AISI S230-19

AISI STANDARD

Standard for Cold-Formed

Steel Framing –

Prescriptive Method for One-

and Two-Family Dwellings

2019 Edition
 AISI S230-19

AISI STANDARD

Standard for Cold-Formed

Steel Framing —
Prescriptive Method for One-
and Two-Family Dwellings

2019 Ed ition

R e v is i on o f:
A I SI S 2 3 0 -1 5
ii AISI S230-19

DISCLAIMER
The material contained herein has been developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI) Committee on Framing Standards. The Committee has made a diligent effort to present
accurate, reliable, and useful information on cold-formed steel framing design and installation.
The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous researchers,
engineers, and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the subject. Specific
references are included in the Commentary.
With anticipated improvements in understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel
framing and the continuing development of new technology, this material will become dated. It
is anticipated that AISI will publish updates of this material as new information becomes
available, but this cannot be guaranteed.
The materials set forth herein are for general purposes only. They are not a substitute for
competent professional advice. Application of this information to a specific project should be
reviewed by a design professional. Indeed, in many jurisdictions, such review is required by
law. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein does so at their own risk and
assumes any and all liability arising therefrom.

1st Printing – April 2019

Produced by American Iron and Steel Institute

Copyright American Iron and Steel Institute 2019

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition iii

PREFACE
The American Iron and Steel Institute Committee on Framing Standards has developed AISI
S230-19, the 2019 edition of the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for
One- and Two-Family Dwellings, to provide prescriptive requirements for cold-formed steel-
framed detached one- and two-family dwellings, townhouses, attached multi-family dwellings,
and other attached single-family dwellings. This edition supersedes the previous edition
designated as AISI S230-15.
In 2019, updates were made in order to bring AISI S230 into full compliance with the 2018
edition of the International Residential Code, ASCE 7-16 including applicable supplements, and the
latest referenced documents. Revisions were made to wall bracing provisions. These brace wall
line bracing methods are consistent with the IRC 2018 edition. As a result of the revisions to the
wall bracing provisions, the building size limitations are eliminated. Provisions were added for
accessory structures, and post-installed anchors as an acceptable method for wall anchorage.
The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous
engineers, researchers, producers and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge
on the subjects.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

iv AISI S230-19

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition v

AISI COMMITTEE ON FRAMING STANDARDS

Roger LaBoube, Chairman Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Steve Fox, Vice Chairman Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute
Helen Chen, Secretary American Iron and Steel Institute
Don Allen Super Stud Building Products
Bill Babich Alpine TrusSteel
Steven Call Call Engineering
Brad Cameron Cameron Engineering
Paul Dalia 5400 Engineering
Jim DesLaurier Certified Steel Stud Association
Nader Elhajj FrameCAD Solutions
Pat Ford Steel Framing Industry Association
Rick Haws Nucor Buildings Group
Jeff Klaiman ADTEK Engineers
Erik Lofthus National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
Rob Madsen Devco Engineering, Inc.
Riley Mahaffey Steel Stud Manufacturers Association
Clifton Melcher Simpson Strong-Tie
Cris Moen NBM Technologies, Inc.
J.R. Ubejd Mujagic Consultant
Kenneth Pagano Scosta Corporation
Kara Peterman University of Massachusetts Amherst
Nabil Rahman The Steel Network, Inc.
Greg Ralph ClarkDietrich Building Systems
Ben Schafer Johns Hopkins University
Michael Schmeida Gypsum Association
Fernando Sesma California Expanded Metal Products
Tom Sputo Steel Deck Institute
Sutton Stephens Pacific Northwest Engineering, Inc.
Shahabeddin Torabian Cold-Formed Steel Research Consortium
Chia-Ming Uang University of California, San Diego
Brandon Wahl 360 Engineering Group
Robert Warr Frameworks Engineering
Lei Xu University of Waterloo
Cheng Yu University of North Texas
Rahim Zadeh RAZ Tech, Inc.
Kirsten Zeydel Digital Building Components
Ron Ziemian Structural Stability Research Council

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vi AISI S230-19

PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD SUBCOMMITTEE

Sutton Stephens, Chairman Pacific Northwest Engineering, Inc.

Helen Chen, Secretary American Iron and Steel Institute
Nader Elhajj FrameCAD Solutions
Steve Fox Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute
William Gould ICC-ES
Rick Haws Nucor Buildings Group
Roger LaBoube Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel
Structures
Clifton Melcher Simpson Strong-Tie
Greg Ralph ClarkDietrich Building Systems
Michael Schmeida Gypsum Association
Fernando Sesma California Expanded Metal Products
Brandon Wahl 360 Engineering Group
Robert Warr Frameworks Engineering
Rahim Zadeh RAZ Tech, Inc.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING —
PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS

Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................................... ii
Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING — PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-
FAMILY DWELLINGS ....................................................................................................................... 1
A. GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................... 1
A1 Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1
A1.1 Limits of Applicability ................................................................................................................. 1
A1.2 Limitations in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas ..................................................... 1
A1.2.1 Irregular Buildings in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas ........................... 2
A2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 2
A3 Referenced Documents ....................................................................................................................... 4
A4 Limitations of Framing Members...................................................................................................... 5
A4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 5
A4.2 Sheathing Span Capacity ............................................................................................................. 5
A4.2.1 Floor Framing ................................................................................................................... 5
A4.2.2 Wall Framing .................................................................................................................... 5
A4.2.3 Roof and Ceiling Framing............................................................................................... 5
A4.3 Physical Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 5
A4.4 Material Properties ....................................................................................................................... 6
A4.4.1 Material Properties in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas .......................... 6
A4.5 Web Holes...................................................................................................................................... 6
A4.6 Hole Reinforcing........................................................................................................................... 6
A4.7 Hole Patching ................................................................................................................................ 6
B. CONNECTIONS ...............................................................................................................................14
B1 Fastening Requirements ................................................................................................................... 14
B2 Bearing Stiffeners ............................................................................................................................... 14
B3 Clip Angles ......................................................................................................................................... 14
B4 Anchor Bolts ....................................................................................................................................... 15
C. FOUNDATION .................................................................................................................................18
C1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 18
D. FLOOR FRAMING...........................................................................................................................19
D1 Floor Construction............................................................................................................................. 19
D2 Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection ..................................................................... 19
D3 Minimum Floor Joist Sizes ............................................................................................................... 19
D3.1 Floor Cantilevers ........................................................................................................................ 19
D4 Bearing Stiffeners ............................................................................................................................... 19
D5 Joist Bracing and Blocking................................................................................................................ 19
D5.1 Joist Top Flange Bracing ............................................................................................................ 19
D5.2 Joist Bottom Flange Bracing/Blocking .................................................................................... 20
D5.3 Blocking at Interior Bearing Supports ..................................................................................... 20
D5.4 Blocking at Cantilevers .............................................................................................................. 20
D6 Splicing................................................................................................................................................ 20
D7 Framing of Floor Openings .............................................................................................................. 20
D8 Floor Trusses ...................................................................................................................................... 21

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viii AISI S230-19

D9 Diaphragms ........................................................................................................................................ 21
D9.1 Floor Diaphragms in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas ....................................... 21
E. WALL FRAMING.............................................................................................................................37
E1 Wall Construction.............................................................................................................................. 37
E2 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection ....................................................................................... 37
E2.1 Uplift Connection in High Wind Areas - Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor
Assembly ..................................................................................................................................... 37
E3 Minimum Stud Sizes ......................................................................................................................... 37
E4 Stud Bracing ....................................................................................................................................... 38
E5 Splicing................................................................................................................................................ 38
E6 Corner Framing.................................................................................................................................. 38
E7 Headers ............................................................................................................................................... 38
E7.1 Box-Beam Headers ..................................................................................................................... 39
E7.2 Back-to-Back Headers ................................................................................................................ 39
E7.3 L-Headers .................................................................................................................................... 39
E7.3.1 Double L-Headers .......................................................................................................... 40
E7.3.2 Single L-Headers ............................................................................................................ 40
E7.3.3 Inverted L-Header Assemblies .................................................................................... 40
E7.4 Jack and King Studs ................................................................................................................... 40
E7.5 Head and Sill Track .................................................................................................................... 40
E8 Wall Bracing ....................................................................................................................................... 40
E8.1 Braced Wall Lines........................................................................................................................ 41
E8.1.1 Braced Wall Line Spacing ............................................................................................... 41
E8.1.2 Offsets in Braced Wall Lines .......................................................................................... 41
E8.1.3 Braced Wall Line Connections to Floor and Roof Assemblies .................................. 41
E8.2 Bracing Amount .......................................................................................................................... 41
E8.2.1 Minimum Required Bracing Amount for Braced Wall Lines.................................... 42
E8.2.2 Bracing Amount Adjustments ....................................................................................... 42
E8.2.2.1 Adjustment Factors for Wind Bracing Amounts............................................ 42
E8.2.2.2 Adjustment Factor for Hold-Down Brackets .................................................. 42
E8.2.2.3 Adjustments for Bracing Methods ................................................................... 42
E8.3 Braced Wall Panels ...................................................................................................................... 42
E8.3.1 Minimum Length of a Braced Wall Panel .................................................................... 43
E8.3.2 Braced Wall Panel Location Requirements .................................................................. 43
E8.4 Bracing Methods.......................................................................................................................... 43
E8.4.1 Continuous Structural Sheathing Bracing Methods ................................................. 43
E8.4.1.1 Method A – Continuous Wood Structural Panel Sheathing ....................... 44
E8.4.1.2 Method B – Continuous Steel Sheet Sheathing ............................................. 44
E8.4.1.3 Method C – Continuous Structural Fiberboard Sheathing .......................... 44
E8.4.1.4 Method D – Continuous Gypsum Board Sheathing (Two Sides) ............... 45
E8.4.2 Other Approved Bracing Methods ............................................................................... 45
E9 Exterior Wall Covering ..................................................................................................................... 45
E10 Reserved ............................................................................................................................................ 45
E11 Braced Walls in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas ..................................................... 45
E11.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 45
E11.2 Braced Wall Lines ..................................................................................................................... 46
E11.3 Type I (Solid Sheathed) Braced Wall Panels......................................................................... 46
E11.4 Type II (Perforated) Braced Wall Lines ................................................................................. 46
E11.5 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements .................................................... 47

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition ix

E11.6 Attachment of Braced Walls to Foundations and Floor and Roof Diaphragms.............. 47
E12 Braced Wall Design in High Seismic Areas .................................................................................. 47
E12.1 Length of Type I Braced Wall Panels..................................................................................... 48
E12.2 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements .................................................... 48
E12.3 Wall Top Track .......................................................................................................................... 48
E13 Braced Wall Design in High Wind Areas ..................................................................................... 48
E13.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 48
E13.2 Length of Braced Walls............................................................................................................ 49
E13.3 Connections of Walls in High Wind Areas ........................................................................... 49
E13.3.1 General............................................................................................................................ 49
E13.3.2 Uplift Connection - Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly ........................................... 49
E13.3.3 Header Uplift Connections.......................................................................................... 49
E13.3.3.1 Single Story or Top of a Two- or Three-Story Building .............................. 49
E13.3.3.2 Middle and Bottom Stories of a Two- or Three-Story Building ................. 50
E13.3.4 Wall Bottom Track to Foundation .............................................................................. 50
E13.4 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements .................................................... 50
F. ROOF FRAMING.......................................................................................................................... 169
F1 Roof Construction............................................................................................................................ 169
F2 Ceiling Joists ..................................................................................................................................... 169
F2.1 Minimum Ceiling Joist Size .................................................................................................... 169
F2.2 Ceiling Joist Bearing Stiffeners ............................................................................................... 169
F2.3 Ceiling Joist Bottom Flange Bracing ...................................................................................... 169
F2.4 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing ............................................................................................ 169
F2.5 Ceiling Joist Splicing ................................................................................................................ 170
F3 Roof Rafters ...................................................................................................................................... 170
F3.1 Minimum Roof Rafter Sizes .................................................................................................... 170
F3.1.1 Eave Overhang ............................................................................................................. 170
F3.1.2 Rake Overhang ............................................................................................................. 170
F3.2 Roof Rafter Support Brace ....................................................................................................... 170
F3.3 Roof Rafter Splice ..................................................................................................................... 171
F3.4 Roof Rafter to Ceiling Joist and Ridge Member Connection.............................................. 171
F3.5 Roof Rafter Bottom Flange Bracing........................................................................................ 171
F4 Hip Framing ..................................................................................................................................... 171
F4.1 Jack Rafters ................................................................................................................................ 172
F4.2 Hip Members ............................................................................................................................ 172
F4.3 Hip Support Columns.............................................................................................................. 172
F4.4 Hip Framing Connections ....................................................................................................... 172
F5 Framing of Openings in Roofs and Ceilings................................................................................ 172
F6 Roof Trusses ..................................................................................................................................... 173
F7 Ceiling and Roof Diaphragms ....................................................................................................... 173
F7.1 Roof Diaphragms in High Seismic Areas.............................................................................. 173
F7.2 Roof Diaphragms in High Wind Areas ................................................................................. 174
F8 Roof Framing Connections in High Wind Areas ........................................................................ 174
F8.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 174
F8.2 Uplift Connection - Roof Rafter or Truss to Wall ................................................................ 174
F8.3 Ridge Strap Connection ........................................................................................................... 174

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x AISI S230-19

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure A1-1 Building Configuration ....................................................................................................... 7

Figure A1-2 Building Configuration Limitations .................................................................................. 8
Figure A1-3 Irregular Buildings ............................................................................................................... 8
Figure A2-1 Illustration of Diaphragm Span-to-Depth Ratio .............................................................. 9
Figure A4-1 Web Hole Limitations ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure A4-2 Web Hole Limitation Adjacent to Bearing...................................................................... 10
Figure A4-3 Stud Web Hole Patch ......................................................................................................... 11
Figure A4-4 Joist Web Hole Patch ......................................................................................................... 11
Figure B2-1 Bearing Stiffener (Web Stiffener) ...................................................................................... 15
Figure D2-1 Floor to Exterior Structural Wall Connection ................................................................ 22
Figure D2-2 Floor to Wood Sill Connection ......................................................................................... 22
Figure D2-3 Floor to Foundation Connection ...................................................................................... 23
Figure D2-4 Cantilevered Floor to Foundation Connection .............................................................. 24
Figure D2-5 Cantilevered Floor to Wood Sill Connection ................................................................. 25
Figure D2-6 Cantilevered Floor to Exterior Structural Wall Connection ......................................... 25
Figure D2-7 Continuous Span Joist Supported on an Interior Structural Wall............................... 26
Figure D2-8 Lapped Joist Supported on Interior Structural Wall ..................................................... 27
Figure D2-9 Bearing Stiffeners for End Joist ........................................................................................ 27
Figure D4-1 Bearing Stiffeners Under Jamb Studs .............................................................................. 28
Figure D5-1 Joist Blocking (Solid) .......................................................................................................... 28
Figure D5-2 Joist Blocking (Strap) ......................................................................................................... 29
Figure D6-1 Track Splice ......................................................................................................................... 29
Figure D7-1 Six-Foot Floor Opening ..................................................................................................... 30
Figure D7-2 Twelve-Foot Floor Opening (Eight-Foot and Ten-Foot Similar) ................................. 31
Figure D7-3 Floor Header to Trimmer Connection—Six-Foot Opening .......................................... 31
Figure D7-4 Floor Header to Trimmer Connection—Twelve-Foot Opening (Eight-Foot and
Ten-Foot Openings Similar) ........................................................................................................... 32
Figure E2-1 Wall to Foundation Connection ........................................................................................ 52
Figure E2-2 Alternate Wall to Foundation Connection ...................................................................... 52
Figure E2-3 Wall to Wood Sill Connection ........................................................................................... 53
Figure E2-4 Wall to Floor Connection ................................................................................................... 53
Figure E2-5 Wind Uplift Connector ...................................................................................................... 54
Figure E4-1 Stud Bracing With Sheathing Material Only .................................................................. 54
Figure E4-2 Stud Bracing With Strapping Only .................................................................................. 55
Figure E4-3 Stud Bracing With Strapping and Sheathing Material .................................................. 55
Figure E5-1 Top Track Splice .................................................................................................................. 56
Figure E6-1 Corner Framing Detail ....................................................................................................... 56
Figure E7-1 Box-Beam Header Detail.................................................................................................... 57
Figure E7-2 Back-to-Back Header Detail............................................................................................... 57
Figure E7-3 Box-Beam Header in Gable Endwall................................................................................ 58
Figure E7-4 Back-to-Back Header in Gable Endwall........................................................................... 58
Figure E7-5 Double L-Header ................................................................................................................ 59
Figure E7-6 Single L-Header .................................................................................................................. 59
Figure E7-7 Inverted Single or Double L-Header Assembly (Single L-Header Shown)................ 60
Figure E8-1 Braced Wall Lines, Braced Wall Panels, and Braced Wall Line Spacing..................... 61
Figure E8-2 Examples of Braced Wall Lines with Compliant Offsets .............................................. 62

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition xi

Figure E8-3 Braced Wall Line Spacing for a Series of Braced Wall Lines ........................................ 62
Figure E8-4 Braced Wall Panel Connection Parallel to Roof/Ceiling/Floor Framing ................... 63
Figure E8-5 Braced Wall Panel Connection Perpendicular to Roof/Ceiling/Floor Framing ....... 63
Figure E8-6 Structural Sheathing Fastening Pattern ........................................................................... 64
Figure E8-7 Corner Stud Hold-Down Detail ........................................................................................ 64
Figure E11-1 Type I and Type II Braced Wall Lines............................................................................ 65
Figure E11-2 Corner Stud Hold-Down ................................................................................................. 66
Figure E11-3 Supplemental Chord Stud at First Floor........................................................................ 66
Figure E11-4 Floor-to-Floor Hold-Down .............................................................................................. 67
Figure E11-5 Gable Wall Roof Sheathing Attachment to Braced Walls ........................................... 67
Figure E11-6 Strap and Blocking at Roof Eave .................................................................................... 68
Figure E11-7 Top Track Splice ................................................................................................................ 68
Figure E11-8 Floor Diaphragm Attachment to Braced Walls ............................................................ 69
Figure E11-9 Braced Wall to Foundation Connection......................................................................... 70
Figure E11-10 Braced Wall to Foundation Connection With Wood Sill .......................................... 70
Figure E11-11 Floor to Foundation Connection at Braced Wall ........................................................ 71
Figure E11-12 Floor to Foundation Connection at Braced Wall With Wood Sill ............................ 71
Figure E13-1 Back-to-Back Header Beam Reinforcement for Uplift Strap Connection ................. 72
Figure F2-1 Roof Construction ............................................................................................................. 175
Figure F2-2 Heel Joint Connection....................................................................................................... 176
Figure F2-3 Bearing Stiffener at the Heel Joint Connection ............................................................. 176
Figure F2-4 Spliced Ceiling Joists ........................................................................................................ 177
Figure F2-5 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing With C-Shape, Track or Cold-Rolled Channel .... 178
Figure F2-6 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing With Continuous Steel Strap and Blocking ......... 178
Figure F3-1 Gable Endwall Overhang Details ................................................................................... 179
Figure F3-2 Hip Member or Ridge Member Connection ................................................................. 180
Figure F4-1 Jack Rafter Connection at Eave ....................................................................................... 180
Figure F4-2 Hip Support Column ........................................................................................................ 181
Figure F4-3 Hip Connections at Ridge ................................................................................................ 181
Figure F4-4 Hip Connections at Ridge and Box Column ................................................................. 182
Figure F4-5 Hip Member Connection at Wall Corner ...................................................................... 183
Figure F5-1 Roof or Ceiling Opening .................................................................................................. 184
Figure F5-2 Header to Trimmer Detail................................................................................................ 184
Figure F7-1 Ceiling Diaphragm to Gable Endwall Detail ................................................................ 185
Figure F7-2 Ceiling Diaphragm to Sidewall Detail ........................................................................... 185
Figure F7-3 Roof Blocking Detail ......................................................................................................... 186

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xii AISI S230-19

LIST OF TABLES
Table A1-1 Limits of Applicability ....................................................................................................... 12
Table A1-2 Additional Limitations in High Seismic Areas ............................................................... 13
Table A1-3 Equivalent Basic Wind Speed Adjustment...................................................................... 13
Between Wind Exposure D Sites and Wind Exposure C Sites .......................................................... 13
Table A4-1 Cold-Formed Steel Member Sizes .................................................................................... 13
Table B1-1 Screw Substitution Factor ................................................................................................... 15
Table B2-1 Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners 20 psf Equivalent Snow Load ......................................... 16
Table B2-2 Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners 30 psf Equivalent Snow Load ......................................... 16
Table B2-3 Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners 50 psf Equivalent Snow Load ....................................... 17
Table B2-4 Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners 70 psf Equivalent Snow Load ....................................... 17
Table D2-1 Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection Requirements............................. 33
Table D2-2 Floor Fastening Schedule ................................................................................................... 33
Table D3-1 Floor Joists – Single Spans .................................................................................................. 34
Table D7-1 Built-Up Header Size for 10-Foot Floor Opening ........................................................... 35
Table D7-2 Built-Up Header Size for 10-Foot Floor Opening ........................................................... 35
Table D7-3 Built-Up Header Size for 12-Foot Floor Opening ........................................................... 36
Table D7-4 Built-Up Header Size for 12-Foot Floor Opening ........................................................... 36
Table E2-1 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection Requirements ................................................. 73
Table E2-2 Gable Endwall to Floor Connection Requirements ........................................................ 74
Table E2-3 Gable Endwall Bottom Track to Foundation Connection Requirements ..................... 75
Table E2-4 Required Uplift Strength Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor Assembly .............. 76
Table E2-5 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor
Assembly ............................................................................................................................................ 77
Table E3-1 Stud Thickness Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ...................... 78
Table E3-2 Stud Thickness Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ...................... 79
Table E3-3 Stud Thickness Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ...................... 80
Table E3-4 Stud Thickness Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ...................... 81
Table E3-5 Stud Thickness Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ...................... 82
Table E3-6 Stud Thickness Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling ................ 83
Table E3-7 Stud Thickness Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling .............. 84
Table E3-8 Stud Thickness Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling ............... 85
Table E3-9 Stud Thickness Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling .............. 86
Table E3-10 Stud Thickness Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling ............ 87
Table E3-11 Stud Thickness Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling .......... 88
Table E3-12 Stud Thickness Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling .......... 89
Table E3-13 Stud Thickness Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling .......... 90
Table E3-14 Stud Thickness Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling .......... 91
Table E3-15 Stud Thickness Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling .......... 92
Table E3-16 Stud Thickness All Building Widths Gable Endwalls 8, 9 or 10 Feet in Height ..... 93
Table E3-17 Stud Thickness All Building Widths Gable Endwalls Over 10 Feet in Height ....... 94
Table E3-18 Wall Fastening Schedule.................................................................................................... 95
Table E3-19 Minimum Wall Sheathing Attachment for Wind Loads .............................................. 95
Table E7-1 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only ........................ 96
Table E7-2 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only ........................ 97
Table E7-3 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling .............. 98
Table E7-4 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling .............. 99

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition xiii

Table E7-5 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .......... 100
Table E7-6 Box-Beam Header Spans Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .......... 101
Table E7-7 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only ................. 102
Table E7-8 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only ................. 103
Table E7-9 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ....... 104
Table E7-10 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ..... 105
Table E7-11 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling..... 106
Table E7-12 Back-to-Back Header Spans Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ... 107
Table E7-13 Number of Screws Required for Header to King Stud Connection ......................... 108
Table E7-14 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Roof and
Ceiling Only ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Table E7-15 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Roof and
Ceiling Only ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Table E7-16 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting One Floor,
Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................................................. 110
Table E7-17 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting One Floor,
Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................................................. 111
Table E7-18 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Two Floors,
Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................................................. 112
Table E7-19 Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Two Floors,
Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................................................. 112
Table E7-20 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear
Span Roof and Ceiling Only .......................................................................................................... 113
Table E7-21 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear
Span Roof and Ceiling Only .......................................................................................................... 113
Table E7-22 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear
Span Roof and Ceiling Only .......................................................................................................... 114
Table E7-23 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear
Span Roof and Ceiling Only .......................................................................................................... 114
Table E7-24 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear
Span Roof and Ceiling Only .......................................................................................................... 115
Table E7-25 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear
Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling................................................................................................. 115
Table E7-26 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear
Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling................................................................................................. 116
Table E7-27 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear
Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling................................................................................................. 116
Table E7-28 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear
Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling................................................................................................. 117
Table E7-29 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear
Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling................................................................................................. 117
Table E7-30 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear
Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................. 118
Table E7-31 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear
Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................. 118
Table E7-32 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear
Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................. 119

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xiv AISI S230-19

Table E7-33 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear
Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................. 119
Table E7-34 Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear
Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling .............................................................................................. 120
Table E7-35 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Roof and
Ceiling Only ..................................................................................................................................... 121
Table E7-36 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Roof and
Ceiling Only ..................................................................................................................................... 121
Table E7-37 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof
and Ceiling ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Table E7-38 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof
and Ceiling ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Table E7-39 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof
and Ceiling ....................................................................................................................................... 123
Table E7-40 Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof
and Ceiling ....................................................................................................................................... 123
Table E7-41 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 124
Table E7-42 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 124
Table E7-43 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 125
Table E7-44 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 125
Table E7-45 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 126
Table E7-46 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 126
Table E7-47 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 127
Table E7-48 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 127
Table E7-49 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 128
Table E7-50 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 128
Table E7-51 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 129
Table E7-52 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 129
Table E7-53 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 130
Table E7-54 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 130
Table E7-55 Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 131
Table E7-56 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 132

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition xv

Table E7-57 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 132
Table E7-58 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 133
Table E7-59 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 133
Table E7-60 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only ............................................................. 134
Table E7-61 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 134
Table E7-62 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 135
Table E7-63 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 135
Table E7-64 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 136
Table E7-65 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling ................................................... 136
Table E7-66 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 137
Table E7-67 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 137
Table E7-68 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling — Wide Building ................. 138
Table E7-69 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling ................................................. 138
Table E7-70 Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading Headers
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling — Wide Building ................. 139
Table E7-71 Jack and King Studs Required at Each End of an Opening ....................................... 140
Table E7-72 Head and Sill Track Span ............................................................................................... 140
Table E8-1(1) Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line for Basic Wind Speed
of 115 mph, Exposure B .................................................................................................................. 141
Table E8-1(2) Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line for Basic Wind Speed
of 120 mph, Exposure B .................................................................................................................. 142
Table E8-1(3) Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line for Basic Wind Speed
of 130 mph, Exposure B .................................................................................................................. 143
Table E8-1(4) Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line for Basic Wind Speed
of <140 mph, Exposure B ................................................................................................................ 144
Table E8-2(1) Minimum Percentage of Full-Height Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall
Seismic Design Category C ............................................................................................................ 145
Table E8-2(2) Minimum Percentage of Full-Height Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall
70 PSF Maximum Ground Snow Load Seismic Design Category C ....................................... 146
Table E8-3 Wind Bracing Adjustment Factors for Building Height and Wind Exposure ......... 147
Table E8-4 Wind Bracing Adjustment Factors for Roof-to-Eave Height...................................... 147
Table E8-5(1) Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs) for 115 mph Wind Speed, 30’ Mean Roof
Height and Wind Exposure B (Strength Design Load) ............................................................. 148
Table E8-5(2) Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs per Foot of Wall Length) for Seismic
Design Category C (Strength Design Load Based on R=1) ...................................................... 148

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xvi AISI S230-19

Table E8-5(3) Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs per Foot of Wall Length) for Seismic
Design Category C With 70 psf Maximum Ground Snow Load (Strength Design Load
Based on R=1)................................................................................................................................... 149
Table E11-1 Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors Based Upon Edge Screw
Spacing .............................................................................................................................................. 149
Table E11-2 Type II Braced Wall Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors ................ 149
Table E12-1 SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 150
Table E12-2 SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 150
Table E12-3 SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 151
Table E12-4 SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 151
Table E12-5 SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 152
Table E12-6 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 153
Table E12-7 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 153
Table E12-8 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 154
Table E12-9 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 154
Table E12-10 SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 155
Table E12-11 SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 156
Table E12-12 SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 156
Table E12-13 SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 157
Table E12-14 SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 157
Table E12-15 SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems) ..................................................................................... 158
Table E12-16 Braced Wall Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors for Roof and
Exterior Wall System Weights ....................................................................................................... 159
Table E12-17 Required Hold-Down Anchor and Chord Stud Strengths — Seismic ................... 159
Table E12-18 Required Shear Anchorage for Braced Walls ............................................................ 159
Table E12-19 Allowable Chord Stud Strength .................................................................................. 159
Table E12-20 Top Track Thickness and Splice Screw Requirements ............................................. 160
Table E13-1 Range of Allowable Sidewall Lengths (One-Story Slab on Grade) .......................... 161
Table E13-2 Range of Allowable Sidewall Lengths (All Other Cases) .......................................... 161
Table E13-3 Type I Braced Wall Panel Sidewall Sheathing Length Requirements...................... 162
Table E13-4 Type I Braced Wall Panel Endwall Sheathing Length Requirements .................... 163
Table E13-5 Required Uplift Strength Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly ................................... 164
Table E13-6 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly ........... 165

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition xvii

Table E13-7 Required Uplift Strength Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall .................................... 166
Table E13-8 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall............. 167
Table E13-9 Minimum Size of Steel Uplift Strap .............................................................................. 168
Table E13-10 Required Hold-Down Anchor and Chord Stud Strengths — Wind ...................... 168
Table F2-1 Ceiling Joist Spans Single Spans Without Bearing Stiffeners 10 lbs
per Square Foot Live Load (No Attic Storage) ............................................................................ 187
Table F2-2 Ceiling Joist Spans Single Spans Without Bearing Stiffeners 20 lbs
per Square Foot Live Load (Limited Attic Storage) .................................................................... 188
Table F2-3 Screws Required for Ceiling Joist to Roof Rafter Connections.................................... 189
Table F2-4 Roof Framing Fastening Schedule.................................................................................... 190
Table F2-5 Minimum Roof Sheathing Attachment for Wind Loads............................................... 191
Table F3-1 Roof Rafter Spans............................................................................................................... 192
Table F3-2 Conversion of Basic Wind Speed to Equivalent Snow Load ....................................... 193
Table F3-3 Screws Required at Each Leg of Clip Angle for Hip Rafter to Hip Member or
Roof Rafter to Ridge Member Connection ................................................................................... 193
Table F4-1 Hip Member Sizes.............................................................................................................. 195
Table F4-2 Hip Support Column Sizes ............................................................................................... 195
Table F4-3 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Hip Support Column at Ceiling Line ........ 196
Table F4-4 Connection Requirements Hip Member to Hip Support Column............................. 196
Table F4-5 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Hip Member to Wall .................................... 197
Table F5-1 Built-Up Header Size for Six-Foot Roof Opening ......................................................... 197
Table F5-2 Built-Up Header Size for Six-Foot Roof Opening ......................................................... 198
Table F5-3 Built-Up Header Size for Eight-Foot Roof Opening ...................................................... 198
Table F5-4 Built-Up Header Size for Eight-Foot Roof Opening ...................................................... 199
Table F5-5 Built-Up Header Size for Six- or Eight-Foot Ceiling Openings ................................... 199
Table F7-1 Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls Gypsum Board
Sheathed Ceiling Height = 8 ft...................................................................................................... 200
Table F7-2 Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls Gypsum Board
Sheathed Ceiling Height = 9 or 10 ft ............................................................................................ 201
Table F7-3 Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls Wood Structural
Panel Sheathed Ceiling Height = 8 ft ........................................................................................... 202
Table F7-4 Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls Wood Structural
Panel Sheathed Ceiling Height = 9 or 10 ft ................................................................................. 203
Table F8-1 Required Uplift Strength Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall ....................................... 204
Table F8-2 Uplift Strap Connection Requirements Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall ............... 205
Table F8-3 Ridge Tension Strap Connection Requirements per Foot of Ridge Span .................. 206
Table F8-4 Framing Spacing Multiplier for Use With Table F8-3................................................... 207
Table F8-5 Minimum Size of Steel Uplift Strap or Ridge Strap ....................................................... 207

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xviii AISI S230-19

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 1

STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING —

PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS

A. GENERAL
A1 Scope
The provisions in this Standard shall apply to the construction of detached one- and two-
family dwellings, townhouses, other attached single-family dwellings, and accessory structures
not more than three stories in height using repetitive in-line framing practices.
Buildings complying with the limitations herein shall be constructed in accordance with this
Standard and Chapters A and C of AISI S240. Alternatively, such dwellings are permitted to be
designed by a design professional.
Exception: The design and installation of cold-formed steel nonstructural members is
permitted to be in accordance with AISI S220.
This Standard shall not preclude the use of other materials, assemblies, structures or designs
not meeting the criteria herein when the other materials, assemblies, structures or designs
demonstrate equivalent performance for the intended use to those specified in this Standard.
Where there is a conflict between this Standard and other reference documents, the
requirements contained within this Standard shall govern.
The basic wind speed, wind exposure category and seismic design category shall be determined in
accordance with the applicable building code, or, in the absence of an applicable building code,
ASCE 7.
This Standard shall include Chapters A through F inclusive.
A1.1 Limits of Applicability
This Standard shall be limited to buildings meeting the limitations set forth in
Table A1-1.
In high seismic areas, the limits of applicability of this Standard shall be modified as shown
in Table A1-2.
Dwellings or accessory structures sited in Wind Exposure D are permitted to be designed in
accordance with the requirements for Wind Exposure C, provided that the basic wind speed for
the Wind Exposure D site is adjusted to an equivalent basic wind speed for a Wind Exposure C
site in accordance with Table A1-3.
Detached one- and two-family dwellings or accessory structures classified in Seismic Design
Category E, but meeting the limitations for a regular building and having no floors
cantilevering past exterior walls, are permitted to be designed in accordance with the
requirements for Seismic Design Category D2.
In high seismic areas, buildings in locations with ground snow loads greater than 30 psf
(1.44 kN/m2) and with either a normal weight roof/ceiling assembly or light weight roof/ceiling
assembly shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements for buildings with a heavy
weight roof/ceiling assembly.
A1.2 Limitations in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas
In high seismic areas, stemwall height shall be limited to 4 feet (1220 mm) from top of
footing to top of stemwall.
Buildings in high seismic areas and high wind areas shall be subject to the additional
limitations of this section.

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2 AISI S230-19

Floor and roof diaphragm aspect ratios shall not be less than 0.25:1 nor exceed 4:1. The
diaphragm aspect ratio shall be determined by dividing the distance between braced wall lines
(diaphragm span) by the length of the diaphragm parallel to the braced wall lines.
Floor and roof diaphragm plan offsets shall not exceed 4 feet (1220 mm).
Exception: Buildings where diaphragm plan offsets exceed four feet shall be
analyzed as separate buildings, separated by a braced wall line or lines.
See Figure A1-1.
Braced wall lines shall be placed on all exterior walls, and on interior walls as required.
Where a braced wall line separates two portions of a building, the required length of
braced wall panels separating the two portions shall be determined by summing the required
lengths of braced wall panels for each portion of the building as shown in
Figure A1-1.
Vertical offsets in floor and roof diaphragms shall be supported by braced wall lines. See
Figure A1-2(a).
Braced wall lines shall be continuous and in a single vertical plane from foundation to the
uppermost story in which they are required.
There shall be no horizontal offsets of braced wall lines. See Figure A1-2(b).
A1.2.1 Irregular Buildings in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas
In high seismic areas, a building with one or more irregularities, as defined in this
section, shall have an engineered lateral force-resisting system designed in accordance
with the applicable building code.
Where an irregularity is isolated to a portion of a building and that portion of the
building is designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice so that the
irregularity does not affect the performance of the remaining building, the remainder of
the building is permitted to be designed in accordance with the provisions of this
Standard.
For the purposes of this Standard, any of the following conditions constitute an
irregularity:
(1) When exterior braced wall lines are not in one plane vertically from the foundation to
the uppermost story in which they are required.
(2) When a section of a floor or roof is not laterally supported by braced wall lines on all
edges.
Exception: Portions of floors that do not support Type I or Type II braced walls above,
or roofs, are permitted to extend not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) beyond a braced wall
line. See Figure A1-3.
(3) When an opening in a floor or roof exceeds the lesser of 12 feet (3658 mm) or 50
percent of the least floor or roof dimension.
(4) When portions of a floor are vertically offset and not supported by a braced wall line.
(5) When braced wall lines do not occur in two perpendicular directions.
(6) When a braced wall line is constructed of dissimilar bracing systems or braced wall lines
in a given plan direction on any one level above grade are constructed of dissimilar
bracing systems.
A2 Definitions
Where terms appear in this Standard in italics, such terms shall have the meaning as defined
in Section A2.1 of AISI S240 or as defined herein. Where terms are included in both this

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 3

Standard and Section A2.1 of AISI S240, such terms shall have the meaning as defined herein.
Where terms are not included, such terms shall have ordinary accepted meaning in the context
for which they are intended.
Accessory structure. A structure that is accessory to and incidental to that of the dwelling(s)
and that is located on the same lot.
Basic Wind Speed. The 3-second gust wind speed.
Braced Wall Line. An exterior or interior wall line, including permissible offsets, that
provides a building with bracing (racking resistance) against lateral (horizontal) wind and
seismic loads parallel to the braced wall line.
Braced Wall Panel. A segment of a braced wall line with full-height structural sheathing or a
brace element complying with an approved bracing method. Braced wall panels provide in-
plane shear or racking resistance to a braced wall line.
Clear Opening Height. The height of an opening in a braced wall line as measured from the
opening base (e.g., windowsill or door threshold) to the opening top (window or door
header).
Diaphragm Span-to-Depth Ratio. The ratio of a roof or floor diaphragm’s span to depth where
the diaphragm span is the perpendicular distance between any two adjacent parallel braced
wall lines and the diaphragm depth is measured parallel to the two braced wall lines under
consideration. See Figure A2-1.
Eave Height. The distance from the ground surface adjacent to the building to the roof eave
line at a particular wall. If the height of the eave varies along the wall, the average height
shall be used.
Heavy Weight Roof/Ceiling Assembly. A roof/ceiling assembly with an average unit weight
greater than 15 psf (0.72 kN/m2) and less than or equal to 25 psf (1.20 kN/m2).
Heavy Weight Wall. A wall with a unit weight greater than 7 psf (0.34 kN/m2) and less than
or equal to 14 psf (0.68 kN/m2).
High Seismic Area. An area where the Seismic Design Category is D0, D1, D2 or E.
High Wind Area. An area where basic wind speeds are equal to 140 mph (225 km/hr) up to and
including 180 mph (290 km/hr).
Light Weight Roof/Ceiling Assembly. A roof/ceiling assembly with an average unit weight less
than or equal to 12 psf (0.51 kN/m2).
Light Weight Exterior Walls. An exterior wall with a unit weight less than or equal to 7 psf
(0.34 kN/m2).
Limited Attic Storage. Attic where the maximum clear height between joist and roof rafter is
greater than or equal to 42 inches and the attic area is accessible by a pull-down stairway or
framed opening.
Lot. A portion or parcel of land considered as a unit.
Normal Weight Roof/Ceiling Assembly. A roof/ceiling assembly with an average unit weight
greater than 12 psf (0.51 kN/m2) and less than or equal to 15 psf (0.72 kN/m2).
No Attic Storage. Attic where the maximum clear height between joist and roof rafter is less
than 42 inches.

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4 AISI S230-19

Risk Category. A categorization of buildings and other structures for determination of flood,
wind, snow, ice, and earthquake loads based on the risk associated with unacceptable
performance.
SDC D0. The Seismic Design Category corresponding to a calculated Short Period Design
Spectral Response Acceleration greater than 0.50g, and less than or equal to 0.67g.
SDC D1. The Seismic Design Category corresponding to a calculated Short Period Design
Spectral Response Acceleration greater than 0.67g, and less than or equal to 0.83g.
SDC D2. The Seismic Design Category corresponding to a calculated Short Period Design
Spectral Response Acceleration greater than 0.83g, and less than or equal to 1.25g.
SDC E. The Seismic Design Category corresponding to a calculated Short Period Design
Spectral Response Acceleration greater than 1.25g.
Seismic Design Category (SDC). A classification assigned by the applicable building code to a
structure based upon its risk category and the severity of the design earthquake ground
motion at the site.
Structural Sheathing. The covering (e.g. plywood, oriented strand board, steel sheeting,
fiberboard, or gypsum board) used directly over structural members (e.g., studs or joists) to
distribute loads, brace walls, and generally strengthen the assembly.
Wind Exposure Category. A classification assigned to a building based upon the
characteristics of the ground surface irregularities at the building site.
Wind Exposure B. Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Wind Exposure C. Open terrain with scattered obstructions, including surface undulations or
other irregularities, having heights generally less than 30 feet (9144 mm) extending more
than 1,500 feet (457 m) from the building site in any quadrant. This exposure shall also
apply to any building located within Exposure B type terrain where the building is directly
adjacent to open areas of Exposure C type terrain in any quadrant for a distance of more
than 600 feet (183 m). This category includes flat, open country and grasslands.
Wind Exposure D. Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water,
smooth mud flats, salt flats and unbroken ice for a distance of not less than 5,000 feet (1524
m). This exposure shall apply only to those buildings and other structures exposed to the
wind coming from over the unobstructed area. Exposure D extends downwind from the
edge of the unobstructed area a distance of 600 feet (183 m) or 20 times the height of the
building or structure, whichever is greater.
A3 Referenced Documents
The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this Standard and shall
be considered part of the requirements of this document.
1. AISI S201-12, North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Product Data,
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
2. AISI S220-15, North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Nonstructural
Members, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
3. AISI S240-15, North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing, American
Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
4. ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Load for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of
Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 5

5. ASTM A307-12, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60000 PSI Tensile
Strength, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
6. ASTM A1003/A1003M-15, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Carbon, Metallic and Non-
Metallic-Coated for Cold-Formed Framing Members, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA.
7. ASTM C208-12(2017)e1, Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA.
8. ASTM C954-18, Standard Specification for Steel Drill Screws for the Application of Gypsum
Panel Products or Metal Plaster Bases to Steel Studs from 0.033 in. (0.84 mm) to 0.112 in. (2.84
mm) in Thickness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
9. ASTM C1396/1396M-17, Standard Specification for Gypsum Board, ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA.
10. ASTM F1554-17e1, Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield
Strength, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
11. CSA O325-16, Construction Sheathing, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga,
Ontario, Canada.
12. CSA O437-Series-93 (R2011), Standards on OSB and Waferboard, Canadian Standards
Association, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
13. DOC PS 1-09, Structural Plywood, United States Department of Commerce, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
14. DOC PS 2-10, Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels, United States
Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD.
A4 Limitations of Framing Members
A4.1 General
Structural members and nonstructural members shall comply with AISI S201 and the
additional limitations of this section. Such limitations shall not apply where design is
provided by a design professional.
A4.2 Sheathing Span Capacity
A4.2.1 Floor Framing
Floor joist and floor truss spacing shall not exceed the span capacity of the floor
structural sheathing material.
A4.2.2 Wall Framing
Wall stud spacing shall not exceed the span capacity of the wall structural sheathing
material.
A4.2.3 Roof and Ceiling Framing
The spacing of roof and ceiling framing members shall not exceed the span capacity of
the ceiling or roof structural sheathing material.
A4.3 Physical Dimensions
Cold-formed steel structural members shall comply with the dimensional requirements
specified in Table A4-1.

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6 AISI S230-19

A4.4 Material Properties

The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel structural members and nonstructural
members shall be 33 ksi (230 MPa) unless otherwise specified as 50 ksi (340 MPa). Where
specified using the tables in this Standard, the minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel
structural members and nonstructural members shall be 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a
designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils (1.37 mm).
A4.4.1 Material Properties in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas
Steel sheet used as a wall bracing material in high wind areas and high seismic areas shall
have a minimum base steel thickness of 0.0269 inches (0.683 mm) and shall be of ASTM
A1003 Structural Grade 33 (Grade 230) Type H steel.
A4.5 Web Holes
Holes in webs of structural members shall comply with the requirements for factory
punchouts (perforations) in Section C5 of AISI S201, as shown in Figure A4-1, and all the
following requirements:
(1) Web hole width for studs shall not be greater than 1-1/2 inches (38.1 mm).
(2) Minimum distance between the edge of bearing and the near edge of a web hole shall be
10 inches (254 mm), as shown in Figure A4-2.
Members with holes violating the above requirements shall be reinforced in accordance
with Section A4.6, patched in accordance with Section A4.7, or designed in accordance with
accepted engineering practices.
A4.6 Hole Reinforcing
Web holes in floor joists, ceiling joists and gable endwall studs violating the requirements of
Section A4.5 are permitted to be reinforced if the hole is located fully within the center 40
percent of the span and the depth and length of the hole does not exceed 65% of the flat width
of the web. The reinforcing shall be a steel plate or C-shape section with a hole that does not
exceed the above web hole size limitation for the member being reinforced. The steel
reinforcing shall be of a minimum thickness as the receiving member and shall extend at least
1 inch (25.4 mm) beyond all edges of the hole. The steel reinforcing shall be fastened to the
web of the receiving member with No. 8 screws spaced no greater than 1 inch (25.4 mm)
center-to-center along the edges of the patch with minimum edge distance of 1/2 inch (12.7
mm).
A4.7 Hole Patching
Web holes violating the requirements of Section A4.5 are permitted to be patched if the
depth of the hole does not exceed 70% of the flat width of the web and the length of the hole
measured along the web does not exceed 10 inches (254 mm) or the depth of the web,
whichever is greater. The patch shall be a solid steel plate, stud section, or track section in
accordance with Figures A4-3 or A4-4. The steel patch shall be of a minimum thickness as the
receiving member and shall extend at least 1 inch (25.4 mm) beyond all edges of the hole. The
steel patch shall be fastened to the web of the receiving member with No. 8 screws spaced no
greater than 1 inch (25.4 mm) center-to-center along the edges of the patch with minimum
edge distance of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm).
Structural members shall be replaced or designed in accordance with accepted engineering
practices when web holes exceed either of the following size limits:
(a) The depth of the hole, measured across the web, exceeds 70% of the flat width of the

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 7

web.
(b) The length of the hole measured along the web exceeds 10 inches (254 mm) or the depth
of the web, whichever is greater.

