n b a n h e n t from the t c
An underground conduit i s c l a s s e d a s a conduit on .corn.
1. The conduit i s i n s t a l l e d i n a s u f I 1 c i e n t l y narrow p r e s s i b l e bedding i f t h e r o l l o n i n g c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s : of tine conduit
ditch. He = h e i g h t to plane of equal s e t t l e m e n t f r c
An urmsual method oP c o n s t r u c t i o n i s uaed t o i n - t h e t o p of t h e p i p e
'2. Tne d i t c h i s b a c k f i l l e d t o s n e l e v a t i o n t h a t i s
sure t h a t t h e foundation u t e r i a l under t h e conduit i s
h i g h e r t h e n t h e n a t u r a l ground.
s u f f i c i e n t l y more compressible t h a n t h e foundation mate- S i n c e no p l a n e 02 e q u a l ~ e t t l e m e n te x i s t s l o r d i t c h c
A d i t c h i s s u f f i c i e n t l y narrow i,f t h e l o a d w the con- rial s d j a c e n t t o t&e conduit. This i s accomplished by
d u i t computed b y t h e n e g a t i v e p r o j e c t i n g conduit f o m u l ~ excavatiog a' trench i n t h e foundation m a t e r i a l sligktltly d u i t s and d i t c h conduits w i t h c m p a c t e d b a c k f i l l , t h e
a r e not subdivided.
is l e s s than t h e load on t h e conduit computed by t h e wider W a r t h e o u t s i d e v i a t h o f t h e conduit. The t r e n c h
p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g c o n ~ u i tformula. i s b a c k f i l l e d x i t h a compressible m a t e r i a l . The conduit
i s i n s t a l l e d on t h e compressible m a t e r i a l .

I U.6 DEP- OP AGRICULTURE I OWG. I

SHEET 2 OF 2
ENGINEERING DM.SION .D m G N S E W N
DATE 5 - 2 0 58

REVISEO
 3-5
IERGROUND CONDUITS: categorizing positive ,projecting conduits; Complete or incomplete condition
UNDERGROUND CONDU I TS: Categorizing conduils; ditch c o n d u i t s , or p o s i t i v e projecting conduits.

2 3
b'd
Values of

I DEPABTbEAT OF AGRICULTURE
U. 9.
SOIL OOPISERVATION SERVICE
ENGINEERING D M S I O N - DESIGN SECPION
 >

RGROUNO CONDU I TS: Loads on ditch conduits.

 UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Loads on positive projecting conduits, projection condition,

REFERENCE
U. 5. DEPARTbiEhT OF AGRICULTllRe
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE . ES. 118
BNCINEEWNG D M S M l N . DESIGN SIXTION a
MIL 10-16-1
 3
:RGROUND CONDUITS: ~ o o d s on positive projecting conduits, projection condition.

See sheet 2 for values of W amsmaller than 5 . 0

bc

U.S. DEPAR- OF ACRlCULTUXE

OW' '"'
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES. 118
ENGD4EERING DNlSlON . DESIGN SIXTION 3 OF 3
MTE 1.-18-16
 Internal Outsiae JOW pi 35w psi 4000 psi
Diemeter Diameter concrete concrete concrete
d--in. b,--Pt

1.333
1.583
1.875
2.146
2.417
2.9%
3.521
4 .l25
4.687
5.250
5.833
6.417
7.000

Standard S t r e n g t h Standard Strength

3500 p s i concrete 4500 ;i concrete Extra Sfrength
* R,b and s7FSp values on t h i s s h e e t a r e
Outside
Diameter based on t h e load t o produce 0.01-inch c r a c k .
1,--ft

1.29
1.583
1.833
2,417
FSp = provided strength f a c t o r
3.000
3.562 Reb = three-edge bearing strength
4.125 ( 0.Ol-inch crack)
4.70s
b, = outside width of conduit
3.271
5.833 s = s a f e t y factor (see ES-114, s h e e t 2 )
6.417
7 = u n i t weight of backfill o r embank-
7.m ment material (see ES-114,
sheet 2 )

IEFERENCE
SThNDIRD I
U. B DBPAF3MENT OF AGIUCULTUFS
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE E S 119
ENG-0 DIVISION . DESIGN BECIlON 2,!
DATE O
!.:
nc,.,cch *
 2- 1

ERGROVND GONDUI TS : Clay and non-reinforced concrete pipe; values of bc, R , ~ , ond s y ~ ~ ~

cmcmm SFaS P I E
(AS1M Spec. C14-55)

Internal ktsiae
Dismerer Disreter

:roaL
LetCP
in.

2
5
TJ

I
Boo
7 0
1
1100
1,
,3 * Reb and syFSp values on t h i s sheet are based on t h e ultimate load.
a
1
1 9w
1 w
,a
u:
r,,
14w
::
6
7
llw
12%
1640
1800
syFSp =
1.431 Reb
- b, = outside v i d t h of conduit
bc2
o 13% 20~0 s = safety factor ( s e e ES-114, sheet 2 )
3 14 w 2200 Fsp = provided s t r e ~ g t hf a c t o r
5 ism 2.400 y = unit weight of b a c k f i l l or embank-
2 17?2 28ao Reb = three-edge bearlag strength nent tmterial [see ES-114,
(ultimate load) sheet 2 )

ENGINeElUNG DIVISION - DESIGN BBCPION OArF

Or

10.9.56

" .. ="
1 UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain, ond sewer pipe, ( ASTM spec. ~ 7 6 - 5 7 ~ ) ;
values of bc, Reb, and sYFSp

W t l l A
miride Outside

b,?.f* n---Ct

1.292 057.4 1.333 * Reb and syFSp values on this s h e e t ar

based on t h e load to produce 0.01-inc
crack.
1.431 Reb
s7FSp =
bC2

Fsp = provided s t r e n g t h factor

Reb = three-edge b e a r i n g s t r e n g t h
(0.01-inch crack)

b, = outside w i d t h of conduit
s = safety factor (see ES-114, shee
7 = u n i t weight of backfill o r emba
ment material ( s e e ES-114,
sheet 2 )

REFERENCE nlSlaPRO OW''

U. S. DEPARTNENI OF A G R l C ~ ~
SOIL CONSERVATlON SERVICE ES- 119
BNCINEEwG DMSION . DmIGN SBCTION SHm
I UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Rigid piper; ditch cradles and beddings
and their load factor values

Type A -concrete cradle Type 0- first class bedding

Lf = 2.2 to 3.4 Lf=1.9

F i r s t - c l a s s bedding is t h a t type of bedding ob-

t a i n e d by placing t h e pipe on f i n e granular ma-
A concrete cradle i s obtained by placing t h e pipe t e r i a l s i n an e a r t h foundation c a r e f u l l y shaped
i n p l a i n o r reinforced concrete having a minimum t o f i t t h e lower part Of t h e pipe e x t e r i o r f o r a
thickness under t h e lowest p a r t of t h e conduit ex- width of a t l e a s t 60 percent of t h e pipe breadth.
t e r i o r of d/4 o r of 6 Inches whichever i s g r e a t e r The remalnder oT t h e pipe i s e n t l r e l y surrounded
(where d i s t h e nominal inside diameter of t h e t o a height of a t l e a s t 1.0 f t above i t s top by
pipe i n ~ n c h e s )

l a y e r s not exceeding 0.5 f t t h i c k .

Type C-ordinary bedding Type 0-impermissible beddinq

Lf=1.5 Lf=I. 1

Ordinary bedding I s t h a t type of bedding obtained

by placlng t h e pipe with "ordinary" care i n an Impermissible bedding i s t h a t type of bedding i n
e a r t h foundation shaped t o f i t t h e lower p a r t of which l i t t l e or no care i s exercised t o shape t h e
t h e pipe e x t e r i o r with reasonable closeness f o r a foundation t o f i t t h e lower p a r t of' t h e pipe ex-
width of a t l e a s t 50 percent of the pipe breadth. t e r i o r and t o r e f i l l a l l spaces unjer and around
The remainder of t h e pipe i s s u r r o u n a e d t o a t h e pipe.
heieht of at Least 0.5 ft above i t s top by granu-
l a r materials, shovel placed and shovel tamped t o
f i l l completely a l l spaces under and a d j a c e n t t o
t h e pipe.

REFERENCE I STANDARD DWG. NO.

U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ES- 120
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
SHEET 1 OF 5
ENGINEERING DMBION - DESIGN SWXION
I 1 DATE 11- 6 - 5 6
REVISED 5 . 1 ~ 5 8
 UNDERGROUND CONDUI TS: Rigid pipes; Projecting crodles
and their b e d d i n g factor values.

