Chapter-2 EQUIPMENTS IN SWITCHYARD

EQUIPMENTS IN THE 132KV SWITCHYARD:

1) Isolator

2) Earth switch

3) Lightning arresters

4) Wave trap

5) Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT)

6) Instrument transformer

7) Current transformer

8) Potential transformer

9) Circuit breaker

10) Power transformer

2.1 ISOLATOR:
An isolator is used to isolate the faulty part from the healthy part of equipments in case
of occurrence of fault or for maintenance purpose. It is used in addition to circuit breakers while
opening or closing a circuit isolator operates under offload condition. It does not have any
specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity.

Isolators used in the power system are generally three pole isolators. The three pole
isolators have three identical poles. Each pole is mounted on a fabricated support. The
conducting parts are conducting copper rods. During the opening operation the conducting rods
swing apart and isolation is obtained. The simultaneous operation of three poles is obtained by
mechanical interlocking of three mechanisms. The isolators are operated locally where they are
located. the isolators are opened and closed by means of motor mechanism always. It is
operated manually only if the motors are not in service.

The isolator used in the 132KV switch yard of substation is the horizontal break center
rotating double break isolator. This type of construction has three insulator stacks per pole. The
two on each side are fixed and one at the center is rotating type. The central insulator stack can
swing about its vertical axis through about 900. The fixed contacts are provided on the top of
each insulator stack on the side. In closed position the, the contact shaft connects the two fixed
contacts. While opening the central stack rotates through 900 and the contact shaft swings
horizontally giving a double break. The isolators are mounted on a galvanized rolled steel
frame. The three poles are interlocked by means of a steel shaft. A common operating
mechanism is provided for all the three poles.

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To prevent mal-operation, the isolator is provided with the following interlocking:

1. Interlocking between the three poles for simultaneous operation.

2. Interlocking with circuit breakers.

Fig: 2.1:Isolator

2.2 EARTH SWITCH:

Earth switch is connected between the line conductor the line conductor and earth.
Normally it is open. When the line is disconnected, the earth switch is closed so as to discharge
the voltage trapped on the line. Thought the line is disconnected there is some voltage on the
line to which the capacitance between the line and earth is charged. Before starting the
maintenance work these voltages must be discharged to earth by closing the earth switch.

Sequence of operation while opening or closing a circuit

a) While opening:
1. Open circuit breaker
2. Open isolator
3. Close earth switch
b) While closing:
1. Open earth switch
2. Close isolator
3. Close circuit breaker

The isolator cannot be opened unless the circuit breaker is opened. Circuit breaker cannot
be closed unless the isolator is closed.

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2.3 LIGHTENING ARRESTERS:

Lighting arrester is also known as surge diverter or surge arrester they are connected
between the line and at the substation and always parallel with the equipment and perform their
protective function by providing a low impendence path for the surge currents the surge
arrester protective level is less than the surge voltage with standing capacity of the insulation
equipment being protected the lightening arresters protective level is that the voltage appearing
across the terminals of the arrester at spark over or during the flow of current through the
arrester after spark over the purpose of lightening arrester is to divert or discharge the surge to
the ground.

These the located at the entrance of the transmission line into the substation and as near
as possible to the transformer terminals.

The lightening arresters or surge diverter provide protection against such surges. A
lightening arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high voltage
surges on the power system to the ground.

Fig:2.2: Lightening Arresters

Operation:

Surge arrester must operate rapidly in response to lightening over voltage, switching over
voltages and other surges and discharge. The energies of the surges safety go around. The use
of high spark voltage is to improve the follow current interruption capability should be avoided
because it reduces the degree of protection offered by surge arrester.

2.4 WAVE TRAP:

Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave trap
is that it traps the uncoated waves its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming
feeders so that it can trap the wave which May be dangerous to the instruments in the substation.
Generally, it is used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other
interference of a wave.

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Fig:2.3: wave trap

Line trap also is known as wave trap what it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room through coupling capacitor.

This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company
network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition, voice and data
communication signals. The line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency
communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these are not present in the substation, then
signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective / probably impossible.

