ONLINE ADVERTISEMENT

AND
SHOPING
LAPTOP AND MOBILE

A minor project submitted for the award of degree

MASTER IN COMPUTER APPLICATION

Submitted by:
Name:- Nisha devi , ritika,tanvi, and parminder
2018
Under the guidance of

NISHA SINGH

GURU GOBIND SINGH COLLEGE OF MODERN

TECHNOLOGY,KHARAR
 ABSTRACT

It comprises of knowing the objectives which we have to meet while making a

project. Considering the objectives is the main thing during planning of a project. In
this we elaborate that what is our project’s work that is what will be the output provided
by us the vender, and regarding this concern we plan the input of the project. Like in our
project we simply made clear in our mind that it will work something like Forum, and
thereafter we decided the input or requirements of the project
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to . Mrs.Nisha singh , Training
Advisor, GGSCMT kharar for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

I also wish to extend my thanks to . Mrs.Nisha singh and other workers for guiding and
providing the knowledge related to the project.

I am extremely thankful to Mr./Mrs. HOD, MCA, GGSCMT, Kharar, for valuable suggestions
and encouragemen

LIST OF FIGURES

Page
S. No. Figure Caption
No.
1. 1.1 DFD 4

2. 2.1 SCEENSHORT 1,2 26

3. 3.2 SCREENSHORT 30
 4. FIGER SCOP 45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S. No. Abbreviations Details

JS
1. JavaScript

2. AJAX Asynchronous javascript and XML

3. PHP Hypertext preprocessor

CONTENTS
Title Page No.
Certificate by Company/Industry/Institute i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
Introduction to company v
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
List of Abbreviations viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 1-5

1.1. Introduction 6-7

1.2. DFD 8-10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1THEORY
2.2METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: WORK DONE
3.1Working model
3.2 Coding
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 Future scope
5.2 Conclusion

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
It is great pleasure to present this report on the project named “ONLINE
LAPTOPS AND MOBILES ADVERTISEMENT AND SHOPPING” undertaken
by me as part of my MCA curriculum.
I am thankful to PTU and COLLEGE for offering me such a wonderful
challenging opportunity and I express my deepest thanks to all coordinators, of
COLLEGE for providing all the possible help and assistance and their constant
encouragement.

It is a pleasure that we find ourselves penning down these lines to express our
sincere thanks to the people who helped us along the way in completing our
project. We find inadequate words to express our sincere gratitude towards them.
First and foremost we would like to express our gratitude towards our training
guide Mrs.nisha singh for placing complete faith and confidence in our ability to
carry out this project and for providing us her time, inspiration, encouragement,
help, valuable guidance, constructive criticism and constant interest. She took
personal interest in spite of numerous commitments and busy schedule to help us
complete this project. Without the sincere and honest guidance of our respected
project guide we would have not been to reach the present stage.

We are also thankful to Mr. STUDENT (Coordinator) for their support in

guiding us and giving us the right direction every time we need.

VISION
To be the leader in the industry oriented quality education and training and be the
country’s premier institute for certification in the field of information, electronics and
communications technology (IECT).

OBJECTIVES
1. Establish itself as an institute of excellence for imparting education and training to
generate quality manpower in areas of information Electronics and communication
technology (IECT).
2. Facilitate education and training institutes in the non-formal sector.

3. Develop a mechanism for dynamic revision of course curricula and development of the
learning materials in the textbook, CD-ROM and web based form.

4. Impart continuing education/refresher training and corporate training to engineering

graduates, working professionals and others.

5. Develop and implement new schemes of courses in emerging areas as required by

industries and others.

6. Undertake develop projects and provide services in IT and related areas.

Profile of the problems assigned

This is a live project. Company’s client wants to develop a website to increase his
business of laptops and mobiles. Till now he was doing his business offline. Now a day’s
its an internet world so if you want to run a business successfully you must have to make
it online. So this is a website related to laptops and mobiles business. Main problem
comes when a customer is at a far away location and he is not able to come to visit the
place. So if one wants to buy laptops or mobiles, he first needs to visit number the shop
and tell them the whole details about that and tell them specifications of their needs, the
shopkeeper then acts as intermediator and make the work done by charging their amount.
Another is that customer who wants to buy laptops and mobiles have to visit the site to
see the laptops and mobiles which is quite a cumbersome task. Through this project it is
tried to make this thing easy by selling and buying the laptops and mobiles while sitting
at their own places and getting the contacts of the shopkeeper through the site.

Study of the existing systems

Our client is running his business offline till now.

He wishes to increase his business. The problem he facing was his business was not
online he needs to visit the site first and then proceed with his tasks, he wants us to
develop a site which makes his business online and vast so that not only local clients
could visit him but the clients from different places and the NRIs could also become part
of his business. Through this website we have tried our best to make his offline business
more efficient by making it online.
 System Requirements
Product Definition
Laptop and Mobile shopping is an online system which helps the sale of laptops and
mobiles. It has two ends: User end and Administrator end. Any user who wants to buy
laptops and mobiles site would register first, then he will have to login by entering his ID
and Password to proceed. The user if wants to buy laptops and mobiles can visit the site
and see the details on the Website.

Problem statement
The main problem was that if one wants to buy laptop or mobile , he first needs to visit
number of shops and tell the shopkeeper whole details about their specifications or
requirements, the shopkeeper then acts as intermediator and make the work done by
charging their amount. This whole process is very cumbersome task.
Through this project it is tried to
Make this thing easy by selling buying and rent the property while sitting at their own
places and getting the contacts of the brokers through the site and one can upload or see
the site images on the website.

Function to be provided
While developing this website the main points which were kept in mind was:

1) The whole process will be working on two major modules one is

 USER-END and other is ADMINISTRATOR-END.
USER-END: - This module is for users where they register themselves and buy
laptops or mobiles with the permission of the administrator. Here user can also check out
for various models of laptops or mobiles.
ADMINISTRATOR-END: - This module is for administrator where all the users
and registrations of purchase are managed and verified. Removal of the product if not
available.
2) The main objective is to provide a better support to the client
3) It will provide notifications to all the respective users regarding the product which is
posted.
4) It has vast area because it contains various products of different brands like Samsung,
Acer, hp etc.
5) Anyone can post their feedback after the administrator’s permission.
6) The new user must get permission from the Administrator before using this website.
Processing Environment Hardware Requirements
1. Random Access Memory 128MB
2. Keyboard 101Keys
3. VDU 15 Inch Colored
4. Processor Intel Core i3

Processing Environment Software Requirements.

1. Operating System: - Windows 7
2. Framework 3.5

Solution Strategy
After going through the problem profile of the client we came to the solution that his
business should be make online, so as to fulfill his requirements. So we decided to make
a website of laptops and mobiles through which the client could easily and efficiently
search the new models. Through this website, now the client can get details of laptops
and mobiles, there will be two ends one is user end and another is administrator end.
Administrator has full rights to manage each user, the user can see and manage while
sitting at his own place so now not only local clients can become his business part but
clients from different parts of the country or the world can purchase the product on this
website.

Acceptance Criteria
The Website is made available on the internet and its publicity is done through
newspapers and providing its links on other sites, the website is provided the keywords
also which when searched the links of the website comes to him, the website will be gone
through the Search Engine Optimization to make our website available on the internet.

