RPH HOW TO DETERMINE WHICH IS REALLY

PART OF HISTORY
HISTORY: ITS MEANING, SIGNIFICANCE, AND
SOURCES To be considered a history:

History ➢ it should show the documented records of

events that traces the development, rise
➢ human triumph (peace, human rights,
and fall, or rebirth of a person, people,
advancement)
society, a community, or even a country.
➢ human defeat (warfare, famine, chaos, fall
of civilization, barbarian, and colonialism) SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORY
➢ the knowledge and study of the past
Historical
➢ the story of the past and a form of a
collective memory ➢ brought a lot of changes
➢ the story of who we are, where we came
from, and can potentially reveal where History
we are headed. ➢ eye opener to understand ones culture,
➢ involves recordings (number of recording language, people, and society
and documentation) ➢ increases our understanding of national
➢ begins when man knows how to write identities
➢ comes from the etymology term “historia” ➢ helps us understand change
which means asking a question or ➢ teaches one many critical skills
suggestion of the past
➢ an inquiry into the past based on HISTORY: SOURCES
evidence Why sources are a big deal in studying and
➢ covers all the aspects of human life knowing factual knowledge?
➢ chronological sequence of storytelling
➢ aims to provide story in chronological order ➢ sources of historical information =
document
Prehistory ➢ document = written material that says
➢ with evidence but NO records or about a historical event
documents ➢ it can be a narration, copy of a speech,
letter, receipt, report, eyewitness
Historical Accounts account, or a book
➢ memory of an individual who witnesses the ➢ The reason why there is differentiation
history in story is that there is a different level of
➢ forms part of the history bias since the history is ALWAYS written
by the victor.
Pleasant history
Are all sources of history should be in a form
➢ makes us proud and experience of written document? Can we consider them
milestones as authoritative source of history?
Unpleasant history ➢ some sources are NOT written but can be
authoritative
➢ mistakes and failures
➢ these are relics, memorabilia, pictures,
➢ should be remembered so that it will NOT
drawings, sketches, fossils, and
be repeated
remains
Historians ➢ there are sources who are living
individually
➢ people concerned with writing,
recording, and tabulating records about
the past events
 What terminology is being used to refer to Repositories
historical sources?
➢ National Archive of the Philippines
Batis ➢ The National Library of the Philippines
➢ The National Museum of the
➢ can be primary or secondary sources
Philippines
➢ source of historical sources
➢ National Historical Commission of the
Historical Sources Philippines

