Dane Daffnie R.

Harina Examples: Thesis, Books, Articles, Website, Documentary

film
BSIE-2B
Tertiary Source- summarized of information or simply
RPH MIDTERMS repackage ideas or other information.

Ex. Handbook, directories, manuals or guides books.

Introduction of History Archival documents- certain old documents produced from
Sources of Historical Data and Historical Criticism the past.

History - Objective and subjective Official Gazette- official government publication

-record of the past Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA)- contains

digest of cases which may serve as Precedents in future
-the reconstruction of the past based on available written litigations
records, oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions
Philippine National Archive- main archive of the Philippines
-Involves collection, analysis and synthesis of limited
available materials National Library of Philippines- main library of the
Philippines which known as for its Filipiniana Division
-Interpretative and imaginative study of surviving records of
the past, either written or unwritten in order to determine the University of Sto. Tomas Library also known as Fr. Miguel
meaning and scope of human existence De Benavides Library which named after founder of the
University it was created through the will of Fr. De Benevides
Historiography- the study of the best ways to interpret
historical sources and the ways, why history is written HISTORICAL CRISTICISM- way of on how you will going to
analyze the sources
History – “historia”
2 types
The knowledge acquired through inquiry/ investigation 1. EXTERNAL CRITICISM- examine if the document is
( learning by inquiry) genuine (authenticity of the source)

Historians- people connecting the present from the past by *Physical

researching various sources
*Provenance- reason behind the source
-historical Data: relics, testimonies, remains
*original
Kind of Sources

PRIMARY SOURCE
Who made the document?
- first hand information
When was it written?
- actual event as it happened
Who was the intended audience?
- statements given by people who were present at the center
of the event For what purpose was the document written?

-Helps you to form own argument Was there any ulterior motive when this document wriiten?

-Evaluate filtered information Are there any version other version of the document or the
historical information?
-Critique original work using your own ideas
Can you believe in this document?
Examples: diary, Speeches, Letters, Books (containing direct
quotations), Receipts, Govermental records, Maps, artwork What can you learn in the society that producing this
document.
SECONDARY SOURCE
2. INTERNAL CRITICISM- concerned with what document
After first says.(Franklen and Wallen, 2010,p.539)

Written after the historical event - it analyze the credibility of the source

*helps you to consider other perspective Corroboration- to check the source and compare it to other
sources
*strengthen your own argument
Context Analysis -also answers the “why, when and where
of the sources
Prevailing notion or discourse 4. What is the occasion for this text?

Evaluation of the author- experiences and expertise of the -it was written in response to (contemporary incident or event,
author observation of the author about human affairs/experiences?

Meaning of the source and its essence to present 5. Is the text intended as some sort of call-or for- action?

Raised questions - if so, by whom? And why?

1. In what context did the author say what he said? -and also if so, what actions does the author want the
readers to take?
2. Would people at the time have behaved as they were
portrayed? 6. Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to or for
reflection or consideration rather than direct action?
3. Are the data presented reasonable?
- if so, what does the author seem to wish the reader to think
4. Was the author or the originator of the source a major
participant in the event? about and to conclude or decide?

5. Was the author competent to describe the event? - why was the author wish the readers to do this? What is to
be gained and by whom?
6. Was the author emotionally connected to the event?
7. Can we identify any non-textual circumtances that
7. Do the contents of the documents make sense? affected the creation and reception of the text?
8. Are the events reasonable as it happened? - political, economic factors, cultural practices, intellectual as
9. Is the document suffering from hindsight? well as the authors own life

10. Does the language in the document show any sign of CONTENT -Refers to the topic or matter
bias? treated in a work particularly a
11. Do the version of the document exist? written work
Contextual Analysis- Analysis of a text (in whatever -What is contained in the work
medium,including –media) that helps to assess that test
within the context of its historical and cultural setting, but also -Is a broad word
in terms of textuality- or the qualities that characterize the text
as a text (Details; The true story; Who, What, Where,When, Why and
How; Perceptions)
-It combines features of cultural archeology (systematic study
of social, political, economic, philosophical, Religious and CONTEXT -Refers to the parts of discourse that surround a
aesthetic condition) word or passage and throw light on its meaning