Type A 1 Concrete Cradle Xp=0.400

Type A1 is that type of cradle having a

minimum thickness of reinforced concrete
under the p i ~ eof one-fourth of the nomi-
nal interior diameter and extending up
the sides of the pipe for a height equal
to one-half of the outside diameter. The
transverse steel requirement for a type
Al cradle is :

(1) Bar sizes shall not be smaller

than number 3.
(2) Bar spacing shall be a maxhum
of 12 inches.

A 2 Concrete Cradle X 6 = 0.450

Type A2 is that type of cradle having a

minimum thickness of concrete under the
pipe of one-fourth of the nominal in-
terior diameter and extending up the
-
'd
sides of the pipe for a height equal to

Type A 3 Concrete Cradle Xp=0.500

Type A3 is that type of cradle having a

minimum thickness of concrete under the
pipe of one-fourth of the nominal in-
terior diameter of the pipe and extend-
ing up the sides of the pipe for a
height equal to one-fourth of the out-
side diameter.

REFERENCE U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STANDARD DWG. NO.

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 120

I ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION

I SHEET

DATE
2 OF
11-8 -56
5
 3-71
UNDERGROUND GONDU I T S: Rigid pipes; P r o j e c t i n g
beddings and' t h e i r bedding , f a c t o r v a l u e s .

B1 Concrete bedding Xp=0.650

t o natural ground
o r b c minimum
-

GONSTRUGTION METHOD 1

t o n a t u r a l ground

CONSTRUGTION METHOD 2 .-

Type B1, concrete bedding, i s that type of bedding having t h e lower

p a r t of t h e pipe bedded i n a t h i n l a y e r of concrete f o r a t l e a s t 10
percent of i t s o v e r a l l h e i g h t . The earth f i l l i n g m a t e r i a l i s t h o r -
oughly rammed and tamped, i n layers not more t h a n 6 inches deep,
around t h e pipe f o r t h e remainder of t h e lower 30 p e r c e n t of i t s
height .

I I
REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 120

I
I
ENGINEERING D M S I O N - DESIGN SECTION
I
I
SHEEJ
DATE
3 OF
11-8-56

REVISED 5-1-58
5
I UNDERGROUND
beddings a n d their
CONDU I TS: Rigid pipes;
bedding f a c t o r values.
Projecting
' .

Type 62 First class bedding Xp=0.707

Type B2, f i r s t - c l a s s bedding, i s t h a t type of

bedding having a p r o j e c t i o n r a t i o not g r e a t e r .
than 0.70 i n which t h e pipe i s c a r e f u l l y bed-
ded on f i n e granular mate-rials i n an e a r t h
foundation c a r e f u l l y shaped t o f i t t h e lower
part of t h e pipe e x t e r i o r f o r a t l e a s t 10 per-
cent of i t s o v e r a l l h e i g h t . The e a r t h f i l l i n g
m a t e r i a l i s thoroughly rammed and tamped, i n
l a y e r s not more than 5 inches deep, around t h e
pipe f o r t h e remainder of t h e lower 30 percent
Fine gmnular nuterial of I t s h e i g h t .
occurotely shaped to fit pipe

I Type C Ordinary bedding Xp=0.840

Type C, ordinary bedding, i s t h a t type of bed-

ding i n which t h e pipe i s bedded with "ordinaryt'
c a r e i n an e a r t h foundation shaped t o f i t t h e
lower p a r t of t h e pipe e x t e r i o r with reasonable
closeness f o r a t l e a s t 10 percent of i t s o v e r a l l
height. The remainder of t h e pipe i s surrounded
by granular materials, placed by shovel t o f i l l
a l l spaces completely under and adjacent t o t h e
pipe. I n t h e case of rock foundations, the
pipes a r e bedded on an e a r t h cushion,having a
thickness under t h e pipe of not l e s s than 0.5
shaped to fit inches per f o o t of height of f i l l , with a mini-
mum allowable thickness of 8 inches.

Type D lmpermissable bedding Xp=1.310

---

/--
\.-
L. -+- +>
TypeeD-r-hpeFmfs s i b l e bedding, is t h a t type
of bedding i n which l i t t l e o r no c a r e i s exer-

Q
c i s e d e i t h e r t o shape t h e foundation surface
t o f i t t h e lower p a r t of t h e pipe e x t e r i o r o r
t o f i l l a l l spaces under and around t h e pipe
with granular m a t e r i a l s . This type of bedding
a l s o includes pipes on rock foundations i n
which an e a r t h cushion i s provided under t h e
pipe, but i s s o shallow that t h e pipe, a s it
s e t t l e s under t h e influence of v e r t i c a l load,
Not shaped
to f i t pipe approaches contact with t h e rock.

REFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.

U. S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL.CONSERVATION SERVICE ES- 120'
SHEET 4 OF 5
ENGINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN SECTION
DATE 3 1 - 5 8

REVISED
 UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Rigid pipes; projecting cradles and beddings;
'

relation of X, and p

...4. . . j.....1. i...j......I.

REFERENCE I I STANDARD DWG. NO.

1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENGINEERING D M S I O N - DESIGN SECTION
1 ES- 120
SHEET OF
DATE 11-26-56

REVlSED 5.1.58
FOR CRADLES

The parameter T is a function of the

a c t i v e lateral pressure on the pipe.
Therefore, the value of p = 1 is used
to aetermine T when p i s g r e a t e r than
1.

See sheet 2 for values of T for beddings

 I-

RGROUND CONDUITS: Rigid pipes; relation of T and E/bc for

H
vorious volues of p

SIAMDARD OYG, NO.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ES121
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENGIKE-G DIVISION - UNSIGN SECTION SHtET nr_
2
DATE 85B
 ~ - --

Hc
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Positive projecting conduits, complete projection condition; Relation o f 2 K p c us U for various
-
KpXo
values of -
X~

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Hc
Values o f 2Kp-
bc
I l I W A R I ) 0110.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF A G H I C U L W
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES 122
EKCINEERING DIVISION - DESIGN BECFlON
- -- I OllE
1-
3
U N D E R G R O U N D CONDUITS: Values of ex for various values of x

x ex.

IEFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULlWRE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES. 123
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Values of e-x for various values of x

:EFERENCE STANDARD DWG. NO.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ES. 123
I ENGINEERING DMSION - DESIGN SECTION ( SHEET 1 2
UNDERGROUND CONDUITS: Values of ex-x for vorious values of x

x ex-x x ex-x x ex-x x ex-x x ex-x

1.23

" F

STANDARD DWG. NO.

REFERENCE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ES. 123
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
SHEET OF
ENGINEERING DMSION - DESIGN SECTION
DATE 11~19~56
REVISE^
 A-1

APPEXDIX A - DERLVATION OF FORE.II[TIAS FOR IDADS ONUNDEZGROUND CONIXIITS

Loads on Ditch Conduits

Assmptions
The following assumptions a r e made i n t h e derivation of t h e formula f o r
loads on d i t c h conduits:

The conduit i s i n s l x l l e d i n a d i t c h whose walls a r e v e r t i c a l .

The weight of t h e b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l produces uniform v e r t i c a l
pressure a t any horizontal plane over t h e e n t i r e width of t h e
ditch.
Cohesion i s negligible.
!J!he d i t c h walls do not s e t t l e .
For r i g i d conduits a l l of t h e v e r t i c a l pressure i n t h e b a c k f i l l
a t the elevation of t h e top of t h e conduit i s c a r r i e d by t h e
conduit.
For f l e x i b l e conduits p a r t of t h e v e r t i c a l pressure i n the back-
f i l l a t t h e elevation of the top of t h e conduit i s ' c a r r i e d by
t h e b a c k f i l l material between t h e conduit and the sides of t h e
ditch.
The shear a t t h e sides of t h e d i t c h i s d i s t r i b u t e d a s uniform
v e r t i c a l pressures (by v i r t u e of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n i n t h e back-
'fill m a t e r i a l ) over t h e e n t i r e wldth of the d i t c h a t any hori-
zontal plane.
The magnitude of t h e v e r t i c a l shearing s t r e s s e s between t h e back-
f i l l material and t h e sides of t h e d i t c h i s equal t o the a c t i v e
l a t e r a l pressure exerted by t h e e a r t h backfill against the sides
of t h e d i t c h m u t i p l i e d by t h e tangent of t h e angle of f r i c t i o n
between t h e two materials.

Derivation of Load F o d a f o r Ditch Conduits

When a conduit i s placed i n a d i t c h and covered with b a c k f i l l material,
t h e b a c k f i l l material tends t o s e t t l e downward. This tendency of t h e
b a c k f i l l material above the top of t h e conduit t o move produces v e r t i c a l
f r i c t i o n forces o r shearing s t r e s s e s along t h e sides of the d i t c h . These
shearing s t r e s s e s give support t o t h e b a c k f i l l material.