Advantages:

Thus the efficiency of the transmission line is increased as it is used for both
transmitting power and for communication purpose also.

2.5 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power system to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay.

Fig:2.4: capacitor voltage transformer

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In its most basic from the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signals in split, an inductive elements used to tune the device and a transformer used
to isolate and further step-down the voltage.

This device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to
the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where the use of voltage transformers would
be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1 is often replaced by a stack of capacitors
connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitor, that
replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor,
C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Advantages:

The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVT's in combination with wave
traps are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This
forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network.

Fig:2.5: circuit diagram of CVT

2.6 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

Instrument transformers are defined as the instruments in which the secondary current or
voltage in substantially proportional to the primary current or voltage and differs in phase from
it by on angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of connection.

Direct measurement of current or voltage in high voltage system is not possible because
of high values and insulation problems of measuring instruments they cannot be directly used
for protection purpose.

2.7 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:

Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents in high
voltage lines directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values by means of
electromagnetic circuit.

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No current transformer should be left with the secondary winding opened, there will be no
secondary magneto motive force to act in opposition to the primary one. As a result, the
magnetic flux will suddenly rise to a high value and induce a potential of several thousand volts
across the secondary terminals. This will not only endanger the winding insulation. But will
also pose a serious hazard for the personnel.

The measuring CT is required to perform its function over a normal range of load
currents. However, the protective CT should be able to supply correct values of secondary
currents for fault conditions from full load to twenty times the full load.

Knee point voltage and saturation factor are important for those CT's for protection.
CTs knee point is made purposely low in case of measuring CT's so that during fault condition.
The CT may not produce secondary currents heavy enough to damage the indicating
instruments (i.e.is, say,2.5-4.0).

The important characteristics of the protection CT's are:

a) Rated VA, class of accuracy

b) Saturation factor or accuracy limit factor
c) Rated short time thermal current
d) Rated primary and secondary currents and their ratio

Without current transformer, long distance transmission of electricity would not be cost-
effective. Home use of AC power would not be safe. The metering, monitoring, relaying,
control and protection functions of current transformers enable the essential role electricity
plays in high technology societies.

2.8 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:

These instrument transformers are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments, meters and protective relays. These may be of single phase or three phase design
and of the dry or oil filled types a fundamental rating of the voltage transformer is its
transformation ratio and burden i.e., the total load presented by the instruments connected.

The voltage transformer may be either of the electromagnetic type or the capacitor type.
The electromagnetic type VT's are costlier than the capacitor type and are commonly used
where higher accuracy is required as in the case of revenue metering.

For ground fault relaying, on additional core or a winding is required in the VT's which
can be connected in open the voltage transformers are connected on the feeder side of the circuit
breakers however, another set of voltage transformer is normally required on the bus-bars for
purpose of synchronization sometimes bus side VT's are preferred from the point of view of
satisfactory operation of the relays.

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2.9 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current.

Necessity of circuit breaker:

The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition.in low-voltage circuit breakers this is
usually done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages
are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening
mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separated battery,
although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers,
protection, relays, and an internal control power source.

Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the
circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air)
contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy
required may be obtained from the fault current it self.sm all circuit breakers may be manually
operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism and electric motors to restore energy
to the springs.

ARC:

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated, this arc must be cooled, and
extinguished in a controlled way so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the
voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the
medium.

Are extinguishing techniques:

Different techniques used to extinguish the arc are:

a) Lengthening of the arc

b) Intensive cooling (in jet chamber)
c) Division into partial arcs
d) Zero-point quenching (contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening.) The zero
crossing occurs at twice the line frequency i.e. 100 times per second for 50HZ ac and
120 times per second for 60HZ ac.