Figure A1-1 Building Configuration

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8 AISI S230-19

Figure A1-2 Building Configuration Limitations

Figure A1-3 Irregular Buildings

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 9

Figure A2-1 Illustration of Diaphragm Span-to-Depth Ratio

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10 AISI S230-19

Figure A4-1 Web Hole Limitations

Figure A4-2 Web Hole Limitation Adjacent to Bearing

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 11

Figure A4-3 Stud Web Hole Patch

Figure A4-4 Joist Web Hole Patch

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12 AISI S230-19

Table A1-1
Limits of Applicability
ATTRIBUTE LIMITATION
General
Number of Stories 3 stories with a basement
11 feet 7 inches (3.53 m) with a maximum wall stud
Maximum Story Height
height of not more than 10 feet (3.05 m)
Maximum Mean Roof Height 33 feet (10.1 m) above average grade
Basic Wind Speed and Wind Wind Exposures B and C: Up to 180 mph (290 km/hr)
Exposure Wind Exposure D: Up to 166 mph (267 km/hr)
Ground Snow Load 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2) maximum ground snow load
Seismic Design Category A, B, C, D0, D1, D2 and E
Floors
Floor Dead Load 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) maximum
40 psf (1.92 kN/m2) maximum (rooms other than
Floor Live Load sleeping rooms)
30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) maximum (sleeping rooms)
Cantilever 24 inches (610 mm) maximum
Walls
Wall Dead Load 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) maximum
Structural Wall Height 10 feet (3.05 m) maximum
Roofs
12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) maximum total roof and ceiling load
Roof Dead Load
7 psf (0.34 kN/m2) maximum for roof covering only
70 psf (3.35 kN/m2) maximum ground snow load
Roof Snow/Live Load
(16 psf (0.77 kN/m2) minimum roof live load)
Ceiling Dead Load 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2) maximum
Roof Slope 3:12 to 12:12
Rake Overhang 12 inches (305 mm) maximum
Eave Overhang 24 inches (610 mm) maximum
Attic Live Load (Attics with storage) 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) maximum
Attic Live Load (Attics without storage) 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) maximum
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 13

Table A1-2
Additional Limitations in High Seismic Areas
ATTRIBUTE LIMITATION
General
Number of Stories 3 story slab on grade or on continuous concrete or masonry foundation1
70 psf (3.35 kN/m2) maximum with normal or light weight2 roof
Ground Snow Load3 assembly
30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) maximum with heavy weight2 roof assembly
Seismic Design
Seismic Design Category D0, D1, D2, E4
Category
Walls
7 psf (0.34 kN/m2) maximum for light weight exterior wall system
Wall Dead Load
14 psf (0.68 kN/m2) maximum for heavy weight exterior wall system
Roofs
12 psf (0.57 kN/m ) maximum total load for light weight roof assembly
2

15 psf (0.72 kN/m2) maximum total load for normal weight roof
Roof/Ceiling Dead
assembly
Load
25 psf (1.20 kN/m2) maximum total load for heavy weight roof
assembly
Roof Slope 3:12 to 6:12
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/s, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Maximum height from average grade to mean roof height is limited to 33' (10.1 m).
2 Normal, light, and heavy weight roof assemblies are as defined in this table.
3 In high seismic areas, buildings in locations with ground snow loads greater than 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) and with a

normal or light weight roof/ceiling assembly are to be constructed in accordance with the requirements for buildings
with a heavy weight roof/ceiling assembly.
4 Buildings constructed in Seismic Design Category E per this Standard are limited to regular buildings which do not have

any floors cantilevered past exterior walls.

Table A1-3
Equivalent Basic Wind Speed Adjustment
Between Wind Exposure D Sites and Wind Exposure C Sites
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Wind Exposure D
≤106 ≤110 ≤120 ≤129 ≤138 ≤147 ≤156 ≤166
Equivalent Wind
115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C

Table A4-1
Cold-Formed Steel Member Sizes
Web Maximum
Member Minimum Flange
Depth Flange Width
Designation1 Width (inches)
(inches) (inches)
350S162-t 3.5 1.625 2
550S162-t 5.5 1.625 2
800S162-t 8 1.625 2
1000S162-t 10 1.625 2
1200S162-t 12 1.625 2
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm

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14 AISI S230-19

B. CONNECTIONS
B1 Fastening Requirements
Screw fasteners shall conform to the requirements of Section D1 of AISI S220 and Section
B1.5.1 of AISI S240, as applicable. All screw sizes specified in this Standard shall be minimums.
Other fastening techniques, such as the use of pneumatically driven fasteners, power-actuated
fasteners, crimping, clinching, or welding, are permitted when approved.
Where No. 8 screws are specified but larger screws are used, the required number of screws
in a steel-to-steel connection is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the reduction factors
in Table B1-1 when larger screws are used or when the sheets of steel being connected are
thicker than 33 mils (0.84 mm). When applying the reduction factor, the resulting number of
screws shall be rounded up.
B2 Bearing Stiffeners
A bearing stiffener shall be fabricated from a C-shaped, track or clip angle member with a
minimum size that is in accordance with one of the following:
1. C-shaped Bearing Stiffeners:
a. Where the joist is not carrying a structural wall above, the bearing stiffener shall be a
minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) thickness.
b. Where the joist is carrying a structural wall above, the bearing stiffener shall be at least
the same designation thickness as the wall stud above.
2. Track Bearing Stiffeners:
a. Where the joist is not carrying a structural wall above, the bearing stiffener shall be a
minimum 43 mil (1.09 mm) thickness.
b. Where the joist is carrying a structural wall above, the bearing stiffener shall be at least
one designation thickness greater than the wall stud above.
3. Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners:
a. Where the clip angle bearing stiffener is fastened to both the web of the member it is
stiffening and an adjacent rim track using the fastener pattern shown in Figure B2-1,
the bearing stiffener shall be a minimum 2-inch x 2-inch (51 mm x 51 mm) angle sized
in accordance with Tables B2-1 through B2-4.
The minimum length of a bearing stiffener shall be the depth of the member being stiffened
minus 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). Each bearing stiffener shall be fastened to the web of the member it is
stiffening as shown in Figure B2-1. Each clip angle bearing stiffener shall also be fastened to the
web of the adjacent rim track using the fastener pattern shown in Figure B2-1. No. 8 screws shall
be used for C-shaped and track members of any thickness and for clip angle members with a
designation thickness less than or equal to 54 mils (1.37 mm). No. 10 screws shall be used for clip
angle members with a designation thickness greater than 54 mils (1.37 mm). Bearing stiffeners shall
be installed in accordance with the alignment requirements of Section B1.2.3 of AISI S240 for
inline framing.
B3 Clip Angles
Clip angles shall have a minimum size of 2 inches x 2 inches by 33 mil (51 mm x 51 mm by
0.84 mm) and have sufficient leg length to provide minimum 1-inch (25.4 mm) overlap on the
connected material, unless otherwise noted. All clip angle materials shall comply with Sections
A4.1 and A4.4.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 15

B4 Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts connecting steel framing to the foundation structure shall be installed so that
the distance from the center of the bolt hole to the edge of the connected member is not less than
one and one-half bolt diameters. Anchor bolts shall include appropriate size and grade washers.
Anchor bolts shall meet or exceed the requirements of ASTM F1554.
In high wind areas and high seismic areas, anchor bolts shall have a minimum 3”x3”x 0.229”
(76 mm x 76 mm x 5.8 mm) steel plate washer, unless a standard hole size is provided in the
connected member and a standard cut or hardened washer is provided between the connected
member and the nut.

Figure B2-1 Bearing Stiffener (Web Stiffener)

Table B1-1
Screw Substitution Factor
Thinnest Connected Steel Sheet (mils)
Screw Size
33 43
No. 8 1.0 0.67
No. 10 0.93 0.62
No. 12 0.86 0.56
For SI: 1 mil = 0.0254 mm

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16 AISI S230-19

Table B2-1
Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners
20 psf Equivalent Snow Load
Minimum Thickness (Mils) of 2-inch x 2-inch (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) Clip Angle
Bottom Floor in 2 Story
Joist Designation Top Floor Bottom Floor in 3 Story
Middle Floor in 3 Story
Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches)
12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24
800S162-33 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 68 68 - - -
800S162-43 43 43 43 43 54 54 68 68 - - - -
800S162-54 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 68 68 - - -
800S162-68 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 54 - - -
800S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 -
1000S162-43 43 43 43 43 54 68 - - - - - -
1000S162-54 43 43 43 43 54 68 68 - - - - -
1000S162-68 43 43 43 43 54 68 - - - - - -
1000S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 43 68 - -
1200S162-43 43 54 54 54 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-54 54 54 54 54 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-68 43 43 54 54 68 - - - - - - -
1200S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 - - - - -
For SI: 1 mil = 0.0254 mm
Table B2-2
Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners
30 psf Equivalent Snow Load
Minimum Thickness (Mils) of 2-inch x 2-inch (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) Clip Angle
Bottom Floor in 2 Story
Top Floor Bottom Floor in 3 Story
Joist Designation Middle Floor in 3 Story
Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches)
12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24
800S162-33 43 43 43 43 54 68 68 - - - - -
800S162-43 43 43 43 54 68 68 68 - - - - -
800S162-54 43 43 43 43 54 68 68 - - - - -
800S162-68 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 - 68 - - -
800S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 68 -
1000S162-43 54 54 54 54 68 - - - - - - -
1000S162-54 54 54 54 54 68 - - - - - - -
1000S162-68 43 43 54 68 68 - - - - - - -
1000S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 54 - - -
1200S162-43 54 68 68 68 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-54 68 68 68 68 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-68 68 68 68 68 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-97 43 43 43 43 54 68 - - - - - -
For SI: 1 mil = 0.0254 mm

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 17

Table B2-3
Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners
50 psf Equivalent Snow Load
Minimum Thickness (Mils) of 2-inch x 2-inch (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) Clip Angle
Bottom Floor in 2 Story
Joist Top Floor Bottom Floor in 3 Story
Middle Floor in 3 Story
Designation
Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches)
12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24
800S162-33 54 54 54 54 68 97 97 97 97 - - -
800S162-43 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - -
800S162-54 54 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - -
800S162-68 43 43 54 54 68 97 97 97 97 - - -
800S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 68 97 -
1000S162-43 97 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - -
1000S162-54 97 97 68 68 97 97 97 - - - - -
1000S162-68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - -
1000S162-97 43 43 43 43 54 68 97 97 - - - -
1200S162-43 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-54 - 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-68 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-97 54 68 68 97 97 - - - - - - -
For SI: 1 mil = 0.0254 mm
Table B2-4
Clip Angle Bearing Stiffeners
70 psf Equivalent Snow Load
Minimum Thickness (Mils) of 2-inch x 2-inch (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) Clip Angle
Bottom Floor in 2 Story
Joist Top Floor Bottom Floor in 3 Story
Middle Floor in 3 Story
Designation
Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches) Joist Spacing (inches)
12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24
800S162-33 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - -
800S162-43 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 - - - - -
800S162-54 97 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - -
800S162-68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 - - - - -
800S162-97 43 43 43 43 43 54 68 97 97 97 - -
1000S162-43 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1000S162-54 - 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1000S162-68 97 97 - - - - - - - - - -
1000S162-97 68 68 68 68 97 97 - - - - - -
1200S162-43 97 97 97 97 - - - - - - - -
1200S162-54 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1200S162-68 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1200S162-97 97 97 97 - - - - - - - - -
For SI: 1 mil = 0.0254 mm

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18 AISI S230-19

C. FOUNDATION
C1 General
The building foundation shall comply with the applicable building code. Steel framing shall be
attached to the foundation structure according to the requirements of Chapters D and E of this
Standard. Foundation anchor bolts shall be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from
corners or the termination of bottom tracks.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 19

D. FLOOR FRAMING
D1 Floor Construction
Floor framing shall be constructed in accordance with Sections D2 to D9, as applicable.
D2 Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection
Floor framing shall be anchored to foundations, wood sills, or structural walls in accordance
with Table D2-1 and Figures D2-1 through D2-6. Anchor bolts shall be located not more than 12
inches (305 mm) from corners or the termination of bottom tracks. Continuous steel joists
supported by interior structural walls shall be constructed in accordance with Figure D2-7.
Lapped steel joists shall be constructed in accordance with Figure D2-8. End floor joists
constructed on foundation walls parallel to the joist span shall be doubled unless a C-shaped
bearing stiffener, sized in accordance with Section B2, is installed web-to-web with the floor joist
beneath each supported wall stud, as shown in Figure D2-9. Fastening of steel joists to other
framing members shall be in accordance with Table D2-2.
In high seismic areas and high wind areas, the anchorage of floors to foundations and structural
walls shall be in accordance with the provisions of Sections E11, E12 and E13, as applicable.
D3 Minimum Floor Joist Sizes
Floor joist size and thickness shall be determined in accordance with the limits set forth in
Table D3-1 for single spans.
When continuous two-span (excluding cantilever) joist members are used, the interior
bearing supports shall be located within two feet (0.61 m) of the mid-point along the length of
the steel joists, and the individual spans shall not exceed the spans in Tables D3-1. Exception:
Table D3-1 is not applicable for 800S162-33 and 1000S162-43 continuous joist members.
Floor joists shall have a bearing support length of not less than 1.5 inches (38 mm) for
exterior wall supports and 3.5 inches (89 mm) for interior wall supports. Tracks shall be a
minimum of 33 mils (0.84 mm) thick except when used as part of the floor header or trimmer in
accordance with Section D7.
D3.1 Floor Cantilevers
Floor cantilevers for the top floor of a two- or three-story building or the first floor of a
one-story building shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm). Cantilevers, not exceeding 24 inches
(610 mm) and supporting two stories and roof (i.e., first floor of a two-story building), are
permitted provided that all cantilevered joists are doubled (nested or back-to-back). The
doubled cantilevered joists shall extend a minimum of 6 feet (1.83 m) toward the inside and
shall be fastened with a minimum of two No. 8 screws spaced at 24 inches (610 mm) on
center through the webs (for back-to-back) or flanges (for nested joists).
D4 Bearing Stiffeners
Bearing stiffeners shall be installed at each joist bearing location in accordance with Section
B2, except for joists lapped over an interior support not carrying a structural wall above. Floor
joists supporting jamb studs with multiple members shall have two bearing stiffeners in
accordance with Figure D4-1.
D5 Joist Bracing and Blocking
D5.1 Joist Top Flange Bracing
The top flanges of floor joist members shall be laterally braced by the application of floor

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20 AISI S230-19

sheathing fastened to the joists in accordance with Section D9.

D5.2 Joist Bottom Flange Bracing/Blocking
Floor joists with spans that exceed 12 feet (3.66 m) shall have the bottom flanges laterally
braced in accordance with one of the following:
(a) Gypsum board installed with No. 6 screws at 12 inches (305 mm) on center on edges
and in the field. Edges perpendicular to framing members need not be blocked.
(b) Continuous steel straps installed in accordance with Figure D5-1. Steel straps shall be
spaced at a maximum of 12 feet (3.66 m) on center and shall be at least 1-1/2 inches (38
mm) in width and 33 mils (0.84 mm) in thickness. Straps shall be fastened to the bottom
flange of each joist with one No. 8 screw, fastened to blocking with two No. 8 screws, and
fastened at each end of strap with two No. 8 screws. Blocking (Figure D5-1 or Figure D5-
2) shall be installed between joists at each end of the continuous strapping and at a
maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.66 m) measured along the continuous strapping
(perpendicular to the joist run). Blocking shall also be located at the termination of all
straps. As an alternative to blocking at the ends, the strap is permitted to be anchored to a
stable building component with two No. 8 screws.
D5.3 Blocking at Interior Bearing Supports
Blocking is not required for continuous back-to-back floor joists at bearing supports.
Blocking shall be installed between every other joist for single continuous floor joists across
bearing supports in accordance with Figure D2-7. Blocking shall consist of C-shape or track
section with a minimum thickness of 33 mils (0.84 mm). Blocking shall be fastened to each
adjacent joist through a 33 mil clip angle, bent web of blocking or flanges of web stiffener with
two No. 8 screws on each side. The minimum depth of the blocking shall be equal to the depth
of the joist minus 2 inches (51 mm). The minimum length of the angle shall be equal to the
depth of the joist minus 2 inches (51 mm).
D5.4 Blocking at Cantilevers
Blocking shall be installed between every other joist over cantilever bearing supports in
accordance with Figures D2-4, D2-5 or D2-6. Blocking shall consist of C-shape or track section
with minimum thickness of 33 mils (0.84 mm). Blocking shall be fastened to each adjacent joist
through bent web of blocking, 33 mil clip angle or flange of web stiffener with two No. 8 screws
at each end. The depth of the blocking shall be equal to the depth of the joist. The minimum
length of the angle shall be equal to the depth of the joist minus 2 inches (51 mm). Blocking
shall be fastened through the floor sheathing and to the support with three No. 8 screws (top
and bottom).
D6 Splicing
Joists and other structural members shall not be spliced without an approved design. Splicing
of tracks shall conform to Figure D6-1.
D7 Framing of Floor Openings
Openings in floors shall not exceed the lesser of 12 feet (3.66 m) or 50 percent of the parallel
building dimension. Where the opening is less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from the exterior wall, the
exterior wall adjacent to the opening shall be designed in accordance with the applicable building
code.
Openings in floors shall be framed with header and trimmer joists. Header and trimmer joists
shall be framed in accordance with Figures D7-1 and D7-2 and installed in accordance with

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 21

Figures D7-3 and D7-4. Header and trimmer joists shall be fabricated from joist and track
members, having a minimum size and thickness at least equivalent to the adjacent floor joists,
except header joists for spans greater than 8 feet (2.44 m) shall be determined in accordance with
Tables D7-1 through D7-4. Track sections shall be the same thickness as the C-shape listed in the
tables. Each track section for built-up header or trimmer joist shall extend the full length of the
joist (continuous). Each header joist shall be connected to trimmer joists with four 2-inch x 2-inch
(51 mm x 51 mm) clip angles. Each clip angle shall be fastened to both the header and trimmer
joists with four No. 8 screws evenly spaced through each leg of the clip angle. The clip angles
shall have a thickness not less than that of the floor joist.
In floor assemblies supported by wall framing with openings greater than 6 ft (1.83 m), the
built-up trimmer joist shall be supported by a pair of wall studs beneath.
D8 Floor Trusses
Cold-formed steel floor trusses shall be designed, braced, and installed in accordance with
Chapter E of AISI S240. Truss members shall not be notched, cut, or altered in any manner
without an approved design.
D9 Diaphragms
A floor diaphragm shall be provided by attaching a minimum of 19/32-inch (15.1 mm) wood
structural panel, which complies with DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2, CSA O437, or CSA O325 to floor
joists in accordance with Table D2-2. Screws used to attach the floor diaphragm shall have
minimum head diameter of 0.29 inch (7 mm).
D9.1 Floor Diaphragms in High Seismic Areas and High Wind Areas
In high seismic areas and high wind areas, floor diaphragms shall be constructed in
accordance with Section D9 except that the screw spacing shall be 6 inches (152 mm) on panel
edges and in the field. The diaphragms are permitted to be unblocked, and are permitted to be
constructed in any panel configuration.

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22 AISI S230-19

Figure D2-1 Floor to Exterior Structural Wall Connection

Figure D2-2 Floor to Wood Sill Connection

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 23

Figure D2-3 Floor to Foundation Connection

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24 AISI S230-19

Figure D2-4 Cantilevered Floor to Foundation Connection

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 25

Figure D2-5 Cantilevered Floor to Wood Sill Connection

Figure D2-6 Cantilevered Floor to Exterior Structural Wall Connection

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26 AISI S230-19

Figure D2-7 Continuous Span Joist Supported on an Interior Structural Wall

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 27

Figure D2-8 Lapped Joist Supported on Interior Structural Wall

Figure D2-9 Bearing Stiffeners for End Joist

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28 AISI S230-19

Figure D4-1 Bearing Stiffeners Under Jamb Studs

Figure D5-1 Joist Blocking (Solid)

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 29

Figure D5-2 Joist Blocking (Strap)

Figure D6-1 Track Splice

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30 AISI S230-19

Figure D7-1 Six-Foot Floor Opening

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 31

Figure D7-2 Twelve-Foot Floor Opening (Eight-Foot and Ten-Foot Similar)

Figure D7-3 Floor Header to Trimmer Connection—Six-Foot Opening

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32 AISI S230-19

Figure D7-4 Floor Header to Trimmer Connection—Twelve-Foot Opening

(Eight-Foot and Ten-Foot Openings Similar)

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 33

Table D2-1
Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection Requirements 1, 2
Basic Wind Speed (mph), Exposure,
and Seismic Design Category 3
115 MPH Exposure C or
Framing Condition Less Than 140 MPH Less Than 140 MPH
Exposure B— Exposure C
Seismic Design Categories
A, B & C
Floor joist to wall track of
2-No. 8 screws 3-No. 8 screws
exterior wall per Figure D2-1
Rim track or end joist to
structural wall top track per 1-No. 8 screw at 24" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw at 24" o.c.
Figure D2-1
Steel plate spaced at 4' o.c. Steel plate spaced at 2' o.c.
Rim track or end joist to wood
with 4-No. 8 screws and with 4-No. 8 screws and
sill per Figure D2-2
4 - 10d or 6 - 8d common nails 4 - 10d or 6-8d common nails
1/2" minimum diameter anchor 1/2" minimum diameter anchor
Rim track or end joist to
bolt and clip angle spaced at 6' bolt and clip angle spaced at
foundation per Figure D2-3
o.c. with 8-No. 8 screws 4' o.c. with 8-No. 8 screws
1/2" minimum diameter anchor 1/2" minimum diameter anchor
Cantilevered joist to
bolt and clip angle spaced at bolt and clip angle spaced at
foundation per Figure D2-4
6' o.c. with 8-No. 8 screws 4' o.c. with 8-No. 8 screws
Steel plate spaced at 4' o.c. Steel plate spaced at 2' o.c.
Cantilevered joist to wood sill
with 4 - screws and 4 - 10d or with 4-No. 8 screws and
per Figure D2-5
6 - 8d common nails 4 - 10d or 6-8d common nails
Cantilevered joist to wall track
2-No. 8 screws 3-No. 8 screws
per Figure D2-6
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Use the highest of the wind speed and exposure or the seismic requirements for a given site.
2 Anchor bolts are to be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from corners or the termination of bottom

tracks (e.g. at door openings or corners).

3 See Sections E11 through E13 for floor connection requirements in high seismic areas and high wind

areas.

Table D2-2
Floor Fastening Schedule
Number and Size
Description of Building Elements Spacing of Fasteners
of Fasteners
Floor joist to track of an interior
structural wall in accordance with 2-No. 8 screws Each joist
Figures D2-7 and D2-8
Floor joist to rim track at end of One per flange or two per bearing
2-No. 8 screws
joist stiffener
6 inches on center on edges and
Subfloor sheathing to floor joists No. 8 screws 1 12 inches on center at
intermediate supports 2
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 Screws to attach subfloor sheathing to floor joists are to have minimum head diameter of 0.29 inch (7 mm).
2 Fastener spacing on intermediate supports is 6 inches o.c. for high seismic areas and high wind areas per Section

D9.1.

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 34 AISI S230-19

Table D3-1
Floor Joists – Single Spans 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
30 psf Live Load 40 psf Live Load
Joist
Spacing (inches) Spacing (inches)
Designation
12 16 19.2 24 12 16 19.2 24
550S162-33 11'-8" 10'-4" 9'-5 8'-5" 10'-7" 9'-2” 8'-5" 7'-6"
550S162-43 12'-8" 11'-6" "
10'-8" 10'-5" 11'-6" "
10'-4" 9'-10" 9'-3"
550S162-54 13'-7" 12'-4" 11'-7" 10'-9" 12'-4" 11'-3" 10'-7" 9'-10"
550S162-68 14'-7" 13'-3" 12'-6" 11'-7" 13'-3" 12'-0" 11'-4" 10'-6"
550S162-97 16'-2" 14'-8" 13'-10" 12'-10" 14'-8" 13'-4" 12'-6" 11'-8"
800S162-33 14'-6" 12'-6" 11'-5" 10'-3" 12'-10" 11'-1" 10'-2" 9'-1"
800S162-43 17'-0" 15'-1" 13'-9" 12'-4" 15'-5" 13'-5" 12'-3" 10'-11"
800S162-54 18'-3" 16'-7" 15'-8" 14'-6" 16'-7" 15'-1" 14'-2" 13'-2"
800S162-68 19'-9" 17'-11" 16'-11" 15'-8" 17'-11" 16'-3" 15'-4" 14'-3"
800S162-97 21'-11" 19'-11" 18'-9" 17'-5" 19'-11" 18'-1" 17'-0" 15'-10"
1000S162-43 19'-4" 16'-9" 15'-3" 13'-8" 17'-2" 14'-10" 13'-7" 12'-2"
1000S162-54 21'-9" 19'-9" 18'-7" 17'-3" 19'-9" 18'-0" 16'-11" 15'-8"
1000S162-68 23'-7" 21'-5" 20'-2" 18'-9" 21'-5" 19'-6" 18'-4" 17'-0"
1000S162-97 26'-5" 24'-0" 22'-7" 21'-0" 24'-0" 21'-10" 20'-6" 19'-1"
1200S162-54 25'-1" 22'-10" 21'-6" 19'-9" 22'-10" 20'-9" 19'-6" 17'-6"
1200S162-68 27'-3" 24'-9" 23'-4" 21'-8" 24'-9" 22'-6" 21'-2" 19'-8"
1200S162-97 30'-10" 28'-0" 26'-4" 24'-5" 28'-0" 25'-5" 23'-11" 22'-3"

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Table provides the maximum clear span in feet and inches.
2 Bearing stiffeners are to be installed at all support points and concentrated loads.
3 Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads, L/240 for total loads.
4 Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)
5 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

6 Table D3-1 is not applicable for 800S162-33 and 1000S162-43 continuous joist members.
7 The 12-inch (305 mm) and 19.2-inch (488 mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate the in-line

framing requirement of Section E.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 35

Table D7-1
Built-Up Header Size for 10-Foot Floor Opening 1,2,3
30 psf Live Load
Joist
Spacing (inches)
Designation
12 16 19.2 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-54 1000S200-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S200-43 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S200-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-43 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table D7-2
Built-Up Header Size for 10-Foot Floor Opening 1,2,3
40 psf Live Load
Joist
Spacing (inches)
Designation
12 16 19.2 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S200-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S200-43
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-43 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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36 AISI S230-19

Table D7-3
Built-Up Header Size for 12-Foot Floor Opening 1,2,3
30 psf Live Load
Joist
Spacing (inches)
Designation
12 16 19.2 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-54 1000S200-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S200-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-68 1000S200-54 1000S200-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-43 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S200-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S200-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table D7-4
Built-Up Header Size for 12-Foot Floor Opening 1,2,3
40 psf Live Load
Joist
Spacing (inches)
Designation
12 16 19.2 24
1000S162-43 1000S200-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-54 1000S200-54 1000S200-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-68 1000S200-54 1000S200-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S200-68 1000S162-68 1000S162-68 1000S200-54
1200S162-43 1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-68 1200S200-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S200-54
1200S162-97 1200S200-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 37

E. WALL FRAMING
E1 Wall Construction
Structural walls shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of this section. Non-
structural walls shall be constructed in accordance with AISI S220 and shall have a minimum
base metal thickness of 18 mils (0.45 mm).
E2 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection
Structural walls shall be anchored to foundations or floors in accordance with Table E2-1
and Figures E2-1 through E2-4. Gable end walls with stud heights greater than 10 feet (3.05 m)
shall be anchored to foundations or floors in accordance with Tables E2-2 and E2-3. In high
seismic areas and high wind areas, the anchorage of structural walls to foundations and floors
shall be in accordance with the provisions of Sections E11, E12 and E13 as applicable.
Anchor bolts shall be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from corners or the
termination of bottom tracks. Anchor bolts shall extend a minimum of 15 inches (381 mm) into
masonry or 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete. Foundation anchor straps or post-installed anchors
are permitted, in lieu of anchor bolts, if spaced as required to provide equivalent anchorage to
the required anchor bolts and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements.
Anchorage requirements shall also be determined in the foundation design in accordance with
Section C1.
E2.1 Uplift Connection in High Wind Areas - Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor Assembly
In high wind areas, exterior wall studs in bottom story walls shall be attached to a wood sill
plate or directly attached to the foundation by connections capable of resisting the uplift
loads listed in Table E2-4. Alternatively, a continuous 1-1/4 inch (32 mm) by 33 mil (0.84 mm)
steel uplift strap is permitted when placed under the wood sill and attached to both flanges of
the exterior stud as shown in Figure E2-5. The uplift strap shall be fastened to each flange with
minimum No. 8 screws as required by Table E2-5.
E3 Minimum Stud Sizes
Structural walls shall be constructed in accordance with Figures E2-1, E2-2, E2-3 and E2-4, as
applicable. The alternate wall to foundation connection shown in Figure E2-2 is permitted only
where the center line of the anchor bolt or other connection, as required, is located not greater
than 3 inches from the stud. Exterior wall stud size and thickness shall be determined in
accordance with the limits set forth in Tables E3-1 through E3-15. The size and thickness of
gable endwall studs with heights less than or equal to 10 feet (3.05 m) are permitted to be
determined in accordance with the limits set forth in Table E3-16. The size and thickness of
gable endwall studs with heights greater than 10 feet (2.94 m) shall be determined in accordance
with the limits set forth in Table E3-17. Interior structural wall stud size and thickness shall be
determined in accordance with the limits set forth in Tables E3-1 through E3-15 based upon a
115 mph (185 km/hr) Exposure B wind value and the supported clear span, stud spacing and
snow load as appropriate. Fastening requirements shall be in accordance with Section B and
Table E3-18. Top and bottom tracks shall have the same minimum thickness as the wall studs.
Exterior 43 mil Grade 33 wall studs are permitted to be reduced to the next thinner size, as
shown in Tables E3-1 through E3-15, when both of the following conditions exist:
(1) Minimum of 1/2 inch (13 mm) gypsum board is installed and fastened in accordance with
Table E3-18 on the interior surface.
(2) Wood structural sheathing panels of minimum 7/16-inch (11-mm)-thick oriented strand

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38 AISI S230-19

board or 15/32-inch (12-mm)-thick plywood is installed and fastened in accordance with

Section E8.2 on the outside surface.
Interior 43 mil Grade 33 structural wall studs are permitted to be reduced to the next thinner
size, as shown in Tables E3-1 through E3-15, when a minimum of 1/2 inch (13 mm) gypsum
board is installed and fastened in accordance with Table E3-18 on both sides of the wall.
The tabulated stud thickness for structural walls shall be used when the attic load is 10 psf
(0.48 kN/m2) or less. A limited attic storage load of 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) is permitted provided
that the next higher snow load column is used to select the stud size from Tables E3-1 through
E3-15.
For two-story buildings, the tabulated stud thickness for walls supporting one floor, roof
and ceiling shall be used when the second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2). Second floor
live loads of 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2) are permitted provided that the next higher snow load column
is used to select the stud size from Tables E3-6 through E3-10.
For three-story buildings, the tabulated stud thickness for walls supporting one or two
floors, as applicable, roof and ceiling shall be used when the third floor live load is 30 psf (1.44
kN/m2). Third floor live loads of 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2) are permitted provided that the next
higher snow load column is used to select the stud size from Tables E3-11 through E3-15.
E4 Stud Bracing
The flanges of structural studs shall be laterally braced in accordance with one of the
following methods:
1. Gypsum board on both sides, structural sheathing on both sides, or gypsum board on one
side and structural sheathing on the other side of structural walls fastened in accordance
with Table E3-18 and Figure E4-1. Screws for attachment of structural sheathing panels
shall be bugle-head, flat-head, or similar head style with a minimum head diameter of
0.29 inches (8 mm).
2. Horizontal steel straps fastened in accordance with Figure E4-2 on both sides at mid-height
for 8-foot (2.44 m) walls, and at one-third points for 9- and 10-foot (2.74 and 3.05 m) walls.
Horizontal steel straps shall be at least 1-1/2 inches in width and 33 mils in thickness (38 x
0.84 mm). Straps shall be attached to the flanges of studs with one No. 8 screw. In-line
blocking shall be installed between studs at the termination of all straps and at 12-foot (3.66
m) intervals along the strap. Straps shall be fastened to the blocking with two No. 8 screws.
3. Sheathing on one side and strapping on the other side fastened in accordance with Figure
E4-3. Sheathing shall be installed in accordance with Method 1 above. Steel straps shall be
installed in accordance with Method 2 above.
E5 Splicing
Structural studs and headers shall not be spliced without an approved design. Splicing of tracks
shall conform to Figure E5-1 or, if applicable, Figure E11-7.
E6 Corner Framing
In exterior walls, corner studs and the top track shall be installed in accordance with Figure
E6-1. Other approved corner framing details are permitted.
E7 Headers
Headers shall be installed above wall openings in structural walls in accordance with
Sections E7.1 through E7.4. Headers shall not be required for openings in non-structural walls.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 39

E7.1 Box-Beam Headers

Box-beam headers shall be constructed in accordance with Figure E7-1 and Tables E7-1
through E7-6. Header spans for supported clear spans between those tabulated are permitted
to be determined by interpolation. Headers shall be constructed from two equal-sized C-shaped
members in a box type configuration. Headers shall be connected to king studs in accordance
with Table E7-13. One-half of the total number of required screws shall be applied to the
header and one half to the king stud by use of C-shaped or track member in accordance with
Figure E7-1. The track or C-shape sections shall extend the depth of the header minus 1/2 inch
(13 mm) and shall have a minimum thickness not less than the wall studs.
Exceptions:
1. Headers in gable endwalls are permitted to be constructed with the header directly
above the opening, as shown in Figure E7-3.
2. Headers in gable endwalls are permitted to be sized as follows:
(a) 362S162-33 for openings less than or equal to 4 feet (1.22 m)
(b) 600S162-43 for openings greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) but less than or equal to 6 feet
(1.83 m)
(c) 800S162-54 for openings greater than 6 feet (1.83 m) but less than or equal to 9 feet
(2.74 m)
E7.2 Back-to-Back Headers
Back-to-back headers shall be constructed in accordance with Figure E7-2 and Tables E7-7
through E7-12. Header spans for supported clear spans between those tabulated are permitted
to be determined by interpolation. Headers shall be formed from two equal-sized C-shaped
members in a back-to-back configuration. Headers shall be connected to king studs in
accordance with Table E7-13. One-half of the total number of screws shall be applied to the
header and one-half to the king stud by use of a minimum 2 x 2 inch (51 x 51 mm) clip angle in
accordance with Figure E7-2. The clip angle shall extend the depth of the header minus 1/2
inch (13 mm) and shall have a minimum thickness not less than the wall studs.
Exceptions:
1. Headers in gable endwalls are permitted to be constructed with the header directly
above the opening, as shown in Figure E7-4.
2. Headers in gable endwalls are permitted to be sized as follows:
(a) 362S162-33 for openings less than or equal to 4 feet (1.22 m)
(b) 600S162-43 for openings greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) but less than or equal to 6 feet
(1.83 m)
(c) 800S162-54 for openings greater than 6 feet (1.83 m) but less than or equal to 9 feet
(2.74 m)
E7.3 L-Headers
An L-header shall consist of a cold-formed steel angle with one short leg lapping over the
top track of the wall and one leg extending down the side of the wall above window or door
openings, as shown in Figures E7-5 and E7-6. Each angle shall be fastened to top track above
an opening with No. 8 screws spaced at 12 inches (305 mm) on center. The "L" angle shall be
placed on both sides of the wall opening to form a double angle L-shaped header (double L-
header). The long leg of the L-header angle shall be attached to each cripple stud(s) and a
minimum of one king stud at each end with one No. 8 screw at top and bottom.

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40 AISI S230-19

E7.3.1 Double L-Headers

Double L-headers shall be constructed in accordance with Figure E7-5 and Tables E7-14
through E7-19 for gravity loading and Tables E7-20 through E7-34 for uplift loading.
E7.3.2 Single L-Headers
Single L-headers shall be constructed in accordance with Figure E7-6 and Tables E7-35
through E7-40. Use of single L-headers shall be limited to the following applications:
1. Single L-headers supporting one floor, roof and ceiling, where the wind speed is less
than or equal to 115 mph Exposure C.
2. Single L-headers supporting two floors, roof and ceiling, where the wind speed is less
than or equal to 130 mph Exposure C.
E7.3.3 Inverted L-Header Assemblies
Inverted double L-headers shall be constructed in accordance with Tables E7-14 though
E7-19 for gravity loading and Tables E7-41 through E7-55 for uplift loading.
Inverted single L-headers shall be constructed in accordance with Tables E7-35 though
E7-40 for gravity loading and Tables E7-56 through E7-70 for uplift loading.
Inverted double or single L-headers shall be constructed in accordance with the
following, as shown in Figure E7-7:
(1) The horizontal leg of the inverted L-header shall be coped to permit the vertical leg to
lap over at least one bearing stud at each end. The horizontal leg after coping shall be
within ½ inch (12.7 mm) of the bearing stud at each end.
(2) The horizontal leg of the inverted L-header shall be attached to the head track at each
end and at 12 inches (304.8 mm) on center with minimum No. 8 screws.
(3) The vertical leg of the inverted L-header shall be attached to at least one bearing stud
at each end and each cripple stud with a minimum No. 8 screw top and bottom. The
top screw in the vertical leg of the inverted L-header shall be located not more than 1
inch (25.4 mm) from the top edge of the vertical leg.
E7.4 Jack and King Studs
The number of jack and king studs installed on each side of a header shall comply with
Table E7-71. Jack, king, and cripple studs shall be of the same dimension and thickness as the
adjacent wall studs. Jack and king studs shall be interconnected with structural sheathing in
accordance with Figures E7-1 and E7-2.
E7.5 Head and Sill Track
Head track spans, above door and window openings, and sill track spans, beneath window
openings, shall not exceed those shown in Table E7-72. For openings less than 4 feet (1.22 m)
in height that have both a head track and a sill track, the spans in Table E7-72 are permitted to
be multiplied by 1.75. For openings less than or equal to 6 feet (1.83 m) in height that have
both a head track and a sill track, the spans in Table E7-72 are permitted to be multiplied by a
factor of 1.5.
E8 Wall Bracing
Buildings shall be braced in accordance with this section and Figure E8-1 to provide lateral
resistance to wind and seismic loads. For structures in areas where the wind speed is 140 mph
(225 km/h) or greater or the Seismic Design Category is D0, D1, or D2, bracing shall be in
accordance with Sections E11 through E13 as applicable.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 41

E8.1 Braced Wall Lines

A minimum of one braced wall line shall be provided in each of the four exterior sides of a
building at each story level. Interior braced wall lines shall be provided where required to
comply with Section E8.1.1.
E8.1.1 Braced Wall Line Spacing
The perpendicular distance between parallel braced wall lines in either plan direction of
a building shall not exceed 60 feet (18.2 m).
Exception: The perpendicular distance between parallel braced wall lines for
Townhouses in SDC C shall not exceed:
1. 35 ft (10.7 m) in either plan direction, or
2. 50 feet (15.2 m) in either plan direction where:
(a) The wall bracing installed equals or exceeds the amount of bracing
required by Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) multiplied by a factor equal to
the braced wall line spacing divided by 35 feet (10.7 m), and
(b) The length-to-width ratio for the floor or roof diaphragm does not exceed
3:1.
Where interior braced wall lines are used in a given plan direction, the braced wall line
spacing applicable to each interior braced wall line shall be taken as the total distance to
parallel braced wall lines on both sides of the interior braced wall line under consideration
(refer to BWL #2 in Figure E8-1).
E8.1.2 Offsets in Braced Wall Lines
Braced wall lines shall be permitted to have out-of-plane offsets of no greater than 4 feet
(1.22 m) provided that the total out-to-out offset in any braced wall line is not more than 8
feet (2.44 m) as shown in Figure E8-2. Where offsets in a given braced wall line exceed this
limitation, the braced wall line shall be comprised of more than one braced wall line, each
complying with the offset limitation. Each such braced wall line shall comply with the
bracing amount requirements of Section E8.2 and braced wall panel requirements of
Section E8.3. The braced wall line spacing applicable to each of such series of braced wall lines
shall be determined in accordance with Figure E8-3 for the purpose of determining
minimum required wind and seismic bracing amounts per Section E8.2.
E8.1.3 Braced Wall Line Connections to Floor and Roof Assemblies
Braced wall lines shall be attached to foundation, floor, and roof assemblies in
accordance with Sections D2 and E2. Braced wall panels shall be connected to floor or roof
assemblies in accordance with Figures E8-4 or E8-5.
User Note:
Roof and floor truss framing is provided as an alternate framing method to rafter and joist
framing in this Standard. When trusses are utilized as the framing, it is essential that adequate
shear transfer mechanisms, from the diaphragm (roof or floor) to the braced wall line, be provided
through an approved design by a registered design professional.
E8.2 Bracing Amount
Each braced wall line as required by Section E8.1 shall be braced in accordance with this
section using braced wall panels in accordance with Section E8.3 and a bracing method in
accordance with Section E8.4. For the purpose of determining minimum required bracing

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42 AISI S230-19

amounts per Section E8.2.1, each braced wall line shall be assigned a braced wall line spacing in
accordance with Sections E8.1.1 and E8.1.2. Different braced wall lines shall be permitted to use
different bracing methods.
E8.2.1 Minimum Required Bracing Amount for Braced Wall Lines
The minimum required bracing amount in each braced wall line shall comply with
Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4), as applicable, and shall be multiplied by all applicable
adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. The minimum length of full-height sheathing shall not
be less than 20 percent of the braced wall line length after all applicable adjustments. Where
the minimum required length of bracing exceeds the length of braced wall panels in a braced
wall line, a design shall be required. Only those braced wall panels meeting the minimum
length requirements of Section E8.3.1 shall be counted toward the minimum required
bracing length in a braced wall line.
In Seismic Design Category C, the minimum total length of braced wall panels
complying with Section E8.3.1 on each braced wall line shall be determined in accordance
with Table E8-2(1) and E8-2(2) by multiplying the braced wall line length by the required
percentage value and applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. The amount of
bracing required for each braced wall line in Seismic Design Category C shall not be less than
that required for wind in accordance with the paragraph above.
E8.2.2 Bracing Amount Adjustments
Minimum bracing amounts required in Section E8.2.1 shall be multiplied by all
applicable adjustment factors in accordance with this section.
E8.2.2.1 Adjustment Factors for Wind Bracing Amounts
Minimum brace length amounts required by Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) shall be
multiplied by the following adjustment factors as applicable:
1. For a mean roof height other than 30 feet (9.12 m) and site wind exposure other than
wind exposure B, an applicable adjustment factor from Table E8-3.
2. 0.95 for floor-to-ceiling heights of 9 feet (2.75 m) or less.
3. For roof eave-to-ridge height other than 10 feet (3.05 m), an applicable
adjustment factor from Table E8-4.
E8.2.2.2 Adjustment Factor for Hold-Down Brackets
Minimum bracing amounts required by Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables
E8-2(1) and E8-2(2) shall be multiplied by 0.7 where a hold-down anchor, with an ASD
capacity of 4300 pounds (19.35 kN), is provided at each end of a braced wall line. A
single hold-down anchor, installed in accordance with Figure E8-7, is permitted to restrain
two perpendicular braced wall lines at building corners, provided the corner is fastened
together to transfer the overturning force.
E8.2.2.3 Adjustments for Bracing Methods
Minimum bracing amounts required by Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables
E8-2(1) and E8-2(2) shall be multiplied by applicable adjustment factors for each bracing
method in accordance with Section E8.4.
E8.3 Braced Wall Panels
Braced wall panels in accordance with this section shall be provided on each braced wall line
in no less than the quantity required by Section E8.2 and shall be constructed in accordance

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 43

with Section E8.4 for the applicable bracing method.