Shearing Stresses. The cross section of a d i t c h conduit having a length

of one f o o t i s shown i n Fig. A-1. Consider a horizontal d i f f e r e n t i a l
elanent of t h e backfill material. The distance H i s measured' from t h e
of t h e b a c k f i l l t o t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l element.

shearing s t r e s s exerted on each ditch w a l l i s obtained as follows:

a c t i v e l a t e r a l pressure of t h e b a c k f i l l material on t h e d i t c h w a l l a t
point i s ..
where P = total vertical pressure on a horizontal plane within the
interior prism, lbs/ft length of ditch
The magnitude of the shearing stresses at one end of the horizontal dif-
ferential element i s

Differential equation. Equate the vertical forces acting on this

element.

Fig. A - 1 Loads on a horizontal element of

the backfill material for a ditch conduit

The solution of this linear differential equation gives the total verti-
cal pressure P within the ditch on any horizontal plane a vertical dis-
tance H from the top of the backfill in t h e interval 0 5 H S Kc. When
H = H,, the total vertical pressure within the ditch at the elevation
of the top of the conduit is

where PC = total vertical pressure in the width ba at the top of the

conduit, l b s per linear foot of conduit
H = vertical distance from top of backfill to a horizontal ele-
ment of fill material having a height of dH, ft

The proportion of this total vertical pressure that i s carried by the

conduit will depend on the relative rigfdity of the conduit and of the
fill material between the sides of the conduit and.the sides of the
ditch. For rigid pipes such as burned clay, concrete, or cast-
i r o n pipe, the side fills may be relatively compressible and the pipe
itself will carry practically all of the load PC. It the pipe is a rela-
tively flexible thin-walled pipe and the side fills have been thoroughly
tamped, the load on the conduit will be reduced by the amount of load the
side fills carry.

Load formulas for ditch conduits. The total vertical load on rigid ditch
conduits with relatively compressible side fills is

-2W' ( ~ , / b ~ ) '
where Cd = 1 - e
2 K c ~'
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1-la)
The total vertical load W, on flexlble pipes with thoroughly compacted
side fills is

Loads on Positive Projecting conduits

Assumptions
The fbllowing assumptions are made for iieriving the equations for loads
on positive projecting conduits:

Vertical shearing planes exist between the interior and exterior

prisms.
Cohesion is negligible.
The magnitude of the shearing stresses is equal to the active
lateral pressure at the vertical shearrlng planes multiplied by
the tangent of the angle of internal friction of the embankment
material.
The weight of the embankment mterial above the top of the con-
duit produces a uniform vertical pressure over the entire width
of the interior prism.
The shear at the sides of the interior prism is distributed as
uniform vertical pressure (by virtue of internal friction in
the embankment material) over the entire width of the interior
prism.
The shear at the sides of the exterior prism is distributed as
uniform vertical pressures throughout the embadanent in the in-
finitely wide exterior prism and its effect on the consolidation
in the exterior prism may be neglected.
The embahent material has a constant modulus of consolidation.
The foundation material has a constant modulus of consolidation.

The modulus of consolidation of a body of soil is the ratio of the.unit

vertical pressure to the unit consolidation in the vertical direction.
The assumption of vertical shearing planes i s employed for convenience,
and load measuring experiments indicate that the assumption is valid.
histence of the Plane of Equal Settlement
Consider a rigid conduit resting on a nonyielding foundation ( ~ i g A-2).
.
The interior prism at the top of the conduit ha$ not settled because
the rigid conduit and its nonyielding foundation have prevented any
settling, The exterior prism at the nony-ielding foundation has not
settled, but a particle in the exterior prismhas settled from point A
to the point A t because of the consolidation of the embankment mate-
rial below the particle. Particles in the interior prism resist the
settling of particle A and thus a portion of the load above particle A
is transferred to the interior prism causing consolidation of the par-
ticles in the interior prism.

Plane of Equal ~ e t t i l e u x n t ~

Exterior Priers

when A, - 0 Plant

when H,

Fig. 8-2 Basic case for considering the action

of an embadanent 'overa positive projecting conduit.

Consider a higher particle B in the exterior prism which settles more

than an adjacent particle in the interior pri'sm. A portion of the load
is also transferred from the exterior prism to the interior prism.
Since loads are being transferred from the exterior prism to the in-
terior prism, the unit load in the exterior prism is less than the unit
load in the interior pri.sm. A greater consolidation exists in the in-
terior prism than in the exterior prim above point A because of the
greater unit loads in the interior prism causing consolidation.

At pint C the consolidation in the interior prim is greater than the

consolidation in the exterior prism above point A by the amount of the
settling from A to A t . Therefore a t point C the settlement in the in-
terior prism is equal to the settlement in the exterior prism and there
is no transfer of l o a d s f r o m the exterior prim to the interior prism
at and above the plane of equal settlement.
Determination of the Height of Equal Settlement He
To ascertain whether the complete or incomplete condition occurs, it is
necessary that H, be detemined. The derivation shown in the determina-
tion of He is that originally developed by A. Marston4. Marston's
aselnnption for determining & yields an expression which gives slightly
greater values for loads on conduits -thaa those assumptions used by
M., G. spanglers. The expression for H, is obtained by a consideration of
the various additional settlements and additional consolidations.

Expression for the value of s,. By the definition of the average modulus
of consolidation o f the embankment material subjected to loads resulting

Expression for the value of A,., Likewise, o b ~ i nthe result on recogniz-

ing assumption 6, page A-3

Ekpressicm for the value of Xi. Equating the vertical forces acting on
the horizontal differential element of the interior prism, and recogniz-
ing, a&was shown on page A-1, that

obtain the differential equation (see Fig. A-3)

where P' = vertical pressure on a horizontal plane within the interior

prism when the embankment height is equal to the height
of equal settlement (H, = H,), lbs/ft length of conduit
PIf = additional vertical pressure on a horizontal plane within
the interior prim due to the weight of the material above
the plane of equal settlement, lbs/ft length of conduit

In Eq. A-4 the top sign in the ( * ) symbol is used for the projection con-
dition and the bottom sign is usedfor the ditch condition. IChis conven-
tlon is used wherever double signs appear.
The solution of this differential equation (Eq. A-4)gives (using the
boundary condition P" = Tbc(H, - H,) when H = 0 )
The value of additional consolidation of the embadanent material between
the top of the conduit and the plane of equal settlement in the interior
prism Xi is the summation of the consolidation fox each differential
horizontal element. The consolidation of each differential element is

The solution of this differential equation is (using the boundary con-

dition hi = 0 when H = 0).

C r i t i c a l Plane
----
Pressure on any h o r i z o n t a l plane i n
t h e i n t e r i o r priflm when El, = He
Additional p r e s s u r e on any h o r i z o n t a l
plane i n t h e I n t e r i m pri6m due t o
t h e 'weight of t h e mate
plane of equal s e t t l e m

Pig. A-3 Forces used to determine the additional

consolidation of the material in the interior prism

Expression fox He. By the definition of the plane of equal settlement,

the additional settlanent at the top of the interior prism is equal to
the additional settlement at the top of the exterior prism.

Rearranging, and using Eqs. 1-3 and A-2, obtain

Derivation of mad Formulas for Positive Projecting Conduits, Complete
Condition
The vertical forces on any horizontal differential element in the interior
prism may be equated as follows (see Fig. A-4)

The solution. of this differential equation (using the boundary condition

H = 0, P = 0) is

At the top of the conduit P = W, when H = Hc. Therefore, the load on

projecting conduits, complete condition, is

where

Since Eqs. 1-5 and 1-5a are applicable for both the complete ditch condi-
tion and the complete projection. condition, they may be used to determine
loads on-bothrigid and flexible conduits.

Plnne of Equal Settlement (Imaginary)

7

Top of Embanlvne

------

Fig. A-4 Loads on a horizontal element in the

interior prism for the complete condition
Derivation of Load Formulas for Positive Projecting Conduits, Incomplete
Conaition
The vertical forces on a horizontal differential element of the interior
prf sm are equated ( s e e Fig. A-5).

The solution of this differential equation (using the boundary condition

H = 0, P = [He - ~ ~ 3 % i~s )

) = W,
At the top of the conduit (when H = H ~ P . Therefore, the load on
positive projecting conduits, incomplete condition, is

Top of Embankment

Fig. A-5 h a d ~on a horizontal element in the

interior prism for the incomplete condition
 Loads on Negative Projecting Conduits

Classification Requirements
An underground conduit is classed as a negative projecting conduit.if all
of the following conditions exist:

1. The conduit is installed in a sufficiently narrow ditch.

2. The ditch is backfilled to an elevation that is higher than the
natural ground.

A ditch is sufficiently narrow if the load on the conduitas computed by

the negative projecting conduit formula is less than the load on the con-
duit as computed by the positive projecting conduit formula.

