UNIT V NUMERICAL METHODS

Interpolation for equal and unequal integrals:

Lagrange’s methods – Newton's forward and
backward difference formulae - Divided difference method.
ODE: Taylor series – Euler– Runge-Kulta methods

Prepared by
Dr. A.R. VIJAYALAKSHMI
 Interpolation for equal intervals

Newton’s forward interpolation formula is

u(u 1) 2 u(u 1)(u  2) 3

y  y0  u  y0   y0   y0  ..................
2! 3!
x  x0
where u
h
Newton’s backward interpolation formula is
u(u 1) 2 u(u 1)(u  2) 3
y  yn  uyn   yn   yn  ..................
2! 3!
x  xn
where u
h
1.Obtain the interpolation quadratic polynomial for the given data by
using Newton forward difference formula X : 0 2 4 6
Y : -3 5 21 45
Sol. The difference table is

X y f (X) y 2 y 3 y
0 -3
8
2 5 8
16 0
4 21 8
24
6 45
Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y 0  uy 0   y0   y 0  .......... ..
2! 3!
x  x0 x0 x
where u   
h 2 2
( x / 2 )( x / 2  1 )
y   3  ( x / 2 )( 8 )  (8 )  0
2!

y  3  4 x  x ( x  2)

y  x  2x  3
2
 2. Using Newton’s Forward Interpolation formula find the polynomial f(x)
Satisfying the following data. Hence find f(2). x : 0 5 10 15
f(x) : 14 379 1444 3584

Sol. The difference table is

X y f (X)  y 2 y 3 y
0 14
365
5 379 700
1065 375
10 1444 1075
2140
15 3584
 Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u( u  1) 2 u( u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y0  u y 0   y0   y0  ....
2! 3!
x  x0 x  0 x
where u  
h 5 5
x ( x / 5)( x / 5  1) ( x / 5)( x / 5  1)( x / 5  2)
y  14  (365)  (700)  (375)
5 2! 3!
1
 14  73 x  x ( x  5)(14)  x ( x  5)( x  10).
2
1
( i . e .) f ( x )   x  13 x  56 x  28
3 2

2

1
 f ( 2)  2  13( 2)  56 ( 2)  28  100
3 2

2
3.Construct Newton’s forward interpolation polynomial for the following data
x: 4 6 8 10
y: 1 3 8 16
Use it to find the value of y for x = 5.
Sol. The difference table is

X y  f (X ) y 2
y 3 y

4 1
2
6 3 3
5 0
8 8 3
8
10 16
Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u ( u  1) 2 u ( u  1 )( u  2 ) 3
y  y0  u y0   y0   y 0  ...
2! 3!

where x  x0 x  4
u 
h 2
x 4 1  x  4  x  4 
y 1 (2)     1  (3 )  0
2 2!  2   2 

3
 1  ( x  4)  ( x  4)( x  6)
8
8  8 x  32  3( x  10 x  24)
2
1
  3 x  22 x  48
2

8 8

1
y (5)  3(5)  22(5)  48  13  1.625
2

8 8
4.Given sin45  0.7071, sin50  0.7660, sin55  0.8192,
0 0 0

sin60  0.8660 . Find sin 52 by Newton’ s formula

0 0

Sol.

To find sin 52 , we use Newton’s forward formula. Let y  sin x

0 0

The difference table is

x y= y 2 y 3 y
sinx0
45 0.7071
0.0589 -0.0057
50 0.7660 -0.0007
0.0532
55 0.8192 -0.0064
0.0468
60 0.8660
Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u ( u  1) 2 u ( u  1)( u  2 ) 3
y  y 0  u y 0   y0   y 0  ....
2! 3!
where u  x  x0  52  45  7  1.4
h 5 5

(1.4)(1.4  1)
y  0.7071  (1.4)(0.0589)  (0.0057)
2!
(1 . 4 )(1 . 4  1)(1 . 4  2 )
 (  0 . 0007 )
3!

y = 0.7880 (i.e ) sin 52  0.7880

0
 5. The following data are taken from the steam table
Temp 0 c : 140 150 160 170 180
Pressure kg f/cm2 : 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.22
Find the pressure at temperature t = 1750