E8.3.1 Minimum Length of a Braced Wall Panel
Braced wall panels shall have a minimum length of 4 feet (1.22 m) as measured along a
braced wall line with height not exceeding 10 feet (3.05 m). Segments of a braced wall line
with full-height structural sheathing less than 4 feet (1.22 m) in length shall be permitted,
but not counted toward meeting the minimum required bracing amount per Section E8.2
or the braced wall panel location requirements of Section E8.3.2.
A braced wall panel located at the end of a braced wall line is permitted to be 2 feet (610
mm) in length (2’-8” (813 mm) for Bracing Methods B, C and D), but not counted toward
the required bracing amount for the braced wall line, provided one of the following
conditions are met:
1. A minimum 2-foot (610 mm) segment of wall with full-height structural sheathing (2’-
8” (813 mm) for Bracing Methods B, C and D) shall be applied to both sides of
corners at the ends of adjoining braced wall lines.
2. A minimum 800 lb (3.6 kN) ASD capacity hold-down anchor is fastened to the end of
the braced wall panel at the end of the braced wall line and to the foundation or framing
below.
E8.3.2 Braced Wall Panel Location Requirements
A minimum 4-foot (1.22 m) braced wall panel shall be located at the ends of each braced
wall line. Spacing between braced wall panels along each braced wall line shall be no more
than 20 feet (6.1 m) in accordance with Figure E8-1.
Exceptions: A braced wall panel shall be permitted to be located not more than 10 feet
(3.05 m) from the end of a braced wall line when one of the following is provided in
accordance with Figure E8-1:
1. A minimum 800 lb (8.0 kN) ASD capacity hold-down anchor shall be attached to the
stud at the end of the braced wall panel closest to the end of the braced wall line and to
the foundation or framing below.
2. A minimum 2-foot (610 mm) segment of wall with full-height structural sheathing (2’-
8” (813 mm) for Bracing Methods B, C and D) shall be applied to both sides of
corners at the ends of a braced wall line. Such segments shall not be counted toward
the required bracing amount for the braced wall line.
E8.4 Bracing Methods
Braced wall lines and braced wall panels shall be constructed using a bracing method
complying with this section.
E8.4.1 Continuous Structural Sheathing Bracing Methods
Continuous structural sheathing in accordance with Methods A-D of this section shall be
comprised of structural sheathing installed on all framed surfaces of a braced wall line,
including framed areas above and below wall openings, in accordance with Figure E11-1
for Type II braced walls (excluding hold-downs unless provided in accordance with Section
E8.2.2.2). The sheathing shall extend, full height, from the bottom to the top of the braced
wall. Where horizontal panel edges do not occur at a framing member or track, blocking
shall be provided for panel edge fastening. Such blocking shall be a strap, track, or stud
section with a minimum 33-mil (0.84mm) thickness. Maximum stud spacing shall be 24
inches (610 mm) on center.
Bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables E8-2(1) and E8-

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44 AISI S230-19

2(2) for Bracing Methods A-D shall be multiplied by one of the following adjustment
factors as applicable:
(a) 0.9 when the maximum clear opening height in the braced wall line does not
exceed 67% of the wall height, or
(b) 1.0 when the maximum clear opening height in the braced wall line is greater than
67%, but does not exceed 85% of the wall height, or
(c) 1.1 when the maximum clear opening height in the braced wall line exceeds 85% of
the wall height.
E8.4.1.1 Method A – Continuous Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
Wood structural panels shall consist of minimum 7/16-inch (11-mm)-thick oriented
strand board or 15/32-inch (12-mm)-thick plywood complying with DOC PS-2 and DOC
PS-1, respectively. Panels shall be fastened to framing in accordance with Figure E8-6
and Table E3-18 using minimum No. 8 screws at 6 inches (152 mm) on center at panel
edges and 12 inches (305 mm) on center into framing members in the panel field.
Minimum panel edge distance for fasteners shall be 3/8 inch (9.5 mm).
For continuously sheathed braced wall lines in accordance with Bracing Method A
(continuous wood structural panel sheathing) installed with No. 8 screws spaced at 4-
inch (102-mm) on center at all panel edges and 12-inch (305-mm) on center at
intermediate framing members, the following shall apply:
(1) The bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables E8-
2(1) and E8-2(2) are permitted to be multiplied by 0.65.
a. Where the required bracing amount is reduced by the 0.65 adjustment factor, a
hold-down anchor, with a minimum nominal strength of 1200 lbs (5.34 kN), shall
be provided at each end of each full-height sheathed wall section used to meet
the minimum required bracing amount.
(2) For bottom track attached to foundations or framing below, the bottom track
anchor or screw connection spacing in Table D2-1 and E2-1 shall be multiplied by
0.65.
E8.4.1.2 Method B – Continuous Steel Sheet Sheathing
Steel sheet sheathing shall consist of minimum 0.027-inch (0.69 mm) steel sheets
complying with ASTM A1003 Grade 33 Type H. Steel sheets shall be fastened to framing
using minimum No. 8 screws at 4 inches (102 mm) on center at sheet edges and 12
inches on center into framing members in the sheet field. Minimum sheet edge distance
for fasteners shall be 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) [1/2-inch (12.8 mm) for Canada].
Bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables E8-2(1) and
E8-2(2) for Method B (continuous steel sheet sheathing) shall be multiplied by 1.43 when
steel sheet sheathing is installed horizontally without blocking at intermediate horizontal
joints in accordance with Section E8.4.1 and such edges are overlapped and attached to
each other with the required 4-inch (102 mm) edge fastener spacing.
E8.4.1.3 Method C – Continuous Structural Fiberboard Sheathing
Structural fiberboard sheathing shall consist of minimum ½-inch (12.7 mm) thick
panels complying with ASTM C208 Type IV Grade 2 Structural. Panels shall be fastened
to framing using minimum No. 8 screws with a minimum head diameter of 0.43 inches
(10.9 mm). Fasteners shall be spaced at 3 inches (76 mm) on center at panel edges and 6
inches (152 mm) on center into framing members in the panel field. Minimum panel

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 45

edge distance for fasteners shall be ½ inch (12.7 mm).

Bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(5) and Tables E8-2(1) and
E8-2(2) for Method C (continuous structural fiberboard sheathing) shall be permitted to
be multiplied by 0.92 for 2-inch (51 mm) panel edge fastener spacing in lieu of a
standard 3-inch (76 mm) edge fastener spacing.
E8.4.1.4 Method D – Continuous Gypsum Board Sheathing (Two Sides)
Gypsum board panel sheathing shall consist of minimum ½-in. (12.7-mm)-thick
panels complying with ASTM C1396 applied to both sides of the braced wall line. Panels
shall be fastened to framing using minimum No. 6 screws with minimum 0.31 inch (7.9
mm) head diameter complying with ASTM C954. Fasteners shall be spaced at 8 inches
(203 mm) on center at panel edges and 12 inches (305 mm) on center into framing
members in the panel field. Minimum panel edge distance for fasteners shall be ½ inch
(12.7 mm).
Bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables E8-2(1) and
E8-2(2) for Method D (continuous gypsum board sheathing) shall be multiplied by 1.59
for gypsum board applied to one side only with 4-inch (102 mm) panel edge fastener
spacing or for a 7-inch edge and field fastener spacing in lieu of a standard 8-inch (203
mm) edge and 12-inch (305 mm) field fastener spacing.
Bracing amounts required in Tables E8-1(1) through E8-1(4) and Tables E8-2(1) and
E8-2(2) for Method D (continuous gypsum board sheathing) are permitted to be
multiplied by 0.78 for gypsum board applied to both sides with 4-inch (102 mm) panel
edge fastener in lieu of a standard 8-inch (203 mm) edge fastener spacing.
E8.4.2 Other Approved Bracing Methods
Other approved bracing methods shall be permitted. Such methods shall be designed
and installed in accordance with an approved design. The design shall provide for adequate
transfer of shear forces. The amount of bracing required shall be based on an analysis of
lateral loads applied to the building in accordance with Tables E8-5(1) through E8-5(3), or
the applicable building code.
E9 Exterior Wall Covering
The method of attachment of exterior wall covering materials to cold-formed steel stud wall
framing shall conform to the manufacturer's installation instructions.
E10 Reserved
This section has intentionally been left blank.
E11 Braced Walls in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas
E11.1 General
In high wind areas and in high seismic areas, braced wall lines shall be constructed in
accordance with this section. In high seismic areas, buildings shall also be constructed in
accordance with Section E12. In high wind areas, buildings shall also be designed in
accordance with Section E13.
Where a building, or portion thereof, does not comply with the provisions of this section,
those portions shall be designed and constructed in compliance with the building code, or
with accepted engineering practice where no building code exists.

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46 AISI S230-19

E11.2 Braced Wall Lines

Braced wall lines shall be composed of either Type I (solid) braced wall panels or Type II
(perforated) braced walls as shown in Figure E11-1, and shall extend from the foundation to
the roof diaphragm or floor diaphragm above.
Exception: The provisions of this Standard for Type II (perforated) braced walls shall not
be applicable to the first floor of a three-story structure in a high wind area or
a high seismic area.
The required length of bracing shall be determined in accordance with the greater
requirement for seismic or wind loads. Each braced wall line shall have not less than two full-
height braced wall panels, each having a maximum height-to-width aspect ratio of 2:1.
Braced wall panels shall begin not more than 8 feet (2.44 m) from each end of a braced
wall.
Sheathing on Type I and Type II braced walls shall be wood structural sheathing panels or
steel sheets on one side. Sheathing panels or steel sheets used as part of the braced wall panel
shall be a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) wide.
Where wood structural sheathing panels are used, they shall be 7/16-inch (11 mm) Rated
Sheathing (OSB) or 15/32-inch (12 mm) Structural I Plywood Sheathing and shall be attached
to framing members with minimum No. 8 screws spaced a maximum of 12 inches (305 mm)
in the field and 6 inches (152 mm) on all edges, unless a lesser spacing is used in accordance
with Section E11.3 to adjust the required shearwall length.
Where steel sheets are used, they shall be 27 mil (0.69 mm) thick and shall be attached to
framing members with minimum No. 8 screws spaced a maximum of 12 inches (305 mm) in
the field and 4 inches (152 mm) on all edges, unless a lesser spacing is used in accordance
with Section E11.3 to adjust the required shearwall length.
In braced wall lines, all edges of wood structural sheathing panels or steel sheets shall be
attached to framing members, 33 mil minimum blocking, or 2 inch (51 mm) by 33 mil (0.84
mm) flat strap. Fasteners along the edges in shear panels shall be placed not less than 3/8
inches (9.5 mm) in from panel edges.
E11.3 Type I (Solid Sheathed) Braced Wall Panels
Type I braced wall panels shall have no openings and shall be continuous between hold-
down anchors. Hold-down anchors shall be as required by Section E11.5.
For a wall panel to count toward the required length, it shall have a maximum height-to-
width ratio of 2:1.
The required length of braced wall line full-height sheathing is permitted to be adjusted by
the edge screw spacing adjustment factors in Table E11-1. The total length of Type I braced wall
panels on a braced wall line shall be the sum of the lengths of panels conforming to the
maximum height-to-width ratio herein. Type I braced wall panels shall have hold-down anchors
as required by Section E11.5 at each end of each panel segment.
E11.4 Type II (Perforated) Braced Wall Lines
Type II braced walls are permitted to have openings. Where sheathing, of a type specified
in Section E11.2 and attached in accordance with that section, extends above and below
window openings and above door openings, the height of the unrestrained opening shall be
defined as the maximum opening height. Where such sheathing is not provided or does not
comply with the minimum width requirements above and below window openings and
above door openings, the height of the unrestrained opening shall be defined as the full
height of the wall.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 47

The required length of braced wall line full-height sheathing panels as a percentage of
overall length of Type II braced wall shall be determined by multiplying the required length of
Type I braced wall panels, as modified by the adjustments permitted in Section E11.3, by the
length adjustment factors in Table E11-2. For a segment to count toward the required length,
it shall have a maximum height-to-width ratio of 2:1. Type II braced wall lines shall have hold-
down anchors as required by Section E11.5 at each end, which shall be attached to wall
segments meeting the maximum height-to-width ratio.
E11.5 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements
Hold-down anchors shall be installed at each end of Type I braced wall panels and at each
end of Type II braced wall lines as shown in Figure E11-1. Anchors shall be attached to a
minimum of two back-to-back chord studs. Minimum chord stud thickness shall be 33 mils
(0.84 mm). These chord studs shall have the required sheathing edge fastening (see Figure
E11-3). Hold-down anchors shall attach to the foundation or to framing members below which
have the same or greater strength as the chord studs above, and which are in addition to the
typical load bearing framing. Where hold-down anchors attach to framing members below, the
required anchor force shall be transferred to the foundation. Where hold-down anchors from
an upper story align with those at the lower story, the required lower story anchor force and
the required lower story chord stud strength shall be determined by summing the upper and
lower story chord forces (see Figure E11-4).
A single hold-down anchor installed in accordance with Figure E11-2 is permitted at the
corners of buildings.
E11.6 Attachment of Braced Walls to Foundations and Floor and Roof Diaphragms
The top track of braced wall lines shall be attached directly to the roof sheathing in
accordance with Figure E11-5, or shall have blocking connecting the top track to the
continuous flat strap at the roof sheathing at locations specified herein and installed in
accordance with Figure E11-6. Blocking shall be installed at each end of Type I braced wall
panels, at each end of Type II braced wall lines, at building corners, and at 4 feet (1.22 m) on
center maximum.
Splices in top tracks in braced walls shall comply with Figure E11-7. Screws used to attach
blocking to the top track are permitted to be counted toward the required number of track
splice screws. Splices in the top track and the strap at the roof sheathing shall not occur in the
same stud bay.
The top and bottom track of braced walls shall be attached to floor diaphragms in
accordance with Figure E11-8.
Splices in the rim track shall not occur in the same bay as splices in wall track immediately
above or below the rim track splice. The minimum offset between splice locations shall be two
stud bays.
The bottom track of braced walls supported on foundations shall have anchor bolts
installed in accordance with Figure E11-9 or E11-10. Floor track or rim joists supporting braced
wall lines shall be attached to foundations in accordance with Figure E11-11 or E11-12. Anchor
bolts shall extend 15 inches (381 mm) into masonry or 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete. An
anchor bolt shall be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from wall corners, the
termination of bottom track sections, or splices in the brake shape shown in Figure E11-11 or
E11-12.
E12 Braced Wall Design in High Seismic Areas
In high seismic areas the design of braced walls shall comply with this section, in addition to

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48 AISI S230-19

the requirements in Section E11.

E12.1 Length of Type I Braced Wall Panels
The required length of Type I braced wall panels shall be determined from Tables E12-1
through E12-15, where the diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to
the walls under consideration. Linear interpolation is permitted for determining diaphragm
span values.
The required length of Type I braced wall panels shall be increased by the length adjustment
factors in Table E12-16 where the dead weight of the roof/ceiling assembly is greater than 15
psf and meets the criteria for heavyweight roof/ceiling assembly. The required length of Type I
braced wall panels is permitted to be adjusted by length adjustment factors in Table E12-16
where the average weight of the roof/ceiling assembly meets the criteria for a lightweight
roof/ceiling or the exterior walls meet the criteria for lightweight exterior walls. Linear
interpolation is permitted for roof/ceiling dead unit weights between 15 and 25 psf (0.72 and
1.20 kN/m2). The length adjustment factors in Table E12-16 are permitted to be multiplied by
those in Table E11-1.
E12.2 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements
Minimum hold-down anchor strengths to resist uplift in Seismic Design Categories D1 and D2
shall be as specified in Table E12-17. Published hold-down anchor strengths that have been
increased for wind or earthquake forces shall be reduced to their base values. Required hold-
down anchor strengths for anchors at the first floor of two-story buildings and the first or
second floor of three-story buildings, which resist uplift from two or three stories, shall be
determined by summing the required strengths for all floors. A continuous load path shall be
provided from each hold-down anchor to the foundation.
Maximum anchor bolt spacing requirements for transfer of shear loads shall be as
specified in Table E12-18.
Required chord stud strength shall be determined from Table E12-17, and a chord stud
having the required strength shall be selected from Table E12-19. Chord stud requirements for
chord studs at the first-floor of two-story buildings and the first or second floor of three-story
buildings, where the first-floor chord studs align with chord studs at the floor above, shall be
determined by summing the required strengths for all floors. Where one pair of back-to-back
studs does not have adequate strength to resist the sum of the accumulated chord forces, two
pairs of back-to-back studs shall be used at the lower floors as shown in Figure E11-3.
E12.3 Wall Top Track
The top track thickness of walls supporting floor or roof diaphragms, and the number of
screws in the top track splices, shall be as required in Table E12-20. Minimum top track
thickness shall be 33 mil (0.84 mm), except where indicated by shading in Table E12-20. In
locations indicated by shading in Table E12-20, minimum top track thickness shall be 43 mils
(1.09 mm).
E13 Braced Wall Design in High Wind Areas
E13.1 General
In high wind areas the design of braced walls shall comply with this section, in addition to
the requirements in Section E11.
Braced walls shall be covered with structural sheathing on one side as required and the
other side shall be covered by minimum 1/2-inch (12.7-mm) gypsum board.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 49

For the purpose of this section, the endwall shall be defined as the exterior wall of the
building perpendicular to the roof ridge and the sidewall shall be defined as the exterior wall
of the building parallel to the roof ridge. For the purposes of determining uplift and lateral
bracing requirements, the attic shall be considered as an additional story when the roof slope
is greater than 6.9 in 12.
E13.2 Length of Braced Walls
The minimum and maximum allowable sidewall lengths shall be determined from Tables
E13-1 and E13-2.
The required length of Type I braced wall panels shall be determined from Tables E13-3 and
E13-4. For 9-foot (2.74 m) wall heights, the tabulated values shall be multiplied by 1.13. For
10-foot (3.05 m) wall heights, the tabulated values shall be multiplied by 1.25. For mean roof
heights of 15 feet (4.92 m) or less, the tabulated values are permitted to be multiplied by 0.8.
Required lengths are permitted to be multiplied by the adjustment factors in Table E11-1 for
edge screw spacing other than 6 inches (152 mm), but the resulting sheathing length shall not
be less than 5 feet (1.64 m).
Braced wall hold-down anchors shall comply with Section E11.5. The height-to-width
aspect ratio of Type I braced wall panels shall be limited to 3.5:1. The height-to-width aspect
ratio of full-height sheathing segments in Type II braced walls shall be limited to 2:1.
Wood structural sheathing panels or structural steel sheet shall comply with Section E11.2
except in regions where the basic wind speed exceeds 130 mph (225 km/hr). Wood structural
sheathing panels attached to framing spaced 24 inches (610 mm) o.c. shall be a minimum of
19/32 inch (15.1 mm).
E13.3 Connections of Walls in High Wind Areas
E13.3.1 General
In high wind areas, walls shall be connected, as required by this section, to ensure a
continuous load path capable of transferring shear and uplift loads from floors, studs, and
roof framing to the foundation.
E13.3.2 Uplift Connection - Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly
Exterior wall studs in the upper story wall of a two- or three-story building shall be
attached to the in-line framing wall studs in the supporting wall below with connections
capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-5. Alternatively, a steel uplift strap
sized in accordance with Table E13-9 is permitted with minimum No. 8 screws attached to
each stud, as required by Table E13-6.
E13.3.3 Header Uplift Connections
When it is necessary to make an uplift strap connection to a back-to-back header, the
header beam shall be reinforced as shown in Figure E13-1. Uplift straps shall be installed on
both sides of a back-to-back header beam (inside and outside of the wall) when the header is
supporting loads from the roof and ceiling only.
E13.3.3.1 Single Story or Top of a Two- or Three-Story Building
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the roof rafter or roof trusses to the
header by connectors capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-7.
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the header to the jack studs by
connectors capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-7, multiplied by the
number of framing members displaced, divided by two. An additional uplift strap shall

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50 AISI S230-19

be provided to fasten roof rafters or roof trusses to king studs that provide in-line framing
support in accordance with Table E13-7.
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the jack studs to the foundation by
connectors capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-7, multiplied by the
number of framing members displaced, divided by two.
As an alternative to the connectors required above, a steel uplift strap sized in
accordance with Table E13-9 is permitted with minimum No. 8 screws attached to each
stud, as required by Table E13-8.
E13.3.3.2 Middle and Bottom Stories of a Two- or Three-Story Building
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the exterior wall studs in the upper
story walls of a two- or three-story building to the header below by connections capable
of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-5.
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the header to the jack studs by
connectors capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-5, multiplied by the
number of framing members displaced, divided by two. An additional uplift strap shall
be provided to fasten exterior wall studs in the upper story to king studs that provide in-
line framing support in accordance with Table E13-5.
Uplift connections shall be provided to fasten the jack studs to the foundation by
connectors capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table E13-5, multiplied by the
number of framing members displaced, divided by two.
As an alternative to the connectors required above, a steel uplift strap sized in
accordance with Table E13-9 is permitted with minimum No. 8 screws attached to each
stud, as required by Table E13-6.
E13.3.4 Wall Bottom Track to Foundation
Bottom track of exterior walls shall be connected to a wood sill plate as shown in Figure
E2-5. The track shall be attached with steel plates spaced at 2 feet (0.61 m) on center and
fastened with 4-No. 8 screws, 4-10d or 6-8d common nails. Bottom track of interior braced
walls shall be connected to supporting floors or foundations as required by Section E2.
The bottom track shall be connected to the foundation with 1/2-inch (13-mm) anchor
bolts extending 14 inches (381 mm) into masonry or 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete.
Anchor bolts shall be spaced a maximum of 3 feet (0.915 m) on center, with the following
exceptions:
1. Anchor bolts located within the 8-foot (2.44-m) end zone in regions with a basic wind
speed of 150 mph (241 km/hr) or greater shall be spaced a maximum of 2 feet (0.610
m) on center.
2. Anchor bolts located in exterior braced wall in which the perimeter screw spacing is
less than 6 inches (152 mm) on center shall be spaced a maximum of 1-1/2 feet (0.457
m) on center.
3. An anchor bolt shall be located no more than 12 inches (305 mm) from wall corners
or the termination of bottom track sections.
E13.4 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements
Minimum hold-down anchor strengths to resist uplift in high wind areas shall be as specified
in Table E13-10. Published hold-down anchor strengths that have been increased for wind or
earthquake forces shall be reduced to their base values. Required hold-down anchor strengths
for anchors at the first floor of two-story buildings and the first or second floor of three-story

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 51

buildings, which resist uplift from two or three stories, shall be determined by summing the
required strengths for all floors.
Required chord stud strength shall be determined from Table E13-10, and a chord stud
having the required strength shall be selected from Table E12-19. Chord stud requirements
for chord studs at the first floor of two-story buildings and the first or second floor of three-
story buildings, where the first floor chord studs align with chord studs at the floor above,
shall be determined by summing the required strengths for all floors. Where one pair of
back-to-back studs does not have adequate strength to resist the sum of the accumulated
chord forces, two pairs of back-to-back studs shall be used at the lower floors as shown in
Figure E11-3.
Required strengths in Table E13-10 are permitted to be multiplied by a factor equal to
the required full-height sheathing length divided by the actual full-height sheathing length
that is provided.

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52 AISI S230-19

Figure E2-1 Wall to Foundation Connection

Figure E2-2 Alternate Wall to Foundation Connection

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 53

Figure E2-3 Wall to Wood Sill Connection

Figure E2-4 Wall to Floor Connection

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54 AISI S230-19

Figure E2-5 Wind Uplift Connector

Figure E4-1 Stud Bracing With Sheathing Material Only

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 55

Figure E4-2 Stud Bracing With Strapping Only

Figure E4-3 Stud Bracing With Strapping and Sheathing Material

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56 AISI S230-19

Figure E5-1 Top Track Splice

Figure E6-1 Corner Framing Detail

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 57

Figure E7-1 Box-Beam Header Detail

Figure E7-2 Back-to-Back Header Detail

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58 AISI S230-19

KING STUD(S) CRIPPLE STUD

HEAD TRACK

TRACK OR C-SHAPE

JACK STUD(S)

C-SHAPES

Figure E7-3 Box-Beam Header in Gable Endwall

KING STUD(S) CRIPPLE STUD

HEAD TRACK

2" X 2" CLIP ANGLE

JACK STUD(S)

C-SHAPES

Figure E7-4 Back-to-Back Header in Gable Endwall

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 59

Figure E7-5 Double L-Header

Figure E7-6 Single L-Header

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60 AISI S230-19

Figure E7-7 Inverted Single or Double L-Header Assembly (Single L-Header Shown)

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 61

Figure E8-1 Braced Wall Lines, Braced Wall Panels, and Braced Wall Line Spacing

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62 AISI S230-19

Figure E8-2 Examples of Braced Wall Lines With Compliant Offsets

Figure E8-3 Braced Wall Line Spacing for a Series of Braced Wall Lines

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 63

Figure E8-4 Braced Wall Panel Connection Parallel to Roof/Ceiling/Floor Framing

Figure E8-5 Braced Wall Panel Connection Perpendicular to Roof/Ceiling/Floor Framing

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64 AISI S230-19

Figure E8-6 Structural Sheathing Fastening Pattern

Figure E8-7 Corner Stud Hold-Down Detail

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 65

SHEATHING PER
E11.2

HOLD-DOWN ANCHORS HOLD-DOWN ANCHORS

PER SECTION E11.5 PER SECTION E11.5

TYPE I BRACED WALL PANELS

SHEATHING PER
E11.2

MAXIMUM
UNRESTRAINED
OPENING HEIGHT

HOLD-DOWN ANCHORS HOLD-DOWN ANCHORS

PER SECTION E11.5 PER SECTION E11.5

TYPE II BRACED WALL

WITH SHEATHING ABOVE AND BELOW
OPENINGS

Figure E11-1 Type I and Type II Braced Wall Lines

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66 AISI S230-19

Figure E11-2 Corner Stud Hold-Down

Figure E11-3 Supplemental Chord Stud at First Floor

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 67

Figure E11-4 Floor-to-Floor Hold-Down

Figure E11-5 Gable Wall Roof Sheathing Attachment to Braced Walls

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68 AISI S230-19

Figure E11-6 Strap and Blocking at Roof Eave

Figure E11-7 Top Track Splice

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 69

Figure E11-8 Floor Diaphragm Attachment to Braced Walls

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70 AISI S230-19

Figure E11-9 Braced Wall to Foundation Connection

Figure E11-10 Braced Wall to Foundation Connection With Wood Sill

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 71

Figure E11-11 Floor to Foundation Connection at Braced Wall

Figure E11-12 Floor to Foundation Connection at Braced Wall With Wood Sill

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72 AISI S230-19

Figure E13-1 Back-to-Back Header Beam Reinforcement for Uplift Strap Connection

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 Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 73

Table E2-1
Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection Requirements 1
Framing Condition Wind Speed (mph), Exposure, & Seismic Design Category 2
115B 130B 140B
120B 130 C < 140 C
SDC A,B,C 115C 120 C
1–No. 8 1–No. 8 2–No. 8 2–No. 8 3–No. 8 3–No. 8
Wall bottom track to floor
screw at screw at screws at screws at screws at screws at
per Figure E2-4
12" o.c. 8" o.c. 8" o.c. 6" o.c. 8" o.c. 6" o.c.
1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2" 1/2"
Wall bottom track to minimum minimum minimum minimum minimum minimum
foundation per Figure E2-1 diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
or E2-2 4 anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt anchor bolt
at 6' o.c. at 6' o.c. at 4' o.c. at 4' o.c. at 3'-4” o.c. at 2'-8” o.c.
Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate Steel plate
spaced at spaced at spaced at spaced at spaced at spaced at
4' o.c., with 4' o.c., with 3' o.c., with 3' o.c., with 2' o.c., with 1'-4” o.c.,
Wall bottom track to wood 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 with 4-No. 8
sill per Figure E2-3 screws and screws and screws and screws and screws and screws and
4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6- 4-10d or 6-
8d common 8d common 8d common 8d common 8d common 8d common
nails nails nails nails nails nails
Stud Roof
Spacing Span
(in) (ft)
24 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
28 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R 339

Wind uplift 16 32 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R 382

connector 36 N/R N/R N/R N/R 333 426
strength
40 N/R N/R N/R N/R 368 470
(lbs) 3 5 6
24 N/R N/R N/R N/R 343 443
28 N/R N/R N/R N/R 395 508
24 32 N/R N/R N/R 330 447 573
36 N/R N/R N/R 371 500 639
40 N/R N/R 345 411 552 704
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Anchor bolts are to be located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from corners or the termination of bottom tracks (e.g., at

door openings or corners). Bolts are to extend a minimum of 15 inches (381 mm) into masonry or 7 inches (178 mm) into
concrete.
2 SDC indicates Seismic Design Category. See Sections E11 through E13 for floor connection requirements in high seismic

areas and high wind areas.

3 N/R = Uplift connector not required.
4 Foundation anchor straps or post-installed anchors are permitted, in lieu of anchor bolts, if spaced as required to provide

equivalent anchorage to the required anchor bolts and installed in accordance with manufacturer’s requirements.
5 Refer to Figure E2-5.
6 Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable loads.

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74 AISI S230-19

Table E2-2
Gable Endwall to Floor Connection Requirements 1, 2, 3, 4
Basic Wind
Speed Wall Bottom Track to Floor Joist or Track Connection
(mph)
Exposure Stud Height, h (ft)
B C 10 < h ≤ 14 14 < h ≤ 18 18 < h ≤ 22
115 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1- No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c.
120 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c.
130 115 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c.
140 120 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 12" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c.
150 130 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c.
160 140 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c. 1-No. 8 screw @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c.
170 150 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c.
180 160 2-No. 8 screws @ 12" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c.
170 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c.
-
180 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. 2-No. 8 screws @ 8" o.c. -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Refer to Sections E11 - E13 for additional requirements for high wind and seismic areas.

2 Refer to Table E2-3 for gable endwall bottom track to foundation connections.
3 Where attachment is not given, special design is required.
4 Stud height, h, is measured from wall bottom track to wall top track or brace connection height.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 75

Table E2-3
Gable Endwall Bottom Track to Foundation Connection Requirements 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
Basic Wind
Speed Minimum Spacing for 1/2" Diameter Anchor Bolts5
(mph)
Exposure Stud Height, h (ft)
B C 10 < h ≤ 14 14 < h ≤ 18 18 < h ≤ 22
115 6’-0” o.c. 6’-0” o.c. 6’-0” o.c.
120 6’-0” o.c. 5’-7” o.c. 6’-0” o.c.
130 115 5’-0” o.c. 6’-0” o.c. 6’-0” o.c.
140 120 6’-0” o.c. 5’-6” o.c. 6’-0” o.c.
150 130 5’-3” o.c. 6’-0” o.c. 6”-0” o.c.
160 140 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c.
170 150 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c. -
180 160 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c. -
170 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c. -
-
180 3’-0” o.c. 3’-0” o.c. -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Refer to Table E2-2 for gable endwall bottom track to floor joist or track connection connections.
2 Where attachment is not given, special design is required.
3 Stud height, h, is measured from wall bottom track to wall top track or brace connection height.
4 Anchorage requirements shall also be determined in the foundation design in accordance with Section C1.
5 Foundation anchor straps or post-installed anchors are permitted, in lieu of anchor bolts, if spaced as required to

provide equivalent anchorage to the required anchor bolts and installed in accordance with manufacturer’s
requirements.
6 Values for 115 mph Exposure B shall apply to Seismic Design Categories A, B and C.
7
Values for 140 mph Exposure C and higher are limited to 3’-0”. Reference section E13.3.4.

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76 AISI S230-19

Table E2-4
Required Uplift Strength
Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor Assembly
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing Roof
Required Connection Strength 1,2
Spacing3 Span
(lbs)
(in.) (ft)
24 222 275 333 394 459
28 254 315 380 449 523
12 32 287 355 427 504 586
36 319 394 474 559 650
40 352 434 521 614 713
24 295 367 444 526 613
28 339 420 507 599 697
16 32 382 473 569 672 781
36 426 526 632 746 866
40 470 579 695 819 951
24 354 441 533 631 735
28 406 504 608 719 836
19.2 32 459 567 683 807 938
36 511 631 759 895 1040
40 564 694 834 983 1140
24 443 551 666 789 919
28 508 630 760 898 1050
24 32 573 709 854 1010 1170
36 639 788 948 1120 1300
40 704 868 1040 1230 1430
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = .305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Uplift requirements assume a roof/ceiling dead load of 12 psf (0.51 kN/m2).
2 Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths

expressed as allowable loads.

3 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but

do not negate the in-line framing requirement of Section E.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 77

Table E2-5
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Wall Assembly to Foundation or Floor Assembly
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing Roof Number of No. 8 Screws in a 1-1/4 inch by 33 mil
Spacing1 Span Steel Strap in Each Flange of Stud
(in.) (ft) (See Fig. E2-5)
24 1 1 2 2 2
28 1 1 2 2 2
12 32 1 2 2 2 2
36 1 2 2 2 3
40 2 2 2 2 3
24 1 2 2 2 2
28 2 2 2 2 3
16 32 2 2 2 3 3
36 2 2 2 3 3
40 2 2 3 3 3
24 2 2 2 2 3
28 2 2 2 3 3
19.2 32 2 2 3 3 3
36 2 2 3 3 4
40 2 3 3 3 4
24 2 2 3 3 3
28 2 2 3 3 4
24 32 2 3 3 4 4
36 2 3 3 4 4
40 3 3 4 4 5
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options

for design, but do not negate the in-line framing requirement of Section E.

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 78 AISI S230-19

Table E3-1
Stud Thickness
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
115 24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
120 24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
130 115 24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
140 120 24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
160 140 24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0452 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 79

Table E3-2
Stud Thickness
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3,4

Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)

Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
115 24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
350S162
120 24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
130 115 24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
140 120 24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
160 140 24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

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80 AISI S230-19

Table E3-3
Stud Thickness
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3,4

Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)

Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
115 24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
120 24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
350S162
130 115 24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
350S162
140 120 24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
160 140 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 81

Table E3-4
Stud Thickness
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
350S162
115 24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
350S162
120 24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
130 115 24 33 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43
350S162
140 120 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
160 140 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil =0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 82 AISI S230-19

Table E3-5
Stud Thickness
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
115 24 33 33 43 54 33 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 54
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
120 24 33 43 43 54 33 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 54
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
130 115 24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
140 120 24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
160 140 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil =0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 83

Table E3-6
Stud Thickness
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
115 24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
350S162
120 24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
130 115 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
140 120 24 43 43 43 54 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
150 130 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 84 AISI S230-19

Table E3-7
Stud Thickness
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
115 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
350S162
120 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
130 115 24 43 43 43 54 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
140 120 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil =0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 85

Table E3-8
Stud Thickness
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 43 43 43
350S162
115 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 43 43 54 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43
16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
120 24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 43 43 54 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
130 115 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 43 43 54 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
140 120 24 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 33 43 43 54 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 24 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 86 AISI S230-19

Table E3-9
Stud Thickness
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
115 24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
120 24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
130 115 24 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
350S162
180 24 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 87

Table E3-10
Stud Thickness
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
115 24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
120 24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph 16 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
350S162
130 115 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 43 33 33 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 68 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 43 43 33 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 54 43 43 54 54
16 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
350S162
180 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

88 AISI S230-19

Table E3-11
Stud Thickness
Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 43 43 43 43 33 33 33 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
115 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
130 115 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 33 33 33 33 33 33 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
350S162
180 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Top and middle floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Top floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Middle floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 89

Table E3-12
Stud Thickness
Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
115 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
350S162
120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
350S162
130 115 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
350S162
170 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
350S162
180 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Top and middle floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Top floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Middle floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 90 AISI S230-19

Table E3-13
Stud Thickness
Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
115 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
350S162
120 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
350S162
130 115 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 43 54 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 54 54 54 68 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 54 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
180 160 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68
350S162
170 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
350S162
180 24 68 68 68 97 68 68 97 97 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Top and middle floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Top floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Middle floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 91

Table E3-14
Stud Thickness
Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 54 54 54 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
115 24 68 68 68 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
120 24 68 68 68 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 43 43 43 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
130 115 24 68 68 68 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 68 68 68 68 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 68 68 68 68 54 54 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
170 150 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
350S162
180 160 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
350S162
170 24 68 68 68 97 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
350S162
180 24 68 68 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97
mph 16 43 43 43 54 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Top and middle floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Top floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Middle floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

 92 AISI S230-19

Table E3-15
Stud Thickness
Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof & Ceiling 1,2,3,4
Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Wind Speed
Stud 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
Member
Spacing
Size Ground Snow Load (psf)
Exp. Exp. (inch)
B C 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
115 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
120 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
130 115 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
140 120 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
150 130 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
350S162
160 140 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
350S162
170 150 24 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 97 97 97 97
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68
350S162
180 160 24 68 68 68 97 68 68 68 97 97 97 97 97
mph mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 43 43 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68
350S162
170 24 68 68 97 97 68 68 97 97 97 97 97 97
mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
16 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68 68 68 68 68
350S162
180 24 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97
mph 16 54 54 54 54 43 43 54 54 54 54 54 54
550S162
24 54 54 54 68 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 68
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Top and middle floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Top floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Middle floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 See Section E3 for permitted adjustment to tabulated 43-mil stud thickness.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 93

Table E3-16
Stud Thickness
All Building Widths
Gable Endwalls 8, 9 or 10 Feet in Height 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Stud Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Member
Exp. Exp. Spacing
Size 8-Foot Studs 9-Foot Studs 10-Foot Studs
B C (inch)
16 33 33 33
115 350S162 24 33 33 33
mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33
16 33 33 33
350S162
120 24 33 33 43
mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33
16 33 33 33
130 115 350S162 24 33 43 43
mph mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 33
16 33 33 33
140 120 350S162 24 33 43 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 33 43
16 33 33 43
150 130 350S162 24 43 43 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 33 43 43
16 33 43 43
160 140 350S162 24 43 54 54
mph mph 16 33 33 33
550S162
24 43 43 43
16 43 43 54
170 150 350S162 24 54 54 68
mph mph 16 33 33 43
550S162
24 43 43 43
16 43 54 54
180 160 350S162 24 54 54 68
mph mph 16 43 43 43
550S162
24 43 54 54
16 43 54 54
170 350S162 24 54 54 97
mph 16 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54
16 54 54 54
180 350S162 24 54 68 97
mph 16 43 43 43
550S162
24 54 54 54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Ground snow load is 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2)
Floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m ) 2 Floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
3 Building width is in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the wall studs.
4 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

94 AISI S230-19

Table E3-17
Stud Thickness
All Building Widths
Gable Endwalls Over 10 Feet in Height 1,2,3,4
Wind Speed Stud Minimum Stud Thickness (Mils)
Member
Exp. Exp. Spacing Stud Height, h (feet)
Size
B C (inch) 10 < h ≤ 12 12 < h ≤ 14 14 < h ≤ 16 16 < h ≤ 18 18 < h ≤ 20 20 < h ≤ 22
16 33 43 68 97 - -
115 350S162 24 43 68 - - - -
mph 16 33 33 33 43 43 54
550S162
24 33 43 43 54 68 97
16 43 54 97 - - -
350S162
120 24 54 97 - - - -
mph 16 33 33 43 43 54 68
550S162
24 33 43 54 54 68 97
16 43 54 97 - - -
130 115 350S162 24 54 97 - - - -
mph mph 16 33 33 43 54 54 97
550S162
24 43 43 54 68 97 97
16 43 68 - - - -
140 120 350S162 24 68 - - - - -
mph mph 16 33 43 43 54 68 97
550S162
24 43 54 54 68 97 -
16 54 97 - - - -
150 130 350S162 24 97 - - - - -
mph mph 16 33 43 54 68 97 -
550S162
24 43 54 54 97 - -
16 54 97 - - - -
160 140 350S162 24 97 - - - - -
mph mph 16 43 43 54 97 97 -
550S162
24 54 54 68 - - -
16 68 - - - - -
170 150 350S162 24 - - - - - -
mph mph 16 43 54 54 97 - -
550S162
24 54 54 97 - - -
16 97 - - - - -
180 160 350S162 24 - - - - - -
mph mph 16 54 54 68 - - -
550S162
24 54 68 97 - - -
16 97 - - - - -
170 350S162 24 - - - - - -
mph 16 54 54 68 - - -
550S162
24 54 68 - - - -
16 - - - - - -
180 350S162 24 - - - - - -
mph 16 54 54 97 - - -
550S162
24 68 97 - - - -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240
2 Design load assumptions:

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)

3 Ground snow load is 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2).
4 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 95

Table E3-18
Wall Fastening Schedule
Number & Type of
Connection Spacing of Fasteners
Fasteners
Each end of stud, one per
Stud to top or bottom track 2 No. 8 screws
flange
Structural sheathing (oriented
Refer to Table E3-19 for screw
strand board or plywood) to No. 8 screws1
spacing
framing
1/2" gypsum board to framing No. 6 screws 12" o.c.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 Screws for attachment of structural sheathing panels are to be bugle-head, flat-head, or similar head

styles with a minimum head diameter of 0.29 inches (8 mm).