Projection Condition
When the backfill material around and above a negative projecting rigid
conduit is less compressible than thematerial in the ditch walls, the
projection condition exists. The projection condition exists because
loads are transferred from the exterior prisms to the interior prism.
The load on a negative projecting conduit, projection condition, will
usually not be greater than that obtained by using Eqs. 1-5 and 1-6 when
p .= 1. No load formulas will be derived for.negative projecting con-
duits, projection condition.

Ditch Condition
The ditch condition requires that loads be transferred from the interior
prism,to the exterior prism. The ditch condition exists when the back-
fill is more compressible than the natural ground.
Definitions used for the ditch condition. In the ,dJscussion of loads on
negative projecting conduits for the ditch condition, the following
terms are redefined:

The interior prism is that prism of backfill and embanlrmentma-

terials which is bounded by the vertical planes coincident with
the sides of the ditch containing the conduit, the top of the
conduit, and the plane of equal settlement.
The exterior prism is that prism of emban3anent material which is
bounded by the interior prism, the natural ground, the the plane
of equal settlement.
The critical plane is that film of particles of backfill materi-
als that was originally lying in the horizontal flat plane at
the elevation of the natural ground when Hc = p t b d .
The plane of equal settlement is that film of particles of em-
b a h e n t materials that lies in the lowest horizontal plane
which remains as a plane as settlement takes place. &is neces-
sitates that the settlement of a prticle of embankment at any
elevation above the interior prism will be equal to the settle-
ment of any particle having the same elevation above the exterior
prism. Thus there are no vertical shears existing between the
particles of embankment materials above the plane of equal
settlement.
A-LO

5. The projection ratio p is the ratio of the distance between

the natural ground surface and the top of the conduit (when
H, = 0 ) to the width of the 'ditchbd.
Determination of height of equal settlement He. Again, to determine
whether the complete or incomplete ditch condition occurs, it is neces-
sary to determine &. The derivation shown in the determination of He
is based on the same set of assumptions that A. Marston used for posi-
tfve projecting conduits and w i l l give slightly greater loads than the
derivation developed by M. G. Spangler.12

Definitions and symbols for negative projecting conduits, ditch condi-

tion, will be discussed before deriving the expression for the height
of equal settlement He since some are different from those used for
positive projecting conduits.

Symbols. The symbols used to evaluate the additional settlement

of the top of the exterior prism are (see Fig. A-6)

ken = additional consolidation of the embankment material.

between the natural ground and the plane of equal
settlement, ft
sg = additional settlement of the natural ground surface be-
low the exterior prism due to the consolidation of
the foundation, ft

The symbols used to evaluate the additional settlement of the interior

prism are (see Fig. 8-6)

Xin = additional consolidation of the embadanent material

between the critical plane and the plane of equal
settlement, ft
s , = additional deformation of the conduit, ft
sf = additional settlement of the bottom of the conduit
(i.e., the surface of the natural ground beneath the
conduit) due to the consolidation of the foundation,
ft
sa = additional consolidatian of the backfill material be-
tween the top of the conduit and the critical plane,
ft
Definition of settlement ratio 6'. The settlement ratio S1 is the
ratio of the difference of the additional settlement of the natural
ground in the exterior 'prism sgand the additional settlement of the
critical plane ( s c + sf + sd) to the additional consolidation of the
backfill material between the top of the conduit and the criticaL
plane. sd.
 Top of Embankment?

Plane of Equal Settlement7

kin= a d d i t i o n a l consolidation of a d d i t i o n a l consolidation
the embanhment m a t e r i a l be- of t h e embankment mate-
tween t h e c r i t i c a l plane and r i a l between t h e n a t u r a l
t h e plane of equal settlement ground and t h e plane of
equal settlement

I n t e r i o r Prism Exterlor Prism

L i I Natural Ground
7 . -

sd = a d d i t i o n a l consolidation of

t h e top. of the conduit and

t h e c r i t i c a l plane
bd

Sf + Sc

s c = a d d i t i o n a l deforma-
t i o n of t h e conduit

--Initial ElLevation -before B

-----Elevation when H, = He
Elevation a f t e r Completion

Fig. A-6 Negative projecting conduit

 Values of sd, ken, kin. Eqressions for the values of sd,,,,X
and kin are obtained in a manner similar to that used to obtain the
additional consolidation for positive projecting conduits.

Ekpression for He. By the definition of the plane of equal settle-

ment, the additional settlement at the top of the interior prism is
equal to the additional settlement at the top of theexterior prism.

Y(HC - &)(He
E
- plbd)
+ s
g
. . . . (A-15)
Rearranging and using Eqs. A-13 and A-14, obtain

e2~p(He/bd)
+ ) 2Y.w ' - st] + (bibd)- ( a p t + 1) = o . (A-16)
Complete and incomplete conditions. The comparison of ~ ~ values
/ b ~
with ~ ~ values
/ bdefine
~ whether the complete condition or incomplete
condition exists.

He , the complete ditch condition exists.

Hc 5 -
When -
bd bd

He
Hc > -
When -
bd bd
, the incomplete ditch condition exists.
The value of ~ , / b ~
is required to determine the load on a negative pro-
jecting conduit for the incomplete ditch condition.

Derivation of load formulas for negative projecting conduit, complete

ditch condition. The equations for the load on negative projecting con-
duits, complete ditch condition, are obtained in a manner similar to
that used for obtaining Eqs. 1-5 and 1-5a.
where

Derivation of load formulas for negative projecting conduits, incomplete

ditch condition. The equations for the load on negative projecting con-
duits, incomplete ditch condition, are obtained in a manner similar to
that used in obtaining Eqs. 1-6 and l-6a.

where

It is necessary to determine the value of G/bd by the use of Eq. A-16

to solve Eq. A-18a since Eq. A-18a contains &/bd as one of its
variables .

Ditch Conduit with Compacted Backfill

An underground conduit is classed as a ditch conduit with compacted back-

fill if all of the following conditions exist:

1. The conduit is installed in a sufficiently narrow ditch.

2. Theditch is backfilled to an elevation that is higher than the
top of the conduit but not higher than the original ground sur-
face.
3. The backfill is less compressible than the material in the
ditch walls.

A ditch is sufficiently narrow if its width is less than the values of

b; as computed by the formula

The load on the conduit depends on the degree of compaction of the mate-
rial adjacent to the conduit. If this material is relatively incompress-
ible, part of the weight of the material in the ditch above the conduit
will be transferred through the adjacent material to the foundation.
Therefore, the minimum load on the conduit will be equal to the weight of
the material. directly above the conduit. If the material adjacent to the
conduit is relatively compressible, no load will be transferred through
the material to the foundation and the load on the conduit approaches a
value equal to the weight of the backfill material of width ba In the
ditch above the conduit. For conservative design the latter assumption
is used and the load on the ditch conduit with compacted backfill is
If external loads, such as wheel loads, cause consolidtion of the mate-
rial in the ditch wall, the loads on the conduit are increased and the
conduit should be treated as a positive projecting conduit.

Smperfect Ditch Conduit

An underground conduit is classed as an imperfect ditch conduit if the

following condition exists:
An unusual method of construction is usedto insure that the com-
pressibility of the materials in the interior prism immediately
above the conduit is sufficiently greater than the compressibility
of the materials in the exterior prisms. An embankment is con-
structed in the usual manner to a height 1 to L 112 times the width
of the conduit above its top. A trench having a width be and
centered directly above the conduit is dug in this constructed em-
bankment to the top of the conduit. The trench is loosely back-
filled to the top of the trench and the embankmentcompleted in
the usual manner.
The method of construction is used to insure that the interior prism
will settle more than the exterior prism so that the friction forces
acting on the interior prism will reduce the vertical load on the con-
duit. This type of construction should never be used through an em-
baahueat that is used to store or retain water.

The load formulas for an imperfect ditch conduit are the load formulas
for negative projecting conduits, ditch condition.

Conduit on Compressible Beddina

An underground conduit is classed as a conduit on compressible bedding

if the following condition exists:

An unusual method of construction is used to insure that the foun-

dation material under the conduit is more compressible than the
foundation material adjacent to the conduit. This is accomplished
by excavating a trench in the foundation material slightly wider
than the outside width of the conduit. The trench is backfilled
with compressible material. The conduit is installed on the com-
pressible material.

This t y p e of construction insures that the ditch condition exists.