Arc quenching medium:

a) Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)

b) Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
c) Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)
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d) Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)

e) Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)
f) SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)
The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas circuit
breakers are preferred.
1) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Sulphur hexafluoride(SF6) is inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc exerting and
arc extinguishing properties. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical equipment like high
voltage metal enclosed cable, high voltage metal clad switch gear, capacitors, circuit breakers,
current transformers, bushings, etc., the gas is liquefied at certain low temperature.
liquidification temperature increases with the pressure

Some of the properties of SF6 are:

a) Very high dielectric strength

b) High thermal and chemical inertia.
c) Superior arc extinguishing capability.
d) Low decomposition by arcing.
e) Non-inflammable, on poisonous and odorless.
f) Pure SF6 gas is inert and thermally stable
g) Arc extinguishing ability: if should have a low dissociation temperature, a short time
constant
h) It is an electronegative gas.

Arc extinction in SF6 circuit breaker:

During the arcing period, SF6 is blown axially along the arc. The gas from the
compressor is let into the auxiliary high-pressure reservoir at a pressure of about 14Kg/cm2.
the gas is admitted into the arc extinction chamber just before the contact separation. the gas
comes into LP cylinder.

The terminals are connected to the neighboring equipment form the conductors are
taken through bushings. The arc extinction chamber house is made of dielectric material and
the chamber is mounted on the insulator supports.

Fig:2.6: SF6 circuit breaker

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Name plate details of SF6 circuit breaker:

The specifications of SF6 circuit breaker used in this sub-station:

Fig:2.7: Name plate details of a SF6 circuit breaker

ALSTOM:

Type - SF6 circuit breaker FX 11

Rated voltage - 145 KV
Normal current - 1600 A
Frequency - 50 Hz
Lightning impulse withstand voltage - 650 KV
First pole-to-clear factor - 1.5
Short time withstand - 31.5 KA for 3 seconds
Short circuit breaking current - a) symmetrical - 31.5 KA
b) Asymmetrical - 37.2 KA
Short circuit making current - 80 KA
Out of phase breaking current - 7.9 KA
Operating sequence - O - 0.3seconds - CO - 3min - CO
SF6 gas pressure at 200c 1013pa - 6.3 bar
Total mass of circuit breaker - 1300 Kg
Reference standard - IEC 56

2) VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS (VCB)

In this breakers vacuum is used as the arc-quenching medium. since vacuum offers the
highest insulating strength. it has for superior arc quenching properties than any other medium.
For example, when the contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum, the interruption occurs at
firstly current zero with the dielectric strength the contacts building up a rate thousands of times
higher than the obtained with other circuit breakers.

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Working:

In a vacuum breaker, two electrical contacts are enclosed in a vacuum. One of the
contacts is fixed, and one of the contacts is movable. When the circuit breaker detects a
dangerous situation, the movable contact pulls away from the fixed contact, interrupting the
current. Because the contacts are in a vacuum, arcing between the contacts are suppressed,
ensuring that the circuit remains open. as long as the circuit is open, it will not be energized.

Vacuum recloses will automatically reset when conditions are safe again, closing the
circuit and allowing electricity to flow through it. Recloses can usually go through several
cycles before they will need to be manually reset. Other types of vacuum circuit breakers
require resetting every time the breaker trips. Before a manual riser, the person doing the
resetting needs to check the system to determine what caused the unsafe conditions in the first
place, and make sure that they have been addressed.

Name plate details of a VCB:

The specifications of Vacuum circuit breaker used in this sub-station is given below:

Type - VN36 3AF

Rated voltage - 36 KV
Normal current - 800 A
Frequency - 50Hz
Lightning impulse withstand voltage - 170 KV
Short time withstand current - 25 KA for 3 seconds
Short circuit breaking current - 25 KA
Short-circuit making current - 63 KA
Operating sequence - O - 0.3seconds - CO - 3min - CO
Total mass of circuit breaker - 2000Kg
Rated coil volt - 220 V DC
Shunt trip coil - 220 V DC
Rated power frequency withstand volt - 70KV

2.10 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Definition:
A transformer is a device that transformers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conducts the transformer’s coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s core and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding this effect is called mutual
induction.

Working principle:
The physical basis of transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a
common magnetic flux through a path of low reluctance.