➢ originators of information and data Credible Website

➢ categorized into four: documents,
➢ provide credentials
numerical records, oral statements, and
➢ type of expertise
relics
➢ educational background
➢ medium for the historians/ researchers
to relook at the past Published Sites
➢ one of a kind or rare
➢ educ = educational
TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES ➢ com = commercial
➢ mil = military
Primary sources
➢ gov = government
➢ material which directly points or ➢ org = nonprofit
discusses the subject matter
Main purposes of thesis
➢ direct witness or participant
➢ original evidence, raw material ➢ as a public service
➢ manuscripts, diaries, recording, ➢ to further scholarship on a topic
cartoons or comics, photographs, ➢ to provide general information on a topic
autobiography, old sketches and ➢ to persuade
drawings, old maps, statistical table
Intended audience
graphs and charts, and laws and
ordinances ➢ scholarship or general public?
➢ age group?
Secondary sources
➢ aim of people (geographical area)
➢ made by individuals who are NOT ➢ aim at member (profession/specific
DIRECT PARTICIPANTS to the event or training)
people who
APPROACHES IN EVALUATING HISTORICAL
➢ got the information from somebody else
INFORMATION
➢ product of primary sources
➢ contains opinions and arguments about Historical criticism
the past events
➢ interpretation of the past written by ➢ branch of criticism that investigates the
historians origin of text or source in order to
➢ bibliographies, edited works, reference understand the world behind the text
books, works of criticism, Aims of historical criticism
commentaries, indexes and abstract,
and online data or sources ➢ authentic and credible (is it acceptable)
➢ errors (elimination)
Tertiary ➢ social context (seek greater
➢ helps to point to the reader the understanding)
primary or secondary sources To scrutinize historical sources, historians
utilize external and internal criticism.
 External students to make inferences about that
information.
➢ examine if the documents is genuine
➢ A tool of qualitative research used to
➢ physical characteristics of documents
determine the presence and meaning of
➢ verify the authenticity
concepts, terms, or words in one or more
➢ consistency with the historical information
pieces of recorded communication.
Characteristics ➢ Content analysis is the study of
documents and communication
➢ when was it written artifacts, which might be texts of various
➢ where is it written formats, pictures, audio or video.
➢ why did it survive
➢ who was the real author To classify a document key’s ideas:
➢ authentic
➢ themes/topics
The following are to be examine: ➢ issues; and
➢ detect subtle differences
➢ quality of the paper
➢ medium of the source Students will be asked:
➢ appearance
➢ to identify the author’s main argument
➢ the grammar, handwriting, and signature of
➢ to determine points of view and biases
the author/creator
➢ to evaluate the author’s claim based on the
Purpose evidence presented or other available
evidence at the time
➢ to determine forgery or fakeness ➢ to summarize the long narration
To evaluate authenticity ➢ to describe characteristics of the content
➢ to present important aspects of the content
➢ authorship/ownership (establishment) clearly and effectively; and
➢ place (determination) ➢ to support some arguments
➢ time (fixation)
Types of Content Analysis
Internal criticism
➢ Conceptual analysis focuses on the
➢ meaning in content number of times a concept occurs in a
➢ eyewitness or secondhand accounts set of data and is generally focused on
➢ why was it written explicit data.
➢ literal meaning ➢ Relational content assesses the
➢ internal consistency relationships between different
➢ connotation concepts, as well as how they are
➢ looking beyond what is written connected, and the context in which they
Content and Contextual Analysis appear.

➢ methods of data analysis in historical Context

research ➢ historical situations in which the source
➢ content = nilalaman; context = means/ was produced
pinapahiwatig
Contextual Analysis
Content Analysis
➢ an assessment of a genre to evaluate
➢ the major point or meaning of the source the historical and cultural setting
➢ it is the analysis of what is being said, ➢ combines features of formal analysis with
recorded, or written features of “cultural archaeology”
➢ it is the systematic research method for ➢ This means “situating” the text within
analyzing textual information in a the milieu of its times and assessing the
standardized way that allows researchers/ roles of author, readers and
“commentators” on the text.
 Purpose of Contextual Analysis Emma Blair and James Alexander Robertson