Table E3-19
Minimum Wall Sheathing Attachment for Wind Loads1
Wall Area
Wind Speed Stud Spacing
Interior Zone2 Corner Zone3
(mph) (inches)
Exposure B Exposure C Exposure B Exposure C
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/12
115
24 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/12
120
24 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/12
130
24 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
140
24 6/12 6/12 6/6 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
150
24 6/12 6/6 6/6 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
160
24 6/12 6/6 6/6 4/4
16 6/12 6/12 6/6 6/6
170
24 6/6 6/6 6/6 4/4
16 6/12 6/6 6/6 6/6
180
24 6/6 6/6 6/6 4/4
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Values are for screw spacing in inches at panel edges and in the field (i.e., 6/12 = 6” o.c. edge and 12” o.c. field).
2 Interior zone attachment is for sheathing not designated as a corner zone.
3 Corner zone attachment is for sheathing located within 4 feet of building corners on both walls.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

96 AISI S230-19

Table E7-1
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member
Designation Clear Span Clear Span
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 3'-3" 2'-8" 2'-2" - - 2'-8" 2'-2" - - -
2-350S162-43 4'-2" 3'-9" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-7" 3'-9" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-2"
2-350S162-54 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-8" 5'-3" 4'-10" 5'-11" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-6"
2-350S162-68 6'-7" 6'-3" 6'-0" 5'-10" 5'-8" 6'-4" 6'-1" 5'-10" 5'-8" 5'-6"
2-350S162-97 7'-3" 6'-11" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-3" 7'-0" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-3" 6'-0"
2-550S162-33 4'-8" 4'-0" 3'-6" 3'-0" 2'-6" 4'-1" 3'-6" 3'-0" 2'-6" -
2-550S162-43 6'-0" 5'-4" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-11" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-5"
2-550S162-54 8'-9" 8'-5" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-3" 8'-6" 8'-1" 7'-8" 7'-2" 6'-8"
2-550S162-68 9'-5" 9'-0" 8'-8" 8'-4" 8'-1" 9'-1" 8'-8" 8'-4" 8'-1" 7'-10"
2-550S162-97 10'-5" 10'-0" 9'-7" 9'-3" 9'-0" 10'-0" 9'-7" 9'-3" 8'-11" 8'-8"
2-800S162-33 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-10" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-3"
2-800S162-43 7'-3" 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-4" 4'-10" 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-4" 4'-9" 4'-3"
2-800S162-54 10'-10" 10'-2" 9'-7" 9'-0" 8'-5" 10'-2" 9'-7" 8'-11" 8'-4" 7'-9"
2-800S162-68 12'-8" 11'-10" 11'-2" 10'-7" 10'-1" 11'-11" 11'-2" 10'-7" 10'-0" 9'-6"
2-800S162-97 14'-2" 13'-6" 13'-0" 12'-7" 12'-2" 13'-8" 13'-1" 12'-7" 12'-2" 11'-9"
2-1000S162-43 7'-10" 6'-10" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-0" 6'-11" 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-6"
2-1000S162-54 12'-3" 11'-5" 10'-9" 10'-2" 9'-6" 11'-6" 10'-9" 10'-1" 9'-5" 8'-9"
2-1000S162-68 14'-5" 13'-5" 12'-8" 12'-0" 11'-6" 13'-6" 12'-8" 12'-0" 11'-5" 10'-10"
2-1000S162-97 17'-1" 16'-4" 15'-8" 14'-11" 14'-3" 16'-5" 15'-9" 14'-10" 14'-1" 13'-6"
2-1200S162-54 12'-11" 11'-3" 10'-0" 9'-0" 8'-2" 11'-5" 10'-0" 9'-0" 8'-1" 7'-4"
2-1200S162-68 15'-11" 14'-10" 14'-0" 13'-4" 12'-8" 15'-0" 14'-0" 13'-3" 12'-7" 11'-11"
2-1200S162-97 19'-11" 18'-7" 17'-6" 16'-8" 15'-10" 18'-9" 17'-7" 16'-7" 15'-9" 15'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions: Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 97

Table E7-2
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member
Designation Clear Span Clear Span
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2'-4" - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 4'-8" 4'-2" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-1" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-9" 2'-5" 2'-0"
2-350S162-68 5'-7" 5'-2" 4'-9" 4'-4" 3'-11" 4'-7" 4'-1" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10"
2-350S162-97 6'-2" 5'-11" 5'-8" 5'-6" 5'-4" 5'-8" 5'-5" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-7"
2-550S162-33 2'-2" - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 3'-8" 3'-1" 2'-6" - - 2'-3" - - - -
2-550S162-54 6'-11" 6'-3" 5'-9" 5'-3" 4'-9" 5'-6" 4'-11" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-5"
2-550S162-68 8'-0" 7'-6" 6'-11" 6'-5" 5'-11" 6'-9" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-7"
2-550S162-97 8'-11" 8'-6" 8'-2" 7'-11" 7'-8" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-6" 7'-1" 6'-7"
2-800S162-33 2'-7" - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 4'-6" 3'-9" 3'-1" 2'-5" - 2'-10" - - - -
2-800S162-54 8'-0" 7'-3" 6'-8" 6'-1" 5'-7" 6'-5" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-0"
2-800S162-68 9'-9" 9'-0" 8'-3" 7'-8" 7'-1" 8'-0" 7'-3" 6'-7" 6'-0" 5'-6"
2-800S162-97 12'-1" 11'-7" 11'-2" 10'-8" 10'-2" 11'-0" 10'-4" 9'-9" 9'-2" 8'-7"
2-1000S162-43 4'-8" 4'-1" 3'-6" 2'-9" - 3'-3" 2'-2" - - -
2-1000S162-54 9'-1" 8'-2" 7'-3" 6'-7" 6'-0" 7'-0" 6'-2" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-6"
2-1000S162-68 11'-1" 10'-2" 9'-5" 8'-8" 8'-1" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-6" 6'-10" 6'-3"
2-1000S162-97 13'-9" 12'-11" 12'-2" 11'-7" 11'-1" 11'-11" 11'-3" 10'-7" 9'-11" 9'-4"
2-1200S162-54 7'-8" 6'-9" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-0" 5'-10" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-1200S162-68 12'-3" 11'-3" 10'-4" 9'-7" 8'-11" 10'-1" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-6" 6'-10"
2-1200S162-97 15'-4" 14'-5" 13'-7" 12'-11" 12'-4" 13'-4" 12'-6" 11'-10" 11'-1" 10'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions: Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

98 AISI S230-19

Table E7-3
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2'-2" - - - - 2'-1" - - - -
2-350S162-54 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9" 4'-3" 2'-9" 3'-4" 3'-0" 2'-8"
2-350S162-68 5'-0" 4'-9" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-9" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-350S162-97 5'-6" 5'-3" 5'-1" 4'-11" 2'-9" 5'-5" 5'-2" 5'-0" 4'-10" 4'-8"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 3'-5" 2'-9" 2'-1" - - 3'-3" 2'-7" - - -
2-550S162-54 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-4" 6'-4" 5'-9" 5'-2" 4'-8" 4'-3"
2-550S162-68 7'-2" 6'-10" 6'-5" 5'-11" 5'-6" 7'-0" 6'-9" 6'-4" 5'-10" 5'-4"
2-550S162-97 7'-11" 7'-7" 7'-3" 7'-0" 6'-10" 7'-9" 7'-5" 7'-2" 6'-11" 6'-9"
2-800S162-33 2'-1" - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 4'-2" 3'-4" 2'-7" - - 4'-0" 3'-3" 2'-5" - -
2-800S162-54 7'-6" 6'-9" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-0" 7'-5" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-5" 4'-11"
2-800S162-68 9'-3" 8'-5" 7'-8" 7'-1" 6'-6" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-7" 7'-0" 6'-5"
2-800S162-97 10'-9" 10'-3" 9'-11" 9'-7" 9'-3" 10'-7" 10'-1" 9'-9" 9'-5" 9'-1"
2-1000S162-43 4'-4" 3'-9" 2'-11" - - 4'-3" 3'-8" 2'-9" - -
2-1000S162-54 8'-6" 7'-6" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-5" 8'-4" 7'-4" 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-4"
2-1000S162-68 10'-6" 9'-7" 8'-9" 8'-0" 7'-5" 10'-4" 9'-5" 8'-7" 7'-11" 7'-3"
2-1000S162-97 12'-11" 12'-4" 11'-8" 11'-1" 10'-6" 12'-9" 12'-2" 11'-6" 10'-11" 10'-5"
2-1200S162-54 7'-1" 6'-2" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-6" 6'-11" 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-5"
2-1200S162-68 11'-7" 10'-7" 9'-8" 8'-11" 8'-2" 11'-5" 10'-5" 9'-6" 8'-9" 8'-0"
2-1200S162-97 14'-9" 13'-9" 13'-0" 12'-4" 11'-9" 14'-7" 13'-8" 12'-10" 12'-3" 11'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 99

Table E7-4
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 3'-5" 3'-0" 2'-7" 2'-2" - 2'-8" 2'-2" - - -
2-350S162-68 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-3" 2'-11" 3'-9" 3'-3" 2'-10" 2'-5" 2'-1"
2-350S162-97 5'-1" 4'-10" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-5" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-8"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 2'-0" - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 5'-3" 3'-8" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-2" 4'-3" 3'-8" 3'-1" 2'-7" 2'-0"
2-550S162-68 6'-5" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-4" 5'-5" 4'-9" 4'-3" 3'-9" 3'-4"
2-550S162-97 7'-4" 7'-0" 6'-9" 6'-6" 6'-4" 6'-11" 6'-8" 6'-3" 5'-10" 5'-5"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 2'-6" - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-3" 3'-9" 4'-11" 4'-3" 3'-8" 3'-0" 2'-5"
2-800S162-68 7'-8" 6'-11" 6'-3" 5'-9" 5'-2" 6'-5" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-6" 4'-0"
2-800S162-97 9'-11" 9'-6" 9'-2" 8'-10" 8'-3" 9'-5" 8'-10" 8'-2" 7'-7" 7'-0"
2-1000S162-43 2'-10" - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 6'-7" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-3" 5'-4" 4'-9" 4'-1" 3'-5" 2'-9"
2-1000S162-68 8'-8" 7'-10" 7'-2" 6'-6" 5'-11" 7'-4" 6'-6" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-6"
2-1000S162-97 11'-7" 10'-11" 10'-3" 9'-7" 9'-0" 10'-5" 9'-7" 8'-10" 8'-2" 7'-8"
2-1200S162-54 5'-6" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-7" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11"
2-1200S162-68 9'-7" 8'-8" 7'-11" 7'-2" 6'-6" 8'-1" 7'-2" 6'-4" 5'-8" 5'-0"
2-1200S162-97 12'-11" 12'-2" 11'-6" 10'-8" 10'-0" 11'-8" 10'-9" 9'-11" 9'-2" 8'-6"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

100 AISI S230-19

Table E7-5
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 2'-5" - - - - 2'-4" - - - -
2-350S162-68 3'-6" 3'-0" 2'-6" 2'-1" - 3'-5" 2'-11" 2'-6" 2'-0" -
2-350S162-97 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-4" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-4"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 3'-11" 3'-3" 2'-8" 2'-0" - 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-7" - -
2-550S162-68 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-9" 5'-0" 4'-4" 3'-9" 3'-3" 2'-9"
2-550S162-97 6'-10" 6'-5" 5'-10" 5'-5" 4'-11" 6'-9" 6'-4" 5'-10" 5'-4" 4'-11"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 4'-7" 3'-10" 3'-1" 2'-5" - 4'-6" 3'-9" 3'-0" 2'-4" -
2-800S162-68 6'-0" 5'-3" 4'-7" 3'-11" 3'-4" 6'-0" 5'-2" 4'-6" 3'-11" 3'-3"
2-800S162-97 9'-2" 8'-4" 7'-8" 7'-0" 6'-6" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-7" 7'-0" 6'-5"
2-1000S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 5'-0" 4'-4" 3'-6" 2'-9" - 4'-11" 4'-3" 3'-5" 2'-7" -
2-1000S162-68 6'-10" 6'-0" 5'-3" 4'-6" 3'-10" 6'-9" 5'-11" 5'-2" 4'-5" 3'-9"
2-1000S162-97 10'-0" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-8" 7'-0" 9'-10" 9'-0" 8'-3" 7'-7" 7'-0"
2-1200S162-54 4'-2" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11" - 4'-1" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10" -
2-1200S162-68 7'-7" 6'-7" 5'-9" 5'-0" 4'-2" 7'-6" 6'-6" 5'-8" 4'-10" 4'-1"
2-1200S162-97 11'-2" 10'-1" 9'-3" 8'-6" 7'-10" 11'-0" 10'-0" 9'-2" 8'-5" 7'-9"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second and third floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Third floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 101

Table E7-6
Box-Beam Header Spans
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 2'-2" - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-68 3'-3" 2'-9" 2'-3" - - 2'-11" 2'-5" - - -
2-350S162-97 4'-6" 4'-3" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-2" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-3" 3'-0"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 3'-7" 2'-11" 2'-3" - - 3'-3" 2'-7" - - -
2-550S162-68 4'-9" 2'-1" 3'-6" 3'-0" 2'-5" 4'-4" 3'-9" 3'-2" 2'-8" 2'-1"
2-550S162-97 6'-5" 6'-1" 5'-7" 5'-1" 4'-8" 6'-3" 5'-10" 5'-4" 4'-10" 4'-5"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 4'-3" 3'-5" 2'-8" - - 3'-9" 3'-0" 2'-3" - -
2-800S162-68 5'-8" 4'-11" 4'-2" 3'-7" 2'-11" 5'-3" 4'-6" 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-7"
2-800S162-97 8'-9" 8'-0" 7'-3" 6'-8" 6'-2" 8'-4" 7'-7" 6'-11" 6'-4" 5'-10"
2-1000S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 4'-8" 3'-11" 3'-1" 2'-2" - 4'-3" 3'-5" 2'-7" - -
2-1000S162-68 6'-5" 5'-7" 4'-9" 4'-1" 3'-4" 5'-11" 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-8" 2'-11"
2-1000S162-97 9'-6" 8'-8" 7'-11" 7'-3" 6'-8" 9'-0" 8'-3" 7'-6" 6'-11" 6'-4"
2-1200S162-54 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-0" 2'-4" - 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10" - -
2-1200S162-68 7'-1" 6'-2" 5'-3" 4'-6" 3'-8" 6'-6" 5'-8" 4'-10" 4'-0" 3'-3"
2-1200S162-97 10'-8" 9'-8" 8'-10" 8'-1" 7'-5" 10'-1" 9'-2" 8'-5" 7'-9" 7'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second and third floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Third floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

102 AISI S230-19

Table E7-7
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 2'-11" 2'-4" - - - 2'-5" - - - -
2-350S162-43 4'-8" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9" 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-0" 2'-8" 2'-4"
2-350S162-54 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-0" 5'-11" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-0" 4'-8"
2-350S162-68 6'-7" 6'-3" 6'-0" 5'-10" 5'-8" 6'-4" 6'-1" 5'-10" 5'-8" 5'-6"
2-350S162-97 7'-3" 6'-11" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-3" 7'-0" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-3" 6'-0"
2-550S162-33 4'-5" 3'-9" 3'-1" 2'-6" - 3'-9" 3'-2" 2'-6" - -
2-550S162-43 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-2" 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-8"
2-550S162-54 8'-9" 8'-5" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-5" 8'-6" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-5" 6'-11"
2-550S162-68 9'-5" 9'-0" 8'-8" 8'-4" 8'-1" 9'-1" 8'-8" 8'-4" 8'-1" 7'-10"
2-550S162-97 10'-5" 10'-0" 9'-7" 9'-3" 9'-0" 10'-0" 9'-7" 9'-3" 8'-11" 8'-8"
2-800S162-33 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-4" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-0" 2'-3" -
2-800S162-43 7'-7" 6'-10" 6'-2" 5'-8" 5'-2" 6'-11" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-1" 4'-7"
2-800S162-54 10'-10" 10'-2" 9'-7" 9'-1" 8'-8" 10'-2" 9'-7" 9'-0" 8'-7" 8'-1"
2-800S162-68 12'-8" 11'-10" 11'-2" 10'-7" 10'-1" 11'-11" 11'-2" 10'-7" 10'-0" 9'-7"
2-800S162-97 14'-2" 13'-6" 13'-0" 12'-7" 12'-2" 13'-8" 13'-1" 12'-7" 12'-2" 11'-9"
2-1000S162-43 7'-10" 6'-10" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-0" 6'-11" 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-6"
2-1000S162-54 12'-3" 11'-5" 10'-9" 10'-3" 9'-9" 11'-6" 10'-9" 10'-2" 9'-8" 8'-11"
2-1000S162-68 14'-5" 13'-5" 12'-8" 12'-0" 11'-6" 13'-6" 12'-8" 12'-0" 11'-5" 10'-11"
2-1000S162-97 17'-1" 16'-4" 15'-8" 14'-11" 14'-3" 16'-5" 15'-9" 14'-10" 14'-1" 13'-6"
2-1200S162-54 12'-11" 11'-3" 10'-0" 9'-0" 8'-2" 11'-5" 10'-0" 9'-0" 8'-1" 7'-4"
2-1200S162-68 15'-11" 14'-10" 14'-0" 13'-4" 12'-8" 15'-0" 14'-0" 13'-3" 12'-7" 12'-0"
2-1200S162-97 19'-11" 18'-7" 17'-6" 16'-8" 15'-10" 18'-9" 17'-7" 16'-7" 15'-9" 15'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions: Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 103

Table E7-8
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2'-6" - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 4'-9" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-8" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-5"
2-350S162-68 5'-7" 5'-4" 5'-2" 4'-11" 4'-7" 5'-1" 4'-8" 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-8"
2-350S162-97 6'-2" 5'-11" 5'-8" 5'-6" 5'-4" 5'-8" 5'-5" 5'-3" 5'-0" 4'-11"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-9" 2'-2" - 2'-6" - - - -
2-550S162-54 7'-2" 6'-6" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-2" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-10" 4'-5" 4'-0"
2-550S162-68 8'-0" 7'-8" 7'-3" 6'-11" 6'-6" 7'-2" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-8" 5'-4"
2-550S162-97 8'-11" 8'-6" 8'-2" 7'-11" 7'-8" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-6" 7'-2" 6'-11"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 4'-10" 4'-1" 3'-6" 2'-11" 2'-3" 3'-3" 2'-5" - - -
2-800S162-54 8'-4" 7'-8" 7'-1" 6'-7" 6'-1" 6'-10" 6'-3" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-9"
2-800S162-68 9'-9" 9'-2" 8'-8" 8'-3" 7'-10" 8'-6" 7'-11" 7'-4" 6'-10" 6'-5"
2-800S162-97 12'-1" 11'-7" 11'-2" 10'-8" 10'-2" 11'-0" 10'-4" 9'-9" 9'-3" 8'-10"
2-1000S162-43 4'-8" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-4" 2'-8" 3'-6" 2'-10" - - -
2-1000S162-54 9'-3" 8'-2" 7'-3" 6'-7" 6'-0" 7'-0" 6'-2" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-6"
2-1000S162-68 11'-1" 10'-5" 9'-10" 9'-4" 8'-11" 9'-8" 9'-1" 8'-5" 7'-10" 7'-4"
2-1000S162-97 13'-9" 12'-11" 12'-2" 11'-7" 11'-1" 11'-11" 11'-3" 10'-7" 10'-1" 9'-7"
2-1200S162-54 7'-8" 6'-9" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-0" 5'-10" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-1200S162-68 12'-3" 11'-6" 10'-11" 10'-4" 9'-11" 10'-8" 10'-0" 9'-2" 8'-4" 7'-7"
2-1200S162-97 15'-4" 14'-5" 13'-7" 12'-11" 12'-4" 13'-4" 12'-6" 11'-10" 11'-3" 10'-9"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2,1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions: Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

104 AISI S230-19

Table E7-9
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 2'-2" - - - - 2'-1" - - - -
2-350S162-54 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-0" 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11"
2-350S162-68 5'-0" 4'-9" 4'-7" 4'-5" 4'-3" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-4" 4'-2"
2-350S162-97 5'-6" 5'-3" 5'-1" 4'-11" 4'-9" 5'-5" 5'-2" 5'-0" 4'-10" 4'-8"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 3'-6" 2'-10" 2'-3" - - 3'-5" 2'-9" 2'-2" - -
2-550S162-54 6'-8" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-2" 4'-9" 6'-6" 6'-0" 5'-6" 5'-1" 4'-8"
2-550S162-68 7'-2" 6'-10" 6'-7" 6'-4" 6'-1" 7'-0" 6'-9" 6'-6" 6'-3" 6'-0"
2-550S162-97 7'-11" 7'-7" 7'-3" 7'-0" 6'-10" 7'-9" 7'-5" 7'-2" 6'-11" 6'-9"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 4'-4" 3'-8" 2'-11" 2'-3" - 4'-3" 3'-6" 2'-10" 2'-1" -
2-800S162-54 7'-11" 7'-2" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-7" 7'-9" 7'-1" 6'-6" 6'-0" 5'-6"
2-800S162-68 9'-5" 8'-9" 8'-3" 7'-9" 7'-4" 9'-3" 8'-8" 8'-2" 7'-8" 7'-3"
2-800S162-97 10'-9" 10'-3" 9'-11" 9'-7" 9'-3" 10'-7" 10'-1" 9'-9" 9'-5" 9'-1"
2-1000S162-43 4'-4" 3'-9" 3'-4" 2'-8" - 4'-3" 3'-8" 3'-3" 2'-6" -
2-1000S162-54 8'-6" 7'-5" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-5" 8'-4" 7'-4" 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-4"
2-1000S162-68 10'-8" 10'-0" 9'-5" 8'-11" 8'-4" 10'-7" 9'-10" 9'-4" 8'-9" 8'-3"
2-1000S162-97 12'-11" 12'-4" 11'-8" 11'-1" 10'-6" 12'-9" 12'-2" 11'-6" 10'-11" 10'-5"
2-1200S162-54 7'-1" 6'-2" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-6" 6'-11" 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-5"
2-1200S162-68 11'-9" 11'-0" 10'-5" 9'-10" 9'-1" 11'-8" 10'-11" 10'-3" 9'-9" 8'-11"
2-1200S162-97 14'-9" 13'-9" 13'-0" 12'-4" 11'-9" 14'-7" 13'-8" 12'-10" 12'-3" 11'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 105

Table E7-10
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 3'-8" 3'-3" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-3" 3'-0" 2'-7" 2'-2" - -
2-350S162-68 4'-7" 4'-5" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-6" 4'-2" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-10"
2-350S162-97 5'-1" 4'-10" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-5" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-5" 4'-3" 4'-1"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 2'-2" - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-9" 4'-8" 4'-2" 3'-8" 3'-3" 2'-11"
2-550S162-68 6'-7" 6'-4" 5'-11" 5'-6" 5'-1" 6'-0" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-3"
2-550S162-97 7'-4" 7'-0" 6'-9" 6'-6" 6'-4" 6'-11" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-2" 6'-0"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 2'-11" 2'-0" - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-6" 5'-6" 4'-11" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-6"
2-800S162-68 8'-3" 7'-8" 7'-1" 6'-8" 6'-2" 7'-3" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-7" 5'-2"
2-800S162-97 9'-11" 9'-6" 9'-2" 8'-10" 8'-7" 9'-5" 9'-0" 8'-7" 8'-2" 7'-9"
2-1000S162-43 3'-4" 2'-5" - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 6'-7" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-4" 5'-4" 4'-9" 4'-3" 3'-10" 3'-6"
2-1000S162-68 9'-4" 8'-9" 8'-1" 7'-7" 7'-1" 8'-3" 7'-7" 6'-11" 6'-5" 5'-11"
2-1000S162-97 11'-7" 10'-11" 10'-4" 9'-10" 9'-5" 10'-5" 9'-10" 9'-3" 8'-10" 8'-5"
2-1200S162-54 5'-6" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-7" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11"
2-1200S162-68 10'-4" 9'-8" 8'-8" 7'-11" 7'-2" 8'-11" 7'-11" 7'-1" 6'-5" 5'-10"
2-1200S162-97 12'-11" 12'-2" 11'-6" 11'-0" 10'-6" 11'-8" 11'-0" 10'-5" 9'-10" 9'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2,1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

106 AISI S230-19

Table E7-11
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 2'-9" 2'-3" - - - 2'-8" 2'-3" - - -
2-350S162-68 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-6" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-6"
2-350S162-97 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-10" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 4'-5" 3'-10" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-5" 4'-4" 3'-9" 3'-3" 2'-10" 2'-5"
2-550S162-68 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-8" 4'-3" 3'-11" 5'-8" 5'-1" 4'-8" 4'-3" 3'-10"
2-550S162-97 6'-10" 6'-6" 6'-3" 6'-0" 5'-7" 6'-9" 6'-5" 6'-3" 5'-11" 5'-6"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 5'-2" 4'-7" 4'-0" 3'-6" 3'-0" 5'-2" 4'-6" 3'-11" 3'-5" 2'-11"
2-800S162-68 6'-11" 6'-3" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-9" 6'-10" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-2" 4'-8"
2-800S162-97 9'-3" 8'-8" 8'-3" 7'-9" 7'-4" 9'-2" 8'-8" 8'-2" 7'-9" 7'-4"
2-1000S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 5'-0" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 4'-11" 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-2"
2-1000S162-68 7'-10" 7'-2" 6'-6" 5'-11" 5'-6" 7'-9" 7'-1" 6'-5" 5'-11" 5'-5"
2-1000S162-97 10'-1" 9'-5" 8'-11" 8'-6" 8'-0" 10'-0" 9'-5" 8'-10" 8'-5" 7'-11"
2-1200S162-54 4'-2" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11" 2'-8" 4'-1" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7"
2-1200S162-68 7'-4" 6'-8" 6'-1" 5'-6" 5'-1" 7'-3" 6'-7" 6'-0" 5'-6" 5'-0"
2-1200S162-97 9'-5" 8'-8" 8'-1" 7'-6" 7'-1" 9'-4" 8'-8" 8'-0" 7'-6" 7'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second and third floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Third floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 107

Table E7-12
Back-to-Back Header Spans
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Member Clear Span Clear Span
Designation 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-350S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-350S162-54 2'-6" 2'-1" - - - 2'-3" - - - -
2-350S162-68 3'-9" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-4" 3'-6" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-5" 2'-2"
2-350S162-97 4'-6" 4'-4" 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-8" 4'-4" 4'-2" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-6"
2-550S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-550S162-54 4'-1" 3'-7" 3'-1" 2'-7" 2'-2" 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-10" 2'-4" -
2-550S162-68 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-8" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-5"
2-550S162-97 6'-5" 6'-2" 5'-11" 5'-9" 5'-4" 6'-3" 6'-0" 5'-9" 5'-6" 5'-2"
2-800S162-33 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-800S162-54 4'-11" 4'-3" 3'-8" 3'-2" 2'-8" 4'-6" 3'-11" 3'-5" 2'-11" 2'-4"
2-800S162-68 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-4" 4'-11" 4'-6" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-1" 4'-8" 4'-3"
2-800S162-97 8'-9" 8'-5" 7'-11" 7'-6" 7'-0" 8'-5" 8'-1" 7'-9" 7'-3" 6'-10"
2-1000S162-43 - - - - - - - - - -
2-1000S162-54 4'-8" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-3" 3'-0" 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9"
2-1000S162-68 7'-6" 6'-9" 6'-2" 5'-8" 5'-2" 7'-1" 6'-5" 5'-10" 5'-4" 4'-11"
2-1000S162-97 9'-9" 9'-2" 8'-7" 8'-2" 7'-8" 9'-5" 8'-10" 8'-5" 7'-11" 7'-5"
2-1200S162-54 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-6" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-4"
2-1200S162-68 7'-0" 6'-4" 5'-9" 5'-3" 4'-9" 6'-7" 6'-0" 5'-5" 5'-0" 4'-6"
2-1200S162-97 9'-1" 8'-4" 7'-9" 7'-3" 6'-9" 8'-8" 8'-0" 7'-6" 7'-0" 6'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2,1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/360 for live loads, L/240 for total loads
2 Design load assumptions:

Second and third floor dead load is 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)

Roof/Ceiling dead load is 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
Second floor live load is 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2)
Third floor live load is 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

108 AISI S230-19

Table E7-13
Number of Screws Required for Header to King Stud Connection
Basic Wind Speed (mph), Exposure & Seismic Design Categories 1,2,3

Header 115 B 130 B 140 B

Span Seismic
120 B 130 C < 140 C
Design
Category A,B,C 115 C 120 C

4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 6-No. 8

< 4'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 4-No. 8 4-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8 8-No. 8
> 4' to 8'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 6-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8 10-No. 8 12-No. 8
> 8' to 12'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
4-No. 8 6-No. 8 8-No. 8 10-No. 8 12-No. 8 14-No. 8
> 12' to 16'
screws screws screws screws screws screws
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 For headers located on the first floor of a two-story building or the first or second floor of a three-story building, the
total number of screws is permitted to be reduced by 2 screws, but the total number of screws shall be no less
than 4.
2 For roof slopes of 6:12 or greater, the required number of screws is permitted to be reduced by 1/2, but the total

number of screws shall be no less than 4.

3 Screws can be replaced by an uplift connector, which has the strength of the number of screws multiplied by 164

lbs (729 N) (e.g., 12-No. 8 screws can be replaced by an uplift connector whose strength exceeds 12 x 164 lbs
= 1,968 lbs).

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 109

Table E7-14
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 5'-1" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-0" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10"
2-600L150-54 7'-0" 7'-7" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-7" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-7' 5'-4"
2-600L150-68 8'-2" 7'-7" 7'-2" 6'-10" 6'-6" 7'-8" 7'-2" 6'-9" 6'-5" 6'-2"
2-800L150-43 6'-5" 6'-0" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-1" 6'-0" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-1" 4'-10"
2-800L150-54 8'-11" 8'-4" 7'-10" 7'-5" 7'-1" 8'-4" 7'-10" 7'-5" 7'-0" 6'-9"
2-800L150-68 10'-3" 9'-7" 9'-1" 8'-7" 8'-2" 9'-8" 9'-1" 8'-7" 8'-2" 7'-9"
2-1000L150-43 6'-6" 6'-1" 5'-9" 5'-5" 5'-2" 6'-2" 5'-9" 5'-5" 5'-2" 4'-11"
2-1000L150-54 9'-0" 8'-5" 7'-11" 7'-6" 7'-2" 8'-6" 7'-11" 7'-6" 7'-1" 6'-10"
2-1000L150-68 10'-4" 9'-8" 9'-2" 8'-8" 8'-3" 9'-9" 9'-2" 8'-8" 8'-2" 7'-10"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)

2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-15
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 3'-11" 3'-8' 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-9"
2-600L150-54 5'-5" 5'-1" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-4" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-9"
2-600L150-68 6'-3" 5'-11" 5'-7" 5'-4" 5'-1" 5'-6" 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-5"
2-800L150-43 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-2" 4'-0" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-6"
2-800L150-54 6'-10" 6'-5" 6'-1" 5'-9" 5'-6" 5'-11" 5'-7" 5'-3" 5'-0' 4'-10"
2-800L150-68 7'-11" 7'-5" 7'-0" 6'-8" 6'-5" 6'-11" 6'-6" 6'-1" 5'-10" 5'-7"
2-1000L150-43 5'-0" 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-3" 4'-1" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-6"
2-1000L150-54 6'-11" 6'-6" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-7" 6'-0" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-1" 4'-10"
2-1000L150-68 8'-0" 7'-6" 7'-1" 6'-9" 6'-5" 6'-11" 6'-6" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)

2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

110 AISI S230-19

Table E7-16
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 3'-0"
2-600L150-54 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-4" 4'-2" 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-6" 4'-4" 4'-1"
2-600L150-68 6'-0" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-1" 4'-10" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-3" 5'-0" 4'-9"
2-800L150-43 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-2" 4'-0" 3'-10" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-9"
2-800L150-54 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-6" 5'-3" 6'-6" 6'-1" 5'-9" 5'-5" 5'-2"
2-800L150-68 7'-7" 7'-1" 6'-9" 6'-4" 6'-1" 7'-6" 7'-1" 6'-8" 6'-3" 6'-0"
2-1000L150-43 4'-10" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10" 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10"
2-1000L150-54 6'-9" 6'-3" 5'-11" 5'-7" 5'-4" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-10" 5'-6" 5'-3"
2-1000L150-68 7'-8" 7'-2" 6'-9" 6'-5" 6'-1" 7'-7" 7'-1" 6'-8" 6'-4" 6'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 111

Table E7-17
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-6" 2'-5"
2-600L150-54 4'-7" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-7" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-6" 3'-8"
2-600L150-68 5'-4" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-3" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-1" 3'-10"
2-800L150-43 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-1"
2-800L150-54 5'-9" 5'-5" 5'-1" 4'-10" 4'-7" 5'-2" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-3"
2-800L150-68 6'-8" 6'-3" 5'-11" 5'-7" 5'-4" 6'-0" 5'-8" 5'-4" 5'-1" 4'-10"
2-1000L150-43 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1"
2-1000L150-54 5'-10" 5'-6" 5'-2" 4'-11" 4'-8" 5'-3" 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-6" 4'-3"
2-1000L150-68 6'-9" 6'-4" 5'-11" 5'-7" 5'-4" 6'-1" 5'-8" 5'-5" 5'-2" 4'-11"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/ m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

112 AISI S230-19

Table E7-18
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2"
2-600L150-54 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0"
2-600L150-68 4'-5" 4'-1" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-6" 4'-5" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-6"
2-800L150-43 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9"
2-800L150-54 4'-10" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10"
2-800L150-68 5'-7" 5'-2" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 5'-6" 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-5"
2-1000L150-43 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-10" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9"
2-1000L150-54 4'-10" 4'-7" 4'-3" 4'-1" 3'-11" 4'-10" 4'-6" 4'-3" 4'-1" 3'-10"
2-1000L150-68 5'-7" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-6" 5'-7" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-19
Double L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Double L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
2-600L150-43 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-1" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-1"
2-600L150-54 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10"
2-600L150-68 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-5" 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-6" 3'-4"
2-800L150-43 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-8"
2-800L150-54 4'-8" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-11" 3'-8" 4'-7" 4'-3" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-8"
2-800L150-68 5'-5" 5'-0" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-3" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-2"
2-1000L150-43 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-9" 3'-4" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-10" 2'-8"
2-1000L150-54 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-2" 3'-11" 3'-9" 4'-7" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-8"
2-1000L150-68 5'-5" 5'-1" 4'-9" 4'-6" 4'-4" 5'-4" 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-5" 4'-3"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/ m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 113

Table E7-20
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 5'-2" 4'-9" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-1"
2-600L150-54 7'-1" 6'-6" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11"
2-600L150-68 8'-3" 7'-7" 6'-1" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-4"
2-800L150-43 5'-10" 5'-4" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-6" 2'-5"
2-800L150-54 9'-0" 8'-3" 6'-8" 6'-3" 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-8"
2-800L150-68 10'-5" 9'-7" 7'-8" 7'-2" 6'-5" 5'-9" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-6" 4'-3"
2-1000L150-43 6'-8" 6'-2" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9"
2-1000L150-54 9'-3" 8-6" 6'-10" 6'-5" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-8" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-9"
2-1000L150-68 11'-11" 10'-11" 8'-10" 8'-3" 7'-4" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-7" 5'-2" 4'-10"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-21
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 4'-10" 4'-6" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-0" 3'-8" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-1" 2'-0"
2-600L150-54 6'-9" 6'-2" 4'-11" 4'-8" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9"
2-600L150-68 7'-10" 7'-2" 5'-9" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-2"
2-800L150-43 5'-6" 5'-1" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3"
2-800L150-54 8'-6" 7'-10" 6'-3" 5'-11" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-5"
2-800L150-68 9'-10" 9'-1" 7'-3" 6'-10" 6'-1" 5'-5" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-3" 4'-0"
2-1000L150-43 6'-4" 5'-10" 4'-8" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-7"
2-1000L150-54 8'-9" 8'-1" 6'-5" 6'-1" 5'-4" 4'-10" 4'-5" 4'-1" 3'-10" 3'-7"
2-1000L150-68 11'-3" 10'-4" 8'-4" 7'-9" 6'-11" 6'-3" 5'-8" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

114 AISI S230-19

Table E7-22
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 4'-7" 4'-3" 3'-5" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-0" 1'-10"
2-600L150-54 6'-5" 5'-10" 4'-8" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-7"
2-600L150-68 7'-5" 6'-10" 5'-6" 5'-2" 4'-7" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-0"
2-800L150-43 5'-3" 4'-10" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11" 2'-8" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-1"
2-800L150-54 8'-1" 7'-5" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-3"
2-800L150-68 9'-5" 8'-7" 6'-11" 6'-5" 5'-9" 5'-2" 4'-9" 4'-4" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-1000L150-43 6'-0" 5'-6" 4'-5" 4'-2" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-5"
2-1000L150-54 8'-4" 7'-8" 6'-1" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-4"
2-1000L150-68 10'-9" 9'-10" 7'-11" 7'-4" 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-5" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-4"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-23
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 4'-5" 4'-1" 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-8" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-1" 1'-11" 1'-9"
2-600L150-54 6'-1" 5'-7" 4'-6" 4'-2" 3'-9" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-5"
2-600L150-68 7'-1" 6'-6" 5'-3" 4'-11" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-10"
2-800L150-43 5'-0" 4'-7" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-0"
2-800L150-54 7'-9" 7'-1" 5'-8" 5'-4" 4'-9" 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-1"
2-800L150-68 9'-0" 8'-3" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-6" 4'-11" 4'-6" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-7"
2-1000L150-43 5'-9" 5'-3" 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-4"
2-1000L150-54 8'-0" 7'-4" 5'-10" 5'-6" 4'-11" 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-2"
2-1000L150-68 10'-3" 9'-5" 7'-6" 7'-0" 6'-3" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-9" 4'-5" 4'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 115

Table E7-24
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-0" 1'-10" 1'-8"
2-600L150-54 5'-10" 5'-4" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-6" 2'-4"
2-600L150-68 6'-10" 6'-3" 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-2" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9"
2-800L150-43 4'-10" 4'-5" 3'-6" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-8" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-1" 1'-11"
2-800L150-54 7'-5" 6'-10" 5'-5" 5'-1" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0"
2-800L150-68 8'-7" 7'-11" 6'-4" 5'-11" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-4" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-5"
2-1000L150-43 5'-6" 5'-1" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-4" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-4" 2'-3"
2-1000L150-54 7'-8" 7'-0" 5'-7" 5'-3" 4'-8" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1"
2-1000L150-68 9'-10" 9'-0" 7'-2" 6'-9" 6'-0" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-7" 4'-3" 3'-11"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-25
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-11" 5'-9" 4'-5" 3'-8" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-4"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 9'-7" 7'-11" 6'-1" 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-3"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 11'-2" 9'-1" 7'-1" 5'-11" 5'-2" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-9"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 7'-10" 6'-6" 5'-0" 4'-2" 3'-7" 3'-3" 2'-11" 2'-8"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 12'-2" 10'-0" 7'-9" 6'-5" 5'-7" 5'-0" 4'-6" 4'-2"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 14'-2" 11'-7" 8'-11" 7'-5" 6'-6" 5'-9" 5'-2" 4'-9"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 9'-1" 7'-5" 5'-9" 4'-10" 4'-2" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 12'-6" 10'-4" 7'-11" 6'-8" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-8" 4'-3"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-3" 10'-3" 8'-6" 7'-5" 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

116 AISI S230-19

Table E7-26
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
-
Wind Speed, mph
EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-5" 5'-4" 4'-1" 3'-5" 3'-0" 2'-8" 2'-5" 2'-2"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 8'-10" 7'-4" 5'-8" 4'-9" 4'-2" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 10'-4" 8'-6" 6'-7" 5'-6" 4'-10" 4'-3" 3'-11" 3'-7"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 7'-3" 6'-0" 4'-8" 3'-11" 3'-4" 3'-0" 2'-9" 2'-6"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 11'-3" 9'-3" 7'-3" 6'-0" 5'-3" 4'-8" 4'-3" 3'-10"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 13'-0" 10'-9" 8'-4" 7'-0" 6'-1" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-6"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 8'-4" 6'-11" 5'-4" 4'-6" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 11'-6" 9'-7" 7'-5" 6'-2" 5'-5" 4'-10" 4'-4" 4'-0"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 14'-10" 12'-4" 9'-6" 8'-0" 6'-11" 6'-2" 5'-7" 5'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-27
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-0" 5'-0" 3'-10" 3'-3" 2'-10" 2'-6" 2'-3" 2'-1"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 8'-3" 6'-11" 5'-4" 4'-6" 3'-11" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 9'-7" 8'-0" 6'-3" 5'-3" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-4"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-9" 5'-8" 4'-5" 3'-8" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-5"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 10'-6" 8'-9" 6'-9" 5'-8" 4'-11" 4'-5" 4'-0" 3'-8"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 12'-1" 10'-1" 7'-10" 6'-7" 5'-9" 5'-1" 4'-7" 4'-3"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 7'-9" 6'-6" 5'-1" 4'-3" 3'-8" 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-9"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 10'-9" 9'-0" 7'-0" 5'-10" 5'-1" 4'-6" 4'-1" 3'-9"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 13'-10" 11'-6" 9'-0" 7'-6" 6'-6" 5'-10" 5'-3" 4'-10"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 117

Table E7-28
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 5'-7" 4'-8" 3'-8" 3'-1" 2'-8" 2'-5" 2'-2" 2'-0"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 7'-9" 6'-6" 5'-1" 4'-3" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-0" 2'-9"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 9'-0" 7'-7" 5'-11" 5'-0" 4'-4" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-2"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-4" 5'-4" 4'-2" 3'-6" 3'-1" 2'-9" 2'-5" 2'-3"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 9'-10" 8'-3" 6'-5" 5'-5" 4'-8" 4'-2" 3'-10" 3'-6"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 11'-5" 9'-6" 7'-5" 6'-3" 5'-5" 4'-11" 4'-5" 4'-0"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 7'-4" 6'-1" 4'-9" 4'-0" 3'-6" 3'-1" 2'-10" 2'-7"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 10'-1" 8'-6" 6'-7" 5'-7" 4'-10" 4'-4" 3'-11" 3'-7"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 13'-0" 10'-11" 8'-6" 7'-2" 6'-3" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-29
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 5'-4" 4'-6" 3'-6" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-3" 2'-1" 1'-11"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 7'-4" 6'-2" 4'-10" 4'-1" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-10" 2'-7"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 8'-7" 7'-2" 5'-7" 4'-9" 4'-1" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-0" 5'-1" 4'-0" 3'-4" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-4" 2'-2"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 9'-4" 7'-10" 6'-1" 5'-2" 4'-6" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-4"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 10'-9" 9'-1" 7'-1" 5'-11" 5'-2" 4'-7" 4'-2" 3'-10"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 6'-11" 5'-10" 4'-7" 3'-10" 3'-4" 3'-0" 2'-8" 2'-6"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 9'-7" 8'-1" 6'-4" 5'-3" 4'-7" 4'-1" 3'-9" 3'-5"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 12'-4" 10'-4" 8'-1" 6'-10" 5'-11" 5'-3" 4'-9" 4'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

118 AISI S230-19

Table E7-30
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 6'-3" 4'-6" 3'-8" 3'-1" 2'-9"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 8'-8" 6'-1" 5'-0" 4'-4" 3'-10"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-1" 7'-3" 5'-10" 5'-0" 4'-5"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 7'-2" 5'-1" 4'-2" 3'-6" 3'-1"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 11'-0" 7'-11" 6'-5" 5'-6" 4'-10"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 12'-9" 9'-1" 7'-5" 6'-4" 5'-7"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 8'-2" 5'-10" 4'-9" 4'-1" 3'-7"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 11'-4" 8'-1" 6'-7" 5'-7" 5'-0"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-7" 10'-5" 8'-5" 7'-3" 6'-5"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-31
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 13'-6" 5'-8" 4'-2" 3'-5" 2'-11" 2'-7"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 7'-10" 5'-9" 4'-8" 4'-0" 3'-7"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 9'-2" 6'-8" 5'-5" 4'-8" 4'-2"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 15'-3" 6'-5" 4'-8" 3'-10" 3'-4" 2'-11"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-0" 7'-3" 5'-11" 5'-1" 4'-6"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 11'-6" 8'-5" 6'-10" 5'-11" 5'-2"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 7'-5" 5'-5" 4'-5" 3'-9" 3'-4"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-3" 7'-6" 6'-1" 5'-3" 4'-8"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-2" 10'-7" 7'-10" 6'-9" 5'-11"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 119

Table E7-32
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 11'-0" 5'-3" 3'-10" 3'-2" 2'-9" 2'-5"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 15'-2" 7'-3" 5'-4" 4'-5" 3'-9" 3'-4"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 8'-5" 6'-3" 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-11"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 12'-6" 15'-11" 4'-5" 3'-7" 3'-1" 2'-9"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 9'-2" 6'-9" 5'-7" 4'-9" 4'-3"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-7" 7'-10" 6'-5" 5'-6" 4'-11"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 14'-4" 6'-10" 5'-0" 4'-2" 3'-7" 3'-2"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 9'-5" 7'-0" 5'-8" 4'-11" 4'-4"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 12'-1" 9'-0" 7'-4" 6'-4" 5'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-33
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 9'-6" 4'-10" 3'-8" 3'-0" 2'-7" 2'-3"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 13'-2" 6'-9" 5'-0" 4'-2" 3'-7" 3'-2"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 15'-4" 7'-10" 5'-10" 4'-10" 4'-2" 3'-8"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 10'-9" 5'-6" 4'-1" 3'-5" 2'-11" 2'-7"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 8'-6" 6'-4" 5'-3" 4'-6" 4'-0"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 9'-10" 7'-4" 6'-1" 5'-3" 4'-8"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 12'-5" 6'-4" 4'-9" 3'-11" 3'-4" 3'-0"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 8'-9" 6'-6" 5'-5" 4'-8" 4'-2"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 11'-3" 8'-5" 6'-11" 6'-0" 5'-4"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

120 AISI S230-19

Table E7-34
Double L-Header Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 8'-6" 4'-7" 3'-5" 2'-10" 2'-5" 2'-2"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 11'-9" 6'-4" 4'-9" 3'-11" 3'-5" 3'-0"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 13'-8" 7'-4" 5'-6" 4'-7" 3'-11" 3'-6"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 9'-8" 5'-2" 3'-11" 3'-3" 2'-9" 2'-6"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 14'-11" 8'-0" 6'-0" 4'-0" 4'-4" 3'-10"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 9'-3" 6'-11" 5'-9" 5'-0" 4'-5"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 11'-1" 5'-11" 4'-6" 3'-8" 3'-2" 2'-10"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 15'-4" 8'-3" 6'-2" 5'-1" 4'-5" 3'-11"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-7" 7'-11" 6'-7" 5'-8" 5'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 121

Table E7-35
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-9"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-5" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-3"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)

2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-36
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-0" 1'-11"
600L150-54 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-10" 2'-8"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1"
800L150-43 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-4"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-8" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-3"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-9"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)

2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

122 AISI S230-19

Table E7-37
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Designation Clear Span Clear Span
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-1" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-1"
600L150-54 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-11"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-7" 3'-5" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4"
800L150-43 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-7" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-8" 2'-6"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-8" 3'-6" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-8" 3'-6"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang, Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-38
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-1" 1'-11" 1'-10" 2'-1" 2'-0" 1'-10" 1'-9" 1'-8"
600L150-54 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-7" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-4"
600L150-68 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-2" 3'-0" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-9"
800L150-43 2'-10" 2'-7" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-6" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-1"
800L150-54 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-3" 3'-1" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-10"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-9" 3'-7" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-3"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/ m2), Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang, Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 123

Table E7-39
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
20 psf Ground Snow Load 30 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Designation Clear Span Clear Span
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 1'-11" 1'-10" 1'-8" 1'-7" 1'-7" 1'-11" 1'-10" 1'-8" 1'-7" 1'-6"
600L150-54 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-4" 2'-3" 2'-1"
600L150-68 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-6" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-7" 2'-7" 2'-6"
800L150-43 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-1" 1'-11" 1'-10" 2'-4" 2'-2" 2'-1" 1'-11" 1'-10"
800L150-54 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-7" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-7"
800L150-68 3'-9" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 3'-0" 3'-8" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1" 2'-11"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2). Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang. Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-40
Single L-Header Spans – Gravity Loading
Headers Supporting Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2
50 psf Ground Snow Load 70 psf Ground Snow Load
Single L-Header
Clear Span Clear Span
Designation
24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
600L150-43 1'-11" 1'-9" 1'-8" 1'-7" 1'-6" 1'-10" 1'-9" 1'-7" 1'-6" 1'-6"
600L150-54 2'-7" 2'-5" 2'-3" 2'-2" 2'-1" 2'-6" 2'-5" 2'-3" 1'-1" 2'-0"
600L150-68 3'-0" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-5" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-6" 2'-4"
800L150-43 2'-3" 2'-1" 2'-0" 1'-11" 1'-10" 2'-3" 2'-1" 1'-11" 1'-10" 1'-9"
800L150-54 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7" 2'-6" 3'-1" 2'-10" 2'-8" 2'-7" 2'-5"
800L150-68 3'-7" 3'-5" 3'-2" 3'-0" 2'-10" 3'-6" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-11" 2'-10"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions:

Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/ m2). Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang. Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