“Situating the text” ( How does (or did) this text -is the events, circumstances or background that helps us to

function?)(celebrates, reinforces, subverts, encourages, interpret a piece of work

attacks, glorifies, valorizes, challenges and critiques) -Use as a technical word in some
Key questions fields of linguistic
1. What does the text reveal itself as a text? (Intention; What do I want to think?; What energy am I
-How the words are arrange in order to achieve its creating?; “I am here to set you and I up for success)

purpose? Primary Source Analysis

2. What does the text tell us about its apparent intended In order to analyze a primary source you need information

audience(s)? about two things:

- What sort of reader does the author seem to have -Document itself
envisioned as demonstrated by the text’s language and -Era from which it comes
rhetoric?
The ff. questions may be helpful to you as you begin to
-What sort of qualifications does the text appear to
analyze the source.
require of its intended readers? How can we tell?
1.Look at the physical nature of your source
3. What seems to have been the author’s intention?
2. Think about the purpose of the source?. These documents all agree/disagree about….

3. How does the author try to get the message across? What Another document to consider might be…

methods he/she use? D.CLOSE READING

4. What do you know about the author? Race, sex, What claims does the author make?
class.Occupation, religion, age, political beliefs? Does any
ofthis matter? How? What evidence does the author use?

5.What can a careful reading of the text? What language (words, phrases, symbols) does the
author use to persuade the document’s audience?
HISTORICAL THINKING
How does the document’s language indicate the author’s
A.SOURCING: perspective?

1.Who wrote this? Identify the author’s claims about an event

Identify the author’s position on historical event…./ the author Evaluate the evidence and reasoning the author uses to
probably believes that? support claims

2. What is the authors perspective? Evaluate author’s word choice; understand that language is
used deliberately
Purpose in producing the document/ based on the
source,think the author might… I think the author chose these words in order to…

3.When, where and why was it written? The author is trying to convince…

4.Is it reliable? Why? Why not? The authors claims..

Hypothesize what the author will say before reading the The evidence used to support the author’s claims is…
document. Evaluate the source’s worthiness by considering
genre, audience and purpose.I do/ don’t trust this document --- --- --- --- --- ---
because… Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: First Mass
B.CONTEXTUALIZATION FERDINAND MAGELLAN - born : around 1480 city of
1.When and where was the source created? portugal or in sabrosa

2.What was different then? What was the same? died : 1521

3.How might the circumstances in which the document -he studied map making and navigation
was created affect its content? -he studied at Queen Leonoras School of Pages in Lisbon
Understand how the context/background information and spend his days poring over texts on cartograhy,
influences the
astronomy, and celectial nagvigation
other content of the document.
FACTS ABOUT FERDINAND MAGELLAN
Recognize that documents are products of particular points in
time. Based on the background information, I understand Magellan’s expedition consists of multinational crew
this document differently because…..The author might have
been influence by____(historical context)This document Magellan was considered a traitor to his home country of
might not give me the whole picture because… Portugal

C.CORROBORATION Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name

1.What do other document says? Magellan was a staunch Christian Evangelist

2.Do the documents agree ? If not, why? Magellan’s slave may have been the first person to

3.What are other possible documents? truly circumnavigate the globe

4.What documents are most reliable? Magellan only deserves partial credit for the

Comparing the documents circumnavigation

Recognize disparities between accounts The next circumnavigation of the globe took place

The author agrees/disagrees with… nearly 60 years after the return of Magellan’s expedition.
One of the benefits that the Europeans gained from the August 20, 1519 accompanied by 270 men of different race
Crusades was the discovery of some products that were
not available in their home country. MAIN OBJECTIVE:

Porcelain To find a new route to the spice island that would not violate
Spain’s treaty with Portugal
Silk
REACHING THE PHILIPPINES
Incense
Only 3 out of 5 ships who left Spain reached the
Herbs
Philippines
Perfumes
The first couple of weeks was full of hospitality and
Fabrics
cordial exchanges of goods, some even converted to
Carpets
Christianity
Spices
Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan
Oriental products
-refused to trade and waged
SILK ROAD and ARABIAN-ITALIAN TRADE ROUTE -
usually disrupted by wars, natural calamities, bandits war with Magellan though Spaniards have the skills and
training, still they lost to the battle including Magellan himself
The closing of the land route of the Spice Trade because of
the invasion of the Ottoman Empire of Constantinople

(now Turkey and the “ gateway to the West” then) in 1453  When the survivors returned to Cebu, they were also
forced European Kingdoms to look for ways to purchase treacherously attacked making them leave the island.
spices directly from the source. By that time, the were only two ships left Victoria and
As a result, the Europeans decided to explore the oceans to Trinidad.
look for the way to the famed Spice Islands.  They may have reached the Spice Island however
PRINCE HENRY -the NAVIGATOR of PORTUGAL Trinidad was captured leaving the ship Victoria alone
with 17 survivors on September 7, 1522
-Established a maritime school that trained sailors who would
later discover an Eastern sea route going to the Spice Island  one of the survivors was Antonio Pigafetta, the
assistant of Magellan
(the modern-day Moluccas Islands) and other islands in
Southeast Asia through the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian
Ocean ANTONIO PIGAFETTA- Born around 1490 in Vicenza,
Venice, Italy
Queen Isabella of Castille & King Ferdinand II of Aragon-
The marriage and victory of these two Catholic Monarchs -Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta to his second wife Angela
Zoga
over the Moors in the Battle of Granada resulted in the
-Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography
rise of Spain as a world power
-Worked in the ships owned by Knights of Rhodes
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand II
-Presented his credentials to Magellan and to the Casa de la
supported and financed the voyages of : Contratacion, the office in charge of the voyages to the New
World
Christopher Columbus (1492 – 1502) - the trans-Atlantic
voyages that lead to the discoveries of territories on the side -Admitted as on of the sobresalientes (supernumeraries),
of the Atlantic Ocean or prominent men who will join the expedition for the love of
adventure and advancement of military service
Ferdinand Magellan- plans to go to the East by sailing
westward, -He survived all the challenges and catastrophes that the

however declined by the Portugal to finance expedition encountered, upon arriving at Seville he handed
his Majesty King Carlos V a handwritten account of all the
events along the journey
Magellan-Elcano Expedition -Died in sometime of 1534
Left Port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville on
About the Book: “Magellan’s Voyage Around the men to prepare the place where the Mass was to be said;
World”by Antonio Pigafetta together with the interpreter to tell the king that we were not
going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass…
-The detailed journal of Magellan’s journey from 1519 until
they returned to Seville three years later After the conclusion of the mass, some of our men took
communion…. Then he had a cross carried in and the nails
Supposedly financers of the formal publication of the the and a crown, to which immediate reverence was made…
journal of Pigafetta:
After the cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a
Pope Clement VII Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and
Philippe de Villiers L’Isle-Adam (grandmaster of the the kings did the same…
Knights of Rhodes) It lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees from the line
Loius of Savoy (mother of King Francis I of France) of demarcation. It is twenty five (leagues) from the Acquada,
and is called Mazaua ( Limasawa)….
1536 - a condensed version of the manuscript was published
in Venice by Jacques Fabre On Saturday, as the captain (king; Raja Humabon)