➢ to examine the socio-cultural conditions ➢ The two people that were blamed by
that were in place at the time and place some recent defenders of Butuan tradition
when the text was created in the shift in scholarly opinion regarding
➢ to assess the roles of author, readers, the site of the first mass; from Butuan to
and “commentators” on the text Limasawa.
➢ to situate the within the milieu of its
Limasawa, & Masao
times
➢ two disagreeing school of thoughts
Students will be asked:
about the exact location of Mazaua.
➢ author’s background
Republic Act No. 2733
➢ historical context
➢ relevance and meaning ➢ Limasawa Law; the legislative fiat
declared the site in Magallanes, Limasawa
Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First
Island in the Province of Leyte, where
Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of
the first Mass in the Philippines was
the Evidence
held (June 19, 1960).
Humunu (Now: Homonhon)
Magallanes
➢ island where Magellan and his crew first
➢ east of the island of Limasawa.
anchored
W. Retana
Acquada da li buoni Segnialli
➢ reissued an edited version of the
➢ "The watering place of Good Signs"
Historia de Mindanao y Jolo entitled
Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521 Combes Historia de Mindanao; brought
up Historia de Filipinas in two volumes in
➢ According to Pigafetta, the first masss
1893.
was celebrated on this day.
Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga
Mazaua
➢ an Augustinian friar, whose Historia de
➢ The island where the first mass was
Filipinas was published in Sampaloc in
held, according to Pigafetta.
1803 (1760-1818).
Mazava
April 7, 1521
➢ Francisco Albo named Mazaua _____ in
➢ they entered the harbor of Cebu by the
his log.
Mandawe entrance.
Fr. Francisco Colins S.J. and Fr. Francisco
Ladrone Islands
Combes S.J.
➢ Island of thieves, presently known as
➢ two Jesuit historians which accepted
Marianas Island
Butuan tradition.
1872
Fr. Pablo Pastell S.J
➢ (year) where the monument to
➢ A Spanish Jesuit scholar who is initially
commemorate the site of first mass on
responsible for the shift of the site of the
the Philippines was erected in Butuan.
first mass.
➢ republished a three-volume with 1953
annotation in Madrid; the works of Fr.
➢ (year) where the people in Butuan asked
Colins (1903).
the Philippine Historical Committee to
Fr. Pedro de Valderrama rehabilitate the monument or place a
marker on the site.
➢ the first mass was celebrated by him
Velas Latinas ❖ house
❖ abundance of gold
➢ Archipelago of San Lazaro
❖ a developed settlement
How many centuries was Butuan being
THE SHIFT IN OPINION
accepted as the sight of the first Catholic mass
in the Philippines? ➢ The shift in opinion from Butuan to
Limasawa was due to a rediscovery and a
➢ 3 centuries
more attentive study of two primary
Pigafetta's account and Albo's log sources on the subject (Pigafetta's account
and Albo's derrotero/logbook).
➢ two primary sources that served as basis ➢ A Spanish Jesuit scholar, Fr. Pablo
of clearing the misconceptions about the Pastells S.J., was preparing his own
first sight of Catholic mass in the edition of Francisco Colin's Labor
Philippines Evangelica, which was published in
Carlo Amoretti Madrid in 1903.
➢ While preparing that edition, Pastells had
➢ The prefect and conservator of a chance to examine both Pigafetta and
Ambrosiana Library in Milan, Italy Albo, and it was then that he realized that
➢ published a transcription of Pigafetta's the three-century Butuan tradition had
account from a manuscript found in the been erroneous.
library. ➢ Among the Philippine scholars of the early
➢ His work become the standard source of 20th century who rejected the Butuan
Magellan's Expedition for almost a tradition in favor of Limasawa were
century. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Jayme de
1800 Veyra.

➢ The year that Carlo Amoretti published a Antonio Pigafetta

transcription of Pigafetta's account from ➢ an Italian scholar and explorer from the
a manuscript found in the library. Republic of Venice.
Evidences for Limasawa as the first sight of the ➢ He traveled with the Portuguese
Catholic mass in the Philippines explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his
crew by order of the King Charles I of Spain
➢ The evidence of Albo's Log-Book on their voyage around the world.
➢ The evidence of Pigafetta
❖ Pigafetta's testimony regarding the About Homono
route; ➢ two spring [clearest water]
❖ The evidence of Pigafetta's map ➢ there were the signs of gold
❖ The two native kings ➢ great quantity of white colars
❖ The seven days at "Mazaua" ➢ large trees with fruit
➢ An argument from omission ➢ many palms
➢ Summary of the evidence of Albo and
Pigafetta Characteristics of Homono
➢ Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi ➢ people are caphri [heathen]
expedition ➢ they go naked
Evidence for Masao ➢ have earrings
➢ anoint themselves with coconut and
➢ The name of the place beneseed
➢ The route from Homonhon ➢ oil as protection against sun and wind
➢ The latitude position ➢ they are dark, fat and painted
➢ The geographical features
❖ the bonfire The name of the first King
❖ the balanghai ➢ Raia Colambu
The name of the second king CUSTOMS OF TAGALOGS