This requires that the interior prism settles more than the exterior
prisms. The shearing forces transfer a portion of the weight of the in-
terior prism to the exterior prisms. Conduits on compressible bedding
should not be usedwhere the f'unction of the embanbent is to store
water.

The load formulas for a conduit on compressible bedding are the load
formulas f ~ positive
r projecting conduits, ditch condition.
 APPENDIX B -
DmIVATION OF SUPPORTING STRENG!I'H FORMULAS FOR
CIRCULAR RIGID PIPES I N S T A L U D ON PROJECTING CRADLES AND BEDDINGS

I n a f i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n the s'upporting strength of a pipe i s greater than

t h a t determined by t h e three-edge bearing t e s t . A more favorable load
d i s t r i b u t i o n e x i s t s on pipes i n the f i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n ' than t h a t of the
three-edge bearing t e s t .

!The r a t i o of the supporting strength of t h e pipe i n any s t a t e d loading

condition R, t o the supporting strength of pipe i n three-edge bearing
%b i s c a l l e d the load f a c t o r .

The value of a load f a c t o r depends on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the loads on

t h e conduit. The type of cradle o r bedding associated with the conduit
together with t h e classificatrlon of the underground conduit determines
the d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e load on t h e conduit.
Total Load = Wc

Total Load = W,

Fig. B-la Assumed load d i s - Fig. B-lb Assumed load d i s t r i b u -

t r i b u t i o n f o r the case of t i o n on an underground conduit
three-edge bearing i n s t a l l e d on a proj e c t i G bedding

Figure B-lb i s a generalized load p a t t e r n consisting of f i v e variables

((3, cx: o r p , r, r c t , and W,) . This p a t t e r n was prepared f r o m a study of
experimental data of loads on underground conduits. Because of the va-
r i e t y of values of these f i v e variables, it i s impractical t o obtain
load f a c t o r s by a c t u a l t e s t . An expression f o r the load f a c t o r i n terms
uf these variables has been a n a l y t i c a l l y d e r i ~ e d . The ~ expression f o r
the load f a c t o r i s determined by t h e f o l l o w i n g procedure:
The maximum allowable f i b e r s t r e s s i n a pipe f o r t h e three-edge bearing
t e s t i s derived ( ~ i g .B-la). This i s set equal t o t h e derived maximum
f i b e r s t r e s s f o r the assumed load p a t t e r n given i n Fig. B-lb. The r e -
s u l t i n g equation i s rearranged t o give R ~ / Ro r ~the ~ load f a c t o r Lf.

The maximum f i b e r s t r e s s f o r t h e three-edge bearing load i s t o be ex-

pressed i n terms of Reb and r. The maximum moment i n t h e s h e l l o f a
r i g i d pipe f o r a three-edge bearing Load o c c u r s a t the bottom and t h e
top of tile pipe. Since tension i s t h e c r i t i c a l s t r e s s f o r most r i g i d
pipes, the pipe f a i l s a t t h e inside surface.

The horizontal reaction RB i s zero since no horizontal loading i s

assumed i n the three-edge bearing t e s t (see Fig. B-3). By t h e flexure
formula

The value of MB i s not s t a t i c a l l y determinable. A r e l a t i o n based on

t h e e l a s t i c properties of the pipe i s required t o determine MB.

E l a s t i c Theory of a Thin Rinq

The Bending of a Beam by a Moment M

The application of a moment a t any section C of a s t a t i c beam ( s e e Fig.
B-2) w i l l cause compressive s t r e s s e s i n the f i b e r s on one side of the
n e u t r a l surface and t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s on the opposite side of t h e neu-
t r a l surface. This causes bending i n t h e beam and a, tangent line t o
t h e n e u t r a l surface i s r o t a t e d through an angle 08. The r e l a t i o n of
t h e angle @Q . and moment M i s derived.

Consider a d i f f e r e n t i a l element (see Fig. B-2) i n compression of a

length A1 a distance y from the n e u t r a l a x i s . The r o t a t i o n of t h e tan-
gent through an angle A8 causes a change i n the c e n t r a l angle by t h e
amount AB. The d i f f e r e n t i a l element i s shortened by t h e amount y M .
a
The u n i t defo m a t i o n i s =y ~ / B ~ . s modulus ( E I = u/d ) the
~ y Young
t o t a l s t r e s s on the d i f f e r e n t i a l element of a cross-sectional area Aa
is

!The moment of t h i s d i f f e r e n t i a l element with respect t o the neutral sur-

face i s

Assuming the modulus of elasticity i s the same f o r both compression and

tension obtain, on integrating,
 M =
ae
E'I - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-2)
dl

where
a9 = the instantaneous r a t e of change of t h e angle which t h e tan-
gent t o the n e u t r a l surface i s r o t a t e d per u n i t length of
the n e u t r a l surface. This r a t e of r o t a t i o n i s caused by
the moment M. The value of d@/dl i s a l s o equal t o the in-
stantaneous r a t e of change (caused by the moment M a t sec-
t i o n C ) i n the c e n t r a l angle per u n i t length of the. n e u t r a l
surface. The c e n t r a l angle 8 for a c i r c u l a r ring i s meas-
ured from any fixed radius t o t h e section C.

Fig. B-2 Bending of a c i r c u l a r beam causedby a moment a t a section

The t o t a l change i n t h e c e n t r a l angle (9, - el) by application of a v a r i -

able moment M i n the segnent of a t h i n r i n g subtending t h e angle 9 i s
(observing t h a t dl = rde)

- between sections A and B i s zero f o r a

The change i n t h e c e n t r a l angle
symmetric loading on t h e sing. Therefore, multiplying t h e integrand of
Eq. B-3 by the constant El 1/r, obtain
 Maximum Fiber Stress for Three-edge Bearing Load

The moment M at any point C in the ring is contained in the integrand

of Eq. B-4. This is to be expressed in terms of R,b, r, and the moment
MB at B. By statics (see Fig. B-3)

M = M B - - Reb r sin 0
2

Substituting into Eq. B-4

obtain

A factor of 0.75is applied to allow for the shift in the neutral axis
and fox the non-linear proportionality of stress and strain near ulti-
mhte stress or

I=-
Observing that - t2 and substituting Eq. B-5 into Eq. B-1, obtain
6

BY symmetry
RB = 0

Fig. B-3

Second Relation by Elastic Theory

A second relation based on the elastic theory is required for the deri-
vation of the expression for the maximum fiber stress for the assumed
Load pattern given in Fig. B - l b
The second r e l a t i o n i s found by a consideration of t h e displacement of
the end of a c i r c u l a r beam caused by rotating the beam a t ra section
through a s m a l l angle. Rotating a beam a t section C through any s m a l l
angle 6 w i l l cause the f r e e end B t o be displaced (see Fig. B-4).

Fig. B-4 Displacement of t h e end of a c i r c u l a r

beam caused by a s m a l l r o t a t i o n a t a section

Since C C t , CtW, and CW a r e perpendicular t o BIB1', BB", and BB1 respec-

tively, then

- - - - CC '
BIB''
A W C t C = A E i ~ ' l ~ t and
BB' CW

when t h e angle 5 a t point C i s s m a l l , then approximately

Hence t h e horizonla1 displacement BIB" of t h e point B due t o a r o t a t i o n

a t section C i s

The rotation per u n i t length of beam A@ a t any section C caused by t h e

moment M is given by (see Eq. B-2)

A8 = -
E'I
Al

The hor'izontal displacement of point B by the r o t a t i o n A0 i s obtained b y

substituting & f o r i n Eq. B - 7 .
 The sum of a l l displacements a t point B caused by the moment M a t a11
sections C i n the i n t e r v a l 0 < 8 < T i s zero f o r a symmetric loading on
the ring. Observe t h a t Al = rA9, then

Multiplying by E ' I / ~ and

~ subtracting from Eq. B-4

Maximum Fiber Stress. i n a Pipe I n s t a l l e d on a Bedding

The f i b e r s t r e s s i s obtained f o r the load p a t t e r n given by Fig. B-lb.

The load Rc i s that load which causes f a i l u r e . The maximum f i b e r s t r e s s

f o r the given load p a t t e r n i s t o be expressed i n terms of Rc, r , p, a ,
and tct. The maximum moment i n the s h e l l of a r i g i d pipe f o r a symmetri-
cal loading about a v e r t i c a l diameter i s e i t h e r a t the top o r a t the
bottom of the pipe. Pipes on cradles f a i l a t t h e top and pipes on bed-
ding f a i l a t the bottom of the pipe.