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Power transformer:
The transformers of ratio 33/11kv voltage and above i.e. up to 100 MVA are called as
power transformers. This also includes all transformers of large size 250kva and above used
in generation stations and substations.

Fig:2.8: Power Transformer

Parts of a Power Transformer:

a) Main tank:
All transformer tanks are double welded construction and reinforced by stiffer of
structural steel. All bolted connections are feted with compressible oil gasket tank, and the
pressure tank withstand full vacuum of 0.1 tort and maximum positive pressure of 1kg/sq cm.
In order to relive the excess gas pre with pressure relief device.

For cooling purpose, cooling tubes are welded with the tank, but in the case of radiators.
Separate radiators are individually welded and then bolted on to the transformer tank. A tank.
a must be capable of withstand stress.

b) Conservator tank:
Conservator tank is the small oil tank that may be above the transformer and connected
to the main tank by a pipe, its function is to be keeping the main tank of the transformer
completely filled with the oil in all circumstances despite expansion or contraction of oil with
change in the transformer. Conservator tank is always partially filled with oil; normally the
capacity of conservator should be approximately 10-12% of the oil volume of the main tank.

The oil level of the transformer changes with change in temperature of oil which in turn
depends upon the load on the transformer the oil expands will increase the load and contacts
when the load decrease.

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Fig:2.9: Conservator Tank

c) Daily oil level indicator:
For indication on the dial a change of oil in the conservator, the indicator is filled
downward to permit easy supervision of the oil level even if it is installed at a high level. Any
change in the oil level is detected by Afloat, converted into rotary motion by a gear, and
transmitted to the external pointer through a magnet.

Fig:2.10: oil level indicator

The float side is completely insulated from the pointer side by a partition through which
the rotary shaft does not pass, preventing oil leakage. The pointer side is of airtight construction
with moisture adsorbent contained therein to prevent the glass inner side from clouding.

d) Windings:
Various windings are used as shown in figure. According to the pressure of use. The
optimum winding is selected so as to utilize their individual features.

Depending upon the application, windings can be classified in to following types:

1. Cylindrical winding.
2. Spiral winding.
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3. Dies winding
4. Interleaved winding.

While cylindrical and spiral can be single or multi layered. The windings in a transformer
are exposed to mechanical, thermal and dielectric stress and according to this condition the
adequate type of winding is selected.

e) Radiators:
All the power transformers are provided with sheet radiators depending upon the
cooling capacity and to limit temperature of the coil and these radiators are filled with
transformer oil. Oil of the transformer gets heated by dissipating the heat that is generated in
the windings of the transformer while it is in the service.

Fig:2.11: Radiators
f) Cooling Equipment:
Depending upon the cooling requirement the number the number of the section per
radiators to the transformer can be determined.

Fig:2.12: cooling system

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Different Transformer Cooling methods are:

1. Air Cooling for Dry Type Transformers:
a) Air natural Type (A.N.)
b) Air Forced type (A.F.)
2. Cooling for Oil Immersed Transformers:
a) Oil Natural Air Natural Type (O.N.A.N.)
b) Oil Natural Air Forced Type (O.N.A.F.)
c) Oil Forced Air Natural Type (O.F.A.N.)
d) Oil Forced Air Forced Type (O.F.A.F.)
3. Oil immersed Water Cooling:
a) Oil Natural Water Forced (O.N.W.F.)
b) Oil Forced Water Forced (O.F.W.F.)
Radiators are mounted on the tank. Since any cooling fans and oil pumps are not used,
this type is widely applied owing to its facilitated maintenance; panel type radiators have
features of decreasing oil volume and withstanding a vacuum.

g) Oil temperature indicator:

Thermo couple is placed in the tank near hot oil. Thermo couple leads are connected to
oil temperature indicator placed in marshalling control cabinet. Oil temperature indicator
consists of direct reading dial gauges and serves for monitoring the oil temperature of the
transformer.