124 AISI S230-19

Table E7-41
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 12'-0" 11'-1" 8'-11" 8'-4" 7'-5" 6'-9" 6'-1" 5'-8" 5'-3" 4'-11"
2-600L150-54 16'-0" 15'-10" 12'-9" 11'-11" 10'-7" 9'-7" 8'-9" 8'-1" 7'-6" 7'-0"
2-600L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-9" 13'-10" 12'-4" 11'-1" 10'-2" 9'-4" 8'-8" 8'-2"
2-800L150-43 15'-0" 13'-9" 11'-1" 10'-4" 9'-3" 8'-4" 7'-8" 7'-0" 6'-6" 6'-1"
2-800L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-0" 13'-4" 12'-1" 11'-0" 10'-2" 9'-5" 8'-10"
2-800L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-5" 13'-11" 12'-9" 11'-9" 10'-11" 10'-2"
2-1000L150-43 15'-8" 14'-5" 11'-7" 10'-10" 9'-8" 8'-9" 8'-0" 7'-4" 6'-10" 6'-5"
2-1000L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-4" 13'-8" 12'-4" 11'-3" 10'-4" 9'-8" 9'-0"
2-1000L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-6" 13'-3" 12'-3" 11'-5" 10'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot roof overhang (0.61 m)
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-42
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 11'-5" 10'-6" 8'-5" 7'-10" 7'-0" 6'-4" 5'-9" 5'-4" 4'-11" 4'-7"
2-600L150-54 16'-0" 14'-11" 12'-0" 11'-3" 10'-0" 9'-0" 8'-3" 7'-7" 7'-1" 6'-7"
2-600L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-11" 13'-1" 11'-7" 10'-6" 9'-7" 8'-10" 8'-2" 7'-8"
2-800L150-43 14'-2" 13'-0" 10'-5" 9'-9" 8'-8" 7'-10" 7'-2" 6'-7" 6'-2" 5'-9"
2-800L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-1" 14'-2" 12'-7" 11'-4" 10'-5" 9'-7" 8'-11" 8'-4"
2-800L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-7" 13'-2" 12'-0" 11'-1" 10'-3" 9'-7"
2-1000L150-43 14'-10" 13'-8" 10'-11" 10'-3" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-6" 6'-11" 6'-5" 6'-0"
2-1000L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-5" 14'-6" 12'-10" 11'-7" 10'-7" 9'-9" 9'-1" 8'-6"
2-1000L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-2" 13'-8" 12'-6" 11'-6" 10'-9" 10'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 125

Table E7-43
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 10'-10" 9'-11" 8'-0" 7'-5" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-6" 5'-0" 4'-8" 4'-4"
2-600L150-54 15'-6" 14'-3" 11'-5" 10'-8" 9'-6" 8'-7" 7'-10" 7'-2" 6'-8" 6'-3"
2-600L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-3" 12'-5" 11'-0" 9'-11" 9'-1" 8'-4" 7'-9" 7'-3"
2-800L150-43 13'-6" 12'-5" 9'-11" 9'-4" 8'-3" 7'-5" 6'-10" 6'-3" 5'-10" 5'-5"
2-800L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-4" 13'-5" 11'-11" 10'-9" 9'-10" 9'-1" 8'-5" 7'-11"
2-800L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-6" 13'-10" 12'-5" 11'-5" 10'-6" 9'-9" 9'-1"
2-1000L150-43 14'-2" 12'-11" 10'-5" 9'-9" 8'-8" 7'-10" 7'-1" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-8"
2-1000L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-8" 13'-9" 12'-2" 11'-0" 10'-1" 9'-4" 8'-7" 8'-1"
2-1000L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-5" 13'-0" 11'-10" 10'-11" 10'-2" 9'-6"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-44
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 10'-4" 9'-6" 7'-7" 7'-1" 6'-4" 5'-8" 5'-2" 4'-10" 4'-5" 4'-2"
2-600L150-54 14'-10" 13'-7" 10'-10" 10'-2" 9'-0" 8'-2" 7'-5" 6'-10" 6'-4" 5'-11"
2-600L150-68 16'-0" 15'-9" 12'-8" 11'-10" 10'-6" 9'-6" 8'-8" 8'-0" 7'-5" 6'-11"
2-800L150-43 12'-11" 11'-10" 9'-6" 8'-10" 7'-10" 7'-1" 6'-6" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-2"
2-800L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-8" 12'-10" 11'-4" 10'-3" 9'-5" 8'-8" 8'-0" 7'-6"
2-800L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-10" 14'-10" 13'-2" 11'-11" 10'-10" 10'-0" 9'-3" 8'-8"
2-1000L150-43 13'-6" 12'-4" 9'-11" 9'-3" 8'-3" 7'-5" 6'-9" 6'-3" 5'-10" 5'-5"
2-1000L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-0" 13'-2" 11'-8" 10'-6" 9'-7" 8'-10" 8'-2" 7'-8"
2-1000L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-6" 13'-9" 12'-5" 11'-4" 10'-5" 9'-8" 9'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

126 AISI S230-19

Table E7-45
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 9'-11" 9'-1" 7'-3" 6'-10" 6'-1" 5'-5" 5'-0" 4'-7" 4'-3" 4'-0"
2-600L150-54 14'-2" 13'-0" 10'-5" 9'-9" 8'-8" 7'-10" 7'-1" 6'-7" 6'-1" 5'-8"
2-600L150-68 16'-0" 15'-1" 12'-1" 11'-4" 10'-1" 9'-1" 8'-3" 7'-8" 7'-1" 6'-7"
2-800L150-43 12'-5" 11'-4" 9'-1" 8'-6" 7'-6" 6'-10" 6'-2" 5'-9" 5'-4" 5'-0"
2-800L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-1" 12'-3" 10'-11" 10'-10" 9'-0" 8'-3" 7'-8" 7'-2"
2-800L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-2" 14'-2" 12'-7" 11'-4" 10'-5" 9'-7" 8'-11" 8'-3"
2-1000L150-43 12'-11" 11'-10" 9'-6" 8'-11" 7'-11" 7'-1" 6'-6" 6'-0" 5'-7" 5'-2"
2-1000L150-54 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-5" 12'-7" 11'-2" 10'-1" 9'-2" 8'-5" 7'-10" 7'-4"
2-1000L150-68 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-10" 14'-10" 13'-2" 11'11" 10'-10" 10'-0" 9'-3" 8'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-46
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-5" 10'-4" 8'-7" 7'-6" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-6"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-9" 12'-4" 10'-8" 9'-6" 8'-7" 7'-11"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-4" 12'-5" 11'-1" 10'-0" 9'-2"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-11" 10'-9" 9'-4" 8'-4" 7'-6" 6'-11"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-6" 13'-6" 12'-0" 10'-10" 9'-11"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-7" 13'-10" 12'-6" 11'-6"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-6" 11'-3" 9'-9" 8'-8" 7'-10" 7'-2"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-11" 13'-9" 12'-3" 11'-1" 10'-2"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-5" 13'-1" 12'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 127

Table E7-47
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 15'-0" 12'-5" 9'-8" 8'-1" 7'-0" 6'-3" 5'-8" 5'-2"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-9" 11'-6" 10'-0" 8'-11" 8'-1" 7'-5"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-5" 11'-8" 10'-4" 9'-5" 8'-7"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-6" 12'-0" 10'-2" 8'-9" 7'-9" 7'-0" 6'-5"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-6" 12'-8" 11'-3" 10'-2" 9'-4"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-7" 13'-0" 11'-9" 10'-9"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-7" 10'-6" 9'-2" 8'-1" 7'-4" 6'-9"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-10" 12'-11" 11'-6" 10'-5" 9'-6"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-3" 13'-7" 12'-3" 11'-3"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-48
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 14'-0" 11'-8" 9'-1" 7'-7" 6'-7" 5'-11" 5'-4" 4'-11"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-0" 10'-10" 9'-5" 8'-5" 7'-7" 7'-0"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-1" 12'-8" 11'-0" 9'-9" 8'-10" 8'-1"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-6" 11'-4" 9'-6" 8'-3" 7'-4" 6'-8" 6'-1"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-8" 11'-11" 10'-7" 9'-7" 8'-10"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-10" 13'-9" 12'-3" 11'-1" 10'-2"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-2" 11'-10" 9'-11" 8'-7" 7'-8" 6'-11" 6'-4"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-0" 12'-2" 10'-10" 9'-10" 9'-0"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-4" 12'-10" 11'-7" 10'-7"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

128 AISI S230-19

Table E7-49
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 13'-2" 11'-0" 8'-7" 7'-3" 6'-3" 5'-7" 5'-1" 4'-8"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-9" 12'-3" 10'-4" 9'-0" 8'-0" 7'-3" 6'-8"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-3" 12'-0" 10'-5" 9'-4" 8'-5" 7'-9"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-9" 10'-9" 9'-0" 7'-10" 7'-0" 6'-4" 5'-10"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-6" 13'-0" 11'-4" 10'-1" 9'-2" 8'-5"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-0" 13'-1" 11'-8" 10'-7" 9'-8"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-4" 11'-2" 9'-5" 8'-2" 7'-4" 6'-7" 6'-1"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-11" 13'-3" 11'-7" 10'-4" 9'-4" 8'-7"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-8" 13'-8" 12'-2" 11'-0" 10'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-50
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U 12'-6" 10'-5" 8'-2" 6'-11" 6'-0" 5'-4" 4'-10" 4'-5"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-11" 11'-8" 9'-10" 8'-7" 7'-8" 6'-11" 6'-4"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-7" 11'-5" 9'-11" 8'-11" 8'-1" 7'-4"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U 15'-6" 13'-0" 10'-2" 8'-7" 7'-6" 6'-8" 6'-0" 5'-6"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-9" 12'-5" 10'-9" 9'-8" 8'-9" 8'-0"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-4" 12'-6" 11'-1" 10'-1" 9'-3"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-7" 10'-8" 8'-11" 7'-10" 7'-0" 6'-4" 5'-9"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-1" 12'-8" 11'-0" 9'-10" 8'-11" 8'-2"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-11" 13'-0" 11'-7" 10'-6" 9'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 129

Table E7-51
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-9" 10'-6" 8'-6" 7'-4" 6'-5"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-1" 12'-2" 10'-5" 9'-3"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-2" 12'-2" 10'-9"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-1" 10'-8" 9'-1" 8'-0"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-4" 13'-2" 11'-7"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-3" 13'-5"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-9" 11'-1" 9'-6" 8'-5"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-9" 13'-5" 11'-10"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-10" 14'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-52
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-4" 9'-8" 7'-11" 6'-10" 6'-0"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-10" 11'-4" 9'-9" 8'-7"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-2" 11'-4" 10'-0"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-1" 9'-10" 8'-6" 7'-6"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-3" 12'-3" 10'-10"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-2" 12'-6"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-8" 10'-4" 8'-10" 7'-10"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-7" 12'-6" 11'-1"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-9" 13'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

130 AISI S230-19

Table E7-53
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 12'-3" 9'-1" 7'-5" 6'-5" 5'-9"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-11" 10'-7" 9'-2" 8'-1"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-0" 12'-4" 10'-8" 9'-5"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-3" 11'-3" 9'-3" 8'-0" 7'-1"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-4" 11'-6" 10'-2"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-5" 13'-4" 11'-10"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-11" 11'-9" 9'-8" 8'-4" 7'-4"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-8" 11'-9" 10'-5"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-11" 12'-4"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-54
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 11'-5" 8'-6" 7'-0" 6'-1" 5'-4"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 12'-2" 10'-0" 8'-8" 7'-8"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-1" 11'-8" 10'-1" 8'-11"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-2" 10'-7" 8'-9" 7'-6" 6'-8"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-4" 12'-7" 10'-11" 9'-8"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-7" 12'-7" 11'-2"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 14'-10" 11'-1" 9'-2" 7'-11" 7'-0"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-8" 12'-11" 11'-2" 9'-11"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 15'-2" 13'-2" 11'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 131

Table E7-55
Inverted Double L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Double L-Header
Designation
2-600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 10'-8" 8'-1" 6'-8" 5'-9" 5'-1"
2-600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 15'-3" 11'-6" 9'-6" 8'-3" 7'-4"
2-600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-4" 11'-1" 9'-7" 8'-6"
2-800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-4" 10'-0" 8'-3" 7'-2" 6'-4"
2-800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-6" 12'-0" 10'-4" 9'-2"
2-800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 13'-11" 12'-0" 10'-8"
2-1000L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 13'-11" 10'-6" 8'-8" 7'-6" 6'-8"
2-1000L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-10" 12'-3" 10'-7" 9'-5"
2-1000L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 16'-0" 16'-0" 16'-0" 14'-5" 12'-6" 11'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

132 AISI S230-19

Table E7-56
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4" 3'-2"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-9"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot roof overhang (0.61 m).
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-57
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-2" 2'-11"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-7"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 133

Table E7-58
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-0" 2'-10"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-7" 3'-4"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-59
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-4" 3'-1" 2'-10" 2'-8"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-5" 3'-2"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

134 AISI S230-19

Table E7-60
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Roof and Ceiling Only 1,2

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-2" 2'-11" 2'-9" 2'-7"
600L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-8"
600L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-6" 3'-3" 3'-1"
800L150-54 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2), 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-61
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-6"
600L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 135

Table E7-62
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-7" 3'-4"
600L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-63
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-5" 3'-1"
600L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-9"
800L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

136 AISI S230-19

Table E7-64
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-3" 3'-0"
600L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11" 3'-7"
800L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-65
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span One Floor, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-5" 3'-1" 2'-10"
600L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-9" 3'-5"
800L150-54 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, F , of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a
y
designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 137

Table E7-66
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 24-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-67
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 28-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10"
600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

138 AISI S230-19

Table E7-68
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 32-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
-Wide Building
Wind Speed, mph
EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-7"
600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E7-69
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 36-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3

Wind Speed, mph

EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-10" 3'-5"
600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 139

Table E7-70
Inverted Single L-Header Assembly Spans – Uplift Loading
Headers Supporting 40-Foot Clear Span Two Floors, Roof and Ceiling 1,2,3
— Wide Building
Wind Speed, mph
EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Single L-Header
Designation
600L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-8" 3'-3"
600L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
600L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-43 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 3'-11"
800L150-54 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
800L150-68 N/U N/U N/U N/U 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr = 0.447 m/sec, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Design assumptions: Roof and ceiling dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) Floor live load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2)
Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) 2-foot (0.61-m) roof overhang
2 N/U indicates no net uplift loads acting on header. Header need only be selected based on gravity loading.
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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140 AISI S230-19

Table E7-71
Jack and King Studs Required at Each End of an Opening
24-inch o.c. Stud Spacing 16-inch o.c. Stud Spacing
Size of Opening No. of Jack No. of King No. of Jack No. of King
Studs Studs Studs Studs
Up to 3'-6" 1 1 1 1
> 3'-6" to 5'-0" 1 2 1 2
> 5'-0" to 5'-6" 1 2 2 2
> 5'-6" to 8'-0" 1 2 2 2
> 8'-0" to 10'-6" 2 2 2 3
> 10'-6" to 12'-0" 2 2 3 3
> 12'-0" to 13'-0" 2 3 3 3
> 13'-0" to 14'-0" 2 3 3 4
> 14'-0" to 16'-0" 2 3 3 4
> 16'-0" to 18'-0" 3 3 4 4
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m

Table E7-72
Head and Sill Track Span
Basic Wind
Allowable Head and Sill Track Span1,2,3,4
Speed
(ft-in.)
(mph)
Exposure Track Designation
B C 350T125-33 350T125-43 350T125-54 550T125-33 550T125-43 550T125-54
115 5'-9" 6'-9" 9'-3" 7'-3" 9'-1" 12'-5"
120 5'-6" 6'-6" 8'-11" 7'-0" 8'-9" 11'-11"
130 115 4'-10" 5'-9" 7'-10" 6'-2" 7'-8" 10'-6"
140 120 4'-8" 5'-6" 7'-6" 5'-11" 7'-4" 10'-1"
150 130 4'-3" 5'-1" 6'-11" 5'-6" 6'-9" 9'-4"
160 140 4'-0" 4'-9" 6'-5" 5'-1" 6'-4" 8'-8"
170 150 3'-8" 4'-5" 6'-0" 4'-9" 5'-11" 8'-1"
188 160 3'-6" 4'-2" 5'-8" 4'-5" 5'-6" 7'-7"
0 170 3’-3” 3’-11” 5’-4” 4’-2” 5’-2” 7’-1”
180 3’-1” 3’-8” 5’-0” 3’-11” 4’-11” 6’-9”
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection Limit: L/240
2 Head and sill track spans are based on components and cladding wind speeds and 48-inch (1.22-m) tributary span.
3 For openings less than 4 feet (1.22 m) in height that have both a head track and a sill track, the above spans are

permitted to be multiplied by 1.75. For openings less than or equal to 6 feet (1.83 m) in height that have both a head
track and a sill track, the above spans are permitted to be multiplied by a factor of 1.5.
4 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 141

Table E8-1(1)
Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line
for Basic Wind Speed of 115 mph, Exposure B 1,2
Braced Wall Bracing Methods (Section E8.4)
Stories Above Roof Line
Braced Wall Bracing Bracing Bracing Bracing
Pitch Spacing
Line Method A Method B Method C Method D
(feet) b

≤ 10 6 7 8 11
20 10 13 15 19
≤ 6:12
40 18 23 25 32
60 25 31 34 42
Roof Only
≤ 10 8 10 11 14
20 14 17 19 24
>6:12
40 23 29 32 39
60 32 38 42 51
≤ 10 13 17 19 24
20 22 27 30 38
≤ 6:12
40 35 42 46 56
60 46 54 63 68
Roof Plus
One Story ≤ 10 14 17 20 25
20 24 29 33 40
>6:12
40 39 46 50 59
60 50 58 67 72
≤ 10 20 25 28 35
20 32 39 43 51
≤ 6:12
40 48 56 61 70
60 60 68 78 82
Roof Plus
Two Stories ≤ 10 20 24 27 34
20 33 39 43 52
>6:12
40 50 58 63 72
60 62 71 80 84
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mile per hour = 1.609 km/h.
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a mean roof height of 30 feet

(9.14 m), floor-to-ceiling height of 10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, and roof eave-to-ridge height of 10 feet (3.05 m).
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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142 AISI S230-19

Table E8-1(2)
Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line
for Basic Wind Speed of 120 mph, Exposure B 1,2
Stories Above Braced Wall Bracing Methods (Section E8.4)
Roof
Braced Wall Line Spacing Bracing Bracing Bracing Bracing
Line Pitch (feet)b Method A Method B Method C Method D
≤ 10 6 8 9 12
20 11 14 16 21
≤ 6:12
40 20 24 27 34
60 27 33 36 44
Roof Only
≤ 10 8 10 12 15
20 15 18 21 26
>6:12
40 25 31 34 42
60 34 40 44 53
≤ 10 15 18 20 26
20 24 29 32 40
≤ 6:12
40 38 45 49 58
60 49 56 61 71
Roof Plus
One Story ≤ 10 15 19 21 27
20 26 31 35 43
>6:12
40 41 48 53 62
60 52 60 65 75
≤ 10 22 27 30 37
20 34 41 45 54
≤ 6:12
40 51 59 64 73
60 63 71 76 85
Roof Plus
Two Stories ≤ 10 21 26 29 36
20 35 41 46 55
>6:12
40 53 61 66 75
60 65 73 78 87
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mile per hour = 1.609 km/h.
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a mean roof height of 30 feet

(9.14 m), floor-to-ceiling height of 10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, and roof eave-to-ridge height of 10 feet (3.05 m).
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 143

Table E8-1(3)
Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line
for Basic Wind Speed of 130 mph, Exposure B 1,2
Stories Above Braced Wall Bracing Methods (Section E8.4)
Roof
Braced Wall Line Spacing Bracing Bracing Bracing Bracing
Line Pitch (feet)b Method A Method B Method C Method D
≤ 10 7 9 11 14
20 13 16 18 24
≤ 6:12
40 23 28 31 38
60 31 37 41 49
Roof Only
≤ 10 10 12 14 18
20 17 21 24 30
>6:12
40 29 35 38 47
60 38 45 49 59
≤ 10 17 21 23 30
20 27 33 37 45
≤ 6:12
40 42 50 54 64
60 54 62 66 76
Roof Plus
One Story ≤ 10 17 21 24 30
20 29 35 39 47
>6:12
40 46 53 58 68
60 58 66 71 80
≤ 10 25 30 34 42
20 39 46 50 59
≤ 6:12
40 56 64 69 79
60 68 76 81 -
Roof Plus
Two Stories ≤ 10 24 29 33 41
20 39 46 51 60
>6:12
40 58 66 71 80
60 71 79 83 -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mile per hour = 1.609 km/h.
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a mean roof height of 30 feet

(9.14 m), floor-to-ceiling height of 10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, and roof eave-to-ridge height of 10 feet (3.05 m).
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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144 AISI S230-19

Table E8-1(4)
Wall Bracing Amount (Feet) Per Braced Wall Line
for Basic Wind Speed of <140 mph, Exposure B 1,2
Stories Above Braced Wall Bracing Methods (Section E8.4)
Roof
Braced Wall Line Spacing Bracing Bracing Bracing Bracing
Line Pitch (feet)b Method A Method B Method C Method D
≤ 10 8 11 12 16
20 15 19 21 27
≤ 6:12
40 25 31 35 42
60 34 41 45 54
Roof Only
≤ 10 11 14 16 20
20 19 24 27 33
>6:12
40 32 38 42 51
60 42 50 54 63
≤ 10 19 24 26 33
20 31 37 41 49
≤ 6:12
40 47 54 59 69
60 59 67 71 81
Roof Plus
One Story ≤ 10 20 24 27 34
20 33 39 43 52
>6:12
40 50 58 63 73
60 63 71 75 85
≤ 10 28 34 37 46
20 43 50 55 64
≤ 6:12
40 61 69 74 83
60 73 81 85 -
Roof Plus
Two Stories ≤ 10 27 33 38 45
20 43 51 55 65
>6:12
40 63 71 76 85
60 75 84 - -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mile per hour = 1.609 km/h.
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a mean roof height of 30 feet

(9.14 m), floor-to-ceiling height of 10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, and roof eave-to-ridge height of 10 feet (3.05 m).
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 145

Table E8-2(1)
Minimum Percentage of Full-Height
Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall Seismic Design Category C 1, 2
Bracing Method
Wall Supporting Braced Wall Line
Spacing (Section E8.4)
(feet)b
A B C D

≤10 5% 7% 19% 25%

Roof & Ceiling Only
20 9% 11% 29% 36%
(One Story or Second-
40 15% 18% 45% 55%
Floor of Two-Story)
60 20% 25% 58% 69%

One Story, Roof & ≤10 14% 17% 43% 53%

Ceiling
20 21% 25% 58% 70%
(First Floor of a Two-
Story Building or 40 32% 39% 80% 91%
Second Floor of a
Three-Story Building) 60 42% 50% 94% 105%

≤10 23% 28% 63% 75%

Two Stories, Roof &
Ceiling 20 32% 39% 80% 92%
(First Floor of a Three-
40 48% 57% 108% 112%
Story Building)
60 61% 70% 114% 123%
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a maximum floor-to-ceiling height of

10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, a 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) exterior wall dead load, a 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) floor dead load, a
12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) roof/ceiling dead load (normal weight) and 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) or less ground snow load.
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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146 AISI S230-19

Table E8-2(2)
Minimum Percentage of Full-Height
Structural Sheathing on Exterior Wall
70 PSF Maximum Ground Snow Load
Seismic Design Category C 1, 2
Bracing Method
Wall Supporting Braced Wall Line
Spacing (Section E8.4)
(feet)b A B C D

≤10 8% 10% 26% 33%

Roof & Ceiling Only
20 13% 16% 40% 49%
(One Story or Second-
40 22% 27% 61% 73%
Floor of Two-Story)
60 30% 37% 76% 88%

One Story, Roof & ≤10 16% 20% 48% 59%

Ceiling 20 24% 30% 66% 78%
(First Floor of a Two-
Story Building or 40 39% 46% 89% 101%
Second Floor of a
Three-Story Building) 60 50% 59% 103% 114%

≤10 25% 31% 67% 79%

Two Stories, Roof &
Ceiling 20 36% 43% 85% 97%
(First Floor of a Three-
40 53% 63% 107% 117%
Story Building)
60 67% 77% 119% 128%
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Refer to applicable adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2. Bracing amounts apply to a maximum floor-to-ceiling

height of 10 feet (3.05 m) on all stories, a 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) exterior wall dead load, a 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) floor
dead load, a 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2) roof/ceiling dead load (normal weight) and ground snow load greater than 30 psf
(1.44 kN/m2), and less than or equal to 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2).
2 Interpolation shall be permitted for intermediate braced wall line spacing.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 147

Table E8-3
Wind Bracing Adjustment Factors
for Building Height and Wind Exposure
Mean Roof Exposure
Height (ft) B C D
15 1.00 1.21 1.47
20 1.00 1.29 1.55
25 1.00 1.35 1.61
30 1.00 1.40 1.66
33 1.03 1.43 1.69
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m

Table E8-4
Wind Bracing Adjustment Factors
for Roof-to-Eave Height
Stories Above Braced Roof Eave-to-Ridge Height
Wall Line ≤5 ft 10 ft 15 ft 20 ft
Roof Only 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6
Roof Plus One Story 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3
Roof Plus Two Stories 0.95 1.0 1.1 1.2
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m

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148 AISI S230-19

Table E8-5(1)
Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs)
for 115 mph Wind Speed, 30’ Mean Roof Height and Wind Exposure B
(Strength Design Load) 1, 2, 3, 4
Stories Above Braced Wall Line Spacing (feet)
Roof Pitch
Braced Wall Line 10 20 40 60
≤ 6:12 1030 1930 3630 5300
Roof & Ceiling Only
> 6:12 1390 2690 4860 7110
≤ 6:12 2560 4570 8310 12,100
One Story, Roof & Ceiling
> 6:12 2670 4990 9370 13,700
≤ 6:12 4100 7300 13,100 18,900
Two Stories, Roof & Ceiling
> 6:12 3950 7390 13,900 20,300
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Table values are based on ASCE 7-16, Figure 28.5-1 using the maximum horizontal wind load for any

direction parallel or perpendicular to the roof ridge to determine braced wall line loads based on tributary
area of vertical projected exterior roof and wall surfaces. More exact solutions for individual braced wall lines
using specific wind directions and building configurations are permissible using ASCE 7-16.
2 For other wind speeds, multiply table values by (V/115)2
3 Interpolation between braced wall line spacing is permissible.
4 Values are based on a mean roof height of 30 feet and wall height in all stories of 10 feet. Adjustment

factors in Section E8.2.2.1 apply to the tabulated values.

Table E8-5(2)
Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs per Foot of Wall Length)
for Seismic Design Category C
(Strength Design Load Based on R=1) 1, 2, 3
Stories Above Braced Wall Line Spacing (feet)
Braced Wall Line 10 20 40 60
Roof & Ceiling Only 44 71 125 180
One Story, Roof & Ceiling 119 183 312 441
Two Stories, Roof & Ceiling 207 315 531 746
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb/ft = 14.59 N/m
1 Tabulated seismic forces are based on elastic response with a seismic response modifier, R, of 1.0 and

the provisions of ASCE 7-16, Section 12.14. To determine seismic strength design force in a braced
wall line, divide tabulated value by applicable R from building code or Section E8.4.3 and multiply by
length of braced wall line.
2 Values are based on roof dead load of 12 psf, exterior wall dead load of 10 psf, interior wall load of 5

psf (floor area), a floor dead load of 10 psf, and a wall height of 10 feet for all stories. Adjustment
factors in Section E8.2.2.2 apply to the tabulated values.
3 Interpolation between braced wall line spacing is permissible.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 149

Table E8-5(3)
Braced Wall Line Shear Loads (lbs per Foot of Wall Length)
for Seismic Design Category C With 70 psf Maximum Ground Snow Load
(Strength Design Load Based on R=1) 1, 2, 3
Stories Above Braced Wall Line Spacing (feet)
Braced Wall Line 10 20 40 60
Roof & Ceiling Only 62 107 198 289
One Story, Roof & Ceiling 139 223 392 561
Two Stories, Roof & Ceiling 229 358 618 877
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb/ft = 14.59 N/m
1 Tabulated seismic forces are based on elastic response with a seismic response modifier, R, of 1.0 and
the provisions of ASCE 7-16, Section 12.14. To determine seismic strength design force in a braced
wall line, divide tabulated value by applicable R from building code or Section E8.4.3 and multiply by
length of braced wall line.
2 Values are based on roof dead load of 12 psf, ground snow load greater than 30 psf and less than or
equal to 70 psf, exterior wall dead load of 10 psf, interior wall load of 5 psf (floor area), a floor dead load
of 10 psf, and a wall height of 10 feet for all stories. Adjustment factors in Section E8.2.2.2 apply to the
tabulated values.
3 Interpolation between braced wall line spacing is permissible.

Table E11-1
Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors Based Upon Edge Screw Spacing
Length Adjustment Factors
Type 1 Braced Wall Type II Braced Wall
Bracing Material
Shearwall Edge Screw Spacing (in.) Shearwall Edge Screw Spacing (in.)
6 4 3 2 6 4 3 2
Wood structural panels 1.00 0.80 0.55 0.50 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.80
Steel sheet panels NA 0.70 0.65 0.60 NA 0.70 0.70 0.70
For SI: 1inch =25.4 mm

Table E11-2
Type II Braced Wall Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors
Length Adjustment Factors
Percent Fully
Maximum Unrestrained Opening Height
Sheathed Wall1
H/3 H/2 2H/3 3H/4 5H/6 H
0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.22 2.50 3.00
20 1.00 1.36 1.67 1.79 1.92 2.14
40 1.00 1.25 1.43 1.49 1.56 1.67
60 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.28 1.32 1.36
80 1.00 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.15
100 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 Percent fully sheathed wall is the percent of wall by length, measured between hold-down anchors, that is
sheathed full-height.

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150 AISI S230-19

Table E12-1
SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 10 11 14 17 20 24
0.50 10 12 15 18 21 24
0.75 11 13 16 19 22 25
1.00 12 14 17 19 23 25
1.25 - 14 18 20 24 26
1.50 - - 18 21 25 27
1.75 - - 19 22 25 28
2.00 - - 19 23 25 29
2.25 - - - 24 26 30
2.50 - - - 25 27 30
2.75 - - - 25 28 31
3.00 - - - - 29 32
3.25 - - - - 30 32
3.50 - - - - - 33
3.75 - - - - - 34
4.00 - - - - - 35
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-2
SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 14 15 19 24 28 32
0.50 15 17 21 25 30 33
0.75 16 19 23 26 30 35
1.00 18 20 24 28 32 36
1.25 - 21 25 30 34 37
1.50 - - 27 31 35 39
1.75 - - 28 32 36 41
2.00 - - 30 34 38 41
2.25 - - - 36 39 43
2.50 - - - 36 41 45
2.75 - - - 38 42 47
3.00 - - - - 43 47
3.25 - - - - 45 49
3.50 - - - - - 51
3.75 - - - - - 52
4.00 - - - - - 53
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 151

Table E12-3
SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 11 13 16 20 24 27
0.50 12 14 17 21 25 28
0.75 13 14 19 22 25 29
1.00 14 15 19 23 26 30
1.25 - 17 20 24 27 30
1.50 - - 21 25 28 31
1.75 - - 22 25 29 32
2.00 - - 23 26 30 33
2.25 - - - 27 30 34
2.50 - - - 28 31 35
2.75 - - - 29 32 36
3.00 - - - - 33 36
3.25 - - - - 34 37
3.50 - - - - - 38
3.75 - - - - - 39
4.00 - - - - - 40
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-4
SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 17 19 25 30 35 40
0.50 19 21 26 31 36 41
0.75 20 23 28 33 38 43
1.00 22 25 30 35 40 45
1.25 - 27 32 37 42 47
1.50 - - 34 39 44 49
1.75 - - 36 41 46 51
2.00 - - 37 42 47 52
2.25 - - - 44 49 54
2.50 - - - 46 51 56
2.75 - - - 47 52 58
3.00 - - - - 54 59
3.25 - - - - 56 61
3.50 - - - - - 63
3.75 - - - - - 65
4.00 - - - - - 67
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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152 AISI S230-19

Table E12-5
SDC D0 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 20 23 29 35 41 47
0.50 23 25 31 37 43 49
0.75 25 28 34 40 46 52
1.00 27 30 36 42 47 53
1.25 - 33 38 44 50 56
1.50 - - 41 47 52 58
1.75 - - 443 49 55 61
2.00 - - 46 52 58 63
2.25 - - - 54 60 66
2.50 - - - 57 63 69
2.75 - - - 59 64 70
3.00 - - - - 67 73
3.25 - - - - 69 75
3.50 - - - - - 78
3.75 - - - - - 80
4.00 - - - - - 83
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 153

Table E12-6
SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 12 14 18 21 25 29
0.50 13 15 19 22 26 30
0.75 14 16 19 24 27 30
1.00 15 17 20 25 28 32
1.25 - 18 21 25 29 33
1.50 - - 23 26 30 34
1.75 - - 24 27 30 35
2.00 - - 25 28 32 36
2.25 - - - 29 33 36
2.50 - - - 30 34 37
2.75 - - - 31 35 38
3.00 - - - - 36 40
3.25 - - - - 36 41
3.50 - - - - - 41
3.75 - - - - - 42
4.00 - - - - - 43
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-7
SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 17 19 25 30 35 40
0.50 19 21 26 31 36 41
0.75 20 23 28 33 38 43
1.00 22 25 30 35 40 45
1.25 - 26 31 36 41 47
1.50 - - 33 38 43 48
1.75 - - 35 40 45 50
2.00 - - 37 41 47 52
2.25 - - - 44 48 53
2.50 - - - 46 51 56
2.75 - - - 47 52 58
3.00 - - - - 54 59
3.25 - - - - 56 61
3.50 - - - - - 63
3.75 - - - - - 64
4.00 - - - - - 66
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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154 AISI S230-19

Table E12-8
SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 14 16 20 25 29 33
0.50 15 17 21 25 30 35
0.75 16 19 23 27 31 36
1.00 17 19 24 28 32 36
1.25 - 20 25 29 33 37
1.50 - - 26 30 35 39
1.75 - - 27 31 36 40
2.00 - - 28 32 36 41
2.25 - - - 33 38 42
2.50 - - - 35 39 43
2.75 - - - 36 40 44
3.00 - - - - 41 45
3.25 - - - - 42 47
3.50 - - - - - 47
3.75 - - - - - 48
4.00 - - - - - 50
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-9
SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 21 25 30 36 43 49
0.50 24 26 33 39 45 52
0.75 25 29 35 41 47 54
1.00 28 30 37 4 50 56
1.25 - 33 40 46 52 58
1.50 - - 41 48 54 60
1.75 - - 44 50 57 63
2.00 - - 46 52 58 65
2.25 - - - 54 61 67
2.50 - - - 57 63 69
2.75 - - - 59 65 72
3.00 - - - - 68 74
3.25 - - - - 69 76
3.50 - - - - - 78
3.75 - - - - - 80
4.00 - - - - - 83
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 155

Table E12-10
SDC D1 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 25 29 36 43 50 58
0.50 28 31 39 46 53 60
0.75 30 35 41 49 56 63
1.00 34 37 45 52 59 67
1.25 - 41 47 55 62 69
1.50 - - 51 58 65 73
1.75 - - 53 61 69 75
2.00 - - 57 64 71 79
2.25 - - - 67 74 81
2.50 - - - 70 77 85
2.75 - - - 73 80 87
3.00 - - - - 83 91
3.25 - - - - 86 93
3.50 - - - - - 96
3.75 - - - - - 99
4.00 - - - - - 102
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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156 AISI S230-19

Table E12-11
SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of One- or Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 19 21 27 32 38 43
0.50 19 23 28 34 39 45
0.75 21 24 30 36 41 47
1.00 23 25 31 36 42 47
1.25 - 27 32 38 44 49
1.50 - - 34 40 45 51
1.75 - - 36 41 47 52
2.00 - - 36 42 48 53
2.25 - - - 44 49 55
2.50 - - - 45 51 57
2.75 - - - 47 52 58
3.00 - - - - 53 59
3.25 - - - - 55 61
3.50 - - - - - 62
3.75 - - - - - 63
4.00 - - - - - 65
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-12
SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Two-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 25 29 36 44 52 59
0.50 28 32 40 47 54 62
0.75 30 35 42 50 58 65
1.00 33 37 45 52 60 68
1.25 - 40 47 55 63 70
1.50 - - 50 58 65 73
1.75 - - 52 60 68 75
2.00 - - 56 63 70 78
2.25 - - - 66 74 80
2.50 - - - 69 76 84
2.75 - - - 71 79 86
3.00 - - - - 80 89
3.25 - - - - 84 9
3.50 - - - - - 94
3.75 - - - - - 96
4.00 - - - - - 100
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 157

Table E12-13
SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Top of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 21 25 30 37 43 50
0.50 23 26 32 39 45 52
0.75 25 28 34 41 47 53
1.00 26 29 36 42 48 55
1.25 - 30 37 44 50 57
1.50 - - 39 46 52 58
1.75 - - 41 47 53 60
2.00 - - 42 49 55 62
2.25 - - - 50 57 53
2.50 - - - 52 58 65
2.75 - - - 53 60 67
3.00 - - - - 62 69
3.25 - - - - 63 69
3.50 - - - - - 71
3.75 - - - - - 73
4.00 - - - - - 74
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

Table E12-14
SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Middle of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 31 36 46 55 65 74
0.50 35 40 49 58 69 78
0.75 38 43 52 62 71 81
1.00 41 47 56 65 74 85
1.25 - 50 59 69 78 88
1.50 - - 63 72 81 91
1.75 - - 66 75 85 94
2.00 - - 69 79 88 97
2.25 - - - 82 91 101
2.50 - - - 85 95 104
2.75 - - - 89 98 107
3.00 - - - - 102 111
3.25 - - - - 105 114
3.50 - - - - - 118
3.75 - - - - - 121
4.00 - - - - - 124
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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158 AISI S230-19

Table E12-15
SDC D2 Type I Sidewall Sheathing for Bottom of Three-Story Building
(Normal Roof and Heavy Wall Systems)
Type I Percent Full-Height Sidewall Sheathing 1
Aspect Diaphragm Span (feet) 2
Ratio 15 20 30 40 50 60
0.25 37 43 54 64 75 86
0.50 41 47 58 69 80 91
0.75 47 52 63 74 85 96
1.00 51 57 67 78 89 100
1.25 - 61 72 83 94 105
1.50 - - 76 87 98 109
1.75 - - 80 91 102 113
2.00 - - 85 96 107 118
2.25 - - - 101 112 123
2.50 - - - 105 116 127
2.75 - - - 110 121 132
3.00 - - - - 125 136
3.25 - - - - 129 140
3.50 - - - - - 146
3.75 - - - - - 150
4.00 - - - - - 154
1 Interpolation is permitted for intermediate values of diaphragm span and aspect ratio.
2 Diaphragm span is the dimension of the diaphragm perpendicular to the walls under consideration.

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 Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 159

Table E12-16
Braced Wall Full-Height Sheathing Length Adjustment Factors
for Roof and Exterior Wall System Weights 1
Buildings Lightweight
Lightweight Lightweight Having Both Exterior Walls Heavyweight
Braced Wall
Roof/Ceiling Exterior Lightweight and Heavy Roof/Ceiling
Supporting
Assembly Walls Walls and Roof/Ceiling Assembly
Roofs Assembly
Roof/Ceiling
0.91 0.90 0.78 1.25 1.35
Only
One Floor and
0.95 0.86 0.78 1.10 1.25
Roof/Ceiling
For SI: 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Factors are based on the baseline configuration of a normal weight roof and a heavyweight exterior wall. See Table A1-1 for

roof and wall system weights.

Table E12-17
Required Hold-Down Anchor1 and Chord Stud Strengths — Seismic
Required Hold-Down Anchor and Chord Stud Strengths (lbs)
Panel Edge Screw Spacing (in.)
Wall Height (ft) 6 4 3 2
8 2250 2950 4120 5260
9 2530 3310 4620 5900
10 2800 3670 5120 6540
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Required strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths

expressed as allowable loads.

Table E12-18
Required Shear Anchorage for Braced Walls
Required Anchor Bolt Spacing (ft-in.)
Anchor Bolt Panel Edge Screw Spacing (in.)
Diameter (in.) 6 4 3 2
1/2" 5'- 0" 3'- 6" 2'- 6" 2'- 0"
5/8" 6' -0" 4' –6" 3' -3" 2' -6"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m

Table E12-19
Allowable Chord Stud Strength 1,2
Chord Stud Strength (lbs)
Wall Height (ft)
(2) Back-to-Back 8 9 10
350S162 -33 5420 5160 4860
350S162 -43 7380 7000 6590
550S162 -33 5550 5930 5810
550S162 -43 7670 8300 8110
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Chord stud strengths given are for (2) back-to-back studs connected with a

minimum of (2) No. 8 screws at 12 inches on center vertically.

2 Chord stud strengths are nominal values based on Allowable Strength Design with

bracing provided according to Section E4.

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 160 AISI S230-19

Table E12-20
Top Track Thickness and Splice Screw Requirements 1,2,3
Total Number of No. 8 Screws on Each Side of Track Splice
Seismic Design Category
Diaph. Aspect D0 D1 D2
Span Ratio NR/ LR/ NR/ LR/ HR/ HR/ NR/ LR/ NR/ LR/ HR/ HR/ NR/ LR/ NR/ LR/ HR/ HR/
HW HW LW LW LW HW HW HW LW LW LW HW HW HW LW LW LW HW
Roof 23 20 19 16 18 20 28 25 23 20 22 25 43 37 35 30 34 NA3
≥3
1st 17 17 12 12 12 17 21 21 15 15 15 21 32 32 22 22 22 NA3
60'
Roof 19 17 16 15 15 18 23 21 20 18 19 22 35 32 30 28 28 34
<3
1st 14 14 11 11 11 14 17 17 13 13 13 17 26 26 21 21 21 26
Roof 16 14 13 11 19 15 20 17 16 14 23 18 30 26 24 21 35 28
≥ 2.5
1st 12 12 9 9 9 12 15 15 11 11 11 15 22 22 17 17 17 22
50'
Roof 13 11 11 10 16 12 16 14 14 12 20 15 24 21 21 19 30 22
<2.5
1st 9 9 7 7 7 9 11 11 9 9 9 11 17 17 13 13 13 17
Roof 11 9 8 7 12 14 13 11 10 9 15 17 21 17 15 13 22 26
≥2.67
1st 7 7 6 6 6 7 9 9 7 7 7 9 14 14 11 11 11 13
40'
Roof 9 8 8 6 11 12 11 10 10 8 14 15 17 17 15 12 21 22
<2.67
1st 6 6 5 5 5 6 8 8 6 6 6 8 11 12 9 9 9 11
Roof 6 5 5 4 6 8 7 6 6 5 8 10 11 9 9 7 12 15
30' All
1st 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 8 8 6 6 6 8
Roof 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 6 7
<20' All
1st 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 4 4 4 4
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Minimum top track thickness is 33 mil (0.84 mm), except where indicated by shading. In locations indicated by shading,

minimum top track thickness is 43 mils (1.09 mm).

2 NR = Normal Weight Roof; LR = Lightweight Roof; HR = Heavyweight Roof
3 HW = Heavyweight Exterior Wall; LW = Lightweight Exterior Wall

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 161

Table E13-1
Range of Allowable Sidewall Lengths
(One-Story Slab on Grade)
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Building Allowable Building Sidewall Length (ft)
Foundation
Endwall
Supporting Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Width (ft)
12 10 38 10 32 10 27 10 22 10 19
16 10 51 10 42 10 35 10 30 11 26
20 10 64 10 52 10 44 12 37 12 33
One-Story Slab 24 10 75 10 62 12 53 13 44 15 38
on Grade 28 10 80 12 73 14 62 15 52 18 45
32 11 80 14 80 16 71 18 60 20 51
36 13 80 15 80 18 80 20 67 23 58
40 14 80 17 80 20 80 22 74 26 64
For SI: 1 foot =0. 305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr

Table E13-2
Range of Allowable Sidewall Lengths
(All Other Cases)
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Building Allowable Building Sidewall Length (ft)
Foundation
Endwall
Supporting Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Width (ft)
12 10 27 10 22 10 19 10 15 10 13
16 10 36 10 30 10 25 11 21 11 18
20 10 45 10 37 11 31 13 26 14 23
24 10 54 12 45 14 37 15 32 17 28
1-3 Stories
28 11 63 14 51 16 44 17 36 20 32
32 13 72 15 59 18 50 20 42 23 36
36 15 80 17 66 20 56 23 47 26 41
40 16 80 19 74 23 63 25 53 29 46
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr

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162 AISI S230-19

Table E13-3
Type I Braced Wall Panel
Sidewall Sheathing Length Requirements
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Building
Braced Wall Endwall Minimum Length of Full-Height Sheathing on Building Sidewall,
Supporting Length, W L1,2,3 (ft)
(ft)
12 5 5 5 5 5
16 5 5 5 5 6
20 5 5 6 7 7
Roof/Ceiling 24 5 6 7 8 9
Only 4
28 6 7 8 9 10
32 6 8 9 10 12
36 7 9 10 12 12
40 8 10 11 13 14
20 8 10 11 13 14
24 10 12 14 15 17
One Floor and 28 11 14 16 17 20
Roof/Ceiling 5
32 13 15 18 20 23
36 15 17 20 23 26
40 16 19 23 25 29
20 12 15 17 19 22
24 15 17 20 23 26
Two Floors 28 17 20 24 27 31
and
Roof/Ceiling 6 32 20 23 26 31 34
36 22 26 30 35 39
40 24 29 33 38 43
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Tabulated sheathing lengths are based on 8-foot (2.44-m) wall heights. For 9-foot (2.74-m) wall heights, the tabulated

values are to be multiplied by 1.13. For 10-foot (3.05 m) wall heights, the tabulated values are to be multiplied by 1.25.
2 Tabulated sheathing lengths assume a mean roof height of 33 feet (10.8 m). For mean roof heights of 15 feet (4.92 m)

or less, the tabulated values are permitted to be multiplied by 0.8.