Sol. To find the pressure f(t) at temperature t = 1750 , we use Newton’s Backward
formula. The difference table is

t y = f(t)
f (t )  2 f (t )  3 f (t )  4 f (t )

140 3.685
1.169
150 4.854 0.279
1.448 0.047
160 6.302 0.326 0.002
1.774 0.049
170 8.076 0.375
2.149
180 10.225
Newton Backward Interpolation formula is
u(u  1) 2 u(u  1)(u  2) 3
y  yn  uyn   yn   yn  ....
2! 3!

where u  x  xn  175  180  0.5

h 10
(  0 . 5 )(  0 . 5  1 )
y  10.225  (0.5)(2.149)  ( 0 . 375 )
2!

(0.5)(0.5  1)(0.5  2) (0.5)(0.5 1)(0.5  2)(0.5  3)

 (0.049)  (0.002)
3! 4!

y = 9.1005
 6.From the following data, estimate the number of persons earning weekly
Wages between 60 and 70 rupees.
Wage Below 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120
(in Rs.)
No. of person 250 120 100 70 50
(in thousands )

Sol. The difference table is

Wage No. of persons y 4

x y
2 y 3 y  y
Below 40 250
120
Below 60 370 -20
100 -10
Below 80 470 -30 20
70 10
Below 100 540 -20
50
Below 120 590
 Let us calculate the number of persons whose weekly wages
below 70. So we will use Newton’s forward formula.

Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u(u  1) u(u  1)(u  2)
y  y  u y 
0 0
y  2

0
 y  .... 3

0
2! 3!
x  x 0 70  40
where u   1 .5
h 20
(1.5)(1.5  1)
y  250  (1.5)(120)  ( 20)
2!
(1.5)(1.5  1)(1.5  2) (1.5)(1.5  1)(1.5  2)(1.5  3)
 (10)  (20)
3! 4!

 y  423 .59  424

 Number of person whose weekly wages below 70 = 424

Number of person whose weekly wages below 60 = 370

 Number of persons whose weekly 

  424  370  54 thousands .
wages between Rs.60 and Rs.70 
 Interpolation for unequal intervals

Lagrange’s interpolation formula

( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
y  f ( x)  y0
( x 0  x 1 )( x 0  x 2 )( x 0  x 3 ).......( x 0  x n )

( x  x 0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
 y1
( x 1  x 0 )( x 1  x 2 )( x 1  x 3 ).......( x 1  x n )

( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
 y2
( x 2  x 0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x 3 ).......( x 2  x n )

+……………………………….+

( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......(x  xn1 )
 yn
( xn  x0 )( xn  x1 )( xn  x 2 )( x n  x3 ).......(x n  xn1 )
 7.Find the quadratic polynomial that fits y(x) = x4 at x = 0,1,2
Sol. The following data is x : 0 1 2

y=x4 : 0 1 16

By Lagrange’s formula

( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1  y2
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ) ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )

( x 1)(x  2) ( x  0)(x  2) ( x  0)(x 1)

y  f ( x)  (0)  (1)  (16)
(0 1)(0  2) (1 0)(1 2) (2  0)(2 1)

y   x ( x  2)  8 x ( x  1)

y( x)  7 x  6 x
2
8.Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula calculate the profit in the year
2000 from the following data

Year : 1997 1999 2001 2002

Profit in lakhs 
 : 43 65 159 248
of Rs. 

Sol. Lagrange’s interpolation formula is

( x  x1 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 )( x0  x3 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )( x1  x3 )

( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
 y2  y3
( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x 2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 )
Here x = 2000
(2000  1999)(2000  2001)(2000  2002)
 y  f ( x)  43
(1997  1999)(1997  2001)(1997  2002)
( 2000  1997 )( 2000  2001 )( 2000  2002 )
 65
( 2000  1997 )( 2000  2001 )( 2000  2002 )
(2000  1997)(2000  1999)(2000  2002)
 159
(2001  1997)(2001  1999)(2001  2002)
( 2000  1997 )( 2000  1999 )( 2000  2001 )
 248
( 2002  1997 )( 2002  1999 )( 2002  2001 )

(1)(1)(2) (3)(1)(2)
y  f ( x)  43  65
(2)(4)(5) (2)(2)(3)
( 3 )( 1)(  2 ) ( 3 )( 1)(  1)
 159  248
( 4 )( 2 )(  1) ( 5 )( 3 )( 1 )

y = – 2.15 + 32.5 + 119.25 – 49.6 , y = 100.