Feasibility Analysis
It was mandatory to check the possibility of the project development. Before
commencing the project, we have to be very clear about what are the technologies that
are to be required for the development of the new system. HTML, CSS, PHP, MySQL,
JavaScript are the main technologies that will be used in the completion of this project.
PHP is a server side scripting language. JavaScript is client side language. HTML and
CSS are languages used to design the project or user interface. MySQL have been used
for collection of the records that is database. So it was mandatory to check that whether it
is possible to make use of this technology.
.

Our Feasibility study must answer three key questions: -

 Is there a new and better way to do the service that will give benefit?

 What are the costs and savings of the alternatives?

 What is recommended?

The two considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis:

 Technical feasibility

 Behavioral feasibility

Let’s review each consideration and how it relates to the system effort.
Technical Feasibility

Technical Feasibility can be adjudged by focusing on the existing computer system and
to what extent it can support the proposed system. Traditional approach to targeted job
involves a lot of paperwork and careful and consistent communication of information
regarding the issues and updations done in the library.

As this application serves to automate the entire process, implementation of this

application would require installing it the computer system.

 All that is required is to install it on a server to which any client can log on to and use
it. This is only a one time investment.

 The software required for the proposed system is easily available in the market.

 The software and hardware requirements are not very expensive. This software is
graphical user interface and coding required for the proper functioning of the system is
not difficult as compare to other programming languages. If proper care is taken then the
perfect system can be developed. So due to its availability benefits, our system is
completing technically feasible.

Behavioral Feasibility

People are inherently resistant to change and computers have been known to facilitate
change. It is common knowledge that computer installations have something to do with
turnover, transfer, retraining and changes in employee job status. Therefore it is
understandable that the introduction of a candidate system requires efforts to educate, sell
and train the staff on new ways of conducting

the business.
This is true that we will have to make the user aware how the system works, and it will be
easy as tables will appear as forms which are compatibility GUI. A person having some
knowledge about computer will be able to operate the system.

Therefore, the cost of training the users will be less. As computerized system lead to
change in the employee job status, therefore sometimes users or employees oppose the
installation of the system. But this case wills not be here in this case as users will be
easily able to do the same work with less effort and time also.

Project Plan
Planning before doing is always a successful criterion. So making a plan before starting a
project is also very beneficial. In this, objectives are made clear so that we can meet our
target at time.

Generally in planning project we need to follow few planning guidelines because some
software projects span a broad range of application domains. It is valuable but risky to
make specific planning independent of project context. It is valuable because most people
in management positions are looking for a starting point, a thing they can flesh out with
project-specific details. They know that initial planning guidelines capture the expertise
and experience of many other people. Such guidelines are considered as the credible
bases of estimates and instill some confidence in the administrator. Project-independent
planning advice is also risky. There is the risk that the guidelines may be adopted blindly
without being adapted to specific project circumstances.

Introduction
It comprises of knowing the objectives which we have to meet while making a project.
Considering the objectives is the main thing during planning of a project. In this we
elaborate that what is our project’s work that is what will be the output provided by us the
vender, and regarding this concern we plan the input of the project. Like in our project we
simply made clear in our mind that it will work something like Forum, and thereafter we
decided the input or requirements of the project.

There are the following steps which we have to follow during planning:

Major Estimate Planning:

The major estimates which we need to consider during planning are effort, cost, and
schedule. The effort is the basic estimate we need to consider, like how much we have to
work on this project. Basically we specify it with the formula that is:
Effort = (Personnel)(Environment)(Quality)(Size^ Process)
The size is typically quantified in terms of source instructions.
The process used to produce the end product.
The capabilities of s/w engg. Personnel and particularly their experience with the
computer science issues.
The environment, which is made up of the tools and techniques.
The required quality of the product including its features and performance.

In cost estimation we generally plan about

Cost estimation model to use.
Whether to measure software size in source lines of code or function points.
What constitutes a good estimate?

In schedule we have to consider the time limitations regarding our project .It generally
depends on the customer that after what amount of time he needs his product ready. So
we have to plan our schedule according to that to meet the target or deadline.

Risk Management:

Generally in this we have to do the risk analysis, like what kind of risk our project can
face in future. It generally consists of the things like, will our project be completed with
in the estimated cost, on time and will it be able to work in the customer’s environment
properly. The actual risk exposure is predicted in the starting.

Miscellaneous Plans:

They generally include:

Work Breakdown structures.
Focus on the activities of the project

Reliability study.
Focus on the activities of the project

Team Structure

In our team we were 5 people, and we had a project on online laptops and mobiles
shopping which is assigned to Mandeep Kaur and Romika. All the modules were divided
in all the team members.

Development Schedule

First of all we learned about:

 Introduction of HTML.
 DHTML
 CSS
 JAVASCRIPT
 PHP
 ADVANCE PHP
 JOOMLA
 AJAX
 WORDPRESS
After learning these languages and tools we decided to start with the project. All were
assigned with the development of User End and Administrator End.

About Client Module

Client:- Client can Perform the two task on this site

He can see all the products available on this site with their features and prices. He can
register for purchasing the product.
He can give feedback using his account.
Click change password and profile information.

About Administrator Module

Admin:- Administrator can Perform the two task on this site

He can manage all the products.
He can respond to user request.
He can put the new products, update the existing and can also delete them in the site.

Programming Languages and Development Tools.

Before commencing the project, we have to be very clear about what are the technologies
that are to be required for the development of the new system. HTML, CSS, PHP,
MySQL, JavaScript are the main technologies that will be used in the completion of this
project. PHP is a server side scripting language. JavaScript is client side language. HTML
and CSS are languages used to design the project or user interface. MySQL have been
used for collection of the records that is database.

Introduction to PHP
PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source
general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can
be embedded into HTML.
Instead of lots of commands to output HTML (as seen in C or Perl), PHP pages contain
HTML with embedded code that does "something" . The PHP code is enclosed in special
start and end processing instructions <?php and ?> that allows to jump into and out of
"PHP mode."
What distinguishes PHP from something like client-side JavaScript is that the code is
executed on the server, generating HTML which is then sent to the client. The client
would receive the results of running that script, but would not know what the underlying
code was. one can even configure his web server to process all his HTML files with PHP,
and then there's really no way that users can tell what you have up your sleeve.

For example, if you are creating an online catalog, you will most likely have a design
template for all related catalog pages. Traditionally, this design is generated by hand in
HTML and different data is presented within the template design. With PHP, one
application can be used to generate all the pages required to display items from a
database in the proper pages, in the right locations, and with the appropriate related
content. This eliminates redundant page generation, simplifying maintenance. PHP also
reduces the site down to a handful of template pages, with scripts that generate the rest of
the site.

The best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a newcomer, but offers
many advanced features for a professional programmer.

Introduction to Javascript
JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet, and works in all major
browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari. JavaScript is
most commonly used as a client side scripting language. This means that JavaScript code
is written into an HTML page. When a user requests an HTML page with JavaScript in it,
the script is sent to the browser and it's up to the browser to do something with it.In this
project we use javascript to Validate inputs to fields before submitting a form. An
example would be validating the entered email address to see if it has an @ in it, since if
not, it's not a valid address.

The fact that the script is in the HTML page means that your scripts can be seen and
copied by whoever views your page. Nonetheless, to my mind this openness is a great
advantage, because the flip side is that you can view, study and use any JavaScript you
encounter on the WWW.
JavaScript can be used in other contexts than a Web browser. Netscape created server-
side JavaScript as a CGI-language that can do roughly the same as Perl or ASP. There is
no reason why JavaScript couldn’t be used to write real, complex programs. However,
this site exclusively deals with the use of JavaScript in web browsers.