By 'the flexure formula and observing that a d i r e c t s t r e s s RB i s t o be

considered (see Fig. B-5)

The values of MB and RB a r e not s t a t i c a l l y determinable and a r e deter-

mined by the use of Eqs. B-4 and B-8. An expression f o r M (moment a t
any section C of the pipe wall) i s written f o r a l l values of 8'i n the
i n t e r v a l s 0 5 8 5 p, f3 5 8 S a, a! d 8 5 ~ / 2 , and ~ / 25 8 5 T, using the
principles of s t a t i c s . These expressions a r e substituted i n t o Eqs. B-4
)and B-8 with the proper l i m i t s . After integration the values of MB and
RB a r e determined.
The values of RB and MB a r e
where
2
Y = 3-rr
- cos a - 3cz cos a1 + sin a cos a + 2 sin a
(B-12)
+ cos n

z =m cos2 a - aJ coa2 a + 3 cos a sin a + 7 -a (B-~J)

1 + cos a

As before a factor of 0.75-has been applied t o the moment MB.

Observing that
t = O.l5r, obtain
,
I = E'and substituting Mg and Rg i n t o Eq.
6
B-9 and letting

'where

and

where Y and Z are defined by Eqs. B-12 and B-13.

Fig. B-3 Assumed loads f o r actual field conditions

 Maximum Fiber Stress in Pipe Installed on Cradles

Pipes i n s t a l l e d on cradles fail at the top.

The maximum fiber stress at the top of the pipe is (see Fig. B-5)

llle values of MA and RA are obtained by use of the valuks of MB and RB

and the principles of statics. They are

Substituting MA and RA into Eq. B-17 and letting t = O . l ? r , obtatn

where

and
X, = 2.40 + 2.23 cos a - 1.125Z 1 . 5 5 ~.
.- ,,
.. (B-21')
T 'lr

where Y and Z are defined by Eqs. B-12 and B-13.

mad Factor for Projecting Cradles and Beddings

Equating Eqs. B-6 and B-14, obtaid

 APPENDIX C - EVALUATION OF THE SETTLESIENT RATIO
FOR POSITIVE PROJECTING CONDUITS

The settlement ratio 6 is a pasameter used in load formulas of positive

projecting conduits. Its value is required to determine the height of
the plane of equal settlement &. The settlement ratio is defined as
the ratio ofthe difference of the additional settlement of the top of
the conduit and the additional settlement of the critical. plane in the
exterior prism to the additional consolidation of the embanhnent mate-
rial below the critical plane.

where s, = additional consolidation of the embadattent material in the

exterior prism between the critical plane and the natu-
ral ground suxface, ft
sg = additional settlement of the natural ground surface below
the exterior prism due to the consolidation of the founda-
tion, ft
% + S g - - additional. settlement of the critical plane in the ex-
terior prism, ft
s, = additional deformation of tne conduit, ft
sf = additional settlement of the bottom of the conduit (i.e.,
the surface of the natural ground beneath the conduit).
due to the consolidation of the foundation, ft
sf + sc = additional settlement of the top of the conduit, ft
m e equation for determining the height of equal settlement H, is

The value of H, can be determined from Eq. 1-4 if the values for 8 and
the other -variablesare known.

me present method of estimating the value of 6 is based on a considera-

tion of test data taken from studies made on existing underground con-
duits. The values of 6 obtained by these tests showed wide variation
and could not be definitely correlated with the conditions under which
the conduits had been installed.' This lack in correlation appears to be
the result of the incorrect assumption that values of p have minor in-
fluences on the value of 6 ,

An analytical derivation for the expression of S is presented, This ex-

pression for 8 is in terms of factors that are readily determined for
the particular site and conditions under~wh-ichthe conduit is installed.
The existence of a lower plane of equal settlement can be proved by the
same procedure as ~ a r s t o nused
~ to prove the existence of an upper plane
of equal settlement.
 Assumptions

The following assumptions are made in the derivation:

Vertical shearing planes exist adjacent to the cradle (or con-

duit if no cradle). The shearing plane is taken adjacent to
the cradle because the total load on the cradle is to be evalu-
ated. The additional Load on the cradle is required to evalu-
ate the additional settlements in the interior prism below the
conduit.
Cohesion is negligible.

The magnitude of the shearing stresses is equal to the active

lateral pressure at the vertical shearing planes multiplied by
the tangent of the angle of internal friction of the embank-
ment material.

The weight of the embanlanent material above the top of the con-
duit produces a uniform vertical pressure over the entire width
of the interior prism.

The load on any horizontal differential element in the interior

prism below the bottom of the conduit is a uniform vertical
pressure over the entire width of the interior prism.

The shear.at the sides of the interior prism is distributed as

uniform vertical pressure (by virtue of internal friction in
the embanlonent or foundation materials) over the entire width
of the interior prism.

The shear at the sides of the exterior prism is distributed as

uniform vertical pressures throughout the embadment and foun-
dation in the infinitely wide exterior prism and its effect on
the consolidation in the exterior prism may be neglected.

The embankment and foundation materials have constant moduli of

consolidation,

The weight of the conduit and cradle are neglected.

One mathematical approximation is made in the derivation for

Case c and two mathematical approximations are made f o r Case d.

Symbols

The following additional symbols are used in the derivation:

b =bottom width of cradle, ft. When no cradle is used,

b = b, = outside width of conduit, ft

= distance between the top of the.conduit and the upper plane

of equal settlement when the interior prism has a width b
 P' = vertical pressure on a horizontal plane xithin the interior
prism when the embadanent height is equal to or less than
the height of equal settlement, lbs/ft length of conduit

PI' = additional vertical pressure on a horizontal plane within the

interior prism due to the weight of the material above the
plane of equal settlement, lbs/ft length of conduit

E = modulus of consolidation of the embadanent material, tons/ft2

Ef = modulus of consolidation of the foundation material, tons/fk2

9f = angle of internal friction of the foundation material

pf = tangent of the angle of internal friction Of for the foundation

material

Kf = ratio at a point of active 1ateral.pressureto verticalpres-

sure on the foundation material

Yf = unit weight of foundation material, lbs/ft3

Hi = distance between the bottom of the cradleand the lower plane

of equal settlement, ft. When no cradle is used, it is the
distance between the bottom of the conduit and the lower
plane of equal settlement.

Hf = distance between the bottom of the cradle and the nonyielding

foundation material, ft. When no cradle is used, it is the
distance between the bottom of the conduit and the nonyield-
ing foundation material.

$bC = vertical distance between the natural ground line in the ex-
terior prism and the bottom of the cradle (or the bottom of
theconduit if no cradle is used), ft

-Cases
-

The four cases represented by the drawings shown on ES-113, page 3-47
will be considered separately.

Case a. Value of 6 for conauits restiw on rock foundation

When the conduit and embankment are on nonyielding foundation, the values
of sg, sc, and sf are zero. Thus by Eq. 1-3
Case b. Value of 6 for conduits resting on rigid support with com-
~ressibleadjacent foundatfon and embankment materials.
When the conduit is on nonyielding foundation, the values of sf and s,
are zero.

The additional consolidation s, of the adjacent material between the top

of the conduit and the natural ground is that consolidation due to the
additional load. The additional load is the weight of the embankment
between H = H, and H = H&. (See assumption g. )

Similarily, the additional consolidatioa s of the material between the

natural ground and the bottom of the c r a d d is (see assumption g)

sg =
7f(H, - H;) $bC . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-3)
Ef

On substituting these values of s, and sg, obtain

Case c. Determination of the settlement ratio 6 when the foundation

material below the top of the conduit is hmo,qeneous material of suffi-
cient depth.
By Eq. 1-3 when s, = 0, the value of 6 for rigid conduits is

But by definition the upper plane of equal settlement is the lowest

horizontal plane at which the additional settlement at the plane for
the top of the interior prism is equal to the settlement at the plane
for the exterior prism, i.e.,

The evaluation of sf, sg, %, hi, an5 A, is made later.

Lower plane of equal settlement. In the derivation of 6 for this case,

a lower plane of equal settlement is recognized. At this plane t h e in-
tensities of pressure of the interior prism are equal to those of the
exterior prism. Furthermore, the additional consolidation of every por-
t i o n of each horizontal plane below t h i s plane of equal settlement are
equal. When loads are transferred into the upper interior prism, loads
a r e t r a n s f e r r e d out of t h e lower i n t e r i o r prism.
Thus, shearing forces
of t h e upper i n t e r i o r . prism a r e oppositely directed from those of the
lower i n t e r f o r prism. The additional consolidation i n t h e i n t e r i o r
prism i s equal t o t h e additional consolidation i n t h e e x t e r i o r prism
between t h e upper and lower plaaes of equal settlement when a r i g i d con-
duit i s i n s t a l l e d , Hence,

The evaluation of h involves the summation of t h e additional consolida-

t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from t h e variable additional pressures of each hori-
zontal d i f f e r e n t i a l element. These pressures a r e evaluated next. The
top sign i n all of the following expressions p e r t a i n s t o t h e projection
condition and t h e bottom sign p e r t a i n s t o t h e d i t c h condition.