 9. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula fit a polynomial to
following data x : –1 0 2 3
y : –8 3 1 12 and hence find y at x = 1.5
Sol. Lagrange’s interpolation formula is

( x  x1 )(x  x2 )(x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )(x  x2 )(x  x3 )

y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1)(x0  x2 )(x0  x3 ) ( x1  x0 )(x1  x2 )(x1  x3 )

( x  x0 )(x  x1 )(x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )(x  x1 )(x  x2 )

 y2  y3
( x2  x0 )(x2  x1 )(x2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )(x3  x1 )(x3  x2 )

( x  0)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

y  f ( x)  (8)  (3)
(1  0)(1  2)(1  3) (0  1)(0  2)(0  3)

( x  1)( x  0)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  0)( x  2)

 (1)  (12)
(2  1)(2  0)(2  3) (3  1)(3  0)(3  2)
 2 1 1
y  x( x  5x  6)  ( x 1)(x  5x  6)  x( x2  2x  3)  x( x2  x  2)
2 2

3 2 6

1
y  [(4 x  20 x  24 x )  (3 x  12 x  3 x  18)
3 2 3 2

6
 ( x  2x  3x)  (6x  6x 12x)]
3 2 3 2

1
y  (12 x  36 x  18 x  18 ) ,
3 2

y  2 x  6 x  3x  3
3 2

y(1.5) = 2(1.5)3 – 6(1.5)2 + 3(1.5) + 3 = 0.75

10.Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange’s formula and hence find
f(3) for
x: 0 1 2 5
f(x) : 2 3 12 147

Sol. Lagrange’s interpolation formula is

( x  x1 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )( x  x3 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 )( x0  x3 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )( x1  x3 )

( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
 y2  y3
( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 )

( x  1)( x  2)( x  5) ( x  0)( x  2)( x  5)

y  f ( x)  ( 2)  (3)
(0  1)(0  2)(0  5) (1  0)(1  2)(1  5)

( x  0 )( x  1)( x  5 ) ( x  0 )( x  1)( x  2 )
 (12 )  (147 )
( 2  0 )( 2  1)( 2  5 ) ( 5  0 )( 5  1)( 5  2 )
 1 3 49
y (x 1)(x2  7x  10)  x(x 2  7x 10)  2x(x 2  6x  5)  x( x 2  3x  2)
5 4 20

11.Given log 654  2 . 8156 , log

10 10
658  2 . 8182 , log10 659  2.8189

log10 661 2.8202 . Find log 10 656 by using Lagrange’s formula

The following data is x : 654 658 659 661

log10 x : 2.8156 2.8182 2.8189 2.8202

Sol. Let y  log x 10 Here x = 656

Lagrange’s interpolation formula is

( x  x1)(x  x2 )(x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )(x  x2 )(x  x3 )

y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1)(x0  x2 )(x0  x3 ) ( x1  x0 )(x1  x2 )(x1  x3 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
 y2  y3
( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )( x2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x2 )
 ( 656  658 , )( 656  659 )( 656  661 )
y  , 2, . 8156
. ( 654  658 )( 654  659 )( 654  661 )

( 656  654 )( 656  659 )( 656  661 )

 2 . 8182
( 658  654 )( 658  659 )( 658  661 )
( 656  654 )( 656  658 )( 656  661 )
 2 . 8189
( 659  654 )( 659  658 )( 659  661 )

( 656  654 )( 656  658 )( 656  659 )

 2 . 8202
( 661  654 )( 661  658 )( 661  659 )

(  2 )(  3)(  5 ) ( 2 )(  3)(  5 )
y 2 .8156  2 . 8182
(  4 )(  5 )(  7 ) ( 4 )(  1)(  3)
( 2)( 2)( 5) ( 2)( 2)( 3)
 2.8189  2.8202
(5)(1)( 2) (7 )(3)( 2)
y = 0.6033 + 7.0455 – 5.6378 + 0.8058 , y = 2.8168
(i.e.) log 10
656  2.8168
 Lagrange’s formula for inverse interpolation.