About HTML/CSS

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML documents describe web pages
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML
documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags,
but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. CSS stands for Cascading Style
Sheets. Thease are used along with HTML to make layout of the web pages attractive.

About Mysql

Mysql is a RDBMS software. This is the database most often used with PHP. Some of the
features of MySQL Include: Handles large databases, in the area of 50,000,000+ records.
No memory leaks. Tested with a commercial memory leakage detector (purify). A
privilege and password system which is very flexible and secure, and which allows host-
based verification. Passwords are secure since all password traffic when connecting to a
server is encrypted.
The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a very popular database language, and its
standardization makes it quite easy to store, update and access data. One of the most
powerful SQL servers out there is called MySQL and surprisingly enough, its free.

System Requirement Specification

External Interface
This is used to estimate the effort required to identify and document the interfaces to
other systems and external entities within the project scope. The effort to identify and
document the external interface requirements includes defining business elements for
each external interface. Describe the organizational boundaries between the project and
external entities.Identify, as applicable:
 the parent organization, the Website
 the customer,
 subcontracted organizations, and
 Other organizational entities that interact with the project.

Data Dictionary
HTML
(Hyper Text Mark-up Language) While it is not an official computer language such as
C++ or pascal, HTML is the way in which computers communicate across the world
wide web. It consists of many tags that allow writers to mark-up text documents so that
they can be viewed by others using web browsers.

Web Browsers
Web browsers are the applications that allow one to view HTML documents from either
your own computer or from any other computer connected to the internet.

Tags
Tags are the commands that give HTML documents their functionality. They consist of
commands placed within < and >. Some tags work by placing a start and stop tag at each
end of the desired text, such as below <big>.This makes the text bigger <big>.The stop
tags are often the same as the start with the addition of "/" at the beginning of the stop
tag. Using both of these tags places the desired text in a container. But not all tags need to
use a container, and thus don't need a stop tag. In the glossary below you will find a "</>"
next to the tags that require a stop tag.

Containers
Containers refer to the area enclosed by <start> and </stop> tags where the commands
take effect. Some tags, such as <HTML> enclose the entire document, others enclose
lists, and others can enclose a single world. One of the more common problems in writing
HTML is when one forgets to add a stop tag and clse of the container, thus leaving the
tag to effect the rest of the document. So try and keep track of each container that you
create.

Pixels
Pixels are a method of measurement used in the computer world. Your computer screen's
resolution is measured in pixels, 832*624, 640*480, etc. They are the number of "dots, or
pixels, that computer displays horizontally and vertically. This allows for a standard to be
set, so that a 100*50 picture always comes up as the same relative size, but could vary in
absolute size depending on the resolution of your monitor.

Relative and Absolute Links

Relative and absolute links are styles of links that one finds connecting a web page to
other pages, files, etc. Relative links look like this /~ahetting/htmlprimer.html. They
consist of telling the link where to find what it is looking for, but leave out the server that
the page is attached to because the original page and the one being sought after are in the
same directory(folder or server). The same link in absolute linformat would look like this
http:/serendip.brynmawr.edu/~ahetting/htmlprimer.html. It includes the complete web
address of the sought after page. They accommplish the same goal, but each has it's
advantages and disadvantages. If you move a folder with web pages with relative links to
a new server, then nothing will happen and all the links will remain stable. But if you
were to only move one of those pages, then it's links would be broken because the other
pages would be in a differnt directory.

The Basic Tags

1) <html></html>---begins and ends web document,tells the browser that the document is
in HTML
2) <head></head>---header, used after html tag
3) <title></title>---located within header container
4) <body></body>---creates the body of the document body attributes---to be used
within <body> tag
5) background="sample.jpg"---background picture
6) bgcolor="color"---background color
7) text="color"---text color
8) alink="color"---active link color
9) vlink="color"---visited link
10) bgproperties---when equal to "fixed", background does not scroll
11) topmargin---sets height of top margin
12) leftmargin---sets width of left margin(not used in netscape)
13) <address></address>---place your name and date of page creation within at bottom
of page
Document Formatting Tags
1) <p>---place at the end of a paragraph, it will then skip a line for the next paragraph
2) <align=left,right,center></align>---alignment
3) <br>---line break, it will begin again on the next line .
4) <nobr></nobr>---no line breaks are allowed to occur within the container (be careful)
5) <wbr>---gives the browser suggestions for where a break should occur if needed, use
within the <nobr> tag
6) <h1></h1>---heading style, choose from sizes 1(largest)-6(smallest)
7) <hr>horizontal line horizontal line attributes--- to be used within the <hr>
8) align=left, right, center---alignment
9) width=---in percentages or pixels
10) size=---thickness, in pixels
11) noshade---keeps browser from using 3D effects on line
12) color="color"---line color
13) <pre></pre>---for preformatted text, comes up as monospaced
14) &lt and &gt---represent < and > without the functionality, so you can display them
without being interpreted as commands

Text Formatting Tags

1) <i></i>---italics
2) <b></b>---bold
3) <u></u>---underline
4) <tt></tt>---teletype, monospaced text
5) <blockquote></blockquote>---formatted for quoted text
6) <strike></strike>---strikethrough style
7) <big></big>---bigger text
8) <small></small>---smaller text
9 ) ---subscript
10) ---superscript
11) <font face="font name"></font>---to select specific font
12) <font size=1></font>---font size, sizes 1-7
13) <font color="color"></font>---font color
14) <base font>---the font for the document, can use face,size and color with it.

Graphics Formatting Tags

1) <img src="filename">---Places an image within your document, review relative vs.

absolute links. image attributes
2) align=top,middle,bottom---align text with picture's top, middle, or bottom
3) align=left,right---place picture on left or right and wrap text around it
4) width,height=---in pixels or percentage, dimensions of picture can be altered (be
careful with the ratio if using pixels)
5) alt=---description of the picture so that text-only browsers know what it is
6) border=---in pixels, border around the picture
7) vspace,hspace=---in pixels, empty space around picture

Linking Tags

1) <a href="http://serendip.brynmawr.com/text.html">text link</a>---text link, absolute

link
2) <a href="text.html">text link</a>---text link, relative link
3) <base href="http://serendip.brynmawr.com">---gives web site for all relative links
4) <a href="http://serendip.brynmawr.com"><img src="sample.jpg"></a>---graphic link
5) <a name=middle>middle section of web page</a>---internal anchor
6) <a href="#middle">jump tp the middle</a>---link to the internal anchor
7) <a href="mailto:me@serendip.brynmawr.edu"></a>---link to email
8) <a href="news:news.newuser.questions"></a>---link to usenet group
9) <a href="ftp://ftp.mysite.com/pub/FAQ"></a>---link to ftp
10) <a href="gopher://gopher.mysite.com"></a>---link to gopher site