Expressions f o r P : and P;. Equating t h e v e r t i c a l forces on t h e d i f f e r -

e n t i a l element AH (see Fig. C-1) f o r t h e i n t e r n a l (H, - $) < H < H,.

where P = PI + PI1
For the i n t e r v a l (Hc + pb, + @,) <H < (H, + pb, + + H ~ )

On observing t h e existence of t h e plane of e q d settlement and since

Eq. C-8 i s a l i n e a r homogeneous d i f f e r e n t i a l equation, it may be written
i n two components.

and similarly Eq. C-9 i s written

The general solution of Eq. C-8b i s

where c i s an a r b i t r a r y constant.
C-6

Origin Top of Ekfbankment

- 7

Upper Plane of Equal Settlement

T

- -a PAH
-

Natural Ground

Lower Plane of Equal Settlement

/--Non-yielding Material

Fig. C-1
When H = H, - HL, P" = 7 b ( ~ ,- g ) , the value of c i s

c = n(HC - q) e Ta (Elc - 8;)

. . . . . . . . . . (c-lob)
A t t h e top of t h e conduit H = Ec and P" = P:.

where P
: = additional vertical pressure on a horizontal plane at the
top of the conduit

The general solution of Eq. C-gb i s

~ 1 =; c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-l2a)
where c i s an arbitrary constant.

When H = B, + pbc + h,, then pf; = ,

:
P the value of c i s

A t t h e lower plane of equal settlement H = H, + pb, + ?he+ H1 and

p" = p;.

where P; = additional v e r t i c a l pressure on n horizontal plane a t the

lower plane of equal settlement

Ekpressions f o r &, hi, A& and A:. The d i f f e r e n t i a l equation express-

ing t h e additional consolidation in t h e i n t e r i o r prism h i i s

Sukstituting t h e value of P" p r e v l w s l y determined (see Eqs . C-8a and

C-8b)

The generaL solution i s

where c i s an a r b i t r a r y constant.

When H = H, - g, then h i = 0, aad the value of c i s

m e total addi,tionalconsolidation in the interior prism hi between
H=H,-%arzdH=H, is

The additional consolidation in the exterior prism h, for the interval

(H, - q) < H < H, is

lower interior prism <

The differential equation expressing the additional consolidation in the
is

Substituting the value of P; previously determined, Eqs. C-9a and C-9b,

the general solution is

where c is an arbitrary constant.

When H = H, + pb, + ~ ,then

, hi = 0, and the value of c is

The total additional. consolidation in the lower interior prism hi between

H = Hc i-pb, -+ $%, and H = R, + pbc + @be+ HI is

e*'8'(l-e"fHt) . . . . . . (c-18)
!The additional consolidation in the Lower exterior prism is

(Hj + @b,) . . . . . . . . . . (c-19)

The additional settlement sm of the material adjacent to the con4uit is

%= E - pb, .............. (c-2

The expression for $. The expression for $ is obtained 5y substituting

the evaluations of Xi and he previously determined, Eqs. C-15 and C-16,
into Eq. C-6.
Rearranging and using Eq. 1-3, 6% = S, + Sg - Sf

which reduces to
e."a@ - 1 = **@be * 4

This relation evaluates the position of the plane of equal settlement

for the conduit and cradle, This relation differs From Eq. 1-4which
evaluates the plane of equal settlement for the conduit.

Expression for Hi. By definition the location of the lower plane of

equal settlement is determined by observing that the additional vertical
pressure at the lower plane of equal settlement is equal to the addi-
tional vertical pressure at the upper plane of equal settlement.

Rewriting

and

If the approximation 7 = Yf.is made, then

Ekpression for evaluation of 6. Substituting the evaluations of %,

hi, &, h i , and as given by Eqs. C-2, C-15, C-16,C-18, and C-19
into Eq. C-7, obtain
 *a
Multiplying by and s u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs. C-20 and C-23, obtain on
rearranging
Hc -G

On rearranging

7
By approximating t h e l a s t term t o be negligible (i.e., - = 1) obtain
f

6 = .............. . (c-25)

Equation C-25 gives the expression f o r 6 when the foundation m a t e r i d i s

homogeneous f o r a s u f f i c i e n t l y great depth. The depth +
i s sufficiently
great i f

Hf Hl
o r from Eq. C-23

case d. Determination of the settlement r a t i o 6 when the foundation

material i s shaJlow (Ho < H.)
The additional settlements of the i n t e r i o r prism and e x t e r i o r prisms f o r
Case d at H = H + (p + $)b, + Hf a r e equal. By the d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e
plane of equal settlement, t h e additional consolidations i n the i n t e r i o r
prism and e x t e r i o r prisms between the plane of equal settlement and the
nonyielding foundation a r e equal.
This results in the relation

The evaluations of the terms s,, hi, and & are given by Eqs. C-2, C-15,
and C-16. The evaluations of and :A are obtained by substituting Hf
for B1 in Eqs. C-18 and C-19. W i n g these substitutions, obtain

Multiplying by * and substituting x& for afHf

7f(% -

Recognizing that e'&- 1 = ta6pbc * %

Make the approximation

c -12
Obtain
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The Supporting Strength of Sewer Pipe i n Ditches and Methods o f T e s t i n g

Sewer Pipe i n Laboratories t o Determine Their Ordinary Supporting
Strength, by A. Marston, W . J, Schlick, and H. F. Clemmer, B u l l e t i n
No. 47, Iowa Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames, Iowa, 1917.

2. Supporting Strength of Drain T i l e and Sewer Pipe Under D i f f e r e n t Pipe-

Laying Conditions, by W. J. Schlick, B u l l e t i n No. 57, Iowa Engineering
Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames, Iowa, 1920.

3. Concrete Cradles f o r Large Pipe Conduit, by W. J. Schlick and James W .

Johnson, B u l l e t i n No. 80, Iowa Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames,
Iowa, 1926.

4. The Theory of E x t e r n a l Loads on Closed Conduits i n t h e Light of t h e

L a t e s t ~x-periments, by A . Marston, B u l l e t i n No. $, Iowa Engineering
Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames, Iowa, 1970.

5. The Supporting S t r e n g t h of Rigid Pipe Culverts, by M. G. Spangler, Bulle-

tin No. 112, Iowa Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames, Iowa, 1933.

6. Supporting Strengths of Cast-iron Pipe f o r Water and Gas Service, by

W . J. Schlick, B u l l e t i n 146, Iowa Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n , Ames,
Iowa, 1940.

7. Underground Conduits--An Appraisal of Modern Research, by M. G. Spangler,

Transactions of t h e American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume 113,
page 316.

8, Loads on Underground Conduits, by Howard F. Peckworth, American Concrete

Pipe Association

9. F i e l d Measurements of t h e Settlement Ratios of Various Highway Culverts,

M. G . Spangler, B u l l e t i n 170, Iowa Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n ,
Ames, Iowa, 1950.

10. Effect of Present I n s t a l l a t i o n P r a c t i c e s on Drain T i l e Loading, by Jan

v o n S c h i l f g a a r d e , R. K. Frevert, and W . J. Schlick, A g r i c u l t u r a l Engi-
neering, Volume 32, No. 7, July 1951-
11. S o i l s Engineering, Chapter 25, by M. G . Spangler, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Textbook
Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1951.

12. Negative Projecting Conduits, by M. G. Spangler and W . J, Schlick, Engi-

neering Report No. 14, Iowa State College B u l l e t i n , 1952-53.

