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ExpertSystem 1

The document discusses expert systems, including their components, history, advantages, and limitations. Expert systems are computer programs that emulate human decision making in a specialized domain. They consist of a knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Some early and influential expert systems are described from the 1960s onward.

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36 views18 pages

ExpertSystem 1

The document discusses expert systems, including their components, history, advantages, and limitations. Expert systems are computer programs that emulate human decision making in a specialized domain. They consist of a knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. Some early and influential expert systems are described from the 1960s onward.

Uploaded by

Dragon Ball Super
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Human experts have

– a considerable knowledge about their areas of expertise

– can learn from their experience

– can do reasoning

– can explain the solution

– can restructure knowledge

– can determine relevance


Expert System- Basics

“An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons


with the knowledge of some specialist subject with a view to solve
problems or to give advice.”
OR
“An expert system is a computer program that emulates the decision
making ability of a human expert.”

• Typical tasks for an expert system:


• Interpretation of data
• Diagnosis of malfunctions
• Structural analysis of complex objects
• Configuration of complex objects
• Planning sequences of actions
Expert System- when compared to conventional application computer program

• It simulates human reasoning about a problem domain.

• It performs reasoning over representation of human knowledge, in

addition to doing numerical calculations or data retrieval.

• It solves problems by heuristic or approximate methods.


History of Expert System

• In 1959 Newell and Simon described General Problem Solver (GPS).

• GPS:

– Intended to solve general problems across domains. Example:


theorem proof, geometric problem and chess playing.

– First computer program to separate knowledge from strategy


(generic solver engine).

– Predecessor to ES.
History of Expert System (contd...)

• ES introduced by Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Feigenbaum.

• Mid-1960s: Early ES programs:

– MYCIN:

• Diagnose infectious diseases such as bacteremia and meningitis.

• Recommend antibiotics.

• Dosage adjusted for patient’s body weight.

• Name derived from antibiotics (suffix – “mycin”).


History of Expert System (contd...)

• Mid-1970s:

– Recognition of the role of knowledge

• Power of an ES comes from the specific knowledge it


possesses, not from the inference schemes it employs.

• Development of knowledge representation theories.

• Development of decision making procedures an


inferences.
History of Expert System (contd...)

• Early 1980s:

– Expert systems proliferated. Example: XCON, XSEL.

• XCON (eXpert CONfigurator):

– Used to assist in the ordering of DEC’s VAX computer system

– Automatically selected the computer system components based on the customer’s requirements

– Saved DEC $25M a year by speeding the assembly process and increasing customer satisfaction

• XSEL:

– A newer version of XCON

– Intended to be used by DEC’s salesforce


History of Expert System (contd...)

• Universities offered expert system courses.

– ES technology became commercial.

– Programming tools and shells appeared. Example: EMYCIN,


EXPERT.
Components of Expert System

Expert Systems – Building Blocks of Expert Systems

Knowledge Base

Facts / Observations

Knowledge / Rules
User Interface

Inference Engine
Expertise
Developer
Expert Systems – Components of Expert Systems

knowledge base
contains essential information about the problem domain
often represented as facts and rules

inference engine
mechanism to derive new knowledge from the knowledge base and the information provided by the
user
often based on the use of rules

user interface
interaction with end users
development and maintenance of the knowledge base
Components of Expert System
Components of Expert Systems

• User Interface • Knowledge Base


• Doesn’t ask “dumb” questions • Explicit Knowledge
• Explains its reasoning on request • Implicit Knowledge
• Provides documentation and references • Domain Knowledge
• Defines technical terms • Declarative Knowledge
• Permits sensitivity analyses, • Procedural Knowledge
simulations, and what-if analyses • Priori Knowledge
• Detailed report of recommendations • Posteriori Knowledge
• Justifies recommendations • Public Knowledge
• Online help • Private Knowledge
• Graphical displays of information • Shallow Knowledge
• Trace or step through reasoning • Deep Knowledge
• Meta Knowledge
Inference Engine

•Applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce


new information.
•Interprets and evaluates the facts in the knowledge base
in order to provide an answer.
•Consists of if-then rules, a bunch of facts, and an
interpreter application.
•For every if-then rule:
•antecedent/premise → consequent/conclusion
Inference Engine (contd...)
Forward Chaining:
• The Inference Engine goes through all the facts, conditions
and derivations before deducing the outcome
• It is a process of making a conclusion based on known facts or
data, by starting from the initial state and reaches the goal
state.
• Forward-chaining approach is also called as data-driven as we
reach to the goal using available data.
• Example:
• A
• A -> B
• B
Inference Engine (contd...)
Backward Chaining:
• The inference system knows the final decision or goal, this
system starts from the goal and works backwards to determine
what facts must be asserted so that the goal can be achieved,
• In backward chaining, the goal is broken into sub-goal or sub-
goals to prove the facts true.
• It is called a goal-driven approach, as a list of goals decides
which rules are selected and used.
• Example:
B
A -> B
A
Expert Systems – Advantages
• Economical
• lower cost per user
• Availability
• accessible anytime, almost anywhere
• Response time
• often faster than human experts
• Reliability
• can be greater than that of human experts
• no distraction, fatigue, emotional involvement, …
• Explanation
• reasoning steps that lead to a particular conclusion
• Intellectual property
• can’t walk out of the door
Expert Systems – Problems
• Limited knowledge
• “shallow” knowledge
• no “deep” understanding of the concepts and their relationships
• no “common-sense” knowledge
• no knowledge from possibly relevant related domains
• “closed world”
• Mechanical reasoning
• may not have or select the most appropriate method for a particular
problem
• some “easy” problems are computationally very expensive
• Lack of trust
• users may not want to leave critical decisions to machines

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