Creating Lists
1) <ol></ol>---ordered lists Ordered List Attributes
2) compact---makes list more compact
3) type=A---uses uppercase letters
4) type=a---uses lowercase letters
5) type=I---uppercase roman numerals
6) type=i---lowercase roman numerals
7) type=1---uses numbers
8) start=n---uses n as begining of that set
9) <li></li>---list item
10 <lh></lh>---list header
11) <ul></ul>---unordered list Unordered List Attributes
12) type=square---closed square bullet
13) type=circle---open circle bullet
14) t ype=disc---closed circle bullet
---to replace the bullets with an image us <img src...> instead of <li>
15) <menu>---basically works the same as unordered list
16) <dl>---definition list; can use term :compact for effect (but not all browsers support
this)
17) <dt>---definition term
18) <dd>---definition itself

Tables

1) <table></table>---table tag Table attributes---all of which can refer to the whole table
or single cell (by using <th>, <td>, <tr>)
2) border=---in pixels
3) align=left, right, center---alignment of data within the cells.
4) valign=top, middle, bottom---vertical alignment of data within the cells
5) width/height=---in pixels, of table or individual cells
6) cellpadding/cellspacing=---in pixels, adds space within cell/border
7) bordercolor/bgcolor="color"---will change table, row, or cell border/background color,
use with td, th, and tr tags
8) rowspan/colspan---allows one cell to occupy more than one "cellblock"
<th></th>---table header within the cells-can use valign=top/middle/bottom and 9)
<td></td>---table data within the cells-can use valign=top/middle/bottom and
align=left/right/center
10) <tr></tr>---table row
11) <caption></caption>---places a caption, either above or below <table
align=top/bottom>

Hexadecimal Color System

 Black #000000 Maroon #800000 Green #008000 Olive #808000
Navy #000080 Purple #800080 Teal #008080 Gray #808080
Silver #C0C0C0 Red #FF0000 Lime #00FF00 Yellow #FFFF00
Blue #0000FF Fuchsia #FF00FF Aqua #00FFFF White #FFFFFF

Frames

1) <frameset></frameset>---to designate use of frames, but will be ignored if <body> tag

is present Frameset Attributes---found within the <frameset> tag
2) rows/cols=---in pixels/percentages/proportions, pixels set an absolute distance while
the other two give relative distances
3) border=---in pixels, assigns a width to all frames
4) frameborder=yes,no---default is yes for a 3-D look, no turns off the effect
5) bordercolor="color"---defines color for all frame borders
6) <frame>---defines each individual frame, and there must be one per created frame
Frame Attributes---found within the <frame> tag
7) src=---must use URL of either a HTML document or picture, text alone can not be
used
8) name=---assigned to each frame so that they can be linked to from other frames
9) target=---it designates which frame a new link will be opened up within when used in
the <a href> tag
="_blank"---will launch a new browser window with the link's contents
="_self"---will replace the frame with the link's contents
="_parent"---the frameset will be replaced by link's contents
="_top"---replaces current browser window with link's contents
10) scrolling=yes,no,auto---auto is the default, but the scrollbars can be turned on or off
when possible
11) marginwidth/height=---in pixels, area within border where source content will not be
shown
12) noresize---prevents users from resizing individual and adjacent frames, in order to
preserve layout
13) bordercolor="color"---defines color for individual frame border
14) <noframes></noframes>---use this tag to provide alternate content for those with
non-frames compatible browsers

Terms used in JavaScript/PHP/CSS

 PHP
PHP is a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages.PHP is the
widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP.

 A

 Actual Argument
A value that is passed to a function during a function call. When an object is passed, it is
passed as an object reference. See also formal argument.

 Anonymous Function
A function without a function name.

 Array
A sequence of values. An array is an Array object. Sometimes, the term "array" is used to
refer to an object that has array-like qualities, namely it has numerical property names
and a length property.

 Argument
An input to a function. Primitive arguments are passed "by value" - they are sent as
copies to the function. Object arguments are passed "by reference" - an object reference
to the object is sent to the function.

 Absolute
Absolute positioning allows us to position an object using CSS to any position on
the page right down to the pixel
Absolute postioning can be used for elements that would appear out of place if
allowed to flow with the surrounding elements.
There are two types of positioning: absolute and relative. The CSS code is as
follows:

tag {position: absolute; top>: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px;

right: 0px; }

You just add in which method of positioning you're using at the start, and then push the
image out from the sides it's going to be closest to.

If we required an image to appear 66 pixels from the top of the page and 86 pixels in
from the right, the CSS code we would use is a follows:

img {position: absolute; top: 46px; right: 80px; }

  Active

Active is part of the dynamic-pseudo class and is most commonly used in button
elements. The active pseudo-class applies while an element is being activated by
the user. For example, between the time the user presses the mouse button and
releases it.

A.menu:active
{
colour:#FFFFFF;
background:#003366;
text-decoration:none;
}

 Attribute

A value associated with an element, consisting of a name, and an associated textual

value.

 B

 Boolean
A primitive with two possible values: true and false. The Boolean object is a wrapper
around a boolean primitive.

 Background

The Background properties allow you to control the background color of an element, set
an image as the background, repeat a background image vertically or horizontally, and
position an image on a page.

 C
 Closure
The binding which defines the scope of execution. In JavaScript, functions create a
closure context.

 Code
The source code that is written by the programmer.

 Convert
When used in the context of primitive to object or object to primitive conversions, a
typecast.

 Compile
A synonym for parse, when JavaScript is to be interpreted by an engine.

 Compile Time
The time from when the program is first loaded and until the program is parsed.

 Color

Color is defined as is either a keyword or a numerical RGB specification. There

are 16 defined color name keywords: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime,
maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. For numerical
RGB specifications hexadecimal values are used and always precede the # symbol
- #RRGGBB. A shorthand value of the RGB specification is also used - #RGB.

 D

 Document Object Model (DOM)

An API for XML and HTML documents. The DOM is not part of JavaScript. JavaScript
scripts within browsers have a binding to the DOM, whereby JavaScript can call DOM
methods and otherwise interact with the DOM, and window is the global object.

 Declaration

A declaration is the most basic of CSS syntaxes. It binds a value to a CSS property. CSS
declaration is style attached to a specific selector. It consists of two parts; property which
is equivalent of HTML attribute, e.g. font-size: and value which is equivalent of HTML
value, e.g. 10pt. Properties are always ended with a colon.

A declaration block contains a series of declarations. It begins with a left curly brace - (
and ends with the matching right curly brace - ). In between lie semicolon-separated (";")
style declarations.

 Definition

The dl element is used to create an ordered list. Definition Lists consists of

term/definition pairs. Terms are defined with the dt element, and definitions are defined
with the dd element.

 E

 Engine
The JavaScript engine is an interpreter that parses and executes a JavaScript program.

 Error
An exception, Syntax errors are explicitly specified as "syntax errors".

 Exception
A condition that interrupts normal code execution.

 Execute
To carry out a programming instruction. Happens during runtime expression.
  Em

Em is a proportional unit of length in CSS to scale properties in relation to an elements

font size. If a font size is 12px then 1em is 12px for that element alone. 2 em for that
element would be 24px.

 F
 Falsy
A value that will translate to false when evaluated in a Boolean context (such as when
given as the argument of an "if" statement).

 Formal Argument
A placeholder within a function that is assigned an actual argument during a function
call. A formal argument acts as a variable local to the function.

 Function
A body of code that can be called by other code or by itself, or a variable that refers to the
function. When a function is called, arguments are passed to the function as input, and the
function can optionally return an output. A function is also an object. See Functions.

 Function call
An execution of a function's code. A function is passed.

