CHAPTER 97 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

EXERCISE 354 Page 1035

7 2
1. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s s −5

7  1 
(a) ℒ −1   = 7ℒ −1   = 7(1) = 7
s s

 2   1 
(b) ℒ −1   = 2ℒ −1   = 2 e5t
s − 5 s − 5

3 2s
2. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
2s + 1 s +4
2

   
 3  
 1 
 3 −1  1 
 3 − 1t
(a) ℒ −1   = 3ℒ −1
  = ℒ   = e 2
 2s + 1   2  s + 1   2   s + 1   2
  2     2  

 2s   s 
(b) ℒ −1   = 2ℒ −1   = 2 cos 2t
 s2 + 4   s 2 + 22 

1 4
3. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s + 25
2 s +9
2

 1  1  5  1
(a) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = sin 5t
 s 2 + 25  5  s 2 + 52  5

 4  4 −1  3  4
(b) ℒ −1   = ℒ   = sin 3t
 s2 + 9  3  s 2 + 32  3

5s 6
4. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
2 s + 182 s2

 5s   s  5  s  5
(a) ℒ −1   = 5ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  2 2  = cos 3t
 2 s + 18 
2
 2 ( s + 9 ) 
2 2 s +3  2

1464 © 2014, John Bird

 6 1
(b) ℒ −1   = 6 ℒ −1   = 6t
 s2   s2 

5 8
5. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s3 s4

5 5  2!  5
(a) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = t 2
s 
3 2!  s3  2

8 8  3!  4
(b) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = t 3
 s  3!
4
 s4  3

3s 7
6. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
1 2
s −8 s − 16
2

   
 3s   s   s 
(a) ℒ −1   = 3ℒ −1   = 6ℒ −1   = 6 cosh 4t
2 − 42
1
 s −8
2
1
 ( s − 16 ) 
2  s 
2  2 

 7   1  7  4  7
(b) ℒ −1   = 7ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = sinh 4t
 s 2 − 16   ( s 2 − 42 )  4  s 2 − 42  4

15 4
7. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
3s − 27
2 ( s − 1)3

 
 15  
 1   1  5  3  5
(a) ℒ −1   = 15ℒ −1   = 5ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  2 2  = sinh 3t
 3s − 27 
2
 3  s 2 − 27   s −3 
2 2 3 s −3  3
  3  

 4   1  4 −1  2!   2! 
(b) ℒ −1  3
= 4 ℒ −1
 2 +1 
= ℒ  2 +1 
= 2ℒ −1
 2 +1 
= 2 et t 2
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 
2!
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 

1 3
8. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
( s + 2) 4 ( s − 3)5

1465 © 2014, John Bird

  1   1  1  3!  1 −1  3!  1 − 2t 3
(a) ℒ −1  4
= ℒ −1  3+1 
= ℒ −1  3+1 
= ℒ  3+1 
= e t
 ( s + 2 )   ( s + 2 ) 
3!
 ( s + 2 ) 
6
 ( s + 2 ) 
6

 3   1  3 −1  4!  1 −1  4!  1 3t 4
(b) ℒ −1   = 3 ℒ −1
  = ℒ  4 +1 
= ℒ  4 +1 
= e t
 ( s − 3)   ( s − 3)   ( s − 3)  8  ( s − 3)  8
5 4 +1
4!

s +1 3
9. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s 2 + 2 s + 10 s 2 + 6 s + 13

 s +1   s +1 
(a) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = e − t cos 3t
 ( s + 1) + 3 
2 + 2 s + 10
 
2
s 2

 3   1  3 −1  2  3
(b) ℒ −1   = 3 ℒ −1
  = ℒ   = e −3t sin 2t
 s + 6 s + 13   ( s + 3) + 2   ( s + 3) + 2 
2 2
2 2 2 2 2

2( s − 3) 7
10. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s − 6 s + 13
2 s − 8s + 12
2

 2 ( s − 3)   s −3 
(a) ℒ −1   = 2ℒ −1   = 2 e3t cos 2t
2 − 6 s + 13
( )
2
 s   s − 3 + 2 2


 7   1  7  2  7
(b) ℒ −1   = 7ℒ −1   = ℒ −1
  = e 4 t sinh 2t
 s 2 − 8s + 12   ( )  ( )
2 2
s − 4 − 2 2

2 s − 4 − 2 2

2

2s + 5 3s + 2
11. Determine the inverse Laplace transforms of : (a) (b)
s 2 + 4s − 5 s 2 − 8s + 25

 2s + 5   2 ( s + 2 ) 1 
(a) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  + 
 s 2 + 4s − 5   ( s + 2 ) − 32 ( s + 2 ) − 32 
2 2

 s+2  1  3  1
= 2ℒ −1   + ℒ −1
  = 2 e −2t cosh 3t + e −2t sinh 3t
 ( s + 2 ) − 32   ( s + 2 ) − 32 
2 2
3 3