( y  y1 )( y  y 2 )( y  y 3 ).......( y  y n )
x  f ( y)  x0
( y 0  y1 )( y 0  y 2 )( y 0  y 3 ).......( y 0  y n )

( y  y )( y  y )( y  y ).......( y  y )
 0 2 3
x  ....
n
1
( y  y )( y  y )( y  y ).......( y  y )
1 0 1 2 1 3 1 n
 Newton divided difference formula
3
y  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) y0 (x  x0)(x 2
x1)(x  x2) y0
+………..
Divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments.

f ( x1 )  f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )
f ( x0 , x1 )    f ( x1 , x0 ).
x1  x0 x0  x1
1.Find the second divided differences with arguments a,b,c if f(x) = 1/x.

Sol. The divided difference table is

y = 1/x y 2 y
x
a 1/a
–1/ab
b 1/b 1/abc
–1/bc
c 1/c
2.If f(x) = 1/x2, find f(a,b) and f(a,b,c) by using divided differences.

Sol. The divided difference table is

x y = 1/x2 y 2 y

a 1/a2

– (a+b)/a2b2
b 1/b2
(ab + bc + ca) / a2b2c2
– (b+c)/b2c2
c 1/c2
12.Using Newton divided difference formula find u(3) given
u(1) = –26, u(2) = 12, u(4) = 256, u(6) = 844.

Sol. The divided difference table is

x y = u(x) y 2 y 3 y

1 –26
38
2 12 28
122 3
4 256 43
294
6 844
Newton divided difference formula is

y  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )2 y0

(x  x0)(x  x1)(x  x2)3 y0 .

Here x = 3 y = –26 + (3 –1).(38) + (3 –1)(3 – 2)(28) + (3 –1)(3 – 2)(3 – 4)(3)
= 132 – 32 = 100

(i.e.) u(3) = 100.

13.Given u   4 , u   2 , u  220 , u  546 , u  1148
0 1 4 5 6

Find u & u
2 3

Sol. The divided difference table is

y u y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x x

0 –4
2
1 –2 18
74
9
4 220 63 1
326
15
5 546 138
602

6 1148
 Newton divided difference formula is

y  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )2 y0

 (x  x0 )(x  x1 )(x  x2 )3 y0

 (x  x0 )(x  x1 )(x  x2 )(x  x3 )4 y0  ................
y   4  ( x  0 )( 2 )  ( x  0 )( x  1)(18 )
 ( x  0)( x 1)( x  4)(9)  ( x  0)( x 1)( x  4)( x  5)(1)
u   4  ( 2 )( 2 )  ( 2 )( 1 )( 18 )  ( 2 )( 1 )(  2 )( 9 )  ( 2 )( 1 )(  2 )(  3 )( 1 )
2

= – 4 + 4 + 36 – 36 + 12= 12.
= – 4 +(3)(2) + (3)(2)(18) + (3)(2)( –1)(9) + (3)(2)( –1)( –2)(1) = – 4 + 6 + 108 – 54 + 12= 68.

u  – 4  (3)(2)  (3)(2)(18)  (3)(2)( – 1)(9)  (3)(2)( – 1)( – 2)(1)

3

 – 4  6  108 – 54  12  68.
14.From the following table, find the value of tan 45 015’ by Newton’s Forward
Interpolation formula. x o : 45 46 47 48 49 50
tan x o : 1 1.03553 1.07237 1.11061 1.15037 1.19175
Sol.
y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y
xo y = tan xo
45 1
0.03553
46 1.03553 0.00131
0.03684 0.00009
47 1.07237 0.00140 0.00003
0.03824 0.00012 -0.00005
48 1.11061 0.00152 -0.00002
0.03976 0.00010
49 1.15037 0.00162
0.04138
50 1.19175
 Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u ( u  1) 2 u ( u  1)( u  2 ) 3
y  y 0  uy 0   y0   y 0  .......... ..
2! 3!
x  x0 4515  45
where u  
 0.25
h 1

( 0 . 25 )( 0 . 25  1)
y  1  ( 0 . 25 )( 0 .03553 )  ( 0 . 00131 )
2!
( 0 .25 )( 0 .25  1)( 0 .25  2 )
 ( 0.00009 )
3!
(0.25)(0.25  1)(0.25  2)(0.25  3)
 (0.00003)
4!
(0.25)(0.25  1)(0.25  2)(0.25  3)(0.25  4)
 (0.00005)
5!
y  1  0.00888  0.00012  0.0000049 ...............

