HYDRAULIC PUMPS

CONTENTS
• Introduction(types)
• Water jet cutting
• Pumping theory
• Pump classification
• Dynamic pumps
• Positive displacement pumps
• Gear pumps(external, internal, lobe and screw pumps)
• Vane pumps(unbalanced and balanced, pressure compensated)
• Piston pumps(axial, inline, radial piston pumps)
• Pump performance, efficiencies and curves
• Pump selection and performance ratings
Introduction
Mechanical Hydraulic
energy via energy
Pump Vacuum
electric
motor

1. Dynamic(Nonpositive displacement) Pumps P Q

250-300 psi
Primarily used for transporting fluids from one location to another.

Centrifugal and axial flow propeller pumps

2. Positive displacement pumps

Ejects a fixed amount of fluid into the hydraulic system per revolution of pump shaft rotation.

Advantages over nonpositive displacement pumps

• High pressure capability(up to 12,000 psi)

• Small, compact size
• High volumetric efficiency
• Small changes in efficiency throughout the design pressure range
• Great flexibility of performance(can operate over a wide range of pressure
requirements and speed ranges)

Positive displacement pumps types : Gear, Vane and piston(

can be fixed or variable displacement type)

PRV-max. pressure level

gfycat.com
No PRV for variable displacement, pressure compensated P Q
Waterjet cutting

Pressure 60,000 psi though diamond orifice and nozzle( opening 0.005 and 0.010 in)

Materials- steel, aluminum, rubber, glass,

plastics, composites and ceramics.

Titanium-?

Hydraulic pump- pressure 2000-3000 psi to

intensifier(20:1 area reduced)

Therefore, to produce 1 gpm flow rate of

water, the pump would have to deliver oil at
a flowrate of 20 gpm.

Attenuator: To Damp water pressure

fluctuations
Waterjet cutting 52000PSI! gears out of steel 8mm video
Pumping theory

Creating partial vacuum at the pump inlet

PUMP CLASSIFICATION

DYNAMIC PUMPS

impeller
Positive displacement pumps

1. Gear pumps(fixed displacement only by geometrical necessity)

a. External gear pumps
b. Internal gear pumps
c. Lobe pumps
d. Screw pumps
2. Vane pumps
a. Unbalanced vane pumps(fixed or variable displacement)
b. Balanced vane pumps(fixed or variable displacement)
3. Piston pumps(fixed or variable displacement)
a. Axial design
b. Radial design
External gear pump

BestAnimations
Volumetric displacement and theoretical flowrate
Clearance=0.001 inch
#: A gear pump has a 3 in outside diameter and 2 in inside diameter, and 1 in width. If the actual flow at 1800 rpm and
rated pressure is 28 gpm, what is the volumetric efficiency?

Ans. Vd= 3.93 in3

Qt= 30.6 gpm
Vol. eff=91.3%
 Hydraulic symbol for fixed
displacement pumps
External gear pump
 Roper Pumps

Below 200 psi

Reduce Noise and smooth Flowserve
operation
-end thrust Up to 3000 psi
Internal gear pump
A video on internal gear pump
Cutaway view of an internal gear pump
with safety relief valve
 Advantages and disadvantages of gear pumps

The advantages are as follows:

1.They are self-priming.
2.They give constant delivery for a given speed.
3. They are compact and light in weight.
4. Volumetric efficiency is high

The disadvantages are as follows:

1. The liquid to be pumped must be clean, otherwise it will damage pump.
2. Variable speed drives are required to change the delivery.
3. If they run dry, parts can be damaged because the fluid to be pumped is
used as lubricant
Lobe pump
Quiter, pulsations, high vol eff
The advantages of lobe pumps are as follows:
1. Lobe pumps can handle solids, slurries, pastes and many liquid.
2. No metal-to-metal contact.
3. Superior CIP(Cleaning in Place) /SIP(Sterilization in Place) capabilities.
4. Long-term dry run (with lubrication to seals).
5. Non-pulsating discharge.

Common rotary lobe pump applications include, but are not

Disadvantages limited to, the following:
1. Polymers.
The disadvantages of lobe pumps are as follows:
2. Paper coatings.
1. Require timing gears.
3. Soaps and surfactants.
2. Require two seals.
4. Paints and dyes.
3. Reduced lift with thin liquids.
5. Rubber and adhesives.
6. Pharmaceuticals.
7. Food applications.
Gerotor pump
Screw pump
Advantages and disadvantages of screw pump
The advantages are as follows:
1.They are self-priming and more reliable.
2. They are quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles.
3.They can handle liquids containing gases and vapor.
4. They have long service life.

The disadvantages are as follows:

1.They are bulky and heavy.