 Float

Float is aproperty which can have the values left, right and none. With the value 'none',
the element will be displayed where it appears in the text. With a value of 'left' ('right')
the element will be moved to the left (right) and the text will wrap on the right (left) side
of the element. With a value of 'left' or 'right', the element is treated as block-level (i.e.
the 'display' property is ignored).

 Font

CSS allows excellent control over the way your text is displayed. Editable
attributes include color, family, size, weight and style.

 Function declaration
Function expression
Function Name
An identifier that is declared as part of a function declaration or function expression. The
scope this identifier is in depends on whether it is a declaration or expression.

G
 Global Object
An object that always exists in the global scope. In most interpreters, this is the window
host object.

 Global Scope
The scope which is visible in all other scopes.

 Global Variable
A variable in global scope. Such a variable is a property of the global object.

 I
 Identifier
A sequence of characters in the code that identifies a variable, function, or property.
Identifiers must start with a letter, "$", or "_", and can contain alphanumerical characters,
"$", and "_". An identifier differs from a string in that a string is data, while an identifier
is part of the code. In JavaScript, there is no way to convert identifiers to strings, but it is
possible to parse strings into identifiers in certain cases.

 Immutable
Incapable of being changed.

 Infinity
A number value representing infinity. See Infinity.

 Inner function
A function within another function, which in turn is denoted as an outer function.

 Instance
An object created by a constructor is an instance of that constructor.
Instance property, Instance method
A property or method of all instances of a constructor, defined on that constructor's
prototype. See also static property, static method.

 Internal
An object or data that cannot be directly accessed and operated on by the program, yet is
necessary for the program's execution.

L
 Local, local scope
A variable or formal argument is local to a scope.

 Local variable
A variable that is in local scope.

 List

Lists are a good way of getting information across quickly to the user in a structured
manner. There are three different lists we can produce - unordered, ordered and
definitions lists. The appearance of list elements should be defined with CSS.

 M
 Method
A function that is a property of an object. Since functions themselves are objects, a
method is actually an object reference to a function.

 Mutable
Capable of being changed.

 Margin
Margin properties specifiy the space around an element. CSS Margins are nearly identicle
to the CSS Padding attribute except for one important difference: a margin defines the
white space around an HTML element's border, while padding refers to the white space
within the border.

 N
 NaN
A number value representing Not-a-Number.

 Null
A value which carries no value. Like undefined, but defined (not automatically
assigned). It is falsy.
 Number
A primitive with the value of a real number. Specifically, it has a double precision
floating point value. The Number object is a wrapper around a number primitive.

 O
 Object
In the context of a constructor, an instance of that constructor. Otherwise, an unordered
collection of properties. To be more specific, an object is an associative array, where the
keys are property names, and the values are property values. All objects are derived from
Object, including arrays, and Object itself is also an object.

 Object-oriented programming (OOP)

A paradigm in which data is encapsulated within objects and the object itself is operated
on, rather than its constituent parts. JavaScript is heavily object-oriented. It follows a
prototype-based model.

 Object reference
A link to an object. Object references can be used as if they were the objects they link to.
The concept of object references arises when assigning the same object to more than one
property. Each assigned property does not hold a copy of the object. Instead, they hold
object references that link to the same object. In practice, this means that if the object is
modified, all properties referring to the object reflect the modification.
  Ordered lists - The ol element is used to create an ordered list (numbered). Items
in the list are defined with the li element. An ordered list creates the same list as
the previous example, but numbered rather than using bullet points.

 Operator
Reserved syntax, usually comprised of punctuation or sets of punctuation but also
alphanumeric characters, that carries out built-in functionality. For example the addition
operator is indicated with + (the plug sign), and the "not" operator is indicated with ! (an
exclamation point).

 Outer function
A function containing a function, which in turn is denoted as an inner function.

 P
 Parent object
The object a property is the property of.

 Parse, Parser
To analyze and convert the program into an internal format which the JavaScript engine
can work upon efficiently. In JavaScript, this is done during compile-time. and in certain
cases where the parser is invoked, such as during a call to the eval method.

 Pass
Inputting to a function during a function call, e.g. an argument is passed to a function.

 Primitive, primitive value

A data that is not an object and does not have any methods. JavaScript has 5 primitive
data types: string, number, Boolean, null, undefined. With the exception of null and
undefined, all primitives values have object equivalents which wrap around the primitive
values, e.g. a String object wraps around a string primitive. All primitives are immutable.

 Program
The whole code to be interpreted and executed.

 Property
Part of an object. A property has a name and a value. The name is a string. The value can
a primitive, method, or object reference. It is often stated that a property holds an object -
this is shorthand for saying the property holds a reference to the object, as properties
cannot directly hold the objects themselves. In the case of the property holding an object,
there is a distinction between the property's value and the object due to the nature of
object references - the property's value can be changed when it's set to another value, but
this does not modify the previously referred object in any way.

 Padding

CSS padding is the space between an element's border and the content within it. With
CSS Padding you will be able to change the default padding that appears inside various
HTML elements ( paragraphs, tables, etc ).

 Position

CSS positioning enables you to plot and manipulate the exact position of your HTML
elements. Position can be defined as absolute or relative.

 R
 Recursion
An act of a function calling itself.
regular expression, regexp

 Reference
In the context of objects, an object reference. Otherwise, the JavaScript reference itself.

 Runtime
Everything after compile-time.

 Relative

Relative positioning changes the position of the HTML element relative to where it
normally appears. If we had a header that appears at the top of our page, we could use
relative positioning to move it a slightly to the right and down a couple of pixels.There
are four possible directions for defining relative positioning - left, right, up and down.

 S
  Scope
The current context of execution (see: execute). The context in which values and
expressions are "visible," or can be referenced. If a variable or other expression is not "in
the current scope", then it will not be available for use. Scope can also be layered in a
hierarchy, so that child scopes have access to parent scopes, but not vice versa. A
function serves as a closure in JavaScript, and thus creates a scope, so that (for example)
a variable defined exclusively within them cannot be accessed from outside that function,
nor within other functions.
Saying something is "at the top of the scope" is to say it is executed first. Saying that
Thing A is "below" Thing B in the scope means that Thing A will execute after Thing B.

 Script
A synonym for program, typically used when JavaScript is embedded within a document.

 Static property, static method

A property or method of a constructor, as opposed to an instance property or instance
method.

 String
A primitive with an immutable sequence of characters as its value. The String object is a
wrapper around a string primitive.

 Syntax
The written text used to write code, including characters, punctuation, and reserved
words. If a framework has "a clean syntax," for example, this usually implies that few
characters are needed to write functionality with it, or that the end-result is clear to read
and attractive. If a codebase uses "a lot of syntax," then this means that it contains a large
number of characters to achieve its functionality.

 Syntax error
An exception caused by the an incorrect use of a pre-defined syntax. For example, when
a } is accidentally left off when defining a function.

 T
  Truthy
A value that will translate to true when evaluated in a boolean context (such as when
given as the argument of an "if" statement).

 Type
A primitive value automatically assigned to just-declared variables and formal arguments
for which there are no actual arguments.

U
 Unordered lists - The ul element is used to create an unordered list (a list
of items that have no specified order, unlike a numbered list for example).
Items in the list are defined with the li element.

 V
 Value
In the context of data or an object wrapper around that data, the primitive value that the
object wrapper contains. In the context of a variable or property, something that can be
either a primitive or an object reference.