(i.e.) tan 45 015’ = 1.00876

Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations

Taylor series

( x  x0 ) 2 ( x  x0 ) 3
y ( x )  y 0  ( x  x 0 ) y 0  y 0  y 0
2! 3!
( x  x0 ) 4 iv
 y  .......
4!
 dy
1 • Using Taylor’ s series find y at x  0.1 if  x y  1, 2

dx
y(0)  1.
Sol. Given y   x 2 y  1, x 0  0 , y 0  1
2
y   x 2 y  1,  y0  x0 y0 1  0 1  1

y   x 2 y   y . 2 x 2
 y 0  x 0 y 0  2 x 0 y 0  0  0  0

y  x 2 y  y.2x  2x. y  2 y.1 2

 y0  x0 y0  4x0 y0  2 y0  0  0  2  2

yiv  x2 y  y.2x  4x.y  4y.1 2y  y0 iv  x0 2 y0  2x0 y0  4x0 y0  6 y0
iv
 y0  0  0  0  ( 6)  6
Taylor’ s series about x  x is given by 0

(x  x ) (x  x )2
(x  x ) 3 4
iv

0

y( x)  y  ( x  x ) y 
0 0

y  0

y 
0
0
y  .......
0
0
0
2! 3! 4!

( x  0)
2
( x  0) 3
( x  0) 4

y ( x )  1  ( x  0 )(  1 )  (0)  (2)  (  6 )  .......

2! 3! 4!

x3 x4
1 x    .......... ...
3 4

x3 x4
y( x)  1  x  0  (2)  (  6 )  .......... ...
6 24

( 0 .1) 3 ( 0 .1) 4
y ( 0 .1)  1  ( 0 .1)    .......... ...
3 4
 dy 1

2.Use Taylor series solution to solve numericall y  xy 3

dx
, y(1)  1. Tabulate y for x  1.1, 1.2

Sol. Given x 0  1, y 0  1
1 1
y   xy  y 0  x 0 y 0  1(1)  1
3 3

2 1
1  1 2 1 1 4

y  x y . y  y  y0  x0 y0 3 . y0  y0 3 3
3 3  1 
3
3 3

  2  5 / 3 1 2 / 3 1 2 / 3 1 2 / 3

  
y  xy   y y  xy y  y y .1  y y 
  
 9  3 3 3
2 4 1 1 8
 y 0    
9 9 3 3 9
Taylor’ s series about x  x is given by 0

(x  x ) (x  x ) (x  x )
2 3 4
iv

0

y( x)  y  ( x  x ) y  0 0

y  
y 0
y  .......
0
0
0
0
0
2! 3! 4!
( x  1) 2 4
  ( x  1) 3
8
y ( x )  1  ( x  1)(1)       .....
2!  3 3! 9
(1 .1  1) 2  4  (1 .1  1)
3
8
y (1 .1)  1  (1 .1  1)(1)       .....
2! 3 3! 9
2 ( 0 .1 ) 4 ( 0 .1 )
2 3

 1  0.1    ........
3 27
= 1 + 0.1 + 0.0067 + 0.00014 = 1.1068

(1 .2  1) 2  4  (1 . 2  1) 3 8
y (1 . 2 )  1  (1 .2  1)(1)       .....
2!  3 3! 9
2 ( 0 .2 ) 2 4 ( 0 .2 ) 3
 1  0.2    ........ = 1 + 0.2 + 0.0267 + 0.0012 = 1.2279
3 27
 d y dy2

3.Find the value of y(1.1) and y(1.2) from  y  x , 2 3

dx dx 2

y ( 1 )  1 , y  ( 1 )  1 by using Taylor’ s series method.