Manuscripts had promised the king(Magellan) to become a

-3 copies were in French Christian on Sunday, a platform was built in[on] the

-2 copies were in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris consecrated square, which was adorned with hangings and
palm branches for his baptism…
-1 copy Manuscript Library of Yale University in New Haven
The captain[Magellan] told the king through the interpreter
-4th copy was written in mixed Italian, Spanish, and Venetian that he thanked God for inspiring him to become a Christian,
languages found in the Ambrosian Library in Milan and now that he would easily conquer his enemies than
before…
1800 - Carlo Amoretti published it’s Italian version
A large cross was set up in the middle of the square…They
1819 - an Englsih version came out were to adore that cross daily with clasped hands, and every
James Alexander Robertson - made his English version of morning after their custom, they were to make the sign of
the Ambrosian copy the cross; and they ought to come hourly, at least in the
morning, to that cross, and adore it kneeling…
Pigafetta’s travelogue- contributed immensely to the
After the dinner the priest and some of those went ashore to
enrichment of the Philippine historiography baptize the queen, who came with forty women…she was
shown an image of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden child
-provided us a glimpse of the political, economic, and social Jesus, and a cross…
conditions of the islands in the Visayan Region during the
16th century One day the queen came with great pomp to hear Mass…The
captain, knowing that the queen was very much pleased with
Enrique de Malacca- Magellan’s slave/interpreter, the child Jesus, gave it to her, telling her to keep it in place of
contributed for gathering information her idols, for it was a memory of the son of God. Thanking
him heartily, she accepted it…

Johanna - wife of Raja Humabon

Excerpts from Magellan’s Voyage Around the World
-took care of the Sto. Nino image since then
At dawn on Saturday, March 16,1521, we came upon a
*The Sto. Nino image today is estimated to be more
high land at a distance of three hundred leagues from the
than 500 years old.
islands of Latroni- an island named Zamal (Samar)…
Villages that converted to Christianity in the island of
The island where we were is called Humunu
Cebu
(Homonhon)but inasmuch as we found two springs there of
the Cinghapola (Chiefs Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha,
Cimaticbat and Cicanbul)
clearest water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli
(the Watering-place of good Signs), for there were the Mandaui (Chief Apanoaan)
first signs of gold which we found in those districts… Lalan (Chief Theteu)
Early in the morning of Sunday, the last of March and Lalutan (Chief Tapan)
Easter-day, the captain general sent the priest with some
Cilumai Nuestra Senora de Guia (Our Lady of Guidance)
-Currently enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady
Lubucan of Guidance (Ermita Church)
On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, chief of the Island of --- --- --- --- --- ---
Matan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to CAVITE MUTINY
the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all Situations during Spanish colonization
that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it Motive:
to him because if the other chief, Cilapulapu, who refused to
obey the king of Spagnia… -3Gs God, Gold, Glory

When they saw us, they charged down upon us with -Powerful Religious Orders
exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and other
two on our front. When the captain saw that,he formed us into Mutiny - a situation in which a group of people (such as
two divisions, and thus we begin to fight… sailors or soldiers) refuse to obey orders and try to take
control away from the person who commands them
When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon
him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large Background of Cavite Mutiny
cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That -January 20,1872
caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately
they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with -During the term of Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo
their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our
-250 Filipino soldiers revolt
comfort, and our true guide…
-11 Spaniards were killed
When they wounded him, he turned back many times
Spanish troops vs. Filipino troops -expected number of
to see whether we were all in the boats…The battle support : 2000 men based from manila and Cavite

was fought on Saturday, April twenty-seven, 1521. the The plan was to begin the revolt after midnight in Manila with
rebels setting fires in Tondo to distract the authorities.
captain desired to fight on Saturday, because it was the
-Signal by way of fireworks
day especially to him…
Mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the evening and many of
Contributions of the Magellan-Elcano Expedition those who pledged support defected and vowed loyalty to
-Credit must be given to the Magellan expedition for proving Spain.
that the Earth is not flat but an oblate sphere CAUSE AND EFFECT
-They have demolished the myth that there is a boiling One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872,
water at the Equator about 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe
-Magellan and his men completed the first circumnavigation Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way
of the world led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite
Mutiny was precipitated by the removal of long-standing
-They confirmed that the Portuguese route is not only personal benefits to the workers such as tax (tribute) and
forced labor exemptions on order from the Governor
way to the Spice Island.They proved the theory that one can General Rafael de Izquierdo
go to the East by sailing West.