➢ Raia Siaui Fray Juan de Plasencia

Characteristics of the people ➢ Member of the Franciscan order who

came together with the first batch of
➢ People are heathens
missionaries to the Philippines in 1578
➢ People go naked and painted
➢ They wear a piece of cloth woven from Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa
their trees about their privies
➢ Together with Plasencia, they were
➢ They are heavy drinkers.
assigned to do mission works in the
➢ The women are clad in tree cloth from
Southern Tagalog area Relacion de las
their waist down.
Costumbres de Los Tagalogs
➢ Ther hair is black and reaches to the
➢ He was able to vividly described the
ground
political, social, economic, and cultural
➢ They have holes pierced in their ears
practiced of the Filipino before they
which are filled with golds.
were Christianized through his continuous
➢ Those people are constantly chewing a
interaction with the people Customs of the
fruit called areca and which resembles a
Tagalogs Written in 1589.
pear.
➢ Spanish term is Relacion de las
➢ Then wrap it in the leaves of their tree
Costumbres de los Tagalogs
which they call betre [betel]; resembles the
leaves of the mulberry. Datos

➢ The one who governed them and were

captains in their wars and whom they
➢ The captain-general told him through
obeyed and reverenced
the slave that one of those armed men was
worth one hundred of his own men. These chiefs ruled over a few people with...
➢ The king answered that that was a fact.
➢ The captain-general said that he had two ➢ Sometimes as many as 100 houses;
hundred men in each ship who were sometimes even less than thirty
armed in that manner. 3 Castes
➢ He showed the king cuirasses, swords,
and bucklers, and had a review made for ➢ Nobles, Commoners, Slaves
him. Nobles
➢ Then he led the king to the deck of the
ship, that is located above at the stern; and ➢ A.k.a Maharlica; freeborn
had his sea-chart and compass brought. ➢ Do NOT pay tax
➢ He told the king through the interpreter how ➢ Do NOT pay tribute to the dato but must
he had found the strait in order to voyage accompany him in war at their own
thither, and how many moons he had been expense
without seeing land, where the king was
Chief
astonished.
➢ Lastly, he told the king that he would like, ➢ The one who offered them beforehand a
if it were pleasing to him, to send two of feast, and afterward they divided the spoils
his men with him so that he might show
Aliping namamahay
them some of his things.
➢ The king replied that he was agreeable, ➢ Known as Commoners
and I went in company with one of the ➢ Married, they serve their master with half
other men. of their cultivated lands
➢ Accompanied him whenever he went
beyond the island and rowed for him
➢ Live in their own houses, lords of their
property and gold
 ➢ they cannot be made slaves Daughter or wife of chief
➢ If inherited, they cannot be taken from
➢ If you insult them, they will condemn a man
their own village and carried with him
of low birth to death; likewise witches of the
➢ but they would remain in their native
same class
village, doing service there and cultuvating
the sowed lands Death Penalty
Aliping sa Guiguilir ➢ They condemned no one to slavery unless
he merited this
➢ Known as Slaves and they can be sold
➢ Can be granted a portion of their master's The criminal cannot pay
harvest if the master deemed them worthy
➢ Half of the cultivated lands and all their
Half of the child was free produce belonged to their master.
➢ Master provided the culprit with food and
➢ Maharlica + Slave of another
clothing, thus enslaving the culprit and
➢ Compelled, when pregnant, to give her
his children until such time as he might
master half of the gold tael due to risk of
amass enough money to pay the fine
death and for her inability to labor during
pregnancy Dowries
Half of the child belong to the father ➢ Given by the men to women's parents
➢ Maharlica + Slave of another Wife left the husband to marry another
➢ Father SHOULD supply the child with
food ➢ If divorce happened before the birth of
children, all her dowry and an equal
100% Slave additional amount fell to the husband
➢ If the father DIDN’T supply the child with Wife only left
food
➢ Maharlica + Slave of another ➢ If divorce happened before the birth of
children, the dowry was returned
Father side
Husband left
➢ Where the 1st, 3rd, 5th child would go if
the parents are married and it is a ➢ Divorce happened before the birth of
combination of Maharlica + Slave children, he lost half of the dowry and
other half was returned to him
Mother side
Dowry (Bigay Kaya or Bigay Suso)
➢ Where the 2nd, 4th, 6th child would go if
it's a Maharlica + Slave ➢ in marriage, the groom giving to the
mother in terms of GOLD, LAND,
Child is half free and half slave CROPS OR LIVESTOCK
➢ Married Maharlica + Slave Aliping namamahay
➢ NOT MORE than one child
➢ they owned property
Half free half slaves ➢ married at will
➢ could NOT be sold by their masters
➢ If there is an odd number of children
Aliping sa guiguilir
Maharlica
➢ to be traded as taken as material goods
➢ Could not after marriage move from one
village to another, or from one barangay KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
to another, without paying a certain fine in
gold Emilio Jacinto