3 Tabulated sheathing lengths assume a 6-inch (152-mm) edge screw spacing. Required lengths are permitted to be

multiplied by the adjustment factors in Table E11-1 for edge screw spacing other than 6 inches (152 mm), but the
resulting sheathing length shall not be less than 5 feet (1.64 m).
4 Applies to a one-story building or the top story of a two- or three-story building.
5 Applies to the lower story of a two-story building and the middle story of a three-story building.
6 Applies to the lower story of a three-story building.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 163

Table E13-4
Type I Braced Wall Panel
Endwall Sheathing Length Requirements
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Building
Braced Wall Sidewall Minimum Length of Full-Height Sheathing on Building Endwall,
Supporting Length, W L1,2,3 (ft)
(ft)
12 5 5 5 5 5
16 5 5 5 5 5
20 5 5 5 6 7
24 5 5 6 7 8
Roof/Ceiling 28 5 6 7 8 9
Only 4 32 6 7 8 9 11
36 6 8 9 10 12
40 7 9 10 12 12
50 9 11 12 14 16
60 11 13 15 16 19
20 9 11 13 15 16
24 11 13 15 16 19
28 13 15 18 19 22
One Floor and 32 14 17 20 22 26
Roof/Ceiling 5 36 16 19 23 25 29
40 18 21 25 28 31
50 22 27 30 35 41
60 27 32 37 42 48
20 15 18 21 23 26
24 18 21 25 28 31
28 21 25 28 32 36
Two Floors 32 24 28 32 36 42
and
36 27 32 36 41 47
Roof/Ceiling 6
40 30 35 40 46 52
50 37 44 51 58 66
60 44 53 61 69 78
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, ,1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Tabulated sheathing lengths are based on 8-foot (2.44 m) wall heights. For 9-foot (2.74 m) wall heights, the tabulated

values are to be multiplied by 1.13. For 10-foot (3.05 m) wall heights, the tabulated values are to be multiplied by 1.25.
2 Tabulated sheathing lengths are based on a mean roof height of 33 (10.8 m) feet. For mean roof heights of 15 feet

(4.92 m) or less, the tabulated values are permitted to be multiplied by 0.8.

3 Tabulated sheathing lengths are based on a 6-inch (152 mm) edge screw spacing. Required lengths are permitted to be

multiplied by the adjustment factors in Table E11-1 for edge screw spacing other than 6 inches (152 mm), but the
resulting sheathing length shall not be less than 5 feet (1.64 m).
4 Applies to a one-story building or the top story of a two-story building.
5 Applies to the lower story of a two-story building and the middle story of a three-story building.
6 Applies to the lower story of a three-story building.

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164 AISI S230-19

Table E13-5
Required Uplift Strength
Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing
Roof Required Connection Strength 1,2
Spacing 3
Span (ft) (lbs)
(in.)
24 222 275 333 394 459
28 254 315 380 449 523
12 32 287 355 427 504 586
36 319 394 474 559 650
40 352 434 521 614 713
24 295 367 444 526 613
28 339 420 507 599 697
16 32 382 473 569 672 781
36 426 526 632 746 866
40 470 579 695 819 951
24 354 441 533 631 735
28 406 504 608 719 836
19.2 32 459 567 683 807 938
36 511 631 759 895 1040
40 564 694 834 983 1140
24 443 551 666 789 919
28 508 630 760 898 1050
24 32 573 709 854 1010 1170
36 639 788 948 1120 1300
40 704 868 1040 1230 1430
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N,1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Uplift requirements assume a roof/ceiling dead load of 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2).
2 Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable

loads.
3 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488 mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate the

in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 165

Table E13-6
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 130 140 150
EXPOSURE C 110 120 130 140 140
Framing Roof
Number of No. 8 Screws in Each End of
Spacing1 Span
Steel Uplift Strap
(in.) (ft)
24 2 2 3 3 3
28 2 2 3 3 4
12 32 2 3 3 4 4
36 2 3 3 4 4
40 3 3 4 4 5
24 2 3 3 4 4
28 3 3 4 4 5
16 32 3 3 4 5 5
36 3 4 4 5 6
40 3 4 5 5 6
24 3 3 4 4 5
28 3 4 4 5 6
19.2 32 3 4 5 5 6
36 4 4 5 6 7
40 4 5 6 6 7
24 3 4 5 5 6
28 4 4 5 6 7
24 32 4 5 6 7 8
36 4 5 6 7 8
40 5 6 7 8 9
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate

the in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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166 AISI S230-19

Table E13-7
Required Uplift Strength
Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing
Roof Required Connection Strength 1,2
Spacing 3
Span (ft) (lbs)
(in.)
24 270 323 381 442 507
28 302 363 428 497 571
12 32 335 403 475 552 634
36 367 442 522 607 698
40 400 482 569 662 761
24 359 431 508 590 677
28 403 484 571 663 761
16 32 446 537 633 736 845
36 490 590 696 810 930
40 534 643 759 883 1020
24 431 517 610 708 812
28 483 581 685 796 913
19.2 32 536 644 760 883 1010
36 588 708 835 972 1120
40 640 771 911 1060 1220
24 539 647 762 885 1020
28 604 726 856 994 1140
24 32 669 805 950 1100 1270
36 735 884 1040 1220 1400
40 800 964 1140 1330 1520
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Uplift requirements assume a roof/ceiling dead load of 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2).
2 Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable

loads.
3 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate the

in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 167

Table E13-8
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 160 170 180
Exposure C 140 150 160 170 180
Roof
Framing Number of No. 8 Screws in Each End of
Span
Spacing1 (in.) Steel Uplift Strap
(ft)
24 2 2 3 3 4
28 2 3 3 4 4
12 32 3 3 3 4 4
36 3 3 4 4 5
40 3 3 4 5 5
24 3 3 4 4 5
28 3 3 4 5 5
16 32 3 4 4 5 6
36 3 4 5 5 6
40 4 4 5 6 7
24 3 4 4 5 5
28 3 4 5 5 6
19.2 32 4 4 5 6 7
36 4 5 6 6 7
40 4 5 6 7 8
24 4 4 5 6 7
28 4 5 6 7 7
24 32 5 5 6 7 8
36 5 6 7 8 9
40 5 6 7 9 10
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate the
in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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168 AISI S230-19

Table E13-9
Minimum Size of Steel Uplift Strap
Minimum Thickness of Strap (mils)2
Strap Width (in.) Required Number of Screws1
4 OR LESS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1.25 33 43 54 54 68 68 97 97 97 97
1.50 33 43 43 54 54 68 68 97 97 97
1.75 33 33 33 43 54 54 54 68 68 97
2.00 33 33 33 43 43 54 54 68 68 68
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm
1 Required number of screws per Table E13-6 or E13-8 in each end of the steel uplift strap.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa)

for members with a designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table E13-10
Required Hold-Down Anchor1 and Chord Stud Strengths — Wind
Required Hold-Down Anchor and Chord Stud Strengths (lbs) 2
Panel Edge Screw Spacing (in.)
Wall Height (ft)
6 4 3 2
8 3030 3972 5548 7082
9 3400 4457 6222 7938
10 3770 4938 6895 8798
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N
1 Required strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as

allowable loads.
2 Required strengths are permitted to be multiplied by a factor equal to the required full-height

sheathing length divided by the actual full-height sheathing length that is provided.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 169

F. ROOF FRAMING
F1 Roof Construction
Roof framing shall consist of ceiling joists, roof rafters, and other structural elements as
required by Sections F2 to F5, as applicable. Alternatively, roof trusses are permitted subject to
the requirements in Section F6.
F2 Ceiling Joists
F2.1 Minimum Ceiling Joist Size
Ceiling joist size and thickness shall be determined in accordance with the limits set forth
in Tables F2-1 through F2-2. When determining the size of ceiling joists, the lateral support of
the top flange shall be classified as unbraced, braced at mid-span, or braced at third points in
accordance with Section F2.4. Where sheathing material is attached to the top flange of ceiling
joists or where the bracing is spaced closer than third point of the joists, the "third point"
values from Tables F2-1 through F2-2 shall be used.
When continuous joists are framed across interior bearing supports, the interior bearing
supports shall be located within 2 feet (0.610 m) of the mid-point along the length of the
ceiling joist, and the individual spans shall not exceed the applicable spans in Tables F2-1
through F2-2. Exception: Tables F2-1 and F2-2 are not applicable for 350S162-33, 350S162-43,
550S162-33, 550S162-43 and 800S162-43 continuous joist members.
Ceiling joists shall have a bearing support length of not less than 1.5 inches (38 mm) and
shall be connected to roof rafters (heel joint) with No. 10 screws in accordance with Figures F2-
1, F2-2 and F2-3 and Table F2-3.
When the attic is to be used as an occupied space, the ceiling joists shall be designed in
accordance with Section D.
F2.2 Ceiling Joist Bearing Stiffeners
Bearing stiffeners are permitted to be installed at each bearing support in accordance with
Section B2 and Figure F2-3.
F2.3 Ceiling Joist Bottom Flange Bracing
The bottom flanges of ceiling joists shall be laterally braced by the application of gypsum
board or continuous steel straps installed perpendicular to the joist run, in accordance with
one of the following:
(a) Gypsum board shall be fastened with No. 6 screws in accordance with Table F2-4.
(b) Steel straps with a minimum size of 1-1/2 inch x 33 mil (38 mm x 0.84 mm) shall be
installed at a maximum spacing of 4 feet (1.2 m). Straps shall be fastened to the bottom
flange at each joist with one No. 8 screw and shall be fastened to blocking with two No. 8
screws. Blocking shall be installed between joists at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.7
m) measured along a line of continuous strapping (perpendicular to the joist run).
Blocking shall also be located at the termination of all straps.
F2.4 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing
The top flanges of ceiling joists shall be laterally braced as required by Tables F2-1 through
F2-2, in accordance with one of the following:
(a) Minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) C-shaped member in accordance with Figure F2-5.
(b) Minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) track section in accordance with Figure F2-5.

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170 AISI S230-19

(c) Minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) hat section in accordance with Figure F2-5.
(d) Minimum 54 mil (1.37 mm) 1-1/2 inch cold-rolled channel section in accordance with
Figure F2-5.
(e) Minimum 1-1/2 inch x 33 mil (38 mm x 0.84 mm) continuous steel strap in accordance
with Figure F2-6.
Lateral bracing shall be installed perpendicular to the ceiling joists and shall be fastened to
the top flange of each joist with one No. 8 screw. Blocking shall be installed between joists in-
line with bracing at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.66 m) measured perpendicular to the
joists. Ends of lateral bracing shall be attached to blocking or anchored to a stable building
component with two No. 8 screws.
Exception: When strap bracing and 3.5 inch (88.9 mm) ceiling joists are used, strap bracing shall
be fastened to blocking with three No. 8 screws and ends of the strap bracing shall be
attached to blocking or anchored to a stable building component with three No. 8 screws.
F2.5 Ceiling Joist Splicing
Splices in ceiling joists are permitted, provided that ceiling joist splices are supported at
interior bearing points and are constructed in accordance with Figure F2-4. The number of
screws on each side of the splice shall be the same as required for the heel joint connection in
Table F2-3.
F3 Roof Rafters
F3.1 Minimum Roof Rafter Sizes
Roof rafter size and thickness shall be determined in accordance with the limits set forth in
Table F3-1 based upon the horizontal projection of the roof rafter span. For determination of
roof rafter sizes, roof spans are permitted to be reduced when a roof rafter support brace is
installed in accordance with Section F3.2. The reduced roof rafter span shall be taken as the
larger of the distance from the roof rafter support brace to the ridge or to the heel measured
horizontally.
For the purpose of determining roof rafter sizes in Table F3-1, wind speeds shall be
converted to equivalent ground snow load in accordance with Table F3-2. Roof rafter sizes
shall be based on the higher of the ground snow load or the equivalent snow load converted
from the wind speed.
F3.1.1 Eave Overhang
Eave overhangs shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) measured horizontally.
F3.1.2 Rake Overhang
Rake overhangs shall not exceed 12 inches (305 mm) measured horizontally for Option
#1 nor 9 inches (229 mm) for Option #2. Option #2 is not applicable for wind speeds
greater than 130 mph (209 km/hr). Outlookers at gable endwalls shall be installed in
accordance with Figure F3-1. Table F3-4 gives the required strength of uplift connectors for
Option #1.
F3.2 Roof Rafter Support Brace
When used to reduce roof rafter spans in determining roof rafter sizes, a roof rafter support
brace shall meet all of the following conditions:
(1) Minimum 350S162-33 C-shaped brace member with maximum length of 8 feet (2.44 m).
(2) Minimum brace member slope of 45 degrees to the horizontal.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 171

(3) Minimum connection of brace to a roof rafter and ceiling joist with 4 No. 10 screws at
each end.
(4) Maximum 6 inches (152 mm) between brace/ceiling joist connection and structural wall
below.
(5) Each roof rafter support brace greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) in length shall be braced with
a supplemental brace having a minimum size of 350S162-33 or 350T162-33 such that the
maximum unsupported length of the roof rafter support brace is 4 feet (1.22 m). The
supplemental brace shall be continuous and shall be connected to each roof rafter
support brace using 2 No. 8 screws.
F3.3 Roof Rafter Splice
Roof rafters shall not be spliced without an approved design. Splicing of tracks used as a
fascia connected to the ends of rafters shall conform to Figure D6-1.
F3.4 Roof Rafter to Ceiling Joist and Ridge Member Connection
Roof rafters shall be connected to a parallel ceiling joist to form a continuous tie between
exterior walls in accordance with Figures F2-2 or F2-3 and Table F2-3. Ceiling joists shall be
connected to the top track of the structural wall in accordance with Table F2-4, either with the
required number of No. 10 screws applied through the flange of the ceiling joist or by using a
54 mil (1.37 mm) clip angle with the required number of No. 10 screws in each leg. Roof rafters
shall be connected to a ridge member with a minimum 2-inch x 2-inch (51x51 mm) clip angle
fastened with No. 10 screws to the ridge member in accordance with Figure F3-2 and Table
F3-3. The clip angle shall have a steel thickness equivalent to or greater than the roof rafter
thickness and shall extend the depth of the roof rafter member to the extent possible. The ridge
member shall be fabricated from a C-shaped member and a track section, which shall have a
minimum size and steel thickness equivalent to or greater than that of adjacent roof rafters and
shall be installed in accordance with Figure F3-2. The ridge member shall extend the full
depth of the sloped roof rafter cut.
F3.5 Roof Rafter Bottom Flange Bracing
The bottom flanges of roof rafters shall be continuously braced, at a maximum spacing of 4
feet (2.44 m) as measured parallel to the roof rafters, with one of the following members:
(a) Minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) C-shaped member.
(b) Minimum 33 mil (0.84 mm) track section.
(c) Minimum 1-1/2 inch x 33 mil (38 x 0.84 mm) steel strap.
The bracing element shall be fastened to the bottom flange of each roof rafter with one No. 8
screw and shall be fastened to blocking with two No. 8 screws. Blocking shall be installed
between roof rafters in-line with the continuous bracing at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.66
m) measured perpendicular to the roof rafters. The ends of continuous bracing shall be
fastened to blocking or anchored to a stable building component with two No. 8 screws.
F4 Hip Framing
Hip framing shall consist of jack rafters, hip members, hip support columns and connections
in accordance with this section or shall be in accordance with an approved design.
The provisions of this section for hip members and hip support columns shall only apply
where the jack rafter slope is greater than or equal to the roof slope.
For the purpose of determining member sizes in this section, wind speeds shall be converted
to equivalent ground snow load in accordance with Table F3-2. Member sizes shall be based on
the higher of the ground snow load or the equivalent snow load converted from the wind

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172 AISI S230-19

speed.
F4.1 Jack Rafters
Jack rafters shall meet the requirements for roof rafters in accordance with Section F3,
except the requirements in Section F3.4 shall not apply.
F4.2 Hip Members
Hip members shall be fabricated from a C-shape member and a track section, which shall
have minimum sizes determined in accordance with Table F4-1. The C-shaped member and
track section shall be connected at a maximum spacing of 24 inches using No. 10 screws
through top and bottom flanges, as shown in Figure F3-2.
The depth of the hip member shall match that of the roof rafters and jack rafters, unless an
approved beam pocket is provided at the corner of the supporting wall.
F4.3 Hip Support Columns
Hip support columns shall be used to support hip members at the ridge. A hip support
column shall consist of a pair of C-shapes, with a minimum size determined in accordance with
Table F4-2. The C-shapes shall be connected at a maximum spacing of 24 inches to form a box
using minimum 3-inch x 33-mil strap connected to each of the flanges of the C-shapes with 3
No. 10 screws.
Hip support columns shall have a continuous load path to the foundation and shall be
supported at the ceiling line by an interior wall or by an approved supporting element.
F4.4 Hip Framing Connections
Jack rafters shall be connected at the eave to a parallel C-shape blocking member in
accordance with Figure F4-1. In other than high wind areas, the C-shape blocking member shall
be attached to the supporting wall track with minimum 2-No. 10 screws. In high wind areas,
the C-shape blocking member shall be attached to the supporting wall in accordance with
Section F7.2.
Jack rafters shall be connected to a hip member with a minimum 2-inch x 2-inch (51-mm x
51-mm) clip angle fastened with No. 10 screws to the hip member in accordance with
Figure F3-2 and Table F3-3. The clip angle shall have a steel thickness equivalent to or greater
than the jack rafter thickness and shall extend the depth of the jack rafter member to the
extent possible.
The connection of hip support columns at the ceiling line shall be in accordance with
Figure F4-2, with an uplift strap sized in accordance with Table F4-3.
The connection of hip members, ridge members and hip support columns at the ridge shall
be in accordance with Figures F4-3 and F4-4 and Table F4-4.
The connection of hip members to the wall corner shall be in accordance with
Figure F4-5 and Table F4-5.
F5 Framing of Openings in Roofs and Ceilings
Openings in roofs and ceilings shall not exceed the lesser of 8 feet (2.44 m) or 50 percent of
the parallel building dimension.
Openings in roofs and ceilings shall be framed with header and trimmer joists. Header and
trimmer joists shall be framed in accordance with Figure F5-1 and installed in accordance with
Figure F5-2. Header and trimmer joists shall be fabricated from joist and track members having a
minimum size and thickness at least equivalent to the adjacent ceiling joists or roof rafters, except
header joist for spans greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) shall be determined in accordance with Tables

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 173

F5-1 through F5-4. Track sections shall be the same thickness as the C-shape listed in the tables.
Each track section for a built-up header or trimmer joist shall extend the full length of the joist
(continuous). Each header joist shall be connected to trimmer joists with a minimum of four
2-inch x 2-inch (51-mm x 51-mm) clip angles. Each clip angle shall be fastened to both the header
and trimmer joists with 4 No. 8 screws, evenly spaced, through each leg of the clip angle. The clip
angles shall have a steel thickness not less than that of the ceiling joist or roof rafter.
A built-up trimmer joist consisting of at least a pair of C-shape members shall be supported
by a pair of wall studs beneath. Trimmer joists are to be provided with bearing stiffeners and shall
be installed at each bearing support in accordance with Section B2 and Figure F2-3
F6 Roof Trusses
Trusses shall be designed and installed in accordance with Chapter E of AISI S240.
Trusses shall be connected to the top track of the structural wall in accordance with Table
F2-4, either with the required number of No. 10 screws applied through the flange of the truss or
by using a 54 mil (1.37 mm) clip angle with the required number of No. 10 screws in each leg.
F7 Ceiling and Roof Diaphragms
At gable endwalls, a ceiling diaphragm shall be provided by attaching a minimum 1/2-inch
(13-mm) gypsum board in accordance with Tables F7-1 and F7-2 or a minimum 3/8-inch (9.5-
mm) wood structural panel sheathing, which complies with DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2, CSA O437, or
CSA O325, in accordance with Table F7-3 and F7-4 to the bottom of ceiling joists or roof trusses
and connected to wall framing in accordance with Figures F7-1 and F7-2, unless studs are
designed as full-height without bracing at the ceiling. Flat blocking shall consist of C-shape or
track section with a minimum thickness of 33 mils (0.84 mm).
The ceiling diaphragm shall be secured with screws spaced at a maximum 6 inches (152 mm)
o.c. at panel edges and a maximum 12 inches (305 mm) o.c. in the field. The required lengths in
Table F7-1 and F7-2 for gypsum board sheathed ceiling diaphragms are permitted to be
multiplied by 0.35 if all panel edges are blocked. The required lengths in Table F7-1 and Table
F7-2 for gypsum board sheathed ceiling diaphragms are permitted to be multiplied by 0.9 if all
panel edges are secured with screws spaced at 4 inches (102 mm) o.c.
A roof diaphragm shall be provided by attaching a minimum of 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) wood
structural panel, which complies with DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2, CSA O437 or CSA O325 to roof
rafters or truss top chords in accordance with Tables F2-4 and F2-5. Buildings with 3:1 or larger
plan aspect ratio and with roof rafters slope (pitch) of 9:12 or larger shall have the roof rafters and
ceiling joists blocked in accordance with Figure F7-3.
F7.1 Roof Diaphragms in High Seismic Areas
Roof diaphragms in high seismic areas shall be constructed with the provisions of this
section.
Roof diaphragms shall be constructed of minimum 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) C-D or C-C
Sheathing with screws at 6-inch (152-mm) spacing on panel edges and in the field. The
diaphragms are permitted to be unblocked, and are permitted to be constructed in any panel
configuration except in the case of a building in Seismic Design Category D2, where a heavy
roof system is used and the diaphragm span is greater than or equal to 40 feet (12.2 m).
In Seismic Design Category D2, where a heavy roof system is used on a building with a
diaphragm span greater than or equal to 40 feet (12.2 m), the roof diaphragm shall be
constructed of 15/32-inch (12-mm) Structural I Plywood, unblocked, and in any
configuration, with screws at 6-inch (152 mm) spacing on panel edges and at maximum 12-
inch (305-mm) spacing in the field. Alternatively, it is permitted to use 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) C-D

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174 AISI S230-19

or C-C Sheathing with screws at 6-inch (152 mm) spacing on panel edges and in the field,
with all unblocked edges and continuous panel joints parallel to the longer diaphragm span.
F7.2 Roof Diaphragms in High Wind Areas
In high wind areas, roof diaphragms shall be constructed of minimum 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) C-
D or C-C Sheathing with screws spaced as indicated in Table F2-5. The diaphragms are
permitted to be unblocked, and are permitted to be constructed in any panel configuration.
F8 Roof Framing Connections in High Wind Areas
F8.1 General
In high wind areas, connection of the roof framing members shall be provided in
accordance with this section to ensure a continuous load path capable of transferring shear
and uplift loads from floors, studs, and roof framing to the foundation.
F8.2 Uplift Connection - Roof Rafter or Truss to Wall
Roof rafters and trusses shall be attached to their supporting wall assemblies by
connections capable of resisting the uplift loads listed in Table F8-1. Alternatively, a steel
uplift strap sized in accordance with Table F8-5 connecting the roof rafter or truss to the in-line
framing stud below is permitted. Each end of the uplift strap shall be fastened with minimum
No. 8 screws as required by Table F8-2.
F8.3 Ridge Strap Connection
Roof rafters shall be provided with a connection at the ridge line to transfer tension loads.
The ridge connection shall be capable of resisting the unit loads listed in Table F8-3 multiplied
by the appropriate spacing multiplier listed in Table F8-4. Alternatively, a steel ridge strap
sized in accordance with Table F8-5 shall be provided with minimum No. 8 screws on each
end of the strap as required in Table F8-3. The number of screws shall be increased to account
for the spacing multipliers shown in Table F8-4.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 175

Figure F2-1 Roof Construction

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176 AISI S230-19

Figure F2-2 Heel Joint Connection

Figure F2-3 Bearing Stiffener at the Heel Joint Connection

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 177

Figure F2-4 Spliced Ceiling Joists

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178 AISI S230-19

Figure F2-5 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing With C-Shape, Track or Cold-Rolled Channel

Figure F2-6 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing With Continuous Steel Strap and Blocking

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 179

OPTION #1

350S162-33 BLOCKING #8 SCREWS @ 6" O.C. MAX

BETWEEN OUTLOOKERS (REF. TABLE F2-5)
W/#8 SCREWS @ 6" O.C. 1'-0" MAX 1'-0" MIN
TO WALL TRACK
(MIN. 3 SCREWS EACH)

2-#8 SCREWS ROOF RAFTERS

(OUTLOOKER TO
WALL TRACK)
350S162-33 (W/O HOLES)
OUTLOOK RAFTERS.
ALIGN WITH EACH GABLE
WALL SHEATHING WALL STUD

UPLIFT ANCHOR ATTACHED TO

GABLE END EACH OUTLOOKER AND GABLE
WALL STUD WALL STUD. (REF. TABLE F3-4 FOR
REQUIRED CONNECTION STRENGTH)

OPTION #2
(NOT APPLICABLE FOR HIGH WIND)

9" MAX 1'-0" MIN

(SEE NOTE)

#8 SCREWS @ 6" O.C. "MAX"

(REF. TABLE F2-5)

350S162-33 @ 2'-0" O.C.

W/CONTINUOUS TRACK
EACH END ROOF RAFTER

2-#8 SCREWS
TO EACH STUD

WALL SHEATHING

GABLE END
NOTE: ROOF SHEATHING JOINTS PARALLEL TO THE
WALL STUD
GABLE ENDWALL ARE NOT PERMITTED IN THIS REGION
UNLESS AN APPROVED TENSION TIE IS PROVIDED.

Figure F3-1 Gable Endwall Overhang Details

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180 AISI S230-19

RIDGE TENSION STRAP.

SEE TABLES F8-3, F8-4
AND F8-5 FOR CONN.
REQUIREMENTS.

HIP MEMBER OR RIDGE MEMBER:

C -SHAPE INSIDE A TRACK SECTION
FASTENED WITH NO. 10 SCREWS @ 24” O.C.
THROUGH TOP & BOTTOM FLANGES.

Figure F3-2 Hip Member or Ridge Member Connection

Figure F4-1 Jack Rafter Connection at Eave

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 181

Figure F4-2 Hip Support Column

Figure F4-3 Hip Connections at Ridge

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182 AISI S230-19

Figure F4-4 Hip Connections at Ridge and Box Column

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 183

Figure F4-5 Hip Member Connection at Wall Corner

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184 AISI S230-19

Figure F5-1 Roof or Ceiling Opening

Figure F5-2 Header to Trimmer Detail

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 185

Figure F7-1 Ceiling Diaphragm to Gable Endwall Detail

Figure F7-2 Ceiling Diaphragm to Sidewall Detail

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186 AISI S230-19

Figure F7-3 Roof Blocking Detail

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 187

Table F2-1
Ceiling Joist Spans
Single Spans Without Bearing Stiffeners
10 lbs per Square Foot Live Load (No Attic Storage) 1,2,3,4
Allowable Span (Feet-Inches)
Lateral Support of Top (Compression) Flange
Member
Unbraced Mid-Span Bracing Third-Point Bracing
Designation
Ceiling Joist Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24 16 24
350S162-33 9'-6" 8'-6" 11'-10" 9'-10" 11'-10" 10'-4"
350S162-43 10'-4" 9'-3” 12'-10" 11'-3" 12'-10" 11'-3"
350S162-54 11'-1" 9'-11" 13'-9" 12'-0" 13'-9" 12'-0"
350S162-68 12'-2" 10'-10" 14'-9" 12'-10" 14'-9" 12'-10"
350S162-97 14'-3" 12'-7" 16'-3" 14'-2" 16'-3" 14'-2"
550S162-33 10'-11" 9'-10" 15'-7" 12’-0” 16'-10" 12’-0”
550S162-43 11'-8" 10'-6" 16'-10" 14'-10" 18'-4" 16'-0"
550S162-54 12'-7" 11'-3" 18'-0" 16'-2" 19'-4" 17'-2"
550S162-68 13'-7" 12'-1" 19'-3" 17'-3" 20’-6” 18'-5"
550S162-97 15'-9" 13'-11" 21'-8" 19'-3" 22’-5” 20'-4"
800S162-43 13'-1" 11'-9" 18'-9" 16'-9" 21'-2" 18’-7"
800S162-54 13'-11" 12'-6" 20'-1" 18'-1" 21'-5" 20'-5"
800S162-68 14'-11" 13'-4" 21'-4" 19'-2" 22'-9" 21'-9"
800S162-97 17'-1" 15'-2" 23'-9" 21'-3" 24’-10” 23'-10"
1000S162-54 14'-10" 13'-4" 21'-4" 19'-2" 22’-8” 21'-8"
1000S162-68 15'-10" 14'-3" 22'-9" 20'-5" 24’-3” 23'-3"
1000S162-97 17'-11" 16'-0" 25'-2" 22'-6" 26’-4” 25'-4"
1200S162-68 16'-8" 14'-11" 23'-11" 21'-7" 25’-5” 24'-5"
1200S162-97 18'-9" 16'-8" 26'-5" 23'-8" 27’-7” 26'-8"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Ceiling dead load = 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2)
2 Deflection criteria: L/240 for total loads
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 Table F2-1 is not applicable for 350S162-33, 550S162-33, 550S162-43 and 800S162-43 continuous joist

members.

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188 AISI S230-19

Table F2-2
Ceiling Joist Spans
Single Spans Without Bearing Stiffeners
20 lbs per Square Foot Live Load (Limited Attic Storage) 1,2,3,4
Allowable Span (Feet-Inches)
Lateral Support of Top (Compression) Flange
Member
Unbraced Mid-Span Bracing Third-Point Bracing
Designation
Ceiling Joist Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24 16 24
350S162-33 8'-0" 6'-5" 9'-2" 7'-5" 9'-11" 7'-5"
350S162-43 8'-11" 7'-8" 10'-9" 8'-9" 10'-10" 9'-6"
350S162-54 9'-7" 8'-7" 11'-7" 10'-2" 11'-7" 10'-2"
350S162-68 10'-4" 9'-3" 12'-5" 10'-10" 12'-5" 10'-10"
350S162-97 12'-1" 10'-8" 13'-8" 12'-0" 13'-8" 12'-0"
550S162-33 9'-5" 6'-11" 10'-5" 6'-11" 10'-5" 6'-11"
550S162-43 10'-2" 9'-2" 14'-2" 11'-8" 15'-2" 11'-8"
550S162-54 10'-10" 9'-9" 15'-7" 14'-0" 16'-7" 14'-5"
550S162-68 11'-8" 10'-5" 16'-7" 14'-10" 17'-9" 15'-6"
550S162-97 13'-4" 11'-10" 18'-6" 16'-7" 19'-8" 17'-2"
800S162-43 11'-4" 10'-2" 16'-1" 11'-0" 16'-6" 11'-0"
800S162-54 12'-0" 10'-10" 17'-4" 15'-7" 18'-7" 17'-7"
800S162-68 12'-10" 11'-6" 18'-6" 16'-7" 19'-11" 18'-11"
800S162-97 14'-6" 12'-11" 20'-5" 18'-3" 21'-7" 20'-7"
1000S162-54 12'-10" 11'-7" 18'-5" 16'-6" 19'-8" 18'-8"
1000S162-68 13'-8" 12'-3" 19'-8" 17'-9" 21'-1" 20'-1"
1000S162-97 15'-4" 13'-8" 21'-8" 19'-5" 22'-11" 21'-11"
1200S162-68 14'-5" 12'-11" 20'-9" 18'-7" 22'-0" 21'-0"
1200S162-97 16'-1" 14'-4" 22'-10" 20'-5" 24'-2" 23'-2"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Ceiling dead load = 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2)
2 Deflection criteria: L/240 for total loads
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

4 Table F2-2 is not applicable for 350S162-33, 350S162-43, 550S162-33, 550S162-43 and 800S162-43

continuous joist members.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 189

Table F2-3
Screws Required for Ceiling Joist to Roof Rafter Connections1
Number of Screws
Building Width (feet)
Roof
24' 28' 32' 36' 40'
Slope
Ground Snow Load (psf)
20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70 20 30 50 70
3/12 5 6 9 11 5 7 10 13 6 8 11 15 7 8 13 17 8 9 14 19
4/12 4 5 7 9 4 5 8 10 5 6 9 12 5 7 10 13 6 7 11 14
5/12 3 4 6 7 4 4 6 8 4 5 7 10 5 5 8 11 5 6 9 12
6/12 3 3 5 6 3 4 6 7 4 4 6 8 4 5 7 9 4 5 8 10
7/12 3 3 4 6 3 3 5 7 3 4 6 7 4 4 6 8 4 5 7 9
8/12 2 3 4 5 3 3 5 6 3 4 5 7 3 4 6 8 4 4 6 8
9/12 2 3 4 5 3 3 4 6 3 3 5 6 3 4 5 7 3 4 6 8
10/12 2 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 3 3 5 6 3 3 5 7 3 4 6 7
11/12 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 3 4 6 3 3 5 6 3 4 5 7
12/12 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 3 3 5 6 3 4 5 7
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Screws are minimum No. 10.

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190 AISI S230-19

Table F2-4
Roof Framing Fastening Schedule
Number and Spacing of
Description of Building Elements Number and Size of Fasteners 1
Fasteners
Refer to Table F2-5 for
Roof sheathing (oriented strand
screw spacing (6" o.c.
board or plywood) to roof rafter or No. 8 screws
minimum at gable end
truss
truss)
Gypsum board to ceiling joists No. 6 screws 12" on center
Gable end truss to endwall top
No. 10 screws 12" o.c.
track
Roof rafter to ceiling joist and to
No. 10 screws See Tables F2-3 and F3-3
ridge member

Ceiling Joist Roof Wind Speed (mph), Exposure

or Truss Span
Spacing (in) (ft) 130 B 140 B
130 C < 140 C
115 C 120 C
24 3 3 4 5
Ceiling
joist 28 3 3 4 5
or roof 16 32 3 4 5 6 Each
truss
36 4 4 5 6 ceiling joist
to
or
top track 40 4 4 6 7 roof truss
of
structural 24 4 5 6 7
wall 2
28 4 5 6 8
24 32 4 6 7 8
36 5 6 8 9
40 6 6 8 10
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Screws are minimum No. 10 unless noted otherwise.
2 Screws are to be applied through the flanges of the truss or ceiling joist, or a 54-mil (1.37-mm) clip angle is to be used

with 2 No. 10 screws in each leg.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 191

Table F2-5
Minimum Roof Sheathing Attachment for Wind Loads 1
Roof Area
Wind Speed Rafter Spacing
Interior Zone3 Edge Zone2
(mph) (inches)
Exposure B Exposure C Exposure B Exposure C
16 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/6
115
24 6/12 6/6 6/6 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/6 6/6
120
24 6/12 6/6 6/6 6/6
16 6/12 6/12 6/6 6/6
130
24 6/6 6/6 6/6 4/4
16 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6
140
24 6/6 6/6 4/4 4/4
16 6/6 6/6 6/6 4/4
150
24 6/6 6/6 4/4 3/3
16 6/6 6/6 6/6 4/4
160
24 6/6 4/4 4/4 3/3
16 6/6 6/6 4/4 4/4
170
24 6/6 4/4 3/3 -
16 6/6 6/6 4/4 3/3
180
24 6/6 4/4 3/3 -
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Values are for screw spacing in inches at panel edges and in the field (i.e., 6/12 = 6” o.c. edge and 12” o.c. field).
2 Edge zone attachment is for sheathing located within 4 feet of the roof perimeter or 4 feet either side of the ridge and

hips.
3 Interior zone attachment is for sheathing not designated as an edge zone.

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192 AISI S230-19

Table F3-1
Roof Rafter Spans 1,2,3,4
Allowable Span Measured Horizontally (Feet-Inches)
Equivalent Ground Snow Load
Member
20 psf 30 psf 50 psf 70 psf
Designation
Roof Rafter Spacing (in.)
16 24 16 24 16 24 16 24
550S162-33 13'-11" 11'-4" 11'-9" 9'-7" 9'-5" 7'-8" 8'-1" 6'-7"
550S162-43 15'-9" 13'-8" 14'-3" 11'-8" 11'-4" 9'-3" 9'-9” 7'-11"
550S162-54 16'-11" 14'-10" 15'-3" 13'-4" 13'-3" 11'-7" 12'-0" 10'-6"
550S162-68 18'-2" 15'-10" 16'-5" 14'-4" 14'-3" 12'-5" 12'-11" 11'-3"
550S162-97 19’-6” 17'-1" 17’-7” 15'-4" 15'-3" 13'-4" 13’-10” 12'-0"
800S162-33 16'-4" 13'-4" 13'-11" 11'-4" 11'-1" 9'-0" 9'-6" 6'-7"
800S162-43 19'-7" 16'-0" 16'-8" 13'-7" 13'-4" 10'-10" 11'-5" 9'-4"
800S162-54 22'-9" 19'-11" 20'-7" 17'-11" 17'-10" 14'-9" 15'-6" 12'-7"
800S162-68 24'-7" 21'-6" 22'-2" 19'-5" 19'-3" 16'-10" 17'-5" 14'-8"
800S162-97 26’-6” 23'-2" 23’-11” 20’-10” 20’-9” 18'-1" 18’-9” 16'-5"
1000S162-43 22'-2" 18'-1" 18'-10" 15'-4" 15'-1" 12'-4" 12'-11" 10'-7"
1000S162-54 27'-1" 23'-8" 24'-6" 20'-9" 20'-5" 16'-8" 17'-6" 14'-3"
1000S162-68 29'-5" 25'-8" 26'-6" 23'-2" 23'-0" 19'-6" 20'-6" 16'-9"
1000S162-97 32’-3” 27’-4” 28’-2” 24’-7” 24’-4” 21’-4” 22’-2” 19’-4”
1200S162-54 31’-3” 27’-0” 28’-1” 22’-11” 22’-6” 18’-4” 19’-4” 15’-9”
1200S162-68 34'-0" 29'-8" 30'-8" 26'-9" 26'-6" 21'-7" 22'-8" 18'-6"
1200S162-97 38'-6" 33'-6" 34'-8" 30'-3" 30’-1" 26'-3" 27'-3" 23'-1"
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Table provides maximum horizontal roof rafter spans in feet and inches for slopes between 3:12 & 12:12
2 Deflection criteria: L/240 for live loads and L/180 for total loads
3 Roof dead load = 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2)
4 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 193

Table F3-2
Conversion of Basic Wind Speed to Equivalent Snow Load 1
Basic Wind Speed Equivalent Ground Snow Load (psf)
And Exposure Roof Slope
Wind
Exposure 3:12 4:12 5:12 6:12 7:12 8:12 9:12 10:12 11:12 12:12
Speed
115 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
120 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
130 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
140 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30
B
150 mph 20 20 30 30 20 30 30 30 30 50
160 mph 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 50 50
170 mph 30 30 50 50 30 50 50 50 50 50
180 mph 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70
115 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30
120 mph 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 50
130 mph 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 50
140 mph 30 30 50 50 30 30 50 50 50 50
C
150 mph 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 70
160 mph 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70
170 mph 50 50 70 70 50 70 70 70 70 -
180 mph 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 - - -
For SI: 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2

1 Connections of roof rafters to the ridge and the roof members to walls are to comply with Section F3.4 and Section F7.

Table F3-3
Screws Required at Each Leg of Clip Angle
for Hip Rafter to Hip Member or Roof Rafter to Ridge Member Connection 1
Number of Screws
Building Width
Ground Snow Load (psf)
(feet)
0 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 50 51 to 70
24 2 2 3 4
28 2 3 4 5
32 2 3 4 5
36 3 3 5 6
40 3 4 5 7
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Screws are minimum No. 10.

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194 AISI S230-19

Table F3-4
Gable End Wall Outlooker Uplift Connection Required Strength 1
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Outlooker
Required Uplift Connector Strength 2, 3
Roof Pitch Spacing
(lb)
(in)
12 156 173 223 243 285 330 379 432 487 546
3:12
to 16 208 231 298 324 380 441 506 575 650 728
6:12 24 311 347 446 486 570 661 759 863 975 1010

12 N/R N/R N/R 145 170 198 227 258 291 327
7:12
To 16 N/R N/R 178 193 227 263 302 344 388 435
12:12
24 183 207 267 290 341 395 453 516 582 653
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1Connection requirements are based on a roof assembly dead load of 7 psf (0.34 kN/m2).
2Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable loads.
3 N/R = Uplift connector not required.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 195

Table F4-1
Hip Member Sizes 2
Hip Member Designation 1
Building Width
Equivalent Ground Snow Load (psf)
(feet)
0 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 50 51 to 70
800S162-68 800S162-68 800S162-97 1000S162-97
24
800T150-68 800T150-68 800T150-97 1000T150-97
1000S162-68 1000S162-68 1000S162-97 1200S162-97
28
1000T150-68 1000T150-68 1000T150-97 1200T150-97
1000S162-97 1000S162-97 1200S162-97
32 -
1000T150-97 1000T150-97 1200T150-97
1200S162-97
36 - - -
1200T150-97
40 - - - -
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 It is generally desirable that the web depth of the roof rafters and jack rafters match the hip member selected.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table F4-2
Hip Support Column Sizes 2
Hip Support Column Designation 1,2
Building Width
Equivalent Ground Snow Load (psf)
(feet)
0 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 50 51 to 70

24 2-350S162-33 2-350S162-33 2-350S162-43 2-350S162-54

28 2-350S162-54 2-550S162-54 2-550S162-68 2-550S162-68

32 2-550S162-68 2-550S162-68 2-550S162-97 -

36 2-550S162-97 - - -

40 - - - -
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Box shape column only. Refer to Figure F4-2.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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196 AISI S230-19

Table F4-3
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Hip Support Column at Ceiling Line
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Building Width Number of No. 10 Screws in Each End of

(feet) Each 3-inch x 54-mil Steel Strap 1, 2, 3

24 3 3 5 5 6 7 8 9 11 12

28 4 4 7 7 9 10 12 13 15 17

32 6 7 9 10 11 13 15 17 20 22

36 8 9 11 12 15 17 20 22 25 28

40 - - - - - - - - - -
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Two straps are required, one on each side of the column.
2 Space screws at ¾” on center and provide a minimum of ¾” end distance.
3 Fy = 50 ksi for the strap.

Table F4-4
Connection Requirements
Hip Member to Hip Support Column
Number of No. 10 Screws in Each Framing Angle 1, 2, 3
Building Width
Equivalent Ground Snow Load (psf)
(feet)
0 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 50 51 to 70

24 10 10 10 12

28 10 10 14 18

32 10 12 -

36 14 - - -

40 - - - -
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Screws are to be divided equally between the connection to the hip member and the column. Refer to Figures F4-3 and

F4-4.
2 The number of screws required in each framing angle is not to be less than shown in Table F4-3.
3 Fy = 50 ksi for the framing angle.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 197

Table F4-5
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Hip Member to Wall
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Building Width Number of No. 10 Screws in Each End of

(feet) 1-1/2” x 54-mil Steel Strap 1, 2, 3, 4

24 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7

28 2 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9

32 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12

36 4 5 6 6 7 9 10 11 13 15

40 - - - - - - - - - -
For SI: 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
1 Connections in the unshaded area require a single strap located on either side of the hip member.
2 Connections in the shaded area require two straps with half the number of screws shown in each end of the strap.
3 Space screws at ¾” on center and provide a minimum of ¾” end distance.
4 Fy = 50 ksi for the strap.