Sol. Given y  y y  x  (1)

2 3

Put y  z  (2) , then y  z  (3) Sub (2) and (3) in (1), we get

z  y2 z  x3 (ie ).z   x  y z  (4)

3 2

The initial conditions are y(1)  1, y  (1)  1

( i .e ) y ( 1 )  1 , z ( 1 )  1 (sin ce y   z )

( i .e ) x  1 , y  1 , z  1
0 0 0

Now to solve (1), it is enough if we solve the two first order differential
equations (2) and (4).
 y  z z  x3  y 2 z
 y 0  z 0  1 3 2
 z 0  x 0  y 0 z 0  1  1  0

y   z 
z   3 x 2  y 2 z   z .2 y . y 
 y 0   z 0  0
 z 0   3 (1 )  0  2 (1 )( 1 )( 1 )  1

y   z 
 y0  z 0  1 z  6x  y 2 z  z.2 y. y  2[ y z. y  y y.z  yz.y]
 z0  6(1)  (1)(1)  0  2[0  0  1]  6 1  2  3

y iv  z 
iv
 y 0  z 0  3
Taylor’ s series about x  x is given by 0

(x  x ) (x  x ) 2
(x  x ) 3 4
iv

0

y( x)  y  ( x  x ) y  0 0

y  0

y  0
y  .......
0
0
0
0
2! 3! 4!
( x  1) 2
( x  1) ( x  1)
3 4

y ( x )  1  ( x  1 )( 1 )  (0)  (1 )  ( 3 )  .......... .
2! 3! 4!

(1.1  1) 3 (1.1  1) 4
y(1.1)  1  (1.1  1)(1)   (3)  .....
6 24 (0.1)3 (0.1)4
 1  0.1    ........
6 8
= 1 + 0.1 + 0.00017 + 0.0000125 = 1.1002

(1.2  1) 3 (1.2  1) 4
y (1.2)  1  (1.2  1)(1)   (3)  .....
6 24
(0.2)3 (0.2)4
1 0.2  ........
6 8
= 1 + 0.2 + 0.0013+ 0.0002 = 1.2015
 Euler’s method
dy
To solve y'   f ( x , y ) with y ( x 0 )  y 0
dx

use yn1  yn  h f ( xn , yn ) , n  0,1,2,...

It’s order is h2
 dy y  x
1.Use Euler’ s method to approximate y when x  0.1 given that 
dx y  x
with y  1 for x  0.

Sol. We break up the interval 0.1 into five subintervals, we get the answer
in more accurate form. So take h = 0.02
yx
Given f ( x , y )  , x 0  0, y0  1 and h  0.02
yx
x1  x 0  h = 0 + 0.02 = 0.02
y1  y0  hf ( x0 , y0 )
y 2  y1  hf ( x1 , y1 )
 y 0  x0 
y1  y 0  h    y  x1 
y
 0  x 0 
y 2  y1  h  1 
y
 1  x 1 

1 0 = 1.02  1 . 02  0 . 02 
1 (0.02)   1.02  (0.02) 
1 0  1 . 02  0 . 02 
= 1.0392
(i.e.) y(0.02) = 1.02 (i.e.) y(0.04) = 1.0392
 x2  x1  h
= 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.04

y3  y2  hf(x2 , y2 )
 y 2  x2 
y3  y 2  h  
y
 2  x 2 

1.0392 0.04 = 1.0577

= 1.0392+ (0.02)
1.0392 0.04

(i.e.) y(0.06) = 1.0577

x3  x2  h = 0.04+ 0.02= 0.06

y 4  y3  hf ( x3 , y3 )

 y3  x3  1.0577 0.06 = 1.0756

y4  y3  h  =1.0577+ (0.02)1.0577 0.06
 y3  x3 
(i.e.) y(0.08) = 1.0756

x 4  x3  h = 0.06 + 0.02= 0.08

y5  y4  hf (x4 , y4 )
 y4  x4 
y5  y 4  h 
y
 4  x 4 

1 .0756  0 .08  (i.e.) y(0.1) = 1.0928

= 1.0756 + (0.02)  = 1.0928
1 .0756  0 .08 
 dy
•Solve  1 y
dx with the initial condition x = 0, y = 0.Using modified Euler’s
.Method tabulate the solutions at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4.