 3s + 2   3s + 2   3 ( s − 4 ) + 14 
(b) ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  
 s 2 − 8s + 25   ( s − 4 ) + 3   ( s − 4 ) + 3 
2 2
2 2

1466 © 2014, John Bird

  s−4  14  3  14
= 3ℒ −1  + ℒ −1   = 3e 4t cos 3t + e 4t sin 3t
 ( s − 4 ) + 3   ( s − 4 ) + 3 
2 2
2 3 2 3

1467 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 355 Page 1036

11 − 3s
1. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
s + 2s − 3
2

11 − 3s 2 5
= − from Problem 1, page 188 of the textbook
s + 2s − 3
2
( s − 1) ( s + 3)

 11 − 3s   2 5 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  −  = 2 e − t − 5e − 3t
 s 2 + 2s − 3
  ( s + 1) ( s + 3 ) 

2 s 2 − 9 s − 35
2. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
( s + 1)( s − 2)( s + 3)

2 s 2 − 9 s − 35 4 3 1
= − + from Problem 2, page 188 of the textbook
( s + 1)( s − 2 )( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s − 2 ) ( s + 3)

 2 s 2 − 9 s − 35   4 3 1 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  − +  = 4 e − t − 3e 2t + e − 3t
 ( s + 1)( s − 2 )( s + 3 )   ( s + 1) ( s − 2 ) ( s + 3 ) 

5s 2 − 2 s − 19
3. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
( s + 3)( s − 1) 2

5s 2 − 2 s − 19 2 3 4
= + − from Problem 6, page 190 of the textbook
( s + 3)( s − 1) 2 ( s + 3) ( s − 1) ( s − 1)2

 5s 2 − 2 s − 19   2 3 4 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1
 + − 2
= 2 e − 3t + 3et − 4 et t
 ( s + 3 )( ) 
s − 1
2
 ( s + 3 ) ( s − 1) ( ) 
s − 1

 4   1 
Note: ℒ −1   = 4 ℒ −1
 1+1 
= 4 et t
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 
2

3s 2 + 16 s + 15
4. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
( s + 3)3

3s 2 + 16 s + 15 3 2 6
= − − from Problem 7, page 191 of the textbook
( s + 3)
3
( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 )3
2

1468 © 2014, John Bird

  3s 2 + 16 s + 15   3 2 6 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  − − 3
 ( s + 3)  ( s + 3) ( s + 3) ( s + 3) 
3 2


 1   1   1 
= 3ℒ −1   – 2ℒ −1   – 6 ℒ −1
 3
 ( s + 3)   ( s + 3)   ( s + 3) 
2

 1   1  6 −1  2! 
= 3ℒ −1   – 2ℒ −1
 1+1 
– ℒ  2 +1 
 ( s + 3)   ( s + 3)  2!  ( s + 3) 

= 3e −3t − 2 e −3t t − 3e −3t t 2 or e −3t (3 − 2t − 3t 2 )

7 s 2 + 5s + 13
5. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
( s 2 + 2)( s + 1)

7 s 2 + 5s + 13 2s + 3 5
= + from Problem 8, page 192 of the textbook
( s 2 + 2)( s + 1) ( s + 2 ) ( s + 1)
2

2s + 3 5 2s 3 5
and + = + +
( s 2 + 2 ) ( s + 1) ( s 2 + 2 ) ( s 2 + 2 ) ( s + 1)
 7 s 2 + 5s + 13   2 s 3 5 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  + + 
 ( s + 2 )( s + 1)   ( s + 2 ) ( s + 2 ) s + 1 
2 2 2

   
 s  3  2   1 
= 2ℒ  −1
2
+ ℒ 
−1
2
+ 5ℒ −1  
 s2 + 2
 ( ) 

2  s2 + 2
 ( ) 

 s + 1

3
= 2 cos 2 t + sin 2 t + 5e − t
2

3 + 6s + 4s 2 − 2s3
6. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
s 2 ( s 2 + 3)

3 + 6s + 4s 2 − 2s3 2 1 3 − 4s
= + + from Problem 9, page 192 of the textbook
s 2 ( s 2 + 3) s s2 s2 + 3

 3 + 6 s + 4 s 2 − 2 s 3   2 1 3 − 4s 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1  + 2 + 2 
 s ( s + 3)
2 2
 s s s +3

 
1  1  3 − 4s 
= 2ℒ   + ℒ   + ℒ 
−1 −1 −1
2
s s 
2
 s2 + 3
 ( ) 


