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Knowledge Based Systems

Knowledge-based systems (KBS) use artificial intelligence to solve complex problems by reasoning through knowledge captured in a knowledge base. A KBS consists of a knowledge base containing facts and rules, an inference engine that derives answers from the knowledge base, and a user interface. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to build KBS in specialized fields, capturing human expertise to provide consistent problem solving. While limited in scope and flexibility compared to human experts, KBS offer affordable, permanent, and easily transferable solutions.

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Mulika Fatima
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26 views18 pages

Knowledge Based Systems

Knowledge-based systems (KBS) use artificial intelligence to solve complex problems by reasoning through knowledge captured in a knowledge base. A KBS consists of a knowledge base containing facts and rules, an inference engine that derives answers from the knowledge base, and a user interface. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to build KBS in specialized fields, capturing human expertise to provide consistent problem solving. While limited in scope and flexibility compared to human experts, KBS offer affordable, permanent, and easily transferable solutions.

Uploaded by

Mulika Fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS

Overview

 What is an Knowledge Based System?

 History

 Components of a KBS Knowledge base

 Who is involved?
Expert System
» A KBS is a computer program that uses artificial
intelligence to solve problems within a
specialized domain that ordinarily requires
human expertise.
» Typical tasks for expert systems involve
classification, diagnosis, monitoring, design,
scheduling, and planning for specialized tasks.

» Knowledge-based system is a more general than


the expert system.
KBS as real-world problem solvers
 Problem-solving power does not lie with smart reasoning
techniques nor clever search algorithms but domain
dependent real-world knowledge.

 Real-world problems do not have well-defined solutions

 KBS allow this knowledge to be represented and creates


an explained solution.

 A KBS draws upon the knowledge of human experts


captured in a knowledge-base to solve problems that
normally require human expertise

 Uses Heuristic (cause-and-effect) rather than algorithms


Heuristics Rules
Objects

Attribute
Facts
s

Knowledge Base

Processes Hypothesis

Events Definitions Relationships


KBS as diagnostic tool
• Diagnosis - Provides identification about a problem given
a set of symptoms or malfunctions.
• Interpretation – Provides an understanding of a situation
from available information.
• Design – Develops configurations that satisfy constraints
of the problem.
• Monitoring – Checks performance & flags
inconsistencies
• Control – Collects & evaluate evidence and from
opinions on that evidence.
• Debugging – Identifies and prescribes remedies for
malfunctions.
In the 1960s general purpose programs were developed
for solving the classes of problems but this strategy
produced no breakthroughs. In the next decade AI
scientists developed computer programs that could in
some sense think.

It was realized that the problem-solving power of


program comes from the knowledge it possesses.

i.e. To make a program intelligent, provide it with lots of high-quality,


specific knowledge about some problem area.
Knowledge base (facts)

Inference Engine

User Interface
Knowledge Base
The component of an expert system that contains the
system’s knowledge organized in collection of facts
about the system’s domain
K NOWLEDGE R EPRESENTATION
 Knowledge is represented in a computer in the form of
rules. Consists of an IF part and THEN part.

 IF part lists a set of conditions in some logical combination.

 If the IF part of the rule is satisfied; consequently, the THEN


part can be concluded.

 Chaining of IF-THEN rules to form a line of reasoning

 Forward chaining (facts driven)

 Backward chaining (goal driven)


Inference Engine

 An inference engine tries to derive answers from a knowledge


base.
 It is the brain of the expert systems that provides a
methodology for reasoning about the information in the
knowledge base, and for formulating conclusions.
 Itenables the user to communicate with
the KBS.

Facts
Inference
Engine

How/Why
Queries
Results
Facts

Rules
User
Interface
Who is involved?
• Knowledge Engineer
A knowledge engineer is a computer scientist who knows how to
design and implement programs that incorporate artificial
intelligence techniques.

• Domain Expert
A domain expert is an individual who has significant expertise in the
domain of the expert system being developed.
 Determining the characteristics of the problem.

 Knowledge engineer and domain expert work together closely


to describe the problem.

 The engineer then translates the knowledge into a computer-


usable language, and designs an inference engine, a
reasoning structure, that uses the knowledge appropriately.

 He also determines how to integrate the use of uncertain


knowledge in the reasoning process, and what kinds of
explanation would be useful to the end user
HUMAN EXPERTISE VS ARTIFICIAL EXPERTISE

1. Perishable 1. Permanent
2. Difficult to transfer 2. Easy to transfer
3. Difficult to document 3. Easy to document
4. Unpredictable 4. Consistent
5. Expensive 5. Affordable

 An expert system is judged to be successful when it


operates on the level of a human expert.
Advantages & Limitations

 Advantages:
- Increase available of expert knowledge
- Efficient and cost effective
- Consistency of answers
- Explanation of solution
- Deals with uncertainty

 Limitations:
- Lack of common sense
- Inflexible, difficult to modify
- Restricted domain of expertise limited to KB
- Not always reliable
Some influential pioneer Expert System projects
• Dendral
Pioneering work developed in 1965 for NASA at Standford University by Buchanan &
Feigenbaum.

• Drilling Advisor
Developed in 1983 by Teknowledge for oil companies to replace human drilling advisor.

• Mycin
Developed in 1970 at Standford by Shortcliffe to assist internists in diagnosis and
treatment of infectious diseases.

• Xcon/RI
Developed in 1978 to assist the ordering of computer systems by automatically selecting
the system components based on customer’s requirements.
The End

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