Sol. Given f ( x, y)  1  y
Also given x0 0, y0 0 and h = 0.1

h
y1  y0   f ( x0 , y0 )  f [ x0  h, y0  hf ( x0 , y0 )]
2
f ( x0 , y0 )  1  y0
=1–0=1

0 .1
y1  0  1  f [0  0.1,0  ( 0.1)(1)]
2

0 .1
 0 1  f [ 0 . 1, 0 . 1 ]
2
0.1
 0 1  (1  0.1) = 0.095
2
 (i.e.) y(0.1) = 0.095
.

x1  x0  h = 0 + 0.1= 0.1

h
y 2  y 1   f ( x 1 , y 1 )  f [ x 1  h , y 1  hf ( x 1 , y 1 )] 
2
f (x , y )  1  y
1 1 1
= 1 – 0.095 = 0.905

0 .1
y 2  0 . 095  0 .905  f [ 0 .1  0 .1,0 .095  ( 0 .1)( 0 .905 )]
2
0 .1
y2  0 . 095  0 . 905  f [ 0 . 2 , 0 . 1855 ]
2
0 .1
 0 . 095  0 .905  (1  0 .1855 )
2

0.1
 0.095  0.905  0.8145 = 0.18098 (i.e.) y(0.2) = 0.18098
2
 x 2  x1  h = 0.1+ 0.1= 0.2

h
y3  y2   f ( x 2 , y 2 )  f [ x 2  h , y 2  hf ( x 2 , y 2 )] 
2

f ( x2 , y 2 )  1  y 2
= 1 – 0.18098= 0.81902
0 .1
y 3  0 . 18098  0 .81902  f [ 0 .2  0 .1,0 .18098  ( 0 .1)( 0 .81902 )]
2
0. 1
y 3  0.18098  0.81902  f [0.3,0.2629]
2

0 .1
 0.18098  0.81902  (1  0.2629)
2
0 .1
 0 . 18098  0 . 81902  0 .7371 
2
= 0.2588
x3  x 2  h
(i.e.) y(0.3) = 0.2588
 = 0.2+ 0.1= 0.3

h
y4  y3   f ( x3 , y3 )  f [ x3  h, y3  hf ( x3 , y3 )]
2

f ( x3 , y 3 )  1  y3 = 1 – 0.2588 = 0.7412

0 .1
y 4  0 . 2588  0 .7412  f [ 0 .3  0 . 1,0 .2588  ( 0 .1)( 0 .2588 )]
2
0.1
y 4  0 .2588  0.7412  f [ 0.4,0 .3329 ] y 4  0.2588  0.1 0.7412  (1  0.3329)
2 2
0 .1
y 4  0.2588  0.7412  0.6671 = 0.3292
2

(i.e.) y(0.4) = 0.3292

 1
•Using R-K method of fourth order, solve y  3 x  y
2
with y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2 taking h = 0.1

Sol. Given 1
f ( x, y)  3x  y Also given x0  0, y0  1
2
Take h = 0.1 To find y(0.1)

k1  hf ( x0 , y0 )
 y0 
 (0.1)3x0  
 2
 1
 (0.1)  3 ( 0 )    0 . 05 .
 2
 h k1 
k2  hf  x0  , y0  
 2 2
 0.1 0.05 
 (0.1) f  0  , 1 
 2 2 
 1 . 025 
 (0.1) f ( 0 . 05 , 1 . 025 )  0.1  3 ( 0 . 05 )  
 2 
= 0.0663
 1
y  [k1  2k2  2k3  k4 ]
 h k  6
k 3  hf  x 0  , y 0  2 
 2 2

 0.1 0.0663 = 0.0666

 (0.1)f  0  , 1 
 2 2  1
 [0.05  2(0.0663)  2(0.0667)  0.0833]
6
 (0.1) f (0.05,1.0332)
y1  y0  y
 1.0332
 0.13(0.05)  
 2 
= 0.0667 (i.e.) y(0.1) = 1.0666

k 4  hf  x 0  h , y 0  k 3 
 (0.1) f (0  0.1,1 0.0667)

 1.0667 
 (0.1) 3(0.1)  
 2  = 0.0833