2.They are sensitive to viscosity changes of the fluid.
3. They have low volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.
4. Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.
Vane pumps
Analysis of volumetric displacement

From geometry, we can find maximum possible eccentricity

This maximum value of eccentricity produces a maximum volumetric displacement

emax concentric
The advantages of vane pumps are as follows:
1. Vane pumps are self-priming, robust and supply constant delivery at a given speed.
2. They provide uniform discharge with negligible pulsations.
3. Their vanes are self-compensating for wear and vanes can be replaced easily.
4. These pumps do not require check valves.
5. They are light in weight and compact.
6. They can handle liquids containing vapors and gases.
7. Volumetric and overall efficiencies are high.
8. Discharge is less sensitive to changes in viscosity and pressure variations.

The disadvantages of vane pumps are as follows:

1. Relief valves are required to protect the pump in case of sudden closure of delivery.
2. They are not suitable for abrasive liquids.
3. They require good seals.
4. They require good filtration systems and foreign particle can severely damage pump.
Balanced/unbalanced vane pumps
Advantages and disadvantages of balanced vane pumps
The advantages of balanced vane pumps are as follows:
1. The balanced pump eliminates the bearing side loads and therefore high operating pressure
can be used.
2.The service life is high compared to unbalanced type due to less wear and tear.

The disadvantages of balanced vane pumps are as follows:

1. They are fixed displacement pumps.
2. Design is more complicated.
3. Manufacturing cost is high compared to unbalanced type.
 PISTON PUMPS

Axial- pistons that are parallel to cylinder block bent axis or swash plate design

Radial- pistons arranged radially in a cylinder block

 Volumetric displacement and theoretical flow rate

For an axial piston pump,

The total displacement volume= no. of pistons x

displacement volume per piston
#: Find the flow rate in L/s that an axial piston pump delivers at 1000 rpm. The pump has a nine 15 mm diameter pistons
arranged on a 125 mm diameter piston circle. The offset angle is set at 10° and the volumetric efficiency is 94%.

Ans: Qt=0.0351 m3/min

Qa=0.0330 m3/min
Qa(L/s)=0.550 L/s
Inline piston pumps (swash plate design)

Maximum swash plate angle is 17.5

degrees
Radial piston pump
Comparison of various displacement pumps
 PUMP PERFORMANCE

Close tolerances: Ideally, zero clearance between mating parts

Pump efficiencies:

1. Volumetric efficiency: leakage

2. Mechanical efficiency: energy lost due to friction

Mechanical efficiency can also be computed in terms of torques

Theoretical torque

or

Actual torque
or
 or

In metric units

Note: Actual power delivered to a pump from a prime mover via rotating shaft is called brake power and actual
power delivered by a pump to the fluid is called hydraulic power

#: A pump has displacement volume of 5 in3. It delivers 20 gpm at 1000 rpm and 1000 psi . If the prime mover input
torque is 900 in. lb.,
a. What is the overall efficiency of pump?
b. What is theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

Ans: Qt=21.6 gpm Theoretical torque TT=793 in.lb

Vol eff=92.6%, mech eff=88.1%,
overall=81.6%
Pump Performance Curves
PR24:2.4 in3 displacement
PR30:3.0 in3 displacement
PR40:4.0 in3 displacement
Pump performance comparison factors

Gear pumps: mobile

equipment and machine tools

Vane pumps:
Leakage –across the faces of
rotor, between the bronze wear
plates and the pressure ring

Piston pumps:

High power to weight ratio

-non-pulsating flow at high
pressure levels

The volumetric efficiency is greatly affected by the following losses:

1. Leakage around the outer periphery of the gears Please read topic: Pump noise
2. Leakage across the faces of the gears
3. Leakage at the points where the gear teeth make contact.
Pump cavitation and aeration
Pump selection

 Select the actuator(hydraulic cylinder or motor) that is appropriate based on the loads encountered
 Determine the flowrate requirements. This involves calculation of the flow rate necessary to drive the actuator to
move the load through a specified distance within a given time limit.
 Select the system pressure. This ties in with the actuator size and the magnitude of the resitive force produced by the
external load on the system. Also, involved here is the total amount of power to be delivered by pump.
 Determine the pump speed and select the prime mover. This together with flow rate calculation, determines the
pump size(volumetric displacement)
 Select the pump type based on application(gear, vane, piston and fixed or variable)
 Select the reservoir and associated plumbing, including piping, valving, filters and strainers and other miscellaneous
components such as accumulators.
 Consider factors such as noise levels, horse power loss, need for a heat exchanger due to generated heat, pump wear
and scheduled maintenance service to provide a desired life of the total system.
 Calculate overall cost of the system.
 #: A pump has a displacement volume of 100 cm3. It delivers 0.0015 m3/s at 1000 rpm and 70 bars. If the prime mover
input torque is 120 Nm,
a. What is the overall efficiency of the pump?
b. What is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

Ans. a. Vd=0.0001 m3/rev

Qt=0.00167 m3/s
Vol eff=89.8%
Mech eff=93%
Overall eff=83.5%
Theoretic torque=112 Nm.