 Variable
A placeholder where a value can be stored. In JavaScript, variables are actually
properties. Variables are typically accessed through identifiers. See also global variable
and local variable.

W
 Wrapper, Wrap
An object that contains a primitive and whose sole purpose is to provide methods and
properties to operate on that primitive. The wrapper's toString method returns the
primitive.
Functional and performance specifications.
A functional specification in systems engineering and software development is the
documentation that describes the requested behavior of an engineering system. The
documentation typically describes what is needed by the system user as well as requested
properties of inputs and outputs.

A functional specification does not define the inner workings of the proposed system; it
does not include the specification how the system function will be implemented. Instead,
it focuses on what various outside agents (people using the program, computer
peripherals, or other computers, for example) might "observe" when interacting with the
system. A typical functional specification might state the following:

When the user clicks the OK button, the dialog is closed and the focus is returned to the
main window in the state it was in before this dialog was displayed.

Such a requirement describes an interaction between an external agent (the user) and the
software system. When the user provides input to the system by clicking the OK button,
the program responds (or should respond) by closing the dialog window containing the
OK button.

It can be informal, in which case it can be considered as a blueprint or user manual from
a developer point of view, or formal, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in
mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, most successful specifications are
written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed,
although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application
development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain
stable.

Purpose

There are many purposes for functional specifications. One of the primary purposes on
team projects is to achieve some form of team consensus on what the program is to
achieve before making the more time-consuming effort of writing source code and test
cases, followed by a period of debugging. Typically, such consensus is reached after one
or more reviews by the stakeholders on the project at hand after having negotiated a cost-
effective way to achieve the requirements the software needs to fulfill.
Process

In the ordered industrial software engineering life-cycle (waterfall model), functional

specification describes what has to be implemented. The next, Systems architecture
document describes how the functions will be realized using a chosen software
environment. In not industrial, prototypical systems development, functional
specifications are typically written after or as part of requirements analysis.

When the team agrees that functional specification consensus is reached, the functional
spec is typically declared "complete" or "signed off". After this, typically the software
development and testing team write source code and test cases using the functional
specification as the reference. While testing is performed the behavior of the program is
compared against the expected behavior as defined in the functional specification.

Stages of Design
The goal of the design process is to produce a model or representation of a system, which
can be used later to build that system. The produced model is called the design of the
system. The design of the system is essentially a blueprint or a plan for a solution for the
system.

The two stages of design are:

High level design

Low level design

High Level Design: In high level design general approach is decided.

Low Level Design : In low level design these principles are decided.

Input/output
Database
procedures
Data Flow Diagram

In the late 1970s data-flow diagrams (DFDs) were introduced and popularized for structured
analysis and design (Gane and Samson 1979). DFDs show the flow of data from external entities
into the system, showed how the data moved from one process to another, as well as its logical
storage.

There are only four symbols:

1. Squares representing external entities, which are sources or destinations of data.

2. Rounded rectangles representing processes, which take data as input, do something to it,
and output it.
3. Arrows representing the data flows, which can either, be electronic data or physical
items.
4. Open-ended rectangles representing data stores, including electronic stores such as
databases or XML files and physical stores such as or filing cabinets or stacks of paper.

There are several common modeling rules that we should follow when creating DFDs:

1. All processes must have at least one data flow in and one data flow out.
2. All processes should modify the incoming data, producing new forms of outgoing data.
3. Each data store must be involved with at least one data flow.
4. Each external entity must be involved with at least one data flow.
5. A data flow must be attached to at least one process.
Some of the Symbols used in DFD

 Process
A process transforms data values. The lowest level processes are pure functions
without side effects. An entire data flow graphics high level process
.Graphical representation:

Graphical Representation:
 Data flows
A data flow connects the output of an object or process to input of another object or
process. It represents the intermediate data value within a computation. It is represented by an
arrow and labeled with a description of data, usually its name or type.

Graphical Representation:

 Actors
An actor is active object that drives the data flow graph by producing or consuming
values.

 Data store
A data store is a passive object with in a data flow diagram that stores data for later
access.

Graphical Representation:

 External Entity
A rectangle represents an external entity such as a librarian, a library member.
 Graphical Representation:

 Output Symbol
This box represented data production during human computer interaction

Graphical Representation:

1) Administrator End
2) User End

3) Zero Level
ER Diagram

An Entity-Relationship Model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data.

Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of
conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational database, and its
requirements in a top-down fashion.

The entity-relationship model (or ER model) is a way of graphically representing the logical
relationships of entities (or objects) in order to create a database. The ER model was first
proposed by Peter Pin-Shan Chen of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1970s.

In ER modeling, the structure for a database is portrayed as a diagram, called an entity-

relationship diagram (or ER diagram), that resembles the graphical breakdown of a sentence into
its grammatical parts. Entities are rendered as points, polygons, circles, or ovals. Relationships
are portrayed as lines connecting the points, polygons, circles, or ovals. Any ER diagram has an
equivalent relational table, and any relational table has an equivalent ER diagram. ER
diagramming is an invaluable aid to engineers in the design, optimization, and debugging of
database programs.

In a logical sense, entities are the equivalent of grammatical nouns, such as employees,
departments, products, or networks. An entity can be defined by means of its properties, called
attributes. Relationships are the equivalent of verbs or associations, such as the act of purchasing,
the act of repairing, being a member of a group, or being a supervisor of a department. A
relationship can be defined according to the number of entities associated with it, known as the
degree.

Entities and Entity Sets

 An entity is an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. For instance,
John Harris with S.I.N. 890-12-3456 is an entity, as he can be uniquely identified as one
particular person in the universe.

 An entity may be concrete (a person or a book, for example) or abstract (like a holiday or
a concept).
  An entity set is a set of entities of the same type (e.g., all persons having an account at a
bank).

 Entity sets need not be disjoint. For example, the entity set employee (all employees of a
bank) and the entity set customer (all customers of the bank) may have members in
common.

 An entity is represented by a set of attributes.

 Formally, an attribute is a function which maps an entity set into a domain.

Mapping Constraints

An E-R scheme may define certain constraints to which the contents of a database must conform.

Mapping Cardinalities: express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated
via a relationship. For binary relationship sets between entity sets A and B, the mapping
cardinality must be one of:

1. One-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B, and an entity in B is

associated with at most one entity in A.
2. One-to-many: An entity in A is associated with any number in B. An entity in B is
associated with at most one entity in A.
3. Many-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B. An entity in B is
associated with any number in A.
4. Many-to-many: Entities in A and B are associated with any number from each other.
ER- Daigram
Database

A database is an organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data
are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability
of laptops or mobiles), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for
example, finding suitable product).

The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and
not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with
DBMS is called a database system.

The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality
(measured in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn
often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS). A
general-purpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage
requirements, and the databases that it maintains are often large and complex. The
utilization of databases is now so widespread that virtually every technology and product
relies on databases and DBMSs for its development and commercialization, or even may
have such software embedded in it. Also, organizations and companies, from small to
large, depend heavily on databases for their operations.

Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite. A database is not generally portable across
different DBMS, but different DBMSs can inter-operate to some degree by using
standards like SQL and ODBC together to support a single application. A DBMS also
needs to provide effective run-time execution to properly support (e.g., in terms of
performance, availability, and security) as many end-users as needed.