➢ brains of katipunan
 ➢ born on december 15, 1875 in trozo, 8. Defend the oppressed and fight the
tondo, manila oppressor before the law or in the field.
➢ studied at colegio de san juan de letran
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and
(degree of bachiller en artes)
faithful in keeping secrets.
➢ enrolled at UST to study law
➢ he was the youngest member of the 10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of
revolutionary society at the age of 18 woman and the children.
➢ known by his pseudonym pingkian
➢ became the editor of katipunan 11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere
newspaper kalayaan playting, but as a faithful companion who will
➢ became the chief theoretician and share with thee penalties of life.
adviser of Bonifacio 12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy
➢ authored the kartilya that was adopted by wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not
Andres Bonifacio unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy
Kartilya neighbor.

➢ contains the code code of conduct for 13. Man is not worth more because he is a king,
the Katipuneros but man is worth most who is a man of proven
➢ reveals that they are seeking political and and real value, who does good, keep his words,
social change is worthy and honest.
➢ also Katipunan aims to create a moral 14. When there rules of conduct shall be known
change for its members to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise
➢ it aspires that this Kartilya will instill brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the
moral and patriotic values for the Filipinos globe.....if he believes that he will be able to
in general. perform his duties, he may fill out the
➢ presented its concept of virtuous living application for admission.
as lessons for self-reflection, rather than
as direct prescriptions. POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE
AMERICAN ERA 1900-1941 BY ALFRED W.
The moral & civic objective of the Katipunan MCCOY
- revolved around the teachings of good Political Caricatures and Cartoons
manners, hygiene, good morals, self-help and (broadsheet)
defense of the poor and oppressed.
➢ recent art form which veered away from the
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and classical art by exaggerating human
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if features and poking it
not a poisonous weed. ➢ effective tool of publicizing opinions
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its though symbolism
own sake is not virtue. ➢ compilations of political cartoons
➢ depicts culture, society
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's ➢ 1900-1941
fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts, ➢ the independent, Phil free press, lipag
and words to what is in itself reasonable. kalaw
➢ published 1985
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all
➢ provides comprehensive background
born equal.
not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent
5. The honorable man prefers honor to American
personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor. ➢ Filipino painters documented shifting
mores and eras as well as national views
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
about the arrival of Americans.
7. Do not waste thy time; wealth can be
recovered but not time lost. ➢ usury- pautang/interest
 ➢ aparceno rebels - form of landlords using 3. New Bird of Prey (The Independent, January
new wrinkle in the art of thieving 17, 1920)