-They brought to the attention of the Europeans that on

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
the other side of American continent exists a large body of Two Types of Clergy:
water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico)
1.Regular Clergy- prepared for missionary work because of
The account of Pigafetta also enriched Philippine their standards of discipline.Tasks of Regular Priest:
historiography because it contains important details about the -introduce the faith
conditions of the Visayan Islands in the 16th century.
-Convert the natives
Moreover, local textbook writers use his book as their
-establish religious communities
source of historical information about the beginning of The Five Religious Orders that Took on this Task
Christianity in the Philippines. Augustinians (1565)
Discalced Franciscans (1578) •Some viewed that seculars are potential leaders for future
separist movement
Jesuits (1581)
Fr. Mariano Gomez (parish priest of Bacoor) and Fr. Pedro
Dominicans (1587) Pelaez (secretary to the archbishop)- disagreed to the claims
Augustinian Recollects (1606) of the regular priests

2.Secular Clergy- priests who were under the authority of Fr. Jose Burgos- promoted equality between Spanish and
bishops and are not members of any religious groups. Filipino priests
Tasks of Secular Priest: Mariano Gómez - was a Filipino Catholic priest, part of the
Gomburza trio who were falsely accused of mutiny by the
-management of the religious communities Spanish colonial authorities

-In charge of the continuation of the works of the regular -born on August 2, 1799 in the suburb of Santa Cruz, Manila
clergy
-He was a Tornatrás, one born of mixed native (Filipino),
*In other Spanish Collonies, Chinese and Spanish ancestries

Well-established parishes are witnessed when the -Died February 17, 1872
replacement of regular clergy by the secular priests.
-Before his death, Gómez was active in the publication of the
• IN THE PHILIPPINES, newspaper "La Verdad" (Spanish, "The Truth")

Regular clergy remained as administrators of the parishes. JOSE BURGOS -José Apolonio Burgos y García

In 1522, OMNIMODA BULL was passed by Pope Adrian VI -Born 9 February 1837 (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Region,
Philippines)
Omnimoda bull- allowed regular priests to administer the
sacraments and act as parish priest -Died 17 February 1872 (Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines)

-this conflicted with reforms established in the Council of -Went to University of Santo Tomas
Trent
JACINTO ZAMORA -Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
Council of Trent- no priest could care of laymen unless they
were subjected to episcopal authority (often came in the form -14 August 1835 - 17 February 1872
of visitations) -his early education in Pandacan and later at the Colegio de
KING PHILIP II- granted discretionary power to enforce the San Juan de Letran,later transferred to the University of
reforms in the Philippines Santo Tomas after finishing his Bachiller en Artes

EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA

*Regular clergies thwarted their implementation. They Governor General Izquierdo – Governor general in Cavite
abused their authority by leaving parished unattended and at that time. Ordered the priest and laymen to be captured a
resigning their posts. they were part of the mutiny in Cavite

Regular priests maintained control over the parishes due to PRIEST: JOSE BURGOS
scarcity of secular priests. JACINTO ZAMORA
In the late 17th century, efforts was intensified to produce MARIANO GOMEZ
Filipino secular priests.Despite this, regular clergy still refused,
the rights of the secular clergy to the priests. JOSE GUEVARRA

REASONS PROVIDED BY THE REGULAR PRIESTS FALICIANO GOMEZ

•Philippines still remained an active mission, with some MARIANO SEVILLA

groups not yet Christianized
BARTOLOME SERRA
•Filipinos were not ready to be turned over to the secular
clergy MIGUEL DE LASA

•Regulars refuse to give uo the parishes that generated large JUSTO GUAZON
profits for them VICENTE DEL ROSARIO
•Regulars believe that Filipino secular clergies were PEDRO DANDAN
unqualified and incompetent
ANACLETO DESIDERIO
LAYMEN: GERVACIO SANCHEZ --- --- --- --- --- ---

PEDRO CARILLO THE RIZAL RETRACTION

MAXIMO INOCENAO José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - He was

a Filipino Nationalist and a polymath during the tail end of the
BALBINO MAURICIO Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines
RAMON MAVIENTE -An ophthalmologist by profession and also became a writer
MAXIMO PATERNO and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement
which advocated political reforms for the economy under
JOSE BASA Spain