A way to classify databases involves the type of their contents, for example:
bibliographic, document-text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their
application area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking,
manufacturing, or insurance.
In this project, the database name is online and it includes ten tables:

 admin

 con

 fedbak

 insrtlap

 insrtprdut

 log

 orde

 reg

 reply, and

 sndfdbk
ADMIN
This table holds the basic information about the Administrator.

It has 2 fields:
 email
It contains the email id of the administrator. This is the primary key for the
admin to operate the project.

 Pwd
Admin has to specify his unique password for his id.
CON
This contains details of the user.

This table has following fields:

 id
 first name
 last name
 email id
 address
 phone number
 subject
 message
Feedback

This table holds the feedback given by the user.

It has only 4 fields as:

 id
 user
 email
 comment
 Insrtlap
This table contains the detail of the laptops uploaded in the project. This also contains
image of the laptop.

Its fields are:

 id
 company name
 model num
 price
 features
 color
 image
 Insrtprdut
This table contains the detail of the mobiles uploaded in the project. This also contains
image of the mobile.

It has six fields:

 id
 company name
 model num
 price
 feature
 color
 image
LOG

This table contains the username and password of the user who is registered on the site.

It has following fields:

 id
 username
 password
ORDER

This table contains the details of the order for laptop or mobile placed by the user.

It contains following fields:

 id
 fname
 phone
 gender
 da
 cname
 mno
 price
 total
 item
 email
 image
REG

This table contains the details of user when he registers on the site. When the basic
details of user are entered, only then user can place his order.

It contains the following fields:

 id
 first name
 last name
 email id
 password
 confirm password
 gender
 dob
 address
 city
 state
 phone no.
 pincode
 image
REPLY

This table is required when administrator responds to the user comments. Admin replies
back to the feedback given by the user.

It contains following fields:

 id
 user
 email
 comment
 reply
SEND FEEDBACK

This table holds the feedback.

It has only 4 fields as:

 id
 user
 email
 comment
 TEST PLAN
A test plan is a document detailing a systematic approach to testing a system such as a
machine or software. The plan typically contains a detailed understanding of what the
eventual workflow will be.

A test plan documents the strategy that will be used to verify and ensure that a product or
system meets its design specifications and other requirements. A test plan is usually
prepared by or with significant input from Test Engineers.

Depending on the product and the responsibility of the organization to which the test plan
applies, a test plan may include one or more of the following:

Design Verification or Compliance test –

To be performed during the development or approval stages of the product, typically on a
small sample of units.

Manufacturing or Production test –

To be performed during preparation or assembly of the product in an ongoing manner for
purposes of performance verification and quality control.

Acceptance or Commissioning test-

To be performed at the time of delivery or installation of the product.

Service and Repair test –

To be performed as required over the service life of the product.

Regression test –
To be performed on an existing operational product, to verify that existing functionality
didn't get broken when other aspects of the environment are changed (e.g., upgrading the
platform on which an existing application runs).

A complex system may have a high level test plan to address the overall requirements
and supporting test plans to address the design details of subsystems and components.

Test plan document formats can be as varied as the products and organizations to which
they apply. There are three major elements that should be described in the test plan:
  Test Coverage

 Test Methods

 Test Responsibilities.

 These are also used in a formal test strategy.

Test coverage

Test coverage in the test plan states what requirements will be verified during what stages
of the product life. Test Coverage is derived from design specifications and other
requirements, such as safety standards or regulatory codes, where each requirement or
specification of the design ideally will have one or more corresponding means of
verification. Test coverage for different product life stages may overlap, but will not
necessarily be exactly the same for all stages. For example, some requirements may be
verified during Design Verification test, but not repeated during Acceptance test. Test
coverage also feeds back into the design process, since the product may have to be
designed to allow test access.

Test methods

Test methods in the test plan state how test coverage will be implemented. Test methods
may be determined by standards, regulatory agencies, or contractual agreement, or may
have to be created new. Test methods also specify test equipment to be used in the
performance of the tests and establish pass/fail criteria. Test methods used to verify
hardware design requirements can range from very simple steps, such as visual
inspection, to elaborate test procedures that are documented separately.

Test responsibilities

Test responsibilities include what organizations will perform the test methods and at each
stage of the product life. This allows test organizations to plan, acquire or develop test
equipment and other resources necessary to implement the test methods for which they
are responsible. Test responsibilities also includes, what data will be collected, and how
that data will be stored and reported (often referred to as "deliverables"). One outcome of
a successful test plan should be a record or report of the verification of all design
specifications and requirements as agreed upon by all parties.
 Objectives of Testing
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intention of finding errors. To
perform testing, test cases are designed. A test case is in particular made up of artificial
situation upon which a program is exposed so as to find errors. So a good test case is one
that finds undiscovered errors.

Unit Testing
Unit testing is conducted first. Different modules of the software are tested against the
specifications produced during design of the modules. Verification of the code produced
during the coding phase is done. Each module is tested separately.

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design module.
This uncovers errors within the boundary of a module. Unit testing is actually White box
testing in which both the external things as well as the internal codes are tested.

Unit testing comprises the set of tests performed by an individual programmer prior to
integration of the unit into a larger system.

There are four categories of test that can be performed on a program unit.

These are:
 Functional Unit
 Performance Unit
 Stress Unit
 Structure Unit

The starting point of testing is unit testing. In this, a module is tested separately. The
purpose is to exercise the different parts of the module code to detect coding errors.
 System Testing

In system testing the entire software system is tested. The reference document used for
this process is requirement document and the goal is to see if the software meets its
requirements.

System testing includes the thorough testing of the product. It involves unit testing,
integration testing & acceptance testing. Careful planning and scheduling are required to
ensure that modules will be available for integration into the evolving software product
when needed.

A test plan has the following steps:

 Prepare test plan

 Specify conditions for user acceptance testing

 Prepare test data for program testing
 Prepare test data for transaction path testing
 Plan user testing
 Compile/Assemble program
 Prepare job performance aids
 Prepare operational documents

In system testing the entire software is tested .The reference document for this process is
the requirements document, and the goal is to see if the software meets its requirements.
This is essentially a validation exercise, and in many situations it is the only validation
activity. Generally in this process we present our product to the higher authorities in the
organization for their satisfaction. They focus on the external behavior; the internal logic
of the program is not emphasized. As in case of our project we get it checked by our
concerned teachers of project and after their satisfaction the whole remaining process was
done.
 Functional Testing
Functional testing is a type of black box testing that bases its test cases on the
specifications of the software component under test. Functions are tested by feeding them
input and examining the output, and internal program structure is rarely considered (not
like in white-box testing)

Functional testing differs from system testing in that functional testing "verif[ies] a
program by checking it against ... design document(s) or specification(s)", while system
testing "validate a program by checking it against the published user or system
requirements" (Kaner, Falk, Nguyen 1999, p. 52).

Functional testing typically involves five steps

 The identification of functions that the software is expected to perform.

 The creation of input data based on the function's specifications.
 The determination of output based on the function's specifications.
 The execution of the test case.
 The comparison of actual and expected outputs.

Stress Testing
Stress testing is a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system
or entity. It involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking
point, in order to observe the results.

In software testing, a system stress test refers to tests that put a greater emphasis on
robustness, availability, and error handling under a heavy load, rather than on what would
be considered correct behavior under normal circumstances. In particular, the goals of
such tests may be to ensure the software does not crash in conditions of insufficient
computational resources (such as memory or disk space), unusually high concurrency, or
denial of service attacks.