17. National Engineering Handbook, Section 6, S t r u c t u r a l Design, United

S t a t e s Department of Agriculture, S o i l Conservation Service

14. Revised Report of Subcommittee on S o i l s , United S t a t e s Bureau of

Standards, Proceedings, American Society of C i v i l Engineers,
Volume XLVI, 1920.
 INDEX

Active lateral pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Additional deformation. consolidation. and settlement
defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
evaluated ............... A.5. A.10.C-5to C-8
symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Allowable fill height. determination of. (H., )
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
Angle of internal friction (a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
relation of w. and K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
Assumptions for load determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . A.1. A-3
Assumptions for settlement ratio ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
Beddings. classification ............. 3-77 to 3-75
2.7.
ditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. 3-73
projecting ................ 2.3.3-74 to 3-77
determination of qequired (~rocedure) . . . . . . . . . . 3-38
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . follows C-12
Bottomwidth of cradles (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
Cases for determining settlement ratio . . . . . . . . . . C.3. 3-47
Categorizing underground conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.57. 3-59
Classification. of underground conduits ...... 1.1.3-53 to 3-55
of beddings and cradles .......... 2.3.3-73 to 3-75
Complete condition. (defines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8. A-12
,

Compression index (cC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42

Condition. complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8. A-12
incomplete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8. A-12
Conduits. classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1) 3-53
Conduit on compressible bedding (see classification) . . . . . . A-14
Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
additional (defined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
(evaluated) ........ A.5. A.10. C-5 to C-8
(symbo~s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
modulus of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Construction methods (see classification) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Cradles
bottom width of. (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
classification of ............. 2.3.7-73 to 3-75
determination of required (~rocedure ) . . . . . . . . . . 3-38
ditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. 3.73
projecting ................ 2.3.3-74to 3-77
Critical plane (defined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. A-9
Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
additional (defined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
(evaluated) ......... A.5. A.10. C-5 to C-8
(symbols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Derivation of load formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
of settlement ratio ( 6 )
Design requirements (see classification) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Diameter of pipe (outside). (bc) ......... 3.41. 3-67 to 3-71
Ditch condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Ditch conuuits (see classification) . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2. A - 1
charts Yor loads on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. A - 3
load c.oefficient ( c ~ )
load equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. A-3
 Ditch c m d u i t s with compacted b a c k f i l l ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) . . . A-13
Ditch c r a d l e s and beddings ................ 2.7. 3-73
load factors for ................. 2.3. 3-73
Ditch. width of. (ba) ................... 1.10. 3-41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
E l a s t i c t h e o r y of a t h i n r i n g
Equal settlement. h e i g h t of. (H.). . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
(defines)
(derivation of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5) A-12
(equations f o r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9. A.6. A-12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Equal s e t t l e m e n t ) plane of. ( l o w e r )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4) A-9
(upper). ( d e f i n e d )
(upper ). (proof o f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A-4
,

Equated l o a d and safe supporting s t r e n g t h formulas 3-1

Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13> 2.8. 3-5
. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-82 t o 3-87
Exponential f u n c t i o n s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. A-9
E x t e r i o r prism ( d e f i n e d )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. B.1. B-8
'

Factor. load. (L )
safety. f s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5. 5-42
strength. provided. ( F ~ ~ )....... 3.3. 3-67 t o 3-71
3.2.
strength. required. ( F ~ .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. 3-3
F i b e r s t r e s s . maximum i n pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . 6 . B-8
'

F l e x i b l e conduits. l o a d s on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. 1-9

~ l u i dpressure. i n t e r n a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12. 2-6
F r i c t i o n . a n g l e of internal. ( @ ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43
r e l a t i o n of Q J p. and K
Functions. . exyonential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-89 t o 3-87
GreekAlphabet ......................... xi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Height of &qua1 s e t t l e m e n t ( d e f i n e d )
(derivation of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.5. A - 1 2
(equations f o r ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9. A-6. A-12
Hydrostatic loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12) 2-7
. . . . . . . . . . A-14
Imperfect d i t c h conduit (see c l a s s i f i c a t i o n )
. . . . . . . . . 1.8. A-12
Incomplete condition ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n )
Index. compression. (cC? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
I n t e r i o r prism (def h e ' d ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. A-9
I n t e r n a l flu5d pre'ssure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12. 2-61
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
I n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n . a n g l e of. ( @ )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43
r e l a t i o n of @. w . and K
L a t e r a l pressure. a c t i v e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Load and safe supporting s t r e n g t h formulas equated . . . . . . . 3-1
. . . . . . . . 1.2. A-3
Load c o e f f i c i e n t . f o r d i t c h conduits. ( c ~ )
. . . . . : . . . A-12
f o r negative p r o j e c t i n g conduits. (c, )
. . . . 1.9. A.7. A-8
f o r p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g conduits. ( c ~ )
Load determinations. assumption f o r . . . . . . . . . . . . A.1. A-3
Load. f a c t o r . ( L ~ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1. B.L. B-8
. . . . . . . . . . 2.3. 3-73
f o r d i t c h c r a d l e s and beddings
Load. h y d r o s t a t i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12. 2-7
Load on under,ground conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
on d i t c h conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. A-2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61
cornputat ion c h a r t s
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. A-3
on negative p r o j e c t i n g conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
. . . . . . . . . . 1.4. A-3
on p o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g c o n d u i t s
computation c-harts . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-63. 3-65
equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9. A.7. A-8
 Load p a t t e r n....................... 2.4. B-1
Loads. surface ......................... 1-1D
.................
Lower plane of equal s e t t l e m e n t C-1
...............
Maximum f i b e r s t r e s s i n pipe B.6) B-8
....................
Modulus of c o n s o l i d a t ion - 3-42
....................
Natural ground ( d e f i n e d ) 3-41
........
Negative p r o j e c t i n g conduits . ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) A-9
.................
l o a d c o e f f i c i e n t . (cn) A-12
Neutral condition ........................ 1-7
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . 3-41, 3-67 t o 3-71
vii
O ~ t s i d ediameter of pipe (be)
pattern. load ....................... 2-4, B - 1
Pipe. determination of required. (procedure) .......... 3-37
.........
o u t s i d e diameter of. (b, ) 3.41. 3-67 t o 3-71
.......
provided s t r e n g t h f a c t o r of. ( F ~ ~ ) 3-67 t o 3-71
........
s a f e supporting s t r e n g t h of. (equations ) 2-6
................
s t r e n g t h of 2-1, 3-67 t o 3-71
......................
Plane, c r i t i c a l 1-4. A-9
..............
of equal s e t t l e m e n t , (lower) C-1
..................
(upper) 1-4) A-9
...............
(upper). ( p o o f o f ) A-4
.....
P o s i t i v e p r o j e c t i n g conduits ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) 1-4, A-3
....................
load charts 3-63, 3-65
............
l o a d c o e f f i c i e n t . (cp) 1.9. A-7. A-8
................
l o a d equations 1-9, A.7, A-8
....................
Pressure. a c t i v e l a t e r a l A-1
..................
internal f l u i d 1-12. 2-6
..*............. .....
Prism, e x t e r i o r 1-4. A-9
.....................
interior 1.4. A-9
Problems ...................... 1-13, 2-8. 3-5
Procedure. d e t e r m i n a t i o n . o f Load ................ 1-12
.......
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s a f e supporting strength 2-7
.........
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of allowable f i l l . (H-) 3-39
...........
determination of bedding o r c r a d l e 3-38
..................
determination of p i p e 3-37
.........
determination of s e t t l e m e n t r a t i o , ( 6 ) 3-45
..........
P r o j e c t i n g c r a d l e s and beddings 2.3. 3-74 t o 3-77
............
Projection condition (see c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) 1-7
..............
Projection r a t i o (p). (defined) 1-4. A-10
........................
value of 3-41
........
Provided s t r e n g t h f a c t o r (F, p ) 3-2. 3-3, 3-67 t o 5-71
.............
Ratio. p r o j e c t i o n . ( p ) . ( d e f i n e d ) 1-4, A-10
settlement, ( 6 ) . (see settlement r a t i o )
.......
R e l a t i v e h e i g h t of embankment ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) 1-2
............
Relative settlement (see c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) 1-2
................
Required data from s i t e dimension 3-41
................
from s o i l t e s t s and o t h e r 3-42
..............
Required s t r e n g t h f a c t o r (F, ) 3.2. 3-3
( ~ ~ .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
S a f e supporting s t r e n g t h 2-6
............
S a f e supporting s t r e n g t h and load equated 3-1
safety factor ( s ) ..................... 2-5. 3-42
Sample problems ................... 1-13, 2-8, 3-5
Settlement ........................... 1-5
..................
additional (defined) 1-5
........(evaluated) A-5. A-10, C-5 t o C-8
Settlement r a t i o ( 6 ) . (defined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7) A-10
(derived) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
.determination of (procedure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 47, C-3
Shearing s t r e s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1
S i t e conditions ( s e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
S i t e dimensions, required, data from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
S o i l t e s t s , required data from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Strength f a c t o r , provided, (F,p ) . . . . . . . 3.2, 3.3, 3-67 t o 3-71
required, ( F ~ ~ ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2, 3-3
Strength of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1, 3-67 t o 3-71
Supporting s t r e n g t h of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1, B-L
Surfaceloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10
Theory, e l a s t i c theory of thin r i n g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
. . . . . . . . . 2-1, 3-67 t o 3-71
Three-edge bearing s t r e n g t h ( R , ~)
Unit weight ( y ) ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-42
width, bottom width of cradles, ib j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
Width of d i t c h (bd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10, 3-41

ir V . 5. GOVERNMENT PRWTING O F F I C E : 1959 0 - 4 1 1 1 1 1 (SCS-154)