These men were exiled to Guam except Burgos, Zamora, and -He was a member of a worldwide fraternity called
Gomez: Freemasonry

JOSE GUEVARRA -He then wrote his classic novel Noli me Tangere, which
condemned the Catholic Church in the Philippines for
FALICIANO GOMEZ MAXIMO INOCENAO promoting Spanish colonialism. One of the reasons why
MARIANO SEVILLA BALBINO MAURICIO Spanish officials were displeased.
BARTOLOME SERRA RAMON MAVIENTE Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organizations
MIGUEL DE LASA MAXIMO PATERNO that trace their origins to the local fraternities

JUSTO GUAZON JOSE BASA -open to men of any faith, but religion should not be
discussed at Masonic meetings
VICENTE DEL ROSARIO PEDRO CARILLO
Masons believe that there is one God and that people
PEDRO DANDAN ANACLETO DESIDERIO employ different ways to seek, and to express what they
know of God
GERVACIO SANCHEZ
RETRACTION “Withdrawal of a statement”
February 15, 1872 – The Date when the three priests were
captured -Rizal allegedly retracted his Masonic claims about
Catholicism
Garrote – Killing someone by strangulation
-His retraction letter was “discovered” and the date was
Edmund Plauchut – A French writer- journalist who gave an December 29, 1896,it was said to have been signed by Rizal
account in the execution himself
-his account: On the night of February 15, 1872, a Spanish It stated: “I declare myself a Catholic in this religion in which I
court martial found the three priests guilty of treason as they was born and educated and wish to live and die. I retract with
were said to be the instigators of a mutiny in the cavite navy all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and
yard a month ago and then sentenced them to death. conducts has been contrary to my character as son of the
Catholic Church.
On the morning of February 16, 1872, in fort Santiago, the
priests were told that they will be executed the following day. Until today, the issue whether Rizal retracted or whether the
When they heard the judgement, Burgos broke into tears, document was forged or real, is still a subject of continuous
Zamora lost his sanity and never recovered, Only gomez was debate between historians and Rizal scholars.
the only man enough to face his consequences.
The following primary sources are two kinds.
Dawn of February 17, 1872, Almost 40,000 Filipinos from
Bulacan, Pampanga , Cavite and Laguna came surrounding 1.The first two are the official accounts as witnessed by the
the platform where the three priests together with Saldua will two Jesuits who were instrumental in the alleged retraction of
be executed. Rizal.

