Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

A Major Project Report on

ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF

MANIT, BHOPAL

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By

Jagrati Aw asthi 131113005

Ayush Trivedi 131113103
Pi yush Sharma 1311130 75
Shubham Sahu 131113 129
Tushar Meravi 1311130 79
Anu Ratna 131113012

Under the guidance of

Dr. Mukesh Kirar

Nov 2016
DEP ARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MAULAN A AZ AD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BHOP AL (M.P.) – 462003
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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work presented in the dissertation entitled “Analysis and
Improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal” in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal is an authentic record of
our own work under the guidance of Dr.Mukesh Kirar.

We have not submitted the matter embodied in this dissertation for the award of any other
degree.

Jagrati Aw asthi 131113005 ( )

Ayush Trivedi 131113103 ( )
Piyush Sharma 131113075 ( )
Shubham Sahu 131113129 ( )
Tushar Meravi 131113079 ( )
Anu Ratna 131113012 ( )

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statements made by us are correct to the best of our
knowledge.

Dr.Mukesh Kumar Kirar

Assistant Professor,
Department of E.E.
MANIT, Bhopal

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project has been made for the fulfillment of the B.Tech. VII semester curriculum 2016 of the
Electrical Engineering Department of MANIT, Bhopal.

We extend our thankfulness to the Director of the College Dr. N.S. Chaudhary for having
provided an opportunity for doing major project and enjoying a hands on experience with the
technical applications of the knowledge acquired in the college.

Unparalleled gratefulness is due to Dr. Shailendra Jain, former HOD and Dr. Savita Nema,