Table F5-1
Built-Up Header Size for Six-Foot Roof Opening 1,2,3
Ground Snow Load (psf)
Member 20 30
Designation Rafter Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m.
1 Deflection criteria: L/240 for live loads, L/180 for total loads.
2 Roof dead load = 12 psf (0.575 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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198 AISI S230-19

Table F5-2
Built-Up Header Size for Six-Foot Roof Opening 1,2,3
Ground Snow Load (psf)
Member 50 70
Designation Rafter Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-68 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m.
1 Deflection criteria: L/240 for live loads, L/180 for total loads.
2 Roof dead load = 12 psf (0.575 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table F5-3
Built-Up Header Size for Eight-Foot Roof Opening 1,2,3
Ground Snow Load (psf)
Member 20 30
Designation Rafter Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240 for live loads, L/180 for total loads
2 Roof dead load = 12 psf (0.575 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 199

Table F5-4
Built-Up Header Size for Eight-Foot Roof Opening 1,2,3
Ground Snow Load (psf)
Member 50 70
Designation Rafter Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24
1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-68 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1000S162-97 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54 1000S162-54
1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-68 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68 1200S162-68
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240 for live loads, L/180 for total loads
2 Roof dead load = 12 psf (0.575 kN/m2)
3 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

Table F5-5
Built-Up Header Size for Six- or Eight-Foot Ceiling Openings 1,2,3,4
Live Load (psf)
Member 10 20
Designation Ceiling Joist Spacing (inches)
16 24 16 24
1000S162-54 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-68 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1000S162-97 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43 1000S162-43
1200S162-68 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
1200S162-97 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54 1200S162-54
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Deflection criteria: L/240 for total loads
2 Ceiling dead load = 5 psf (0.240 kN/m2)
3 This table applies to all joist bracing conditions of the top (compression) flange.
4 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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200 AISI S230-19

Table F7-1
Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls
Gypsum Board Sheathed
Ceiling Height = 8 ft 1,2,3,4,5,6
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Roof Building Endwall
Minimum Diaphragm Length (ft)
Pitch Width (ft)
24 - 28 16 18 24 26 30 34 38 42 46 52
3:12 to 28 - 32 20 20 26 32 34 40 44 50 56 64
6:12 32 - 36 24 26 30 36 42 46 52 60 66 72
36 - 40 26 28 36 40 48 52 60 68 76 86
24 - 28 20 20 26 30 34 38 44 48 54 60
6:12 to 28 - 32 24 26 30 36 42 46 52 58 66 72
9:12 32 - 36 26 30 38 42 48 54 62 70 78 88
36 - 40 30 34 40 50 56 62 72 80 90 100
24 - 28 22 24 30 34 38 44 48 56 62 70
9:12 to 28 - 32 26 28 36 40 46 52 60 68 74 84
12:12 32 - 36 30 32 40 48 54 62 70 80 90 100
36 - 40 36 38 48 56 64 72 82 92 104 116
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Ceiling diaphragm is composed of1/2-in. gypsum board (min. thickness) secured with screws spaced at 6 in. o.c. at panel
edges and 12 in. o.c. in field. Use No. 8 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness of 54 mils or
less and No. 10 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness greater than 54 mils.
2 Maximum aspect ratio (length/width) of diaphragms is 2:1.
3 Building width is in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the wall studs.
4 Required diaphragm lengths are to be provided at each end of the structure.
5 Required diaphragm lengths are permitted to be multiplied by 0.35 if all panel edges are blocked.
6 Required diaphragm lengths are permitted to be multiplied by 0.9 if all panel edges are secured with screws spaced at

4 in. o.c.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 201

Table F7-2
Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls
Gypsum Board Sheathed
Ceiling Height = 9 or 10 ft 1,2,3,4,5,6
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Roof Building Endwall
Minimum Diaphragm Length (ft)
Pitch Width (ft)
24 - 28 18 20 26 30 34 40 44 50 56 62
3:12 to 28 - 32 24 26 30 36 42 46 52 58 66 72
6:12 32 - 36 26 28 36 40 48 52 60 68 76 86
36 - 40 30 32 42 48 54 60 70 80 88 98
24 - 28 22 24 30 34 40 44 50 56 64 70
6:12 to 28 - 32 26 28 36 40 46 52 60 68 74 84
9:12 32 - 36 30 32 42 48 54 60 70 80 88 98
36 - 40 36 36 48 54 62 70 80 90 102 114
24 - 28 24 26 32 38 44 48 56 62 68 78
9:12 to 28 - 32 28 32 40 46 52 58 66 76 84 94
12:12 32 - 36 32 36 46 54 60 68 78 88 98 110
36 - 40 40 44 54 60 70 80 92 102 114 128
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Ceiling diaphragm is composed of 1/2-in. gypsum board (min. thickness) secured with screws spaced at 6 in. o.c. at panel
edges and 12 in. o.c. in field. Use No. 8 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness of 54 mils or
less and No. 10 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness greater than 54 mils.
2 Maximum aspect ratio (length/width) of diaphragms is 2:1.
3 Building width is in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the wall studs.
4 Required diaphragm lengths are to be provided at each end of the structure.
5 Required diaphragm lengths are permitted to be multiplied by 0.35 if all panel edges are blocked.
6 Required diaphragm lengths are permitted to be multiplied by 0.9 if all panel edges are secured with screws spaced at

4 in. o.c.

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202 AISI S230-19

Table F7-3
Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls
Wood Structural Panel Sheathed
Ceiling Height = 8 ft 1,2,3,4
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Roof Building Endwall
Minimum Diaphragm Length (ft)
Pitch Width (ft)
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
6:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
6:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
9:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 16
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12
9:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14
12:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 16 18
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 18 18
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Ceiling diaphragm is composed of 3/8" wood structural panel sheathing (min. thickness) secured with screws spaced at
6” o.c. at panel edges and in field. Use No. 8 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness of 54
mils or less and No. 10 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness greater than 54 mils.
2 Maximum aspect ratio (length/width) of diaphragms is 3:1.
3 Building width is in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the wall studs.
4 Required diaphragm lengths are to be provided at each end of the structure.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 203

Table F7-4
Required Lengths for Ceiling Diaphragms at Gable Endwalls
Wood Structural Panel Sheathed
Ceiling Height = 9 or 10 ft 1,2,3,4
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
Exposure B 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exposure C 115 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Roof Building Endwall
Minimum Diaphragm Length (ft)
Pitch Width (ft)
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12
3:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
6:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 14
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12
6:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14
9:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 16
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 18 18
24 - 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 14
9:12 to 28 - 32 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 16
12:12 32 - 36 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 16 18
36 - 40 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 20 20
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.305 m
1 Ceiling diaphragm is composed of 3/8” wood structural panel sheathing (min. thickness) secured with screws spaced at
6” o.c. at panel edges and in field. Use No. 8 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness of 54
mils or less and No. 10 screws (min.) when framing members have a designation thickness greater than 54 mils.
2 Maximum aspect ratio (length/width) of diaphragms is 3:1.
3 Building width is in the direction of horizontal framing members supported by the wall studs.
4 Required diaphragm lengths are to be provided at each end of the structure.

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204 AISI S230-19

Table F8-1
Required Uplift Strength
Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing
Roof Required Connection Strength 1,2
Spacing 3
Span (ft) (lbs)
(in.)
24 270 323 381 442 507
28 302 363 428 497 571
12 32 335 403 475 552 634
36 367 442 522 607 698
40 400 482 569 662 761
24 359 431 508 590 677
28 403 484 571 663 761
16 32 446 537 633 736 845
36 490 590 696 810 930
40 534 643 759 883 1020
24 431 517 610 708 812
28 483 581 685 796 913
19.2 32 536 644 760 883 1010
36 588 708 835 972 1120
40 640 771 911 1060 1220
24 539 647 762 885 1020
28 604 726 856 994 1140
24 32 669 805 950 1100 1270
36 735 884 1040 1220 1400
40 800 964 1140 1330 1520
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Uplift requirements assume a roof/ceiling dead load of 12 psf (0.58 kN/m2).
2 Required connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable

loads.
3 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not negate the

in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 205

Table F8-2
Uplift Strap Connection Requirements
Roof Rafter or Roof Truss to Wall
Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180
Framing Roof
Number of No. 8 Screws in Each End of
Spacing 1 Span
Steel Uplift Strap
(in.) (ft)
24 2 2 3 3 4
28 2 3 3 4 4
12 32 3 3 3 4 4
36 3 3 4 4 5
40 3 3 4 5 5
24 3 3 4 4 5
28 3 3 4 5 5
16 32 3 4 4 5 6
36 3 4 5 5 6
40 4 4 5 6 7
24 3 4 4 5 5
28 3 4 5 5 6
19.2 32 4 4 5 6 7
36 4 5 6 6 7
40 4 5 6 7 8
24 4 4 5 6 7
28 4 5 6 7 7
24 32 5 5 6 7 8
36 5 6 7 8 9
40 5 6 7 9 10
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 The 12-inch (305-mm) and 19.2-inch (488-mm) framing spacing provide options for design, but do not
negate the in-line framing requirement of Chapter E.

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206 AISI S230-19

Table F8-3
Ridge Tension Strap Connection Requirements per Foot of Ridge Span 1
Basic Wind Speed (mph) Basic Wind Speed (mph)
EXPOSURE B 160 170 180 160 170 180
EXPOSURE C 140 150 160 170 180 140 150 160 170 180
Roof
Number of No. 8 Screws in Each Required Ridge Connection
Roof Pitch Span
End of a Steel Ridge Strap3 Strength2 (plf)
(ft)
24 4 5 6 7 7 652 765 887 1020 1150
28 5 6 7 8 9 772 906 1050 1200 1360
3:12 32 7 7 8 9 10 890 1050 1210 1390 1570
36 6 8 9 10 11 1010 1190 1380 1570 1780
40 7 8 10 11 13 1130 1320 1530 1750 1990
24 4 4 5 5 6 515 604 699 800 908
28 4 5 5 6 7 605 710 822 941 1070
4:12 32 5 5 6 7 8 696 816 945 1080 1230
36 5 6 7 8 9 785 921 1070 1220 1390
40 6 7 8 9 10 874 1030 1190 1360 1540
24 3 4 4 5 5 430 504 583 667 757
28 4 4 5 5 6 504 591 684 783 888
5:12 32 4 5 5 6 7 578 677 783 897 1020
36 4 5 6 7 7 651 764 884 1010 1150
40 5 6 6 7 8 725 850 984 1130 1280
24 3 3 4 4 4 374 438 506 579 656
28 3 4 4 5 5 437 512 592 678 768
6:12 32 4 4 5 5 6 501 587 678 776 880
36 4 5 5 6 7 564 661 764 874 991
40 4 5 6 6 7 627 735 850 972 1100
24 3 3 3 4 4 334 391 452 517 586
28 3 3 4 4 5 391 457 529 604 685
7:12 32 3 4 4 5 5 447 524 605 692 784
36 4 4 5 5 6 504 589 681 779 883
40 4 4 5 6 6 560 655 757 866 981
24 2 3 3 3 4 306 357 413 472 534
28 3 3 3 4 4 357 418 483 551 625
8:12-12:12 32 3 3 4 4 5 408 478 552 630 714
36 3 4 4 5 5 460 538 621 710 804
40 4 4 5 5 6 511 598 691 789 894
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 0.305 m, 1 lb = 4.45 N, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr
1 Connection requirements are based on a roof assembly dead load of 7 psf (0.34 kN/m2).
2 Connection strengths shown in Table F8-3 are based on 12-in. (305 mm) ridge strap spacing. For spacing greater than

12 inches (305 mm), required strength values are to be increased using the multipliers in Table F8-4. Required
connection strengths are nominal values to be used with published strengths expressed as allowable loads.
3 The required number of screws shown in Table F8-3 is based on 12-in. (305 mm) strap spacing. For spacing other
than 12 in. (305 mm), the appropriate connection strength in the table is to be increased using the multipliers in Table
F8-4 and dividing by the screw shear value of 165 lb/screw. Screw substitution factors from Table B1-1 can be used
for screws larger than No. 8.

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Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2019 Edition 207

Table F8-4
Framing Spacing Multiplier for Use With Table F8-3
Framing Spacing 12 in. 16 in. 19.2 in. 24 in.
Multiplier 1.00 1.33 1.60 2.00
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm

Table F8-5
Minimum Size of Steel Uplift Strap or Ridge Strap 2
Minimum Thickness of Strap (mils)
Strap
Required Number of Screws 1
Width (in.)
4 OR LESS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1.25 33 43 54 54 68 68 97 97 97 97
1.50 33 43 43 54 54 68 68 97 97 97
1.75 33 33 33 43 54 54 54 68 68 97
2.00 33 33 33 43 43 54 54 68 68 68
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm
1 Required number of screws per Table F8-2 or F8-3 in each end of the steel uplift strap or ridge strap.
2 The minimum yield strength, Fy, of cold-formed steel framing members is 50 ksi (340 MPa) for members with a

designation thickness equal to or greater than 54 mils.

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 AISI S230-19-C

AISI STANDARD

Commentary on the
Standard for Cold-Formed
Steel Framing—
Prescriptive Method for One-
and Two-Family Dwellings

2019 Ed ition

R e v is i on o f:
A I SI S 2 3 0 -1 5 - C
ii AISI S230-19-C

DISCLAIMER
The material contained herein has been developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI) Committee on Framing Standards. The Committee has made a diligent effort to present
accurate, reliable, and useful information on cold-formed steel framing design and installation.
The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous researchers,
engineers, and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge on the subject. Specific
references are included in this Commentary.
With anticipated improvements in understanding of the behavior of cold-formed steel
framing and the continuing development of new technology, this material will become dated. It
is anticipated that AISI will publish updates of this material as new information becomes
available, but this cannot be guaranteed.
The materials set forth herein are for general purposes only. They are not a substitute for
competent professional advice. Application of this information to a specific project should be
reviewed by a registered design professional. Indeed, in many jurisdictions, such review is
required by law. Anyone making use of the information set forth herein does so at their own
risk and assumes any and all liability arising therefrom.
The user is advised to check the availability of specific framing material in the region in
which the dwelling is being constructed.

1st Printing – April 2019

Produced by American Iron and Steel Institute

Copyright American Iron and Steel Institute 2019

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings iii

PREFACE
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Committee on Framing Standards (COFS) has
developed this Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for
One- and Two-Family Dwellings (Commentary) to provide the background, supplemental
information, engineering assumptions and methods, and detailed calculations for the provisions of
AISI S230-19.
The loads, load combinations, and other design parameters used to develop the provisions
in AISI S230 are based on the International Residential Code (ICC, 2018b), the International Building
Code (ICC, 2018a) (where no provisions are included in the International Residential Code) and
ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE, 2016).
The Commentary is provided only for those sections of AISI S230 where background or
supplemental information is of benefit to the user. Sections thought to need no explanation are
left blank.
This document contains the background, supplemental information and engineering
assumptions. In previous editions of the Commentary, Section 2, Design Examples, contained
detailed calculations that demonstrated how the values in AISI S230 were derived. These
examples no longer apply with the update of the Standard to ASCE 7-16 using ultimate values
for wind.
Terms within the body of this Commentary that are shown in italics indicate that the italicized
word is a defined term by AISI S230 or AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b).
The Committee acknowledges and is grateful for the contributions of the numerous
engineers, researchers, producers and others who have contributed to the body of knowledge
on the subjects.

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iv AISI S230-19-C

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings v

COMMENTARY ON THE
STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING —
PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS

Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................................... ii
Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
COMMENTARY ON THE STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING— PRESCRIPTIVE
METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS ...................................................................... 1
A. GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................... 1
A1 Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1
A1.1 Limits of Applicability ................................................................................................................. 1
A1.2 Limitations in High Seismic and High Wind Areas ................................................................ 2
A1.2.1 Irregular Buildings in High Seismic and High Wind Areas ...................................... 2
A2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 2
A3 Referenced Documents ....................................................................................................................... 3
A4 Limitations of Framing Members...................................................................................................... 3
A4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 3
A4.2 Sheathing Span Capacity ............................................................................................................. 3
A4.4 Material Properties ....................................................................................................................... 4
A4.4.1 Material Properties in High Wind and High Seismic Areas ...................................... 5
A4.5 Web Holes...................................................................................................................................... 5
A4.6 Hole Reinforcing........................................................................................................................... 5
A4.7 Hole Patching ................................................................................................................................ 5
B. CONNECTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 6
B1 Fastening Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 6
B2 Bearing Stiffeners ................................................................................................................................. 6
B3 Clip Angles ........................................................................................................................................... 6
B4 Anchor Bolts ......................................................................................................................................... 6
D. FLOOR FRAMING............................................................................................................................. 7
D1 Floor Construction............................................................................................................................... 7
D2 Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection ....................................................................... 7
D3 Minimum Floor Joist Sizes ................................................................................................................. 7
D3.1 Floor Cantilevers .......................................................................................................................... 8
D4 Bearing Stiffeners ................................................................................................................................. 8
D5 Joist Bracing and Blocking.................................................................................................................. 8
D5.1 Joist Top Flange Bracing .............................................................................................................. 8
D5.2 Joist Bottom Flange Bracing/Blocking ...................................................................................... 8
D5.3 Blocking at Interior Bearing Supports ....................................................................................... 8
D5.4 Blocking at Cantilevers ................................................................................................................ 8
D6 Splicing.................................................................................................................................................. 9
D7 Framing of Floor Openings ................................................................................................................ 9
D8 Floor Trusses ........................................................................................................................................ 9
D9 Diaphragms .......................................................................................................................................... 9
D9.1 Floor Diaphragms in High Seismic and High Wind Areas .................................................... 9
E. WALL FRAMING.............................................................................................................................11
E2 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection ....................................................................................... 11
E3 Minimum Stud Sizes ......................................................................................................................... 11
E4 Stud Bracing ....................................................................................................................................... 12

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vi AISI S230-19-C

E5 Splicing................................................................................................................................................ 13
E6 Corner Framing.................................................................................................................................. 13
E7 Headers ............................................................................................................................................... 13
E7.1 Box Headers ................................................................................................................................ 13
E7.2 Back-to-Back Headers ................................................................................................................ 14
E7.3 L-Headers .................................................................................................................................... 14
E7.3.1 Double L-Headers .......................................................................................................... 14
E7.3.2 Single L-Headers............................................................................................................ 14
E7.3.3 Inverted L-Headers ........................................................................................................ 15
E7.4 Jack and King Studs ................................................................................................................... 15
E7.5 Head and Sill Track .................................................................................................................... 15
E8 Wall Bracing ....................................................................................................................................... 15
E8.1 Braced Wall Lines ....................................................................................................................... 16
E8.1.1 Braced Wall Line Spacing ............................................................................................. 16
E8.1.2 Offsets in Braced Wall Lines......................................................................................... 16
E8.2 Bracing Amount.......................................................................................................................... 16
E8.2.1 Minimum Required Bracing Amount for Braced Wall Lines .......................................... 16
E8.2.2 Bracing Amount Adjustments ..................................................................................... 16
E8.3 Braced Wall Panels ..................................................................................................................... 17
E8.3.1 Minimum Length of a Braced Wall Panel .................................................................. 17
E8.3.2 Braced Wall Panel Location Requirements ................................................................ 17
E8.4 Bracing Methods ......................................................................................................................... 17
E8.4.1 Continuous Structural Sheathing Bracing Methods ................................................. 18
E8.4.1.1 Method A – Continuous Wood Structural Panel Sheathing........................ 19
E8.4.1.2 Method B – Continuous Steel Sheet Sheathing ............................................. 19
E8.4.1.3 Method C – Continuous Structural Fiberboard Sheathing .......................... 19
E8.4.1.4 Method D – Continuous Gypsum Board Sheathing (Two Sides) ............... 19
E8.4.2 Other Approved Bracing Methods ............................................................................... 19
E9 Exterior Wall Covering ..................................................................................................................... 19
E11Braced Walls in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas ....................................................... 19
E11.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 19
E11.2 Braced Wall Lines ..................................................................................................................... 22
E11.3 Type I (Solid Sheathed) Braced Wall Panels......................................................................... 22
E11.4 Type II (Perforated) Braced Wall Lines ................................................................................. 22
E12Braced Wall Design in High Seismic Areas ................................................................................... 22
E12.2 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements .................................................... 22
E13Braced Wall Design in High Wind Areas ...................................................................................... 22
E13.3 Connections of Walls in High Wind Areas........................................................................... 22
E13.3.2 Uplift Connection – Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly............................................ 22
E13.3.3 Header Uplift Connections ........................................................................................... 22
F. ROOF FRAMING.............................................................................................................................24
F1 Roof Construction.............................................................................................................................. 24
F2 Ceiling Joists ....................................................................................................................................... 24
F2.1 Minimum Ceiling Joist Size ...................................................................................................... 24
F2.2 Ceiling Joist Bearing Stiffeners ................................................................................................. 24
F2.3 Ceiling Joist Bottom Flange Bracing ........................................................................................ 24
F2.4 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing .............................................................................................. 24
F2.5 Ceiling Joist Splicing .................................................................................................................. 24

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings vii

F3 Roof Rafters ........................................................................................................................................ 25

F3.1 Minimum Roof Rafter Sizes ...................................................................................................... 25
F3.1.1 Eave Overhang ............................................................................................................... 25
F3.1.2 Rake Overhang ............................................................................................................... 25
F3.2 Roof Rafter Support Brace ......................................................................................................... 25
F3.3 Roof Rafter Splice ....................................................................................................................... 25
F3.5 Roof Rafter Bottom Flange Bracing.......................................................................................... 25
F4 Hip Framing ....................................................................................................................................... 26
F5 Framing of Openings in Roofs and Ceilings.................................................................................. 26
F6 Roof Trusses ....................................................................................................................................... 26
F7 Ceiling and Roof Diaphragms ......................................................................................................... 26
F8 Roof Framing Connections in High Wind Areas .......................................................................... 26
F8.3 Ridge Strap Connection .............................................................................................................. 26
APPENDIX A FLOW CHARTS ...............................................................................................................27
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................40

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viii AISI S230-19-C

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 1

COMMENTARY
ON THE STANDARD FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING—
PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS

A. GENERAL

A1 Scope
AISI S230 consists of prescriptive requirements for cold-formed steel floor, wall, and roof
framing to be used in the construction of one- and two-family dwellings, townhouses, and other
attached and detached single-family dwellings not more than three stories in height using
repetitive in-line framing practices.

A1.1 Limits of Applicability

AISI S230 is not applicable to all possible conditions of use and is subject to the
applicability limits set forth in Sections A1.1 and A1.2. The applicability limits are necessary
to define reasonable boundaries to the conditions that must be considered in developing
prescriptive construction requirements. The applicability limits should be carefully
understood as they define important constraints on the use of AISI S230.
The applicability limits strike a reasonable balance between engineering theory, available
test data, and proven field practices for typical residential construction applications. The
applicability limits are intended to prevent misapplication while addressing a reasonably
large percentage of new housing conditions. Special consideration is directed toward the
following items related to the applicability limits.
Building Geometry: The provisions in AISI S230 apply to detached one- and two-family
dwellings, townhouses, and other attached single-family dwellings not more than three
stories in height. Its application to homes with complex architectural configurations is subject
to careful interpretation by the user and therefore, engineering design support may be
required. The most common building widths (or depths) range from 24 feet to 40 feet (7.3 to
12.2 m), with axially load bearing wall heights up to 10 feet (3.1 m). The building width as
used in AISI S230 is the dimension measured along the length of the joists (floor or ceiling)
between the outmost structural walls. In 2006, the maximum mean roof height was explicitly
defined as 33 feet (9.14 m) above average grade, since this is what was actually used in the
development of the Standard.
Prior to the 2019 edition, the maximum length of building was limited to 60 feet (18.3 m)
where the length is measured in the direction parallel to the roof ridge or perpendicular to
the floor joists or roof trusses. In 2019, this 60-foot (18.3 m) building size limitation in Table A1-
1 was removed and replaced with braced wall line spacing limitations and provisions within
Section E8. The original 60-foot (18.3 m) limitation was related to the wall bracing provisions
for low wind and low seismic locations first developed as a part of the HUD prescriptive
method for cold-formed steel framing.
Site Conditions: Conditions for each site must be established by the user. Local conditions
include ground snow loads, basic wind speeds, and the Seismic Design Category.
Snow Loads: Snow load values are typically given in a ground snow load map such as
provided in the building code, ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016) or by local practice. The national model
building codes in the U.S. either adopt the ASCE 7 snow map and load requirements or have
a similar map published in the code. The 0 to 70 psf (0 to 3.35 kN/m2) ground snow load

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2 AISI S230-19-C

used in AISI S230 covers approximately 90 percent of the United States, which was deemed to
include the majority of the buildings that are expected to utilize this document. Buildings in
areas with greater snow loads than 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2) should not use this document
without consulting a registered design professional.
Basic Wind Speed: In 2006, in recognition that all areas of the U.S. fall within the 90 to 150
mph (3-second gust) (145 to 241 km/hr) range of design wind speeds per ASCE 7 (ASCE,
2005), the maximum basic wind speed in the Standard was increased from 130 mph (209
km/hr) to 150 mph (241 km/hr). Also per ASCE 7, the three-second-gust wind speeds were
used in the development of AISI S230. ASCE 7 enables the determination of wind load by
either the directional or envelope method. The directional method is used for the
development of AISI S230. In 2019, wind loads were updated to comply with ASCE 7. Wind
speed maps were also revised in ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016) and are directly applicable to
determining pressures for strength design. Wind speed and exposure are defined in AISI
S230. Wind exposure category is a critical determinant of the wind loads to be expected at a
given site, and it should be determined by good judgment on a case-by-case basis. The wind
exposure category in AISI S230 tables is limited to Wind Exposures B and C.
In 2015, provisions were added to allow dwellings sited in Wind Exposure D to be
designed in accordance with the requirements for Wind Exposure C, provided that the basic
wind speed for the Wind Exposure D site is adjusted to an equivalent basic wind speed for a Wind
Exposure C site in accordance with Table A1-3. This means, for example, that the provisions of
AISI S230 for 150 mph Wind Exposure C may be used in cases where Wind Exposure D is
specified by the applicable building code and the basic wind speed is not greater than 138 mph.
Seismic Design Category: AISI S230 covers all residential constructions in Seismic Design
Categories A, B, C, D0, D1, D2 and E (within the limits of applicability of Tables A1-1 and A1-2).
Loads: Consistent values were established for design loads in accordance with a review of
the major building codes and standards. The results of this load review are embodied in the
applicability limits table in AISI S230. Loads and load combinations requiring calculations to
analyze the structural components and assemblies of a home are presented in the design
examples shown throughout this document. The Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
load combinations as shown in ASCE 7 were used to develop the tables and other provisions
in AISI S230.
AISI S230, however, does not limit the application of alternative methods or materials
through engineering design.
In 2019, the scope of the Standard was expanded to include accessory structures to be
consistent with the International Residential Code.

A1.2 Limitations in High Seismic and High Wind Areas

A1.2.1 Irregular Buildings in High Seismic and High Wind Areas

In high wind and high seismic areas, additional limitations were considered to be
necessary. Plan and vertical offsets are not permitted in this edition of AISI S230 for
simplicity. Where the user wishes to exceed the irregularity limits, a registered design
professional should be consulted.

A2 Definitions
Many of the terms in AISI S230 are self-explanatory. Only definitions of terms not self-
explanatory or not defined in the referenced documents are provided in AISI S230 or AISI S240.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 3

A3 Referenced Documents
The design tables contained in previous editions of AISI S230 were generated at different
times and, consequently, were based on different editions of AISI S100, North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. For example, the floor joist,
ceiling joist and screw connection tables were developed using the 1996 edition with the 1999
Supplement; whereas the wall stud, back-to-back header, box header, L-header, roof rafter and
gable end wall tables were developed using the 2001 edition with the 2004 Supplement. The
2012 edition of AISI S100 (AISI, 2012) was used in the development of the 2019 edition of AISI
S230.
A4 Limitations of Framing Members
A4.1 General
The structural members used in AISI S230 are standard C-shapes produced by roll forming
hot-dipped metallic coated sheet steel conforming to AISI S201 (AISI, 2017).
In 2007, AISI S230 recognized that steel sheet in compliance with the requirements of
ASTM A653 Type SS or ASTM A792 Type SS complied with the material specification
requirements of the AISI framing standards. In 2010, as part of an exercise to synchronize all
relevant codes and specifications, provisions that were considered duplicative of the
requirements already in AISI standards were eliminated. However, it should be noted that it
is no longer the intention of the Standard that steel sheet in compliance with the requirements
of ASTM A653 Type SS or ASTM A792 Type SS be deemed to comply with the material
specification requirements of the AISI framing standards, including AISI S230. ASTM A1003
Type H steels are used in the construction of braced walls in high seismic areas.

A4.2 Sheathing Span Capacity

In 2015, limitations for the spacing of structural floor, wall, roof and ceiling members
based on the span capacity of the structural sheathing were included. Prior editions did not
address structural sheathing span requirements for out-of-plane loading such as live load or
snow load. These limitations are the same as those given in AISI S240-15, Section B1.2.4,
Sheathing Span Capacity.
Member section designations, in accordance with AISI S201 (AISI, 2017), are used
throughout AISI S230. The designation system was developed in 1996 in order to standardize
the identification of cold-formed steel framing based on specific shapes and material
thickness. The designator consists of four parts: the first value represents the web depth, the
second value represents the type of steel framing member, the third value represents the
flange width, and the fourth value represents the minimum base steel thickness.
Web Depth: The actual web depths chosen for AISI S230 are 3-1/2 inches, 5-1/2 inches, 8
inches, 10 inches, and 12 inches (89, 140, 203, 254 and 305 mm). The 3-1/2 and 5-1/2 inch (89
and 140 mm) web depths were chosen to accommodate current framing dimensions utilized
in the residential building industry (i.e., to accommodate window and door jambs). These
sizes can be used directly with conventional building materials and practices; however, the
substitution of a slightly larger size member, such as using a 3-5/8 inch (92 mm) or 4-inch
(102 mm) stud instead of a 3-1/2 inch (89 mm) stud, are acceptable. The depth of the web for
8-, 10-, and 12-inch (203, 254, and 305 mm) members, versus traditional lumber sizes, are not
of great significance because they are typically used for horizontal framing members (i.e.,
headers and joists).

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4 AISI S230-19-C

Flange Width: AISI S230 requires that the standard C-shape have a minimum of 1-5/8 inch
(41 mm) flange with a maximum flange dimension of 2 inches (51 mm).
Lip Size and Corner Radii: AISI S201 provides a minimum size for the stiffening lip and
the corner radii. These dimensions are common in the industry. Decreasing the lip size may
have a detrimental effect on the structural capacity of structural members in many
circumstances.
AISI S230 requires steel tracks to have a minimum flange dimension of 1-1/4 inches (32
mm). This dimension ensures a sufficient flange width to allow fastening of the track to the
framing members and finish materials. Steel track webs are measured from inside to inside of
flanges and thus have wider overall web depths than the associated standard C-shapes. This
difference in size allows the C-shape to be properly nested into the track sections. In AISI S230,
tracks are always required to have a minimum steel thickness equal to or greater than the
structural members to which they are attached.
The steel thickness indicated by AISI S230 is the minimum uncoated steel thickness
(excluding the thickness of the metallic coating) and is given in mils (1/1000 of an inch). This
unit is a deviation from the historic practice, which uses a gauge designation for thickness.
The “gauge” is an outdated reference that represents a range of thicknesses and is, therefore,
a vague unit of measure when specifying minimums. The practice of using “gauge” as a basis
for measurement has been discontinued in the industry. In order to achieve consistency, the
mil designation was adopted. For example, the 33 mils (i.e., 0.033 inches or 0.84 mm), 43 mils
(i.e., 0.043 inches or 1.09 mm), 54 mils (i.e., 0.054 inches or 1.37 mm), 68 mils (i.e., 0.068 inches
or 1.73 mm), and 97 mils (i.e., 0.097 inches or 2.46 mm) are specified for the thickness.
The minimum thickness is the minimum delivered thickness that cannot be less than the
design thickness multiplied by 0.95, which is permitted by the AISI Specification (AISI, 2012).
The design thickness of the flat steel stock, exclusive of coatings, is used in the structural
calculations.
The corner bend radius is measured on the inside of bends in cold-formed steel members.
Strength increases are realized in the regions of bends due to a phenomenon known as cold
working, which locally increases the yield strength of the steel.

A4.4 Material Properties

Prior to 2015, AISI S230 applied to steel with minimum yield strength of 33 ksi (230 MPa)
or 50 ksi (345 MPa). The 33 ksi (230 MPa) steels are the minimum required for all steel floors,
roofs, and header components. Multiple-span floor joist, wall stud, header and roof rafter tables
were provided for both 33 ksi (230 MPa) and 50 ksi (345 MPa) minimum yield strength. The 50
ksi (345 MPa) yield strength steel was included because of the structural benefits.
In 2015, AISI S230 was streamlined to include tabulated solutions for just the more
popular material yield strengths for each designation thickness: 33 ksi is used for 33 mil and 43
mil thick material, and 50 ksi is used for material equal to or greater than 54 mil thickness.
The user is advised to check the availability of specific framing material in the region in
which the dwelling is being constructed. Not all material specified in AISI S230 is expected to
be available in all locations.
Strength increase from the cold work of forming (as permitted by the AISI Specification) is
utilized for the design of C-shaped members in AISI S230 used as flexural members,
concentrically loaded compression members, and members with combined axial and bending
loads. The reader is referred to the Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual (AISI, 2013) for
engineering calculations illustrating the application of the strength increase due to cold work

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 5

of forming.

A4.4.1 Material Properties in High Wind and High Seismic Areas

Further limitations on material properties are imposed for the use of AISI S230 in high
wind and high seismic areas. These limitations were imposed to reflect the material
properties used in the available shear wall test data.

A4.5 Web Holes

All structural members (i.e., floor and ceiling joists, wall studs and headers), except
cantilevered portions of framing members, used in AISI S230 are designed assuming
maximum web hole dimensions as shown in Figures A4-1 and A4-2 of AISI S230. The
maximum web hole dimensions are consistent with AISI S201 (AISI, 2017). The design
procedure follows AISI S100 (AISI, 2012).

A4.6 Hole Reinforcing

This section provides reinforcing options for web holes violating the requirements of
AISI S230, Section A4.5 and is based on engineering judgment and research at McMaster
University (Siva, 2007).

A4.7 Hole Patching

In 2004, the limitations “that the depth of the hole does not exceed 70% of the flat width of
the web and the length of the hole measured along the web does not exceed 10 inches (254
mm) or the depth of the web, whichever is greater” were added along with other editorial
changes to better differentiate the permitted use of a patch versus required member
replacement or engineering analysis.

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6 AISI S230-19-C

B. CONNECTIONS
B1 Fastening Requirements
Self-drilling screws conforming to the requirements of AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) are specified
as the fastener for cold-formed steel framing members in AISI S230. Requirements for sharp
point screws connecting gypsum board and sheathing to steel studs are found in ASTM C1002
(ASTM, 2007) and ASTM C954 (ASTM, 2010). The edge distance and center-to-center spacing of
these screws follow industry recommendations and AISI S100 (AISI, 2012). Although AISI S230
specifies the use of screws, other fastening methods are permitted to be used provided that the
connection capacity can be shown to equal or exceed the connection capacity implied in AISI
S230.
For practical purposes and added capacity in certain applications, No. 10 screws are
specified in AISI S230. Because the point style of the screw may affect constructability, screw
manufacturer recommendations should be consulted. For example, a sharp point screw may be
efficiently used to connect gypsum board and other panel products to steel framing members
that are no thicker than 33 mils (0.84 mm).
Screw capacities are calculated based on the design equations given in AISI S100. These
equations are used to calculate the shear, pull-over, and pull-out capacities of a connection
based on the thickness and tensile strength of the steel and diameter of the screw.
AISI S230 also provides a screw substitution factor where larger screws can be used in lieu
of the No. 8 screws or when one of the sheets of steel being connected is thicker than 33 mils
(0.84 mm). This may result in a reduced number of screws.

B2 Bearing Stiffeners
Webs of cold-formed steel members may cripple or buckle locally at locations of a
concentrated load or a bearing support. The allowable reactions and concentrated loads for
beams having single unreinforced webs depend on web depth, bend radius, web thickness, yield
strength, and actual bearing length.
The floor joist spans in AISI S230 were derived assuming that bearing stiffeners (also called web
stiffeners) are located at all support or bearing point locations. Ceiling joist span tables were
developed for two cases: 1) assuming bearing stiffeners are located at all support or bearing point
locations, and 2) no bearing stiffeners. Where specified, bearing stiffeners are to be a minimum of 43
mil (1.09 mm) clip angle or track section, or 33 mil (0.84 mm) C-shaped member.
Three types of bearing stiffeners are permitted in AISI S230: C-shaped, track, and clip angle. The
requirements for the C-shaped and track bearing stiffeners are based on engineering judgment, the
bearing stiffener connection to the rim track is optional, and either screw pattern in Figure B2-1 is
permitted. The clip angle bearing stiffener requirements are stipulated in AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b).
B3 Clip Angles
All clip angle dimensions prescribed are shown as minimums. Clip angles that are of a greater
base steel thickness or have greater overall dimensions, or both, are permitted to be used up to a
maximum thickness of 68 mils.
B4 Anchor Bolts
In the high wind areas and high seismic areas, the requirement for a minimum steel plate
washer is based on engineering judgment.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 7

D. FLOOR FRAMING

D1 Floor Construction
Floor trusses are not prescriptively addressed in AISI S230 but are permitted, in accordance
with Section D8, and must be designed by a registered design professional. Floor girders are also
not addressed in AISI S230.

D2 Floor to Foundation or Structural Wall Connection

AISI S230 provides several details for connecting floor assemblies to foundations or
structural walls. The details reflect common industry practice. In areas where wind speeds
exceed 140 mph (177 km/hr) (Wind Exposure C) or in Seismic Design Category D1, D2 or E,
additional requirements for hold-downs and anchors are specified in Sections E11, E12 and E13.

D3 Minimum Floor Joist Sizes

AISI S230 provides floor joist tables with maximum allowable spans for two live load
conditions: 30 psf and 40 psf (1.44 and 1.92 kN/m2). The two live load conditions are specified
in the International Building Code (ICC, 2018a) and the International Residential Code (ICC, 2018b).
The 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) is typically specified for sleeping areas, while the 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2) is
specified for living areas. The spans shown in AISI S230 assume bearing stiffeners are installed at
each bearing point. Bearing stiffener requirements are provided in Section B2 of AISI S230.
For the design of floor joists, the following design considerations were evaluated:
• Flexural yielding
• Flexural buckling
• Web crippling
• Shear
• Vertical deflection
• Combined bending and shear (for multiple spans only)
All joists are considered to have web holes (a.k.a. “penetrations,” “utility holes,” and
“punchouts”) in accordance with Section A4.5. The compression flange (top flange) of a floor joist
is assumed to be continuously braced by the subflooring, thus providing lateral bracing for the
top flanges.
The joist span tables are calculated for a deflection limit of L/480 for live load and L/240 for
total loads, where L is the clear horizontal distance between supports. The L/480 limit may be
more stringent than the minimum deflection limits established by building codes, but was
selected to achieve a satisfactory floor design for serviceability.
Two-span joists are commonly used in the residential steel building market. Certain
measures are necessary to address the responses of the loaded members. The magnitude of the
reaction at the middle support will be greater than the end reactions. The mid-span reaction and
also the end reactions may cause a web crippling failure at those locations, and consequently,
the bearing stiffener at the bearing point is required. The second issue with two-span joists is the
presence of negative moments (i.e., reversed bending) near the middle support resulting in the
compression flange being at the bottom rather than the top of the joists. If left unbraced, this
could cause lateral instability and result in premature failure of the joists under maximum
loading conditions. Furthermore, due to the presence of high shear and bending stresses at the
middle reactions, shear and bending interaction is checked for two-span joists.
Bottom flange bracing at interior supports is provided by ceiling finishes (when present) and

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8 AISI S230-19-C

by positive connection to the interior bearing wall.

In 2015, as part of a streamlining of AISI S230, tables for multiple spans were deleted and
users were permitted to select two-span members using the tables for single spans, with certain
exceptions.

D3.1 Floor Cantilevers

Cantilevers supporting structural walls may create special loading conditions that require
an engineering analysis. In AISI S230, floor cantilevers are limited to a maximum of 24 inches
(610 mm) for floors supporting one wall and roof only (one story). This limitation is imposed
to minimize the impact of the added load on the floor joists. To fully utilize the strength of the
joist, web holes are not permitted in cantilevered portions of a joist. AISI S230 provides details
for cantilevered floors. It is essential that blocking be installed between cantilevered joists at
the bearing locations to adequately transfer floor diaphragm or shear wall loads (refer to
Section D5.4).

D4 Bearing Stiffeners
The floor joist spans in AISI S230 were calculated assuming that bearing stiffeners (also called
web stiffeners) are located at all support or bearing point locations. The bearing stiffeners are
specified to be C-shaped, track or clip angle bearing stiffeners installed in accordance with Section
B2. In 2006, language was added to clarify the requirements for bearing stiffeners when floor joists
are lapped over interior bearing supports and to explicitly require that floor joists supporting
jamb studs with multiple members have two bearing stiffeners.

D5 Joist Bracing and Blocking

D5.1 Joist Top Flange Bracing
For typical residential floors, it has been assumed that the function of the floor sheathing
is to transfer the loads to the joists, and to provide continuous lateral bracing to the
compression flanges. Testing has indicated that using a single joist for strength calculation
agrees with actual behavior when uniform loads are applied (WJE, 1977).

D5.2 Joist Bottom Flange Bracing/Blocking

Bracing the bottom flanges of joists as specified in AISI S230 is based on industry practice
and engineering judgment. Steel strapping and finished ceilings (e.g., application of gypsum
board) are considered to be adequate bracing for the tension flanges. It is necessary, however,
for steel strapping to have blocking installed at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.7 m) and at
the termination ends of all straps. Alternatively, the ends of steel straps may be fastened to a
stable component of the building in lieu of blocking (i.e., to a bearing wall or foundation).
D5.3 Blocking at Interior Bearing Supports
Single-span floor joists that are lapped over interior supports do not require blocking as the
lapped sections provide adequate stiffness to prevent lateral movements. Continuous joists
over interior supports, on the other hand, require blocking at every other joist to provide
adequate stiffness to prevent lateral movement.

D5.4 Blocking at Cantilevers

Blocking is required for cantilevered supports to transfer shear loads from the floor
diaphragm or shear wall.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 9

D6 Splicing
Splicing of structural members is not permitted by AISI S230; however, there may be some
situations where splicing would be useful. Applications may include repair of damaged joists,
and simplified details for dropped floors. In these situations, a registered design professional must
be consulted.
The floor joist spans provided in AISI S230 are based on the assumption that the joists are full-
length, with no splices. Therefore, splicing of joist members in AISI S230 requires an approved
design except when lapped joists occur at interior bearing points.

D7 Framing of Floor Openings

In 2015, the limitation for opening size was added to ensure adequacy of the floor diaphragm.
Also, because the floor system provides the lateral support for a load-bearing stud wall, the
requirement that the opening be no closer than 2 feet (0.61 m) from the exterior wall was added.
In such cases when the floor opening is less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from the exterior wall, an
engineered design is required.
Openings in floors are needed for several reasons (such as at stairs, chases, and chimneys).
AISI S230 limits the maximum width of the floor opening to 12 feet (3.6 m) and provides a
provision for reinforcing the members around floor openings. All members around floor
openings (i.e., header and trimmer joists) are required to be box-type members made by nesting
C-shaped joists into a track and fastening them together along the top and bottom flanges. These
built-up members are required to be equal to or greater in size and steel thickness than the floor
joists, to which they are connected. Each header joist is required to be connected to the trimmer
joist with a clip angle on each side of each connection. The clip angle is required to be of a
thickness equivalent to the floor joists. The members around an opening are designed to support
joists that have been displaced by the opening. The perimeter members given in AISI S230 do
not consider additional stair loads.

D8 Floor Trusses
AISI S230 does not contain provisions for floor trusses, which must have an approved design.
This section is included so that pre-engineered floor trusses may be used in conjunction with
this document. AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) should be consulted for the truss design.

D9 Diaphragms
Floor diaphragms are required to adequately transfer shear loads to the foundation. In steel-
framed floors, the shear load transfer is typically accomplished by sheathing the top flanges of
the joists with wood structural sheathing (such as OSB or plywood). Shear strength values used in
verifying the adequacy of the floor diaphragms were taken from AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) for
oriented strand board (OSB) panels fastened to steel members with No. 8 screws at 6 inch (152
mm) on center spacing at panel edges and 12 inch (305 mm) on center spacing at intermediate
supports. Additional requirements for steel floors constructed in high wind [140 mph (177
km/hr) or greater] or high seismic areas (Seismic Design Category D0, D1, D2 and E) are specified in
Section D9.1.

D9.1 Floor Diaphragms in High Seismic and High Wind Areas

Shear strength values used in verifying the adequacy of the floor diaphragms were taken
from AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) for oriented strand board (OSB) panels fastened to steel
members with No. 8 screws at 6 inch (152 mm) on center spacing at panel edges and 6 inch

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10 AISI S230-19-C

(152 mm) on center spacing at intermediate supports. The reduced fastener spacing from 12
inches (305 mm) to 6 inches (152 mm) is to ensure that the diaphragm adequately transfers
shear loads to the foundation.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 11

E. WALL FRAMING

E2 Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection

Historically, the wall track was required to be connected through the floor sheathing to a
steel member; i.e., the floor joist or track below. In 2004, Table E2-1 was revised to enable
connection of the wall track to the floor sheathing alone (Figure E2-4). This revision was based
on research by the NAHB Research Center (NAHBRC, 2003) in which five shear tests and six
withdrawal tests were conducted where 33-mil (0.84 mm) track was connected to 23/32-inch-
thick (18 mm) OSB sheathing using No. 8 screws. The average ultimate shear capacity was 412
lb (187 kg) and the average ultimate pullout capacity was 350 lb (159 kg). Considering that the
minimum allowable fastener capacities for steel-to-steel connections for No. 8 screws and 33 mil
(0.84 mm) material of 164 lb (74 kg) for shear and 72 lb (32.6 kg) for pullout were used to
calculate the requirements for AISI S230, the Committee deemed that it would not be necessary
to require that every fastener connect to a floor joist or track member. In 2007, AISI S230 was
expanded to include gable endwall to floor connection requirements for studs with heights
greater than 10 feet, based on a study at the University of Missouri-Rolla (Downey et al., 2005).
Prior to 2015, the uplift wind requirements were permitted to be reduced by 30% for high
wind connections to foundations or floor assemblies. Because the Directional Method replaced
the previously used Envelope Method, this reduction was no longer applicable.
In 2019, post-installed anchors were added as an acceptable method of wall anchorage, if
spaced as required to provide equivalent anchorage to the required anchor bolts and installed in
accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements.