Saldua was the first one to die followed by Gomez. When 2.The last two were the critical analysis by two Rizalist
Gomez time came. He approached his last chair and his scholars who doubted the story of the retraction.
confessor shouted at him to accept his faith. He replied “ I
Fr. Vicente Balaguer - One of the Jesuit priest who visited
know that not a leaf falls to the ground but by the will of God.
If this is His will that I should die here, his holy be done.” Rizal during his last hours in Fort Santiago and claimed that
he managed to persuade Rizal to denounce Masonry and
*The Execution was meant to instill fear in the heart of the return to Catholic fold. He also claimed that he’s the one who
Filipinos but new revolutionary armies emerged full with solemnized the marriage of Josephine Bracken and Rizal,
hatred. hours before his execution
-He has claimed that he talked to Rizal and asked him about -His analysis of Rizal’s retraction was found in Part VII
his stand in religion and why he is fighting against the Chapter V of the book
Catholic Church. He then said that he only believes in the
Sacred Scriptures and not on the claims of the church. They --- --- --- --- --- ---
talked from morning till dusk until his words finally woke him The first cry of the revolution
up because he does not want to be damned and wrote a (August 1896)
retraction letter to reconcile with the church
The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with what later
Padre Pio Pi -Jesuit superior in the Philippines during the became known as the “First Cry” or the initial move of the
time that Jose Rizal was executed. In 1917, he issued an Filipinos to begin the revolution for independence.
affidavit recounting his involvement in the said retraction of
Rizal. Unlike father Balaguer, he was involved only because Tearing up their CEDULAS and proclaiming the start of the
he kept the retraction letter fight for independence. Event happened after the
KATIPUNAN was exposed on August 19, 1896 and the
-did not witnessed it at all but he’s the one who claimed the he SPANIARDS began to crack down on suspected rebels.
kept the documents safe
The Katipunan SUPREMO Andres plan was to start the
Rafael Palma - A lawyer, educator and politician revolution at the end of August but following the arrests of the
-author of Biografria de Rizal which is all about the life of our Katipuneros.
National Hero and his work won in a literary contest in 1938 Bonifacio found it wise to begin the revolution that day and
but the publication was postponed because of the WWII attack Manila at the end of the month.
Roman Ozaeta - “Pride of the Malay Race” In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in
-translated Palma’s writings into English and the story of Balintawak where begin in 1908.
Rizal’s alleged retraction was found on Chapters 32 and The First Cry occurred there on August 26.
Chapter 33 was Palma’s own analysis regarding this matter
The date and the place were later contradicted by different
He also gave 7 reasons why it isn’t true. Katipunan personalities who claimed that they were there at
1st – the documents were kept as a secret and the original the time.
copy was not found until now. National Historical Commission (today`s National
2nd – when the family asked for the original copy of the said Historical Commission of the Philippines [NHCP]) -
document, they denied it. Decided that the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896
happened on August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin (Project 8 in
3rd –his burial was kept as a secret and his cadaver was said Quezon City today
to be kept by the people of the church instead of the family.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela`s Account
4th – in spite of what he contributed and did for our country,
no masses were said for his soul or funeral. Pío Valenzuela y Alejandro (July 11, 1869 – April 6, 1956)
-Filipino physician and revolutionary leader
5th – he was not really buried in the Catholic cemetery in
Paco but in the ground without any cross or stone to mark his -At the age of 23, he joined the society of Katipunan, a
grave. movement which sought the independence of the Philippines
from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine
6th- he was considered among the persons who died Revolution
impenitent and did not received any spiritual aids.
-Together with Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they
7th – lastly, there was no moral motive for the conversion. formed the secret chamber of the society called Camara
Why would he reconcile himself to the rites of the religion Reina
which he had fought?
-The official date and place were largely based on the
AUSTIN COATES - His interest with Rizal began when he account of Dr. Pio, an official of the Katipunan and a friend of
was the Assistant Colonial Secretary and Magistrate in Andres Bonifacio, who was present during the event
Hong Kong in 1950
Santiago Alvarez`s Account
-His first study with Rizal happened last 1891-1892. At that
time people who knew Rizal were still alive Santiago Virata Álvarez (July 25, 1872 – October 30, 1930)

-He wrote and published “Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and -a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary
Martyr (1956) and was the first biography of Rizal written by a president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
European since Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal written by - Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy (En: Lightning of Fire; Fiery
Wenceslao Retana (1907) Lightning) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as
commander of Cavite's famous battles (particularly that in
Dalahican)

-he was celebrated in present-day Cavite City as the Hero of

the Battle of Dalahican

Santiago Alvarez`s Account

In 1927, a pre-World War II Tagalog weekly magazine named

Sampaguita began publishing the Katipunan memoirs of Gen.
Santiago Virata Alvarez

The series appeared in 36 parts.

Told the story of Philippine Revolution starting in March 1896

until 1897.

The series was later published as book (The Katipunan and

the Revolution).

Devoid of dramatic description, a merely narration of the

events that happened in Bahay Toro (today`s part of Project
8 Quezon City) on August 24, 1896

Guillermo Masangkay`s Account

Guillermo Masangkay

- was one of them, a friend and adviser of Andres Bonifacio, a

bosom friend who joined that underground society when he
was only 17

In an interview with the Sunday Tribune Magazine, he said

that the first cry happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.

-His account was used to fix the date and place of the First
Cry

-On Bagong Buhay on August 26, 1957, he changed his

narrative that the revolution began on August 23, 1896

-Changed again when his granddaughter, Soledad

Buehler-Borromeo cited sources that the original date was
August 26