➢ As Manila’s population began to pilot

➢ During the American administration,
upward during World War I, housing
political cartoons in the Philippines reached
became scarce and rents escalated.
their apogee.
➢ Rising rent combined with high food
➢ Alfred McCoy's book contains 377
prices to reduce the Manila working class
cartoons as well as the results of his
in sudden poverty.
considerable study into the American and
➢ The cartoon's caption "New Bird of Prey" is
Philippine archives, which gives a thorough
an allusion to the most famous libel
backdrop to both the chaotic time and the
case in the history of Philippine
cartoons.
journalism.
➢ The book's cover designer and artist-
writer Alfredo Roces also contributed an 4. While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building
essay on the period's Philippine visual
satire. ➢ The church originally acquired the land
shown in this cartoon during the mid-19th
century from Alejandro Roces, whose
descendants became publishers of the
1. The Loyalty of the Filipinos (The
Manila Times.
Independent, 14 April 1917), p.181.
➢ While Sta. Cruz church parish still stands,
➢ World War I sparked an outburst of pro- the controversial parish house became
American loyalty among Filipinos and a branch of Phil Trust, a church owned
transformed Uncle Sam’s media image. bank.
➢ The prewar cartoons of 1907-08 showed
5. Where The Mosquito Is King, Donde El
him as a satanic monster, drawn in
Mosquito Es Rey (Free Press, 16 April 1921), p.
Caucasian caricature with a great nose,
36.
fanged teeth and crooked smile.
➢ These three cartoons from war and ➢ During the cholera epidemic of 1902-04,
postwar issues of the nationalist for example, 4,386 people died in Manila, a
newspaper The Independent, by mild toll compared to previous outbreaks in
contrast, show him as a figure worthy of the late 19th century.
Filipino love and respect. ➢ Subsequent outbreaks in 1905-06 were
➢ published on 14 April 1917, only ten days contained and by 1911 the disease had
after the U.S Congress declared war on been eradicated.
Germany and America entered the conflict. ➢ The Board of Health distributed millions
of doses of quinine and eliminated
2. Is the Police Force Bribed? (The
mosquito breeding grounds by filling up
Independent, June 09, 1927)
the standing water holes, such as the
➢ THIS CARTOON DEPICTS THE FIRST of moats around Intramuros, or spraying them
Manila's periodic police scandals. with petroleum.
➢ In 1917 a mysterious informant named ➢ Houses near swampy sites were relocated
Pedro Chua wrote the Philippines Free and the low ground filled.
Press alleging that senior police were
6. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Libertad,
accepting bribes from Chinese gambling
Igualdad, Fraternidad” ((Philippines Free
houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts.
Press, Feb. 12, 1921), p. 41.
➢ publication of Chua’s letter = led
eventually to "the suicide of a police ➢ The Philippine Assembly passed a law
chief." authorizing all legislators, active or retired,
to bear firearms.
➢ The Manila press was outraged, but the
legislators ignored the opposition and
 promulgated the law over the screams of PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH
protest. BEFORE THE US CONGRESS
➢ In its mocking editorial of February 1921
When was the downfall of the dictatorial regime
the Free Press commented: "Now, with
of Ferdinand Marcos began?
our legislators and officials able to strut
around with a gun or two guns strapped ➢ The gradual downfall of the dictatorial
about their manly waists, they will have to regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos
be respected. began with the assassination of his
political rival, former Senator Benigno
7. The Returning Student – El Estudiante
"Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. on August 21, 1983.
Vuelve (Philippine Free Press, April 6, 1929),
p.99. Corazon Aquino would run as president with
opposition leader __________ as her running
➢ Having survived the shock of transition
mate
from country to city, he could now return
home, urbane and smartly dressed, to reap ➢ Salvador Laurel
the reward of administration and envy.
During the snap elections, why did anti-Marcos
8. Brothers Under the Skin groups as well as Aquino protest?
➢ Brothers Under the Skin urges Filipinos, in ➢ Because the snap elections proved to be
the name of Rizal whose birthday was the a farce.
following day, to end social conflict and ➢ There was rampant cheating and
deal with each other fairly. violence that resulted in numerous
➢ As the Depression worsened, Central casualties.
Luzon peasants mounted strikes and ➢ The Marcos' allies at the Batasang
demonstrations to win tenancy reforms. Pambansa declared him the winner of
➢ Refusing concessions, landlords in the election.
Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija
provinces responded with good squad On February 22, who are the people who
repression. announced their defection from the Marcos
Government?
9. Equal Work, Unequal Salary
➢ Marcos' defense minister Juan Ponce
➢ refers to the ten-fold difference between Enrile and Armed Forces of the
filipino and american manual wages Philippines Vice-Chief of Staff, Gen.
within the colony, but more a fundamental Fidel Ramos
inequality.
What is the purpose of Cory Aquino's Speech
10.
➢ For financial aid to the Philippines and
➢ Although a radical nationalist and she conferred with then President
workers’ advocate, Vicente Sotto, Ronald Reagan.
publisher of The Independent, was also ➢ She also met with American
a conservative moralist. businessmen to convince them to
➢ Like many of his generation, Sotto seemed invest in the Philippines
to feel that the Philippines could not win
independence until the Filipinos had Newly restored freedom did not last as the
shaped a national character capable of Aquino administration failed to enforce social
carrying that burden. and economic reforms. (True or False)
➢ Hence, he attacked gambling, corruption ➢ True
and immorality with the same vehemence
that most Manila editors reserved for Cory Aquino
racism and imperialism. ➢ she was named the Time Magazine's
➢ Predicting the worst, the cartoons show 1986 Person of the Year.
wild courtship scenes in class.
 ➢ In 2006, she was listed in the TIME What was the intention of Cory Aquino's
Magazine's issue called "60 YEARS OF speech?
ASIAN HEROES".
➢ To declare the freedom of the Filipinos
➢ proclaimed president after Edsa People
from the Marcos regime
Power
➢ To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos
Teodoro "Teddy Boy" Locsin, Jr. and to its government
➢ To appeal for financial assistance by
➢ He was Cory's Executive Secretary who
informing the Americans about the
was tasked of writing a speech but was
Philippines' state
unable to finish that made Cory finished the
draft. Who was the Vice president during the
presidency of Cory Aquino?
Why did Marcos detained Ninoy along with
thousands of senators? ➢ Salvador Laurel

