WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM: To set up a satellite communication link and study of change in uplink and downlink
frequency

BRIEF THEORY:

UPLINK TRANSMITTER: In up link station the signal has to be sent at a different frequency usually
in higher 1GHz band to avoid interference with link signal. Another function performed by uplink station
is to control highly internal function of satellite. up links are controlled so that transmitted micro wave
beam is extremely narrow in order not to interface with adjacent satellite.

TRANSPONDER: Each satellite has a number of transponder witch access to a pair of receive / transmit
antennas and associated electronics for each channel. For example in Europe the uplink sends a signal at a
frequency of about 14 GHz. These are received downlink converted in frequency of about 11/ 12 GHz and
boosted by high power amplifier for retransmission to earth. Separate transponder are used for each channel
and are powered by solar panels with backup batteries for eclipse protection.

DOWN LINK RECIEVER: The medium used to transmit signal from satellite to earth is microwave
electromagnetic radiation which is much higher in frequency normal broadcast TV signal in VHF / UHF
bands. Microwave still exhibit a wave like nature, but inherit a tendency to serve attenuation by water
vapors or any obstruction in line of sight of antenna. The transmitted micro wave power is extremely weak
by the time it reaches earth and unless well designed equipment is used and certain installation precaution
are taken, the back round noise can ruin the signal.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TRANSMITTER

TRANSPONDER RECEIVER

PROCEDURE:-
1 Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
1 Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
2 The transmitting frequency can be selected by up -down switch. The frequency can be changed
from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
3 The transmitter on -off switch will switch on -off the transmission.
4 Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC cable.
5 Set the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum.
6 Place downlink receiver at a distance of 5-7 m.
7 Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
8 The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
9 The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be use to tune any frequency
from 950- 1500 MHz.
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

10 Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.

RESULT: -The link has been established between Transmitter and Receiver through satellite.

DISCUSSION: - The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite especially when distances
between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

PRECAUTIONS: - 1. Connection should be tight.

QUIZ:
Q.1.What is passive satellite?
Ans. These satellites simply reflect signal back to earth.
Q 2. What is active satellite?
Ans. These electronically repeat the signal and send it back to earth.
Q .3. What is Non synchronous satellite?
Ans. These satellites rotate around the earth in a low altitude elliptical or circular pattern.
Q. 4. What is geosynchronous satellite?
Ans. These satellite orbits in a circular pattern with an angular velocity equal to that of earth.
Q. 5. Explain ITU?
Ans. International Telecommunication Union.
Q .6. Define Transponder.
Ans. A microwave repeater, which receives, amplies, down converts and retransmits signals at a
communication satellite.
Q .7. Define Uplink.
Ans. The earth station electronics and antenna which transmit information to a communication satellite.
Q .8 Explain IFRB.
Ans. International Frequency Registration Board.
Q. 9. What is CCIR?
Ans. International Radio Consultative Committee.
Q .10 What is CCITT?
Ans: International Telegraph and Telephone consultative Committee.
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO.7
AIM:-To establish an Audio-Video satellite link between Transmitter and Receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Uplink Transmitter, Downlink Receiver, dish antennas, Transponder,

BRIEF THEORY: - The Uplink transmitter sends signals at an uplink frequency, which is higher than
downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite
specially when distances between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

VCD
TRANSMITTER TRANSPONDER RECEIVER TV
PLAYER

PROCEDURE:-
1 Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains.
2 Switch on the transmitter by mains switch and frequency display will come on.
3 The transmitting frequency can be selected by up -down switch. The frequency can be changed
from 1200 -1250-1300 MHz.
4 The transmitter on -off switch will switch on -off the transmission.
5 Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC cable. 6 Set
the o/p gain of uplink transmitter to maximum. 7 Place downlink receiver at
a distance of 5-7 m.
8 Connect the downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch. 9 The
downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100 -1150 -1200 MHz.
10 The downlink receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any frequency
from 950- 1500 MHz.
11 Keep the tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12 The downlink receiver on -off switch will switch on -off the receiver. 13
Attach R2 antenna to the downlink receiver with BNC -BNC cables. 14 Align
both the transmitter and receiver antenna in line.
15 Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a distance of 5-7 m. 16
Connect the satellite transponder to the AC mains and switch it on by mains switch.
17 The receiver side of satellite Transponder has an on -off switch, which will switch off the
receiver of the satellite. Similarly on -off switch on transmitter side will switch off transmitter of
satellite.
18 Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to
1300MHz.
19 Keep downlink frequency of Transponder to 1100MHz. 20
Keep the downlink receiver to 1100MHz.
21 Connect the Audio/Video signal at the input socket provided on the Uplink Transmitter, Video at
video input and audio at audio 1 input.
22. Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video o/p of downlink receiver. Set TV in AV mode.
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

23. The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to uplink transmitter
input.

RESULT: -The monitor display shows that a successful audio and video link has been establish
between Transmitter and Receiver through satellite.