The oil temperature may increase due to overload or for any internal short circuit fault
in the transformer. The sensing element of the oil temperature indicator is mounted in the
pocket at the cover of the transformer tank so it reads the top oil temperature only. the
temperature only. The temperature at the top is highest and the bottom of the tank is low.

h) Winding temperature indicator:

This is fitted with a heater coil around the operating bellows. The bulb of the instrument
is placed in an oil filled pocket located on the top cover of the transformer. A current flow
through the power transformer is directly proportional to the heater coil is fed from the current
transformer placed in the transformer load circuit.

Fig:2.13: Temperature indicator

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The winding temperature indicator relay is a conventional oil temperature indicator

supplemented with an electrical heating element. The relay measures the temperature of the
hottest part of transformer winding.

2.11 BATTERIES:
Necessity of dc supply:

“Healthy D.C supply is part and parcel of a protection schemes”

The protecting equipment circuit breaker requires a 220V DC source for its operation.
The D.C station battery forms the heart of the sub-station. Failure of D.C supply may lead to
unimaginable consequences.

Batteries used in sub-station are secondary batteries also known as accumulators. A

secondary battery is an apparatus capable of receiving electrical energy and giving it out again
when required. The electrical energy received during charges is transformed into chemical
energy and a large protection of the later is recoverable in the form of electrical energy during
discharge.

There are two types of cells commonly used.

1. Lead acid type and

2. Edison type

The later are of old type used alkali as electrolyte and are now almost obsolete. Lead acid
are used most commonly now in the substations.

Fig:2.14: Batteries
The terminal voltage ot full changed cell is of the order of 2.05 V. Thus are require a
total of 110 cells to provide 220 V DC supply. As a cell becomes discharged the voltage across
its terminals gradually dips. Discharge of a battery should not be carried on when cell voltage
reaches 1.8 v. If continued further its utility deteriorates sharply and suffers complete
breakdown.

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The efficiency of a battery is the “flumber of ampere hours during discharges expressed
as a percentage of the number of ampere hours during charging.

2.11.1 CHARGING PROCEDURE:

1. Trickle charge and

2. Boost charge

i. Trickle charge: Batteries should be maintained on a trickle charge for avoiding sulphation.
It is found possible to maintain the battery in good condition by a steady trickle charge just
sufficient to counteract the sulphating action of the electrolytic.

ii. Boost charges:

This should be done as and when

1. There is fall in specific gravity.

2. As per the periodicity specified by the manufactures. This charging should be done by
means of regular charges equipment.

The charging should be done till

1. All cells are gassing and all plates are healthy.

2. Voltage and specific gravities become constant at their optimum values.

The following equipment must be available for the safe handling of the battery and protection
of personnel:

a) Safety glasses with side shields, goggles, and /or face shields.
b) Acid-resistant gloves.
c) Protective aprons and safety shoes.
d) Portable or stationary water facilities for rinsing eyes and skin in case of contact with
acid electrolyte.
e) Class C fire extinguisher.
f) For lead acid batteries, bicarbonate of soda to neutralize any acid spillage ( 1 lb/gal or
0.1 kg/l of water).
g) Adequately insulated tools.
h) Lifting devices of adequate capacity, when required.

2.12 CONTROL ROOM:

The control panel and remote control system, switch gear, carrier current equipment
etc. are created in a room called CONTROL ROOM. From this control room, operator performs
all type of control operations, recording of like lead, maximum demand etc.

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Fig:2.15: Control Room & Control panels

2.13 RELAYS:

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere
in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage
circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The
relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow
through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes
the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section
from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment
from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.

Relays work on two main operating principles: -

1. Electromagnetic Attraction
2. Electromagnetic Induction

Most of relays used in power system operate by current and/or voltage and it is supplied by the
secondary of the C.T or P.T connected to the system elements which are to be protected. In the
sub-station we have an idea that most of relay are electromagnetic type or induction type.

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Fig:2.16: Relay Panel

2.13.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAYS:

The different types of relays used in this sub-station are given below:

a) Over current & Earth fault relay

b) Impedance or zone protected relay
c) Buchholz relay
d) Differential relay
e) Instantaneous relay
f) over flux protection relay

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