1469 © 2014, John Bird

    
1  1  3   4s 
= 2ℒ   + ℒ   + ℒ 
−1 −1 −1
2
–ℒ 
−1
2
s s 
2
 s2 + 3 
  ( )
 s2 + 3
 ( ) 


 
 1   1  3  3 
= 2ℒ −1   + ℒ −1   + ℒ −1  2
–
s s 
2
3 s + 3 

2
 ( )
 
 s 
4ℒ −1  2

 ( )
 s2 + 3 


= 2 + t + 3 sin 3 t − 4 cos 3 t

26 − s 2
7. Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms of:
s ( s 2 + 4 s + 13)

26 − s 2 A Bs + C A ( s 2 + 4 s + 13) + ( Bs + C ) s
Let ≡ + =
s ( s 2 + 4 s + 13) s s 2 + 4 s + 13 s ( s 2 + 4 s + 13)

Hence, 26 − s =
2 A ( s 2 + 4 s + 13) + Bs 2 + Cs

When s = 0: 26 = 13A + 0 + 0 i.e. A = 2

Equating s 2 coefficients: –1 = A + B i.e. B = –3

Equating s coefficients: 0 = 4A + C i.e. C = –8

26 − s 2 2 −3s − 8
Thus, ≡ +
s ( s 2 + 4 s + 13) s s 2 + 4 s + 13

 26 − s 2  2  3s + 8 
Hence, ℒ −1   = ℒ −1   – ℒ −1  
 s ( s 2 + 4 s + 13)  s  s 2 + 4 s + 13 

1   3s + 8 
= 2ℒ −1   – ℒ −1  
s  ( s + 2 ) + 3 
2
2

1   3 ( s + 2 )   2 
= 2ℒ −1   – ℒ −1   – ℒ −1
 
s  ( s + 2 ) + 3   ( s + 2 ) + 3 
2 2
2 2

1   ( s + 2 )  2  3 
= 2ℒ −1   – 3ℒ −1   – ℒ −1
 
s  ( s + 2 ) + 32  3  ( s + 2 ) + 32 
2 2

1470 © 2014, John Bird

 2
= 2 − 3e −2t cos 3t − e −2t sin 3t
3

1471 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 356 Page 1038

50 ( s + 4)
1. Determine for the transfer function: R(s) =
s ( s + 2)( s 2 − 8s + 25)
(a) the zero and (b) the poles. Show the poles and zeros on a pole–zero diagram.

(a) For the numerator to be zero, (s + 4) = 0 hence, s = –4 is a zero of R(s)

(b) For the denominator to be zero, s = 0 or s = –2 or s 2 − 8s + 25 =

0

( −8)
2
− −8± − 4(1)(25) 8 ± −36 −8 ± j 6
i.e. s= = = = 4 ± j3
2(1) 2 2

Hence, poles occur at s = 0, s = –2, s = 4 + j3 and 4 – j3

A pole–zero diagram is shown below

( s − 1)( s + 2)
2. Determine the poles and zeros for the function: F(s) = and plot them on a
( s + 3)( s 2 − 2 s + 5)
pole–zero map.

For the numerator to be zero, (s – 1) = 0 hence, s = +1 is a zero of F(s)

and (s + 2) = 0 hence, s = –2 is a zero of F(s)

For the denominator to be zero, s = –3 or s 2 − 2 s + 5 =0

1472 © 2014, John Bird

 ( −2 )
2
−−2± − 4(1)(5) 2 ± −16 2 ± j 4
i.e. s= = = = 1± j2
2(1) 2 2

Hence, poles occur at s = –3, s = 1 + j2 and 1 – j2

A pole–zero diagram is shown below

s −1
3. For the function G(s) = , determine the poles and zeros and show them on a
( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 5)
pole–zero diagram.

For the denominator to be zero, s = –2 or s 2 + 2 s + 5 =0

( 2)
2
−2 ± − 4(1)(5) −2 ± −16 −2 ± j 4
i.e. s= = = =−1 ± j 2
2(1) 2 2

Hence, poles occur at s = –2, s = –1 + j2 and –1 – j2

For the numerator to be zero, (s – 1) = 0 hence, s = 1 is a zero of G(s)

A pole–zero diagram is shown below

1473 © 2014, John Bird

 s 2 − 5s − 6
4. Find the poles and zeros for the transfer function: H(s) = and plot the results in the s-
s ( s 2 + 4)
plane.

For the denominator to be zero, s = 0 or s 2 + 4 =0 and

i.e. s2 = − 4 and s = −4 = ± j2

Hence, poles occur at s = 0, s = + j2 and –j2

For the numerator to be zero, s 2 − 5s − 6 =0

i.e. ( s − 6)( s + 1) =
0 hence, s = 6 is a zero of H(s)

and s = –1 is a zero of H(s)

A pole–zero diagram is shown below

1474 © 2014, John Bird