E3 Minimum Stud Sizes

This section dictates the minimum required thickness of steel studs for different wind
speeds, wind exposure categories, wall heights, supported clear spans, live loads, and ground
snow loads. Stud selection tables are limited to buildings not greater than three stories with
structural wall heights up to 10 feet (3.05 m). In 2007, AISI S230 was expanded to include gable
endwall studs with heights greater than 10 feet, based on a study at the University of Missouri-
Rolla (Downey et al., 2005).
The 8-foot (2.44 m) wall height is widely used in residential construction; however, the
higher strength of cold-formed steel wall studs enable light-steel-framed construction to provide
for higher ceilings such as 9- and 10-foot (2.74 and 3.05 m) walls.
The wall studs are grouped into three categories:
• Studs for one-story or second floor of two-story building or third floor of a three-story
building (supporting roof only)
• Studs for first story of a two-story building or second story of a three-story building
(supporting roof + one floor)
• Studs for first story of a three-story building (supporting roof + two floors)
For walls sheathed on both faces with wood structural panels [minimum 7/16 inch (11.1
mm) OSB or minimum 15/32 inch (11.9 mm) plywood], a reduction in thickness of the stud is
allowed. All studs in exterior walls are treated as structural members in AISI S230. The following
design assumptions were made in developing the wall stud selection tables:
• Studs are simply supported beam-columns.

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12 AISI S230-19-C

• The exterior flanges of the studs are braced by structural sheathing and the interior flanges
are braced by mechanical bracing [mechanical bracing at mid-height for 8-foot studs (2.4
m), 1/3 point for 9-foot (2.74 m) and 10-foot (3.05 m) and 11’-4” (3.45 m) studs].
• Maximum roof overhang is 24 inches (610 mm).
• Roof slopes are limited to a range of 3:12 to 12:12.
• Deflection limit is L/240.
• Ceilings, roofs, attics, and floors span the full width of the house (no interior bearing
walls).
• Permitted attic live load is limited to 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2).
• Second floor of a two-story building and third floor of a three-story building live load
are 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2). Second floor of a three-story building floor live load is 40 psf.
• Unbalanced snow loads are determined in accordance with ASCE 7.
Stud Design
The design of the studs was based on the following design checks as stipulated by AISI S240
(AISI, 2015b):
• Combined bending and axial strength using Main Wind Force-Resisting System
(MWFRS) wind loads and the bracing as defined by Section E4.
• Bending strength based on Components and Cladding (C&C) loads and the bracing as
defined by Section E4.
• Web crippling strength based on Components and Cladding (C&C) loads. Because
bending alone was considered, Equation B2.2-1 was used for the development of the
stud tables.
• Deflection limit based upon 70% of Components and Cladding (C&C) loads.
Wind Design Loads
Components and Cladding (C&C) loads at the ends and corners of walls can be significantly
higher than in the middle or field of the wall. However, historically (for residential construction),
rather than design the entire wall for these increased corner loads, the loads in the middle of the
wall were used to design the studs. Thus, the tables in AISI S230 were developed for field of the
wall wind loads.
In 2015, Table E3-19 was developed and added to address minimum connection requirements
of the wall sheathing for wind suction from C&C wind loads.

E4 Stud Bracing
Studs in structural walls are laterally braced on each flange by either a continuous 1-1/2 inch
x 33 mil (38.1 x 0.84 mm) (minimum) strap at mid-height [or third points for 9-foot (2.74 m) and
10-foot (3.05 m) studs) or by direct attachment of structural sheathing or rigid wall finishes (i.e.,
structural panels such as plywood, OSB or gypsum board], according to the requirements of
AISI S230. Therefore, for the evaluation of both the bending strength and axial strength, all studs
were considered to be braced at mid-height [or third points for 9-foot (2.74 m) and 10-foot (3.05
m) studs] for the engineering analysis of the stud tables. As previously noted, the benefit
achieved from structurally sheathed walls (both wall faces) on the required stud thickness and the
composite wall strength are recognized by the allowance in dropping down a stud thickness for
43 mil Grade 33 studs.
Temporary bracing may be necessary to facilitate safe construction practices and to ensure
that the structural integrity of the wall assembly is maintained. Prior to the installation of
cladding or bridging, a wall stud is free to twist, thus making the stud potentially subject to
premature failure under heavy construction loads (i.e., stack of gypsum wallboard or roof

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 13

shingles). In such cases, temporary bracing must be provided.

E5 Splicing
The stud tables provided in AISI S230 are based on an assumption that the studs are
continuous, with no splices. Therefore, structural studs shall not be spliced without an approved
design. Tracks are permitted to be spliced according to the requirements and details in AISI
S230.

E6 Corner Framing
AISI S230 utilizes a traditional three-stud practice for framing corners. The corner cavity
should be insulated before the exterior sheathing is applied.

E7 Headers
Headers are horizontal members used to transfer loads around openings in structural walls.
Headers specified in AISI S230 are allowed only above the opening immediately below the wall
top track (i.e., high headers). In 2007, an exception to this requirement was included in AISI S230
along with an alternative detail for box and back-to-back headers in gable endwalls, based on a
study at the University of Missouri-Rolla (Downey et al., 2005). Historically, the two traditional
ways of constructing headers were to put two C-shaped members back-to-back or in a box shape.
However, recent testing of single and double L-shaped headers has proven that they, as well as
inverted L-headers, may be an economical alternative to traditional headers in lightly loaded
situations.
The following general design assumptions were made in determining header spans:
• Headers are simply supported beams
• Maximum roof overhang of 24 inches (610 mm)
• Roof slopes limited to a range of 3:12 to 12:12
• Ceilings, roofs, attics, and floors span the full width of the house; no interior load
bearing walls, except as noted
• Deflection limit of L/240
The design of headers is based on AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b).
E7.1 Box Headers
Box headers are formed from two equal-sized C-shaped members placed toe-to-toe in a
box-type configuration and fastened to both the wall top track and a track below. Tracks used
to frame around openings are required to have a steel thickness equivalent to or greater
than the wall studs. The orientation of the lower track is not critical to the structural
performance of the box header. Thus, the lower track can be oriented to face either the top or
the bottom of the wall. The following design assumptions were used when developing the
header selection tables:
• Bending capacity is based on two C-sections alone. The track is not considered composite
with the C-sections.
• Shear capacity is based on two C-sections alone.
• Interior-one-flange loading web crippling capacity is based on AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b)
with a bearing length, N = 1.
• End-one-flange loading web crippling capacity is not evaluated because the typical end
detail precludes web crippling.
• Bending and web crippling capacities are based on AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b).

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14 AISI S230-19-C

• Deflection is based on two C-sections alone. The track is not considered composite with
the C-sections.
E7.2 Back-to-Back Headers
Back-to-back headers are formed from two equal-sized C-shaped members in a back-to-
back configuration creating an I-section. These C-shaped sections are fastened to the wall top
track and a lower track spanning the width of the opening. Tracks used to frame around
openings are required to have a steel thickness equal to or greater than the wall studs. The
lower track can be oriented to face either towards the top or the bottom of the wall. It is more
difficult to install strapping around back-to-back headers in high wind areas. The following
design assumptions were made in developing the header selection tables:
• Bending capacity is based on two C-sections alone. The track is not considered composite
with the C-sections.
• Shear capacity is based on two C-sections alone.
• Interior-one-flange loading web crippling capacity is based on AISI S100 (AISI, 2012)
with a bearing length, N = 1.
• End-one-flange loading web crippling capacity is not evaluated because the typical end
detail precludes web crippling.
• Bending and web crippling capacities are based on AISI S100 (AISI, 2012).
• Deflection is based on two C-sections alone. The track is not considered composite with
the C-sections.
E7.3 L-Headers

E7.3.1 Double L-Headers

A double L-header is shown in Figure E7-5 of AISI S230. Tables for gravity and uplift
loads are provided for double L-headers. Double L-headers are easy to install. They can be
installed during or after the wall has been framed. They do not require pre-insulation and
provide a large surface to apply finishing materials. They also require less material (steel
and screws) than back-to-back or box headers. Double L-headers do not need to be cut to
exact lengths; however, they need to lap over a minimum of one king stud at each end. The
design of the L-header is based on AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b), which stipulates that the
bending capacity be based on the angles alone. AISI S240 also stipulates that shear and web
crippling alone, as well as combinations of shear, bending or web crippling, need not be
checked.

E7.3.2 Single L-Headers

A single L-header is shown in Figure E7-6 of AISI S230. Tables for gravity loads only are
provided for single L-headers. They can be installed during or after the wall has been
framed. They do not require pre-insulation and provide a large surface to apply finishing
materials. They also require less material (steel and screws) than back-to-back or box
headers. Single L-headers do not need to be cut to exact lengths; however, they need to lap
over the required king studs. L-header strength is usually controlled by wind uplift load
since the L-header vertical leg is in compression. Inverted L-headers (see Section E7.3.3) may
be required for wind uplift load. The design of the L-header is based on AISI S240 (AISI,
2015b), which stipulates that the bending capacity be based on the angle alone. AISI S240
also stipulates that shear and web crippling alone, as well as combinations of shear,
bending or web crippling, need not be checked.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 15

E7.3.3 Inverted L-Headers

An inverted L-header is shown in Figure E7-7 of AISI S230. Tables for gravity and uplift
loads are provided for inverted L-headers. They can be installed during or after the wall has
been framed. They do not require pre-insulation and provide a large surface to apply
finishing materials. They also require less material (steel and screws) than back-to-back or
box headers. Inverted L-headers need to be cut to exact lengths. The design of the L-header is
based on AISI S240. AISI S240 stipulates that for double inverted L-headers (double L-
headers plus inverted double L-headers), the bending capacity is determined by summing
the double L-headers’ bending capacities for gravity loading, and summing the inverted
double L-headers’ bending capacities for uplift loading. For the single inverted L-header (one
L-header plus one inverted L-header), AISI S240 states that the gravity capacity is equal to
the single L-header bending capacity, and uplift capacity is equal to the inverted single L-
header bending capacity. AISI S240 also stipulates that shear and web crippling alone, as
well as combinations of shear, bending or web crippling, need not be checked.

E7.4 Jack and King Studs

The required number of jack and king studs was calculated based on the size of the
opening. The number was determined by taking the width of the opening, dividing by the
stud spacing, and rounding to the next higher whole number. The resulting number is further
divided into jack and king studs based on the required axial capacity being provided by the
jack studs only. King and jack studs are required to be the same size and thickness as the
adjacent wall studs. Jack and king studs are interconnected by structural sheathing (plywood or
OSB) to transfer lateral loads (when multiple king and jack studs are required).

E7.5 Head and Sill Track

Head and sill tracks are those located at top (i.e., head) or bottom (i.e., sill) of window or
door openings. Head and sill tracks span the full width of the opening and are designed to
resist lateral wind loads only. The allowable head and sill track spans were calculated using
C&C wind loads for a 48-inch (1.22-m) tributary span [i.e., assuming the opening covers the
entire height of the 8-foot (2.44 m) wall.] As the tributary span decreases, the head and sill
track will have to resist less wind loads. Therefore, for a 4-foot (1.22-m) opening, the tributary
opening width is 2 feet (0.61 m) and hence the allowable head and sill track span increases by
a factor of 1.75. Similarly, for a 6-foot (1.83 m) opening, the tributary opening is 3 feet (0.92 m)
and hence the allowable head and sill track span increases by a factor of 1.50.

E8 Wall Bracing
The wall bracing provisions of this section are applicable to buildings classified as Seismic
Design Category A, B and C and for buildings located where the basic wind speed is less than 140
mph (225 km/hr) Exposure C.
In 2019, due to the removal of the building size limits in Table A1-1, Sections E8.1 through
E8.3 were included to specify details regarding the construction, location, and quantity of braced
wall lines and braced wall panels.
Four bracing methods are recognized in AISI S230:
• Method A – Continuous wood structural panel sheathing
• Method B – Sheet steel sheathing
• Method C – Continuous structural fiberboard sheathing

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16 AISI S230-19-C

• Method D – Continuous gypsum board sheathing

In 2019, the available bracing methods in AISI S230 were expanded to include sheet steel,
structural fiberboard sheathing and gypsum board sheathing in addition to structural wood
panel sheathing. Reference to strap bracing (diagonal X-bracing) was removed in the 2019 edition
and it now falls under Section E8.4.2, Other Approved Bracing Methods.

E8.1 Braced Wall Lines

The braced wall line provisions developed for this edition of AISI S230 are compatible
with the provisions for light-framed construction prescribed in the 2015 International
Residential Code (IRC).

E8.1.1 Braced Wall Line Spacing

The requirements related to braced wall line spacing are the major changes in format and
approach to determining bracing amounts. The 60-foot (18.3 m) braced wall line spacing
specified in this section conforms to the prescribed spacing listed in the 2015 IRC. Table
R602.10.1.3 in the IRC prescribes 60-foot (18.3 m) maximum spacing for most conditions.
However, townhouses in SDC C are prescribed a 35-foot (10.7 m) allowable spacing with
the exception of permitted 50-foot (15.3 m) spacing when adjustment factors to the amount
of wall bracing are applied. This also necessitates a number of other changes or additions
to the bracing provisions of Section E8, including limits on the slenderness of diaphragms
spanning between any two braced wall lines. The term diaphragm span-to-depth ratio is
defined and used for this purpose. The limitation of a 3:1 diaphragm span-to-depth ratio is
consistent with the AISI S240-15 for unblocked diaphragms.

E8.1.2 Offsets in Braced Wall Lines

The issue of determining braced wall lines and their spacing is one of the more
important, yet misunderstood, requirements of the IRC light-framed bracing provisions.
Therefore, in 2015 improved illustrations were provided to demonstrate how to handle
braced wall lines with offsets. The provisions for offsets were unchanged in the 2019 update.

E8.2 Bracing Amount

E8.2.1 Minimum Required Bracing Amount for Braced Wall Lines

Minimum bracing amounts are presented in separate tables for wind and seismic loads.
Seismic loads are required to be checked only in SDC C. As in the previous provisions, the
greater of wind or seismic bracing amounts determines the amount of bracing required for
a braced wall line. In addition, the tables are tabulated based on braced wall line spacing.
Therefore, bracing amounts may be reduced by decreasing braced wall line spacing or use of
interior braced wall lines. Interior braced wall lines are required when exterior braced wall lines
are spaced more than 60 feet (18.3 m) apart. Other requirements are similar to AISI S230-15.
Tabulated bracing amounts are subject to a number of adjustment factors provided in
Section E8.2.2. Derivation of bracing amounts is discussed later.

E8.2.2 Bracing Amount Adjustments

Tabulated bracing amounts required by Section E8.2.1 are based on a baseline set of
conditions. Section E8.2.2 provides adjustment factors to address specific building or site

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 17

conditions. Thus, all adjustment factors are provided or addressed in this section. The
existing adjustment factor for use of hold-downs is retained in new Section E8.2.2.2, but is
revised to 0.7 instead of 0.6. This increase is to account for the condition of adding hold-
down brackets relative to the bracing amounts analyzed based on the perforated shear wall
method and partial restraint (absence of hold-down brackets, but restraint provided by the
building assemblies such as corners). The analysis of bracing amounts is discussed later.
Finally, bracing adjustment factors relevant to each bracing method are referenced in
Section E8.4 because many of these adjustments vary for each bracing method.

E8.3 Braced Wall Panels

E8.3.1 Minimum Length of a Braced Wall Panel

The minimum 4-foot (1.22 m) braced wall panel width (length along a braced wall line) is
retained from the AISI S230-15 provisions. In 2018, exceptions were added for allowable 2-
foot (0.61 m) panels for conditions in which another 2-foot (0.61 m) full-height panel is
installed at the corner on the adjoining BWL, or there is an 800-lb (3.56 kN) hold-down
installed at the edge of the BWP at the end of the BWL. These exceptions are consistent
with the provisions for light-framed braced wall pane in the IRC.

E8.3.2 Braced Wall Panel Location Requirements

Braced wall panel location requirements are also consistent with accepted practice for
light-frame construction in the IRC and AISI S230-15 requirements. In 2018, exceptions
were provided for a minimum 2-foot (0.61 m) panel at corners (consistent with AISI S230-
15) and for allowing no panels at the corners when a minimum 800-lb (3.56 kN) hold-down
is provided at a braced wall panel no more than 10 feet (3.05 m) from the end of the braced
wall line. The 800-lb (3.56 kN) hold-down is intended to be equivalent to the partial-
restraint effect of a corner with minimum 2-foot panels of structural sheathing. This is
equivalent to 2018 provisions in the IRC for light-frame construction.

E8.4 Bracing Methods

The wall bracing requirements in AISI S230 are based on an engineered approach that
utilizes available technical knowledge. The allowable shear strength for wood structural
panel, sheet steel, fiber board and gypsum board sheathing are based on Table B5.2.2.3-1
through Table B5.2.2.3-4 of AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) and a safety factor of 2.5 was used for
seismic design of Methods A and B. A Response Modification Factor of R = 2 was used for
Methods C and D and therefore a safety factor of 2.0 was used. The safety factor of 2.5 is
appropriate for high seismic areas and is conservative for other cases. The shear strength for
assemblies relevant to this document is summarized in Table C-E8.4.

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18 AISI S230-19-C

Table C-E8.4
Cold-Formed Steel Framed Walls Shear Strength (AISI S240)
Assembly Description Nominal Allowable
Shear Strength (plf) Shear Strength (plf)
7/16" OSB APA Rated sheathing w/ panels
910 364
on one side
0.027” Steel Sheet w/ min. 33 mil studs 710 284
½” Fiber Board 615 308
½” Gypsum Board 230 115
The intent in AISI S230 is to have the entire building fully sheathed (except for door and
window openings, as limited by the minimum length of full-height sheathing).
The lateral wind loads were calculated for a range of building surfaces using the orthogonal
wind loading approach of ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016). Tributary areas consisting of the leeward and
windward wall surfaces were assigned to each exterior shear wall (i.e., sidewalls and endwalls)
to determine the in-plane shear loads to be resisted by the walls.
Using the more conservative allowable shear strength from Table C-E8.2 of 364 plf (5.39
kN/m), AISI S230 wall bracing requirements were determined. The length of full-height
sheathing required was then tabulated as a percentage of wall length for sidewalls and
endwalls over the range of building geometries defined in AISI S230 applicability limits. The
length of wall with full-height sheathing is defined as the sum of wall segments that have
sheathing extending from the bottom track to the top track, without interruption due to
openings (i.e., the total of lengths of wall between window and door openings). The individual
wall segments must be 48 inches (1.22 m) in length or greater to contribute to the required
length of full-height sheathing for a given wall line, unless permitted otherwise.
As a final step necessary for a basic prescriptive approach, the requirements were
conservatively reduced to the minimum percent lengths of full-height sheathed wall shown in
the wall-bracing table of AISI S230. The only building geometry parameter retained was roof
slope due to a significant impact on the wind loads transferred to the shear walls. Footnotes to
the shear wall table provide additional information related to the proper applications of the
requirements.
Fastening of structural sheathing is typically done at 6-inch (152 mm) spacing at the
perimeters and 12-inch spacing (305 mm) in the field. When this spacing is reduced to 4
inches (102 mm) (perimeter spacing only), the percentage of full-height sheathing is
permitted to be multiplied by 0.72.
A hold-down anchor shall consist of an approved strap or bracket adequately attached to
the stud and anchored to the foundation, floor, or wall below to form a continuous load path
to the foundation. Hold-down anchors may also be added to reduce the amount of full-height
sheathing required, or to increase the shear (racking) strength of the wall.

E8.4.1 Continuous Structural Sheathing Bracing Methods

This section provides overall requirements for four continuous structural sheathing
methods. Adjustment factors presented in this section are consistent with the use of the
perforated shear wall method to analyze the bracing amounts in Section E8.2. These
maximum clear opening height adjustment factors for bracing methods A-D assume the
perforated shear wall method and partial restraint effects observed for Method A apply

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 19

similarly for methods B-D.

E8.4.1.1 Method A – Continuous Wood Structural Panel Sheathing

This section addresses continuous wood structural panel bracing. An adjustment
factor for 4-inch (102 mm) edge fastener spacing is retained from AISI S230-15. The more
conservative nominal shear value for 7/16” OSB (910 plf (13.5 kN/m) for wind and
seismic) was used to analyze bracing amounts and is based on AISI S240-15 as listed in
Table C-E8.2.

E8.4.1.2 Method B – Continuous Steel Sheet Sheathing

The continuous steel sheeting bracing method was added in 2019 and is analyzed in
the same manner as Method A in terms of using the perforated shear wall equations.
The installation requirements are based on AISI S240-15 provisions as well as the
nominal shear value (710 plf (10.5 kN/m) for wind and seismic) used to analyze bracing
amounts. An adjustment factor for lapping of intermediate horizontal joints is also
included and is based on AISI S240-15. The fastener edge distance of 3/8-inch (1/2-inch
in Canada) is based on AISI S400-15.

E8.4.1.3 Method C – Continuous Structural Fiberboard Sheathing

The continuous structural fiberboard sheathing method was added in 2019.
Installation requirements are based S240-15. A nominal shear strength of 615 plf (9.1
kN/m) (for wind and seismic) was used to analyze bracing amounts. Similar to Bracing
Method A, an adjustment factor is provided for closer edge fastener spacing.

E8.4.1.4 Method D – Continuous Gypsum Board Sheathing (Two Sides)

The continuous gypsum board sheathing bracing method was added in 2019.
Gypsum board panels are required on both sides of the wall assembly. Installation
requirements and the nominal design value (460 plf (6.8 kN/m) for wind and seismic)
are based on AISI S240-15. Adjustment factors are provided for different fastening
options as well as placing gypsum board panels on only one side of the wall assembly.

E8.4.2 Other Approved Bracing Methods

In 2019, Section E8.4.2 was added to permit the option for other approved bracing
methods. Tables E8-5(1) through E8-5(3), or the applicable building code, are to be used as
the basis to determine the amount of bracing required.

E9 Exterior Wall Covering

It is required that exterior coverings be installed in accordance with the recommendations of
the manufacturer. AISI S230 limits the total exterior envelope dead load (total load = stud
framing plus wall coverings) to 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2). If the total exterior envelope dead load
exceeds that value, then the walls must be engineered for that load (see Table A1-2 for
maximum wall dead loads in high seismic areas).

E11 Braced Walls in High Wind Areas and High Seismic Areas

E11.1 General
This section provides additional shear wall requirements for buildings located in high

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20 AISI S230-19-C

seismic areas (i.e., Seismic Design Categories D0, D1, D2 and E) or high wind areas (i.e., wind speed
between 140 to 180 mph (225 to 290 km/hr)). In high seismic areas, buildings are required to
comply with Sections E11 and E12; and in high wind areas, buildings are required to comply
with the requirements in Sections E11 and E13.
The following general assumptions and building configurations were used in developing
the high seismic tables and high wind provisions:
• Provisions and tables are limited to buildings of no more than two stories.
• Provisions and tables are limited to buildings on slab-on-grade or spread footing
with stemwall foundation systems with a single top of slab/top of stemwall
elevation.
• Wall clear heights are limited to 8, 9, and 10 feet (2.44, 2.74 and 3.05 m).
• Maximum roof slope is limited to 6.9:12.
• All ceilings are considered leveled (i.e., no offsets or cathedral ceilings).
• Buildings are considered regular (rectangular shape).
• First- and second-story walls are assumed vertically stacked (no offset).
Weights used in calculating the entries of the tables in the high seismic areas are as follows:
• Roof/Ceiling dead load = 25 psf (1.2 kN/m2) for heavyweight roofs
= 15 psf (0.72 kN/m ) 2 for normal weight roofs
= 12 psf (0.57 kN/m2) for lightweight roof systems
• Wall dead load = 14 psf (0.67 kN/m ) 2 for heavy walls
= 7 psf (0.34 kN/m2) for light walls
• Floor/Ceiling dead load = 10 psf (0.48 kN/m ) 2

• Interior wall dead load = 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2) (based on 10-foot (3.04 m)
wall)

• Ground snow load = 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2) for normal or lightweight

roofs
= 70 psf (3.35 kN/m2) for heavyweight roof
systems
• Roof weight includes a 2-foot (610 mm) overhang
The dead loads that were used in determining the seismic mass are given below:

Wall Element Weight (psf)

Lightweight Walls Heavyweight Walls
Wallboard 1.8 1.8
Steel Framing 0.6 0.6
½” Plywood Sheathing 1.6 1.6
Insulation 1.0 1.0
7/8” Stucco 0 9.0
Exterior Siding 1.5 0
Total 6.5 14.0
For SI: 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 21

Roof Element Weight (psf)

Flat Roofs Sloped Roofs (6:12)
Sheathing 1.6 1.63
Roof Framing or Trusses 2.5 2.5
Insulation 1.0 1.0
Miscellaneous 0.6 0.84
Ceiling Covering 1.8 1.8
Subtotal 7.5 7.8
Total with Roof 3.7 psf Covering 11.5 12
Total with Roof 6.4 psf Covering 14.2 15
Total with Roof 15.3 psf Covering 23.5 25
For SI: 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2

Roof Category Roof/Ceiling Weight (psf)

Lightweight Roof 12
Normal Weight Roof 15
Heavyweight Roof 25
For SI: 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2
Design assumptions that are used in developing the shear wall and other tables in the
high seismic areas are as follows:
• Nominal shear values are taken from Table C-E8.2.
• Seismic Design Category (SDC) assignments in accordance with Table R301.2.2.1.1 of
the International Residential Code (ICC, 2018b).
• Seismic base shears were calculated in accordance with ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016) using
an R = 6.5 and Ω0 = 3. Upper end SDS values are used for each SDC. Previously, an R
= 5.5 was used in AISI S230. In 2019, the value of R was updated to 6.5 in
accordance with ASCE 7-16 (ASCE, 2016).
• Diaphragms are flexible. In accordance with ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016), Ω0 was reduced
from 3 to 2.5 and accidental torsion was not included.
• Fu = 45 ksi (310 MPa) and Fy = 33 ksi (230 MPa) were used in determining screw
capacities. Shear wall test values are based on the 33 ksi/45 ksi (230/310 MPa) steels.
• φ factor was used in combination with the Ω0, the over-strength factor, to determine
screw requirements for chord splices. Chord splice screw requirements are based on
the lesser of Ω0 times Tseismic or Tn, divided by φVn. Both the 3-1/2 inch (88.9 mm)
and the 5-1/2 inch (140 mm) members were considered, as well as both the 33 mil
(0.84 mm) and the 43 mil (1.09 mm) thicknesses.
• ASCE 7 requires the use of 20% of the uniform design snow load if the flat roof
snow load, Pf, exceeds 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2). Where the ground snow load is 70 psf
(3.35 kN/m2), the heavy roof system criteria applies.
Example: Load due to 70 psf ground snow load for normal weight roofs =
15 psf + 0.2×0.7×70 psf = 24.8 psf (1.19 kN/ m2) (equals the
heavyweight roof systems)

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22 AISI S230-19-C

E11.2 Braced Wall Lines

Two types of braced wall lines are presented in this section: Type I and Type II Braced Walls.
Type I braced walls are traditional shear walls that have a hold-down anchor at each end and
have no openings between anchors. Type II braced walls, also known as perforated shear walls,
are shear walls that have openings between anchors and there is no design for shear transfer
around the openings.

E11.3 Type I (Solid Sheathed) Braced Wall Panels

This section describes the traditional method of sheathing a steel-framed wall where
continuous panels have hold-down anchors at each end. The aspect ratio (height-to-width)
used in the development of these provisions for this wall type is 2:1.

E11.4 Type II (Perforated) Braced Wall Lines

The Type II Braced Wall, or perforated shear wall method, requires hold-down anchors at
each end of each wall rather than at each end of continuous panels. The aspect ratio (height-
to-width) is also 2:1 for this wall type. For a defined Type II (perforated) shear wall, the
adjustment factors given in Table E11-2 define the magnitude by which the strength of an
otherwise solid wall must be divided to get the strength of the Type II (perforated) wall. The
tabulated values, adopted from wood frame construction, were justified on the basis of a
series of full-scale reversed cyclic tests by Vagh, Dolan and Easterling (2000) in which it was
demonstrated that the tested wall capacities were greater than the reductions that are
required by Table E11-2.

E12 Braced Wall Design in High Seismic Areas

E12.2 Braced Wall Anchorage and Chord Stud Requirements

In 2015, the tabulated values were changed and expressed in allowable loads. Prior to
2015, AISI S230 permitted the tabulated values to be divided by 1.4 when comparing
requirements with manufacturers’ published strengths expressed as allowable loads. The
derivation of this adjustment factor is: φ × Ω = 0.55 × 2.5 = 1.4. In earlier editions of cold-
formed steel lateral design provisions, the resistance factor was set at 0.55 to reflect the 1.4
value used in the UBC to compute allowable seismic loads (1.4 approx. = 0.55 × 2.5).

E13 Braced Wall Design in High Wind Areas

E13.3 Connections of Walls in High Wind Areas

E13.3.2 Uplift Connection – Wall Assembly to Wall Assembly

In 2015, the tabulated values were changed and expressed in allowable loads. Prior to
2015, AISI S230 permitted the tabulated values to be divided by 1.3 when comparing
requirements with manufacturers’ published strengths expressed as allowable loads. The
derivation of this adjustment factor is: φ × Ω = 0.60 × 2.0 = 1.3.

E13.3.3 Header Uplift Connections

For back-to-back headers supporting roof and ceiling only, these provisions require
that uplift straps be installed on both sides of the header beam (inside and outside of the

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 23

wall) in order to minimize any effect of torsion. This requirement is based on

engineering judgment and recognizes that the back-to-back header lacks sufficient
torsional strength and stiffness. For back-to-back headers supporting loads from one
floor, roof and ceiling, and for any box and double L-headers, a single uplift strap is
permitted and may be installed on either side of the header beam.

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24 AISI S230-19-C

F. ROOF FRAMING

F1 Roof Construction
Roof trusses are not prescriptively addressed in AISI S230 and so are roof girders, but both
are permitted in accordance with Section F6. Roof trusses or roof girders must be designed by a
registered design professional.

F2 Ceiling Joists

F2.1 Minimum Ceiling Joist Size

The ceiling joist tables in AISI S230 provide the maximum allowable ceiling joist spans for
two loading conditions: 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) and 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) attic live loads.
For the design of ceiling joists, the following design considerations were evaluated:
• Flexural yielding
• Flexural buckling
• Web crippling (not required if bearing stiffeners are specified)
• Shear
• Vertical deflection
The engineering approach used to develop ceiling joist span tables for AISI S230 is similar
to that used for floor joists, with the exception of the magnitude of dead and live loads.

F2.2 Ceiling Joist Bearing Stiffeners

Previously, AISI S230 enabled the selection of continuous span ceiling joists which
required the use of bearing stiffeners. Continuous span joist tables were removed in 2015.

F2.3 Ceiling Joist Bottom Flange Bracing

Gypsum board (i.e., finished ceilings) is considered to be adequate bracing for the bottom
(tension) flanges of the ceiling joists. Steel strapping can also be used as bottom flange bracing for
ceiling joists.

F2.4 Ceiling Joist Top Flange Bracing

For braced top (compression) flanges, it is necessary for steel strapping to have blocking (or
bridging) installed at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.66 m) and at the termination of all
straps. Moreover, the ends of steel straps are to be fastened to a stable component of the
building if end blocking is not installed. Ceiling joist tables provide spans for braced, as well as
unbraced, top flanges. To stabilize ceiling joists, the Standard requires that the strap bracing be
screwed to blocking and the ends of the strap bracing be anchored. When the ceiling joist depth
is 35 inches (88.9 mm), connection requirements are increased due to the increased forces
needed to provide restraint to the shallower members.

F2.5 Ceiling Joist Splicing

Splicing of ceiling joists in AISI S230 requires an approved design except when lapped
ceiling joists occur at an interior bearing wall.

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 25

F3 Roof Rafters

F3.1 Minimum Roof Rafter Sizes

The roof rafter span table was designed based primarily on gravity loads, hence the roof
rafter spans are based on the horizontal projection of the roof rafter, regardless of the slope. The
gravity loads consist of a 7 psf (0.34 kN/m2) dead load and the greater of a 16 psf (0.77
kN/m2) live load or the applied roof snow load. Unbalanced snow loads in accordance with
ASCE 7 were considered.
Wind load effects are developed by a procedure that equates the wind loads to equivalent
snow loads as shown in Table F3-2 of AISI S230. Wind pressures were calculated using the
ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016) Components and Cladding (C&C) coefficients. Wind loads were
examined for both uplift and downward loads, and the worst case was correlated to a
corresponding snow load.
Permissible roof slopes range between 3:12 through 12:12 and more importantly, the roof
system must consist of both ceiling joists (i.e., acting as rafter ties) and roof rafters. AISI S230
does not currently address cathedral ceilings because a prescriptive ridge beam and post
design is not provided.
Lapped ceiling joists must be connected with the same screw size and number (or more) as
the heel joint connection to ensure adequate transfer of tension loads across the spliced joint.
The splice must occur over an interior bearing wall.

F3.1.1 Eave Overhang

A 24-inch (610 mm) eave overhang was used when calculating the roof rafter spans
in AISI S230.
F3.1.2 Rake Overhang
In 2007, limitations and details were added to AISI S230 to clarify the installation
requirements at gable endwalls, based on a study at University of Missouri-Rolla
(Downey et al., 2005). In 2019, rake overhang limitations were modified based on the
revised C&C wind loads in ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016). Table F3-4 was developed to provide
the required uplift strength for uplift connectors for the outlooker.

F3.2 Roof Rafter Support Brace

The support brace is used to increase the span of a particular member. When the brace is
used, the roof rafter span is determined from the heel joint to the brace point or from the ridge
member to the brace point (horizontal projection), whichever is greater.

F3.3 Roof Rafter Splice

The roof rafter spans provided in AISI S230 are based on the assumption that the members
are continuous, with no splices. Therefore, roof rafters are not to be spliced without an
approved design.

F3.5 Roof Rafter Bottom Flange Bracing

The bracing requirements provided in AISI S230 were revised in 2019 to address the
unbraced bottom flange of the rafter when uplift due to wind loads results in compression in
the bottom flange.

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26 AISI S230-19-C

F4 Hip Framing
Prior to the 2007 edition of this Standard, roof framing was limited to roof rafters and ceiling
joists. Hip and valley framing options were added in 2007, based on research at the University
of Missouri-Rolla (Waldo et al., 2006).

F5 Framing of Openings in Roofs and Ceilings

The requirements of this section are based on engineering judgment.
In 2015, the limitation for opening size was added to ensure adequacy of the diaphragm.
Also, to preserve the tolerance limits required for in-line framing and transfer the more heavily
loaded trimmer joist end reactions, requirements were added that in roof or ceiling assemblies
supported by wall framing, a built-up trimmer joist consisting of at least one pair of joist or track
members must be supported by a pair of wall studs.

F6 Roof Trusses
AISI S230 does not contain provisions for roof trusses, which must have an approved design.
This section is included so that pre-engineered roof trusses may be used in conjunction with this
document. AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b) should be consulted for the truss design.

F7 Ceiling and Roof Diaphragms

Roof diaphragms are required to adequately transfer shear loads to the braced wall lines in a
structure. The load transfer is typically accomplished by sheathing the roof-framing members
with wood structural panels. Shear values used in the design of roof diaphragms were taken
from AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b). Additional requirements for steel roof diaphragms in high wind
areas (i.e., 140 mph (225 km/hr) or greater wind speed) or high seismic areas (i.e., Seismic Design
Category D0, D1, D2 and E) are specified in Sections F7.1 and F7.2.
Ceiling diaphragms are also required to adequately transfer shear loads to the braced wall lines
in a structure. The load transfer is typically accomplished by sheathing the ceiling-framing
members with gypsum board or wood structural panels. Shear values used in the design of
ceiling diaphragms were taken from AISI S240 (AISI, 2015b).
In 2015, Table F2-5 was developed and added to address minimum connection requirements
of the roof sheathing for wind suction from C&C wind loads. In 2019, Table F2-5 was revised to
reflect the revised roof C&C wind loads in ASCE 7 (ASCE, 2016).

F8 Roof Framing Connections in High Wind Areas

F8.3 Ridge Strap Connection

In 2019, Table F8-3 was revised to reflect the revised roof C&C wind loads in ASCE 7
(ASCE, 2016).

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 27

APPENDIX A FLOW CHARTS

The following flow charts provide the flow of designing buildings using AISI S230.

Applicability Limits – Building Geometry

Limits of Applicability of AISI S230

Section A1.1 - Building Geometry

Number of Yes
Stories Requires Engineered
Greater Than Design
3

No

Story Height Yes

Greater Than Requires Engineered
10 ft Design

No

Mean Roof Yes

Height Requires Engineered
Greater Than Design
33 ft

No

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28 AISI S230-19-C

No
Roof Slope Requires Engineered
3:12 to 12:12 Design

Continue

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 Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 29

Applicability Limits - Loading

Limits of Applicability of AISI S230

Chapter A

Basic Wind Yes

Speed Greater Requires Engineered
Than 180 mph Design

No

Basic Wind
Yes Speed Equal
High Wind Area
Section A1.2 to 140 mph or
Greater

No

Seismic Yes
High Seismic Area
Category D0,
Sections A1.1, A1.2
D1, D2 or E

No

Yes Ground Snow

Requires Engineered Load Greater
Design Than 70 psf

No

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30 AISI S230-19-C

Floor Dead Yes

Load Greater Requires Engineered
Than 10 psf Design

No

Floor Live
Yes
Greater Than Requires Engineered
40 psf Design

No

Wall Dead
Yes High Yes
Load Greater
Seismic
Than 10 psf
Area

Section E12
No No

Requires Engineered
Design

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 31

Roof Dead Yes High Yes

Load Greater
Seismic
Than 7 psf
Area

Section E12
No
No

Requires Engineered
Design

No Yes
Attic Live Attic Attic Live
Load 10 With Load 20
psf Storage psf

Continue to Select Members

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32 AISI S230-19-C

Floor Framing

Floor Framing
Chapter D

Yes No
Single
Span Joist

Floor Joist Size Floor Joist Size

Section D3 - Table D3-1 Section D3 - Table D3-1

End Bearing Support End Bearing Support

Bearing Length - Section D3 Bearing Length - Section D3
Stiffeners - Section D4 Stiffeners - Section D4
Foundation - Section D2, Table D2-1 Foundation - Section D2, Table D2-1
Figures D2-1 to D2-6 Figures D2-1 to D2-6

Interior Bearing Support

Bearing Length - Section D3
Stiffeners - Sections D3 and D4, Figures D2-7 and 2-8
Bearing Wall Connection - Section D2, Table D2-1,
Figures D2-7 and 2-8

Rim Track Size and Connection

Section D3 and D7, Table D2-2

Joist Bracing and Blocking

Joist Top Flange Bracing

Sections D5.1 and D9

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 33

Joist Span No
Greater Joist Bottom Flange Bracing
Than 12 ft Not Required

Yes

Joist Bottom Flange Bracing

Section D5.2

Blocking at Interior Supports

Section D5.3 - Figure D2-7

Cantilever Yes
Blocking at Cantilever Supports
Joist – Section
Section D5.4, Figures D2-4, D2-5
D3.1
or D2-6

No

Splicing - Section D6
Joist Splices - Not Permitted
Track Splices - Figure D6-1

Floor Yes
Opening Framing for Opening
Section D7

No

End

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34 AISI S230-19-C

Wall Framing

Wall Framing
Chapter E

Gable End Wall Stud Size Exterior Wall Stud Size

Section E3 – Figures E2-1 to E2-4 Section E3 – Figures E2-1 to E2-4
Tables E3-16 and E3-17 Tables E3-1 to E3-15

Interior Wall Stud Size

Section E3 – Tables E3-1 to E3-15 based
on 115 mph Exposure B

Yes Sheathing
Exterior or Interior Wall Stud Size on Both
Section E3 – Reduce Thickness Sides of
Wall

No

Track Size
Section E3 – Same Thickness
as Wall Stud

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 35

Fastener Requirements
Section B and Table E3-18

Stud Bracing
Section E4

Stud Splicing
Section E5

Corner Framing
Section E6, Figure E6-1

Opening Framing
Yes Wall
Header Selection, Section E7.1 – E7.3
Jack and King Studs, Section E7.4 Opening
Head and Sill Track, Section E7.5

No

Wall to Foundation or Floor Connection

Section E2

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36 AISI S230-19-C

Wall Bracing

Wall Bracing
Section E8

Bracing Methods
Section E8.4

Yes
Engineered Design Strap X-
Required Bracing
Section E8.4.2

No

Wind Yes
Speeds 140 High Wind Area
mph or Sections E11 and E13
Greater

No

Seismic Yes
Category High Seismic Area
D0, D1, D2, or Sections E11 and E12
E

No

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 37

Braced Wall Lines

Section E8.1 – Figure E8-1

Bracing Amount
Section E8.2 – Tables E8-1(1)
through E8-1(4)

Braced Wall Panels

Section E8.3

Continuous Structural
Sheathing Bracing Methods
Section E8.4.1 – Figure E8-6

Bracing Methods
Section E8.4.1.1 Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
Section E8.4.1.2 Steel Sheet Sheathing
Section E8.4.1.3 Structural Fiberboard Sheathing
Section E8.4.1.4 Gypsum Board Sheathing (2 sides)

Exterior Wall Covering

Section E9

End

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38 AISI S230-19-C

Roof Framing – Ceiling Joists

Roof Framing - Ceiling Joists

Section F2

Yes
Occupied Design as floor joist.
Attic See Chapter D

No

Ceiling Joists Size

Section F2.1 - Tables F2-1 and F2-2

Joist Bearing Support Requirements - Section F2.1

Joist Bearing Stiffener Requirements - Section F2.2

Joist Top Flange Brace Requirements

Section F2.4 - Tables F2-1 and F2-2
Figures F2-5 and F2-6

Joist Bottom Flange Brace Requirements

Section F2.3 – Figure F2-1

End

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Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 39

Roof Framing – Roof Rafters

Roof Framing - Roof Rafters

Section F3

Yes
Support Brace Reduce Rafter Span
Section F3.2 Section F3.1

No

Roof Rafter Size

Section F3.1 - Table F3-1

Connections
Section F3.4 - Figures F2-2 or F2-3 and Table F2-3
Section F8 for High Wind Locations

Ceiling Joist to Top Track Connection

Section F3.4 - Table F2-4

Rafter to Ridge Member Connection

Section F3.4 - Figure F3-2 and Table F3-3

Ridge Member Selection

Section F3.4 - Figure F3-2

Rafter Bottom Flange Brace

Section F3.5 – Figure F2-1
and Figure F3-2

End

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40 AISI S230-19-C

REFERENCES
(AISC, 1991), Structural Performance Requirements for Domestic Steel Framing, Australian Institute
of Steel Construction, Milsons Point, Australia, 1991.
(AISI, 2012), North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,
AISI S100-12, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC, 2012.
(AISI, 2013), Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, AISI D100-13, American Iron and Steel Institute,
Washington, DC, 2013.
(AISI, 2015a), North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Prescriptive Method for One-
and Two-Family Dwellings, AISI S230-15, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC,
2015.
(AISI, 2015b), North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing, AISI S240-15,
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC, 2015.
(AISI, 2016), North American Standard for Seismic Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Systems,
AISI S400-15w/S1-16, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC, 2016.
(AISI, 2017), North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Product Data, AISI S201-17,
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC, 2017.
(ASCE, 2016), ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2016.
(ASTM, 2010), ASTM C954, Standard Specification for Steel Drill Screws for the Application of
Gypsum Panel Products or Metal Plaster Bases to Steel Studs From 0.033 in. (0.84 mm) to 0.112 in.
(2.84 mm) in Thickness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
(ASTM, 2007), ASTM C1002, Standard Specification for Steel Self-Piercing Tapping Screws for the
Application of Gypsum Panel Products or Metal Plaster Bases to Wood Studs or Steel Studs, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
(AWC, 2012), Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, American
Wood Council, Leesburg, VA, 2012.
(ICC, 2018a), International Building Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA, 2018.
(ICC, 2018b), International Residential Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA, 2018.
Downey, B.W, S.F. Stephens and R.A. LaBoube (2005), “Cold-Formed Steel Gable End Wall Design
for the Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings,” Final Report, Department of Civil
Engineering, Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures, University of Missouri-
Rolla, Rolla, MO.
(NAHBRC, 2003), Hybrid Wood and Steel Sole Plate Connection Walls to Floors Testing Report,
National Association of Home Builders’ Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD, 2003.
Sivakumaran, K.S. (2007), Reinforcement Schemes for Cold-Formed Steel Joists Having Web Openings,
Final Report, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2007.
Vagh S., J.D. Dolan and W.S. Easterling (2000), Effect of Anchorage and Sheathing Configuration on
the Cyclic Response of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Report No. TE-2000-002, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2000.
Waldo, L., S.F. Stephens and R.A. LaBoube (2006), “Residential Hip Roof Framing Using Cold-
Formed Steel Members,” Final Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Wei-Wen Yu Center for

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

Commentary on the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One- and Two-Family Dwellings 41

Cold-Formed Steel Structures, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (1977), Report Number 73345, Report of Laboratory Tests and
Analytical Studies of Structural Characteristics of Cold-Formed Steel-Joist Floor Systems, San
Francisco, CA, 1977.

This document is copyrighted by AISI. Any redistribution is prohibited.

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AISI S230-19-C-E
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AISI S230-19-E
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Suite 800
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AISI S230-19E