DISCUSSION: - The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite specially when distances
between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

PRECAUTIONS: - 1. Connection should be tight.

QUIZ:-
Q.1What is PAL?
Ans. Phase Alternate Line. The European color TV format which evolved from the American
NTSC standard.
Q.2 What is Pad?
Ans. A concrete base upon which a supporting pole and antenna can be mounted.
Q.3 What is Q Signal?
Ans. One of two color video signal components used to modulate the color sub carrier. It
represents the color range from yellow to green to magenta.
Q.4 What is Raster?
Ans. The random pattern of illumination seen on a television screen when no video signal is
present.
Q.5 What is SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) filter?
Ans. A solid state filter that yields a sharp transition between regions of transmitted and
attenuated frequencies.
Q.6 What is Reference signal?
Ans. A highly stable signal used as a standard againsted which other variable signals may be
compared and adjusted.
Q.7 What is Vertical Blanking Pulse?
Ans. A pulse used during the vertical retrace period at the end of each scanning field to
extinguish illumination from the electron beam.
Q. 8 What is the difference between TV transmission center and Satellite transmission center.
Ans. TV transmitter transmits its signals in VHF/UHF range and Satellite transmitter uses SHF
range.
Q.9 What is the function of LNB?
Ans. LNB is mounted on dish antenna so as to minimize the transmission losses, the these
signals are sent to satellite receiver.
Q.10 No. of satellite required to cover the entire earth?
Ans. 3 (120o Apart from each other)
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB )

EXPERIMENT NO: 8

AIM: To study GPS data like longitude, latitude using GPS receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED : ST 2276 Kit, Connector, Power Supply, Software.

BRIEF THEORY :
Earth Shape :A significant problem when using the GPS system is that there are very many
coordinate systems worldwide. As a result, the position measured an calculated by the GPS
system does not always coincide with one's supposed position. In order to understand how the
GPS system functions, it is necessary to take a look at the basics of the science that deals with the
surveying and mapping of the Earth surface, geodesy. Without this basic knowledge, it is difficult
to understand why with a good portable GPS receiver the right combination has to be selected
from more than 100 different map reference systems. If an incorrect choice is made, a position can
be out by several hundred meters.
Different Earth Shapes like :
1. Geoids
2. Spheroid
3. Worldwide reference ellipsoid WGS-84
Format of latitudes and longitudes :Where a numeric latitude or longitude is given, the two
digits immediately to the left of the decimal point are whole minutes, to the right are decimals of
minutes, and the remaining digits to the left of the whole minutes are whole degrees. Eg.
4533.35 is 45 degrees and 33.35 minutes. ".35" of a minute is exactly 21 seconds. Eg. 16708.033 is
167 degrees and 8.033 minutes. ".033" of a minute is about 2 seconds.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GPS Satellite
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

RECIEVER SATELLITE BLOCK DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE :
Following steps has to be perform while doing the experiments.
1. Please go through the manual before performing any practical.
2. Install the software from the CD ie. Open WinZip from the CD and run the setup file. If
you don't have WinZip then please install WinZip from the CD itself.
3. Connect mains cord to the trainer ST2276. Don't switch on the system now.
4. Connect serial cable to the port which is available on the trainer. Connect 5.
another end of the cable to PC serial port (COM1, COM2, COM3 etc.).
6. Connect the patch antenna to SMA (subminiature) connector of the ST2276 trainer. 7.
Place the antenna in the open space ie. Place the antenna outside the window. 8. Switch
on the trainer ST2276.
9. Open software from start / program file /GPS Diag. Now click on option like
COM1, if it is not possible to detect then check your PC com port. If your PC com
port is COM2 then click COM2 in the software. As soon as you click on any of these
com port according to your PC the software will start displaying some signals.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Latitude Longitude City State Country

PRECAUTION:

1. switch off the power while placing the antenna at different location.
2. Do touch the antenna while taking the reading

CONCLUSION: - The latitude, longitude of the city is calculated while placing the antenna at
different location
 WIRELESS ATELLITE COMMUNICATION LAB MANUAL (ECE‐423‐F)

QUIZ:-
Q.1 How many GPS Satellites are currently in orbit around the earth?
Ans. 24
Q.2 What year did the GPS satellite launches begin?
Ans 1978
Q.3 What branch of the US government first proposed the development of GPS
technology??
Ans. Department of Defense (Navy).
Q.4 How close to your actual position can a GPS reciever measure?
Ans. Within 1.0 m..
Q.5 How long does it take a GPS satellite to orbit the earth?
Ans. 12
Q.6 The three segments of the GPS system are?
Ans. the space segement, the user segment and the control segment.
Q. 7 3 nanoseconds is equal to:
Ans. .000000003 seconds
Q. 8 What are the clocks called that are used by GPS satellites to very accurately
keep time?
Ans. Atomic clocks
Q. 9 How many measurements (minimum) must be made to give us an accurate
estimation of our position on the earth?
Ans. 3
Q. 10 GPS Stand for?
Ans. Global Positioning System.