Stress testing may be contrasted with load testing:

Load testing examines the entire environment and database, while measuring the
response time, whereas stress testing focuses on identified transactions, pushing to a level
so as to break transactions or systems.
During stress testing, if transactions are selectively stressed, the database may not
experience much load, but the transactions are heavily stressed. On the other hand, during
load testing the database experiences a heavy load, while some transactions may not be
stressed.
System stress testing, also known as stress testing, is loading the concurrent users over
and beyond the level that the system can handle, so it breaks at the weakest link within
the entire system.

Implementation and Conversion Plan

Implementation is the stage of the project where the theoretical design is turned into a working
system. It can be considered to be the most crucial stage in achieving a successful new system
gaining the users confidence that the new system will work and will be effective and accurate. It
is primarily concerned with user training and documentation. Conversion usually takes place
about the same time the user is being trained or later. Implementation simply means convening a
new system design into operation, which is the process of converting a new revised system
design into an operational one.

Implementation is the stage of the project where the theoretical design is tuned into a working
system. At this stage the main work load, the greatest upheaval and the major impact on the
existing system shifts to the user department. If the implementation is not carefully planned and
controlled it can create chaos and confusion.

Implementation includes all those activities that take place to convert from the existing system to
the new system. The new system may be a totally new, replacing an existing manual or
automated system or it may be a modification to an existing system. Proper implementation is
essential to provide a reliable system to meet organization requirements. The process of putting
the developed system in actual use is called system implementation. This includes all those
activities that take place to convert from the old system to the new system. The system can be
implemented only after through testing is done and if it is found to be working according to the
specifications. The system personnel check the feasibility of the system.

The more complex the system being implemented, the more involved will be the system analysis
and design effort required to implement the three main aspects: education and training, system
testing and changeover.
The implementation state involves the following tasks:

 Careful planning.
 Investigation of system and constraints.
 Design of methods to achieve the changeover.
 Training of the staff in the changeover phase.

Implementation Procedures

Implementation of software refers to the final installation of the package in its real
environment, to the satisfaction of the intended uses and the operation of the system. In
many organizations someone who will not be operating it, will commission the software
development project. In the initial stage people doubt about the software but we have to
ensure that the resistance does not build up, as one has to make sure that

 The active user must be aware of the benefits of using the new system.
 Their confidence in the software is built up.
 Proper guidance is imparted to the user so that he is comfortable in using
the application.

Before going ahead and viewing the system, the user must know that for viewing the
result, the server program should be running in the server. If the server object is not up
running on the server, the actual process won’t take place.
Our project that is Real Estate Property system in a live project which is successfully
working today. Right now it is working on the server domain of the company
EXCELLENCE TECHNOLOGY from where we were being trained for the last six
months but we have planned to upload it on the client domain as soon as he get his
domain.
 Maintenance
Maintenance involves understanding the existing software (code and related documents),
understanding the effects of change to both the code and the documents testing the new
parts (changes), and retesting the old parts that were not changed.
Because often during development the needs of the maintainers are not kept in mind, few
support documents are produced during development to help maintainers. Maintenance is
the type of change or software rework that typically is done after the software
development is completed and the software has been deployed.

Maintenance is basically of two types

Corrective Maintenance

It is commonly believed that the state of the art today is such that almost all software
that is developed has residual errors, or bugs, in them. Many of these surfaces only after
the system have been developed and have been in operation, sometimes for a long time.
These errors, once discovered, need to be removed, leading to the software getting
changed. This is sometimes called corrective Maintenance.

Adaptive Maintenance

It has been argued that once a software system is deployed, the environment in which it
operates changes. Hence, the needs that initiated the software development also changes
to reflect the needs of the new environment. The changed software then changes the
environment, which in turn requires future change. This phenomenon is sometimes,
called the law of software evolution. Maintenance due to this phenomenon is called
adaptive Maintenance.
Current status of Project
The project right now has successfully met the requirements of the client. We have been
appreciated by the client for his work. The project is Live but now it is uploaded on the
company server that is EXCELLENCE TECHNOLOGY server but soon it will be shifted
to the clients as soon as he buys the domain. Currently project is being used for the
selling of the product.

Remaining Areas of Concern

Although the project is working and has successfully met the clients requirements
Still there are few things or few areas which needed to be concerned like

Uploading of project on Client Domain

The project is live but it is uploaded on the company (from where we were being trained
for the last six months) EXCELLENCE TECHNOLOGY domain. The project has to be
uploaded on the client domain.

Interaction with the Client

The Client must know how to use this system as he is not a technically trained person, so
we need to interact with the client so as to train him.

Technical and Managerial Lessons Learnt

1. Make time for uninterrupted talk with each person in our Team every
week.

Whether we are a technical lead or a functional manager, one of our deliverables to our
management is a periodic assessment of what and how our team is doing. We also have a
deliverable to our team members, of knowing enough about what we’re doing and how
they’re doing it to give them formal and informal performance reviews. You can’t meet
those deliverables if you don’t know what everyone is doing

2. Assume the person doing the job knows how to do the job

Because many members started as technical people, they know what it takes to do the job
their team members are now doing.
3. Emphasize results, not time.

Many organizations reward people based on the amount of time they spend at a job, not
the results they achieve. However, hours on the job may not correlate with productivity.
If we really want to improve the team’s productivity and efficiency, we must emphasize
results not time.

4. Admit your mistakes.

Everyone makes mistakes. They can range from forgetting a meeting to making a crazy
customer commitment. It’s embarrassing to admit that one make mistakes. Many of us
think that we lose the respect of our group or peers when we admit mistakes. But I have
learnt that one must admit his mistakes.

5. Commit to projects only after asking your Team Members if they are
interested in it.

One must commit to the project if and only if his team mates also feel like that is the right
project they are looking for and if all can do that job in the given time.

6. Plan training time in the regular workweek.

Information Technology is a challenging and constantly changing discipline. Since it is

constantly changing, consider planning training time in the regular workweek. If one
doesn’t get trained on an ongoing basis, he will lose.

7. Must go through each step of the Software Development Life Cycle.

One must follow the software Development Life Cycle.

Future Recommendations

In future we can use Image reorganization instead of using heterogeneous database

more over High speed, accuracy and non-redundant data are the main advantages of
the proposed system. In the proposed system the user is provided with a choice of data
screen, which are similar in formats to the source documents. Data entry errors can be
minimized through validity checks. After the verification only the data are placed the
permanent database. The software can be developed further to include a lot of
modules because the proposed system is developed on the view of future, for example
we should develop the system as a database independent using JDBC so we can
connect it to any other database, Now the proposed system is based on PC and
intranet but in the future if we need to convert it into internet then we need to change
the front end only because we are developing this on the basis of OOP technology and
most of the business logic’s are bounded in the class files and module like reusable
components.
Conclusion
Completion of the development process will result in a software package that will
provide user friendly environment which is very easy to work with, even for people with
very little knowledge of computer. Management of various tasks is incorporated in the
package and will deliver the required information in a very easy to use and easy to access
manner. This package will provide accuracy, efficiency, speed and easiness to the end
user. Paper work will be subjugated and come to an appropriate level. Monotonous and
tedious part of work will become fascinating. Since the system is verified with valid as
well as invalid data and is run with an insight into the necessary modifications that may
require in the future, it can be maintained successfully without much hassle.
 SNAPSHOTS

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 REFERENCES

http://www.google.com
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