➢ Because they had spoken up for the According to Cory's speech, how much was
democracy the foreign dept of the Philippines?

What did the government do to break Ninoy by ➢ $26 billion

indignities and terror?
How many communist insurgencies when
➢ They locked him up in a tiny nearly Marcos set aside democracy?
airless cell in a military camp in the
➢ less than 500
North.
➢ They stripped him naked and held the By the time Marcos fled, how many communist
threat of sudden midnight execution insurgencies were there?
over his head
➢ The insurgency had grown to more than
When the government failed to break Ninoy by 16,000
indignities and terror, what did they do next?
The writer of the speech was Cory's then-
➢ They put him on trial for subversion executive secretary is?
murder and a host of other crimes before
a military ➢ Teodoro Locsin, Jr. (our current DFA
secretary who tweets a lot)
Archibald Macleish
How long was Marcos' rule
➢ had said that democracy must be
defended by arms when it is attacked by ➢ 1965-1986
arms and by truth when it is attacked by Marcos declared Martial law in the Philippines
lies. in order to "save the republic." (When?)
➢ He failed to say how it shall be won
➢ 1972
Where and when did Cory Aquino deliver her
speech? When did Ninoy Aquino return in the
Philippines only to be executed?
➢ She delivered her speech before the joint
session of the United States Congress ➢ 1983
with US lawmaker on September 18, The following are the historical context and
1986 narrative of Pres. Cory's Speech at a joint
What was the situation during the speech of session of US Congress in September 18,
Cory Aquino? 1986:

➢ The Philippines is 7 months free from ➢ Cory inherited from Marcos an economy
the martial law era that lasted for 14 years. that is characterized by massive
unemployment and poverty.
 ➢ The military's loyalty to the new
administration (Cory) is still questionable.
➢ The country is saddled with huge
amount of debt from foreign creditor
due to the corruption of Marcos'
administration
➢ EDSA People Power
➢ February 7, Snap Election
➢ Abuses on human rights during the time
of Marcos.

Contribution and Relevance

➢ transition of governance from Spain to

American
➢ pressing issues are clearly illustrated

Cory Aquino's Speech

➢ delivered September 18, 1986

➢ written by Teodoro Locsin Jr.

THREE PARTS OF SPEECH

➢ past - lives during Ninoy situation

➢ present - present condition of Philippines;
5K communist; rebuilding mode
➢ future - programs for development

PURPOSE OF SPEECH

➢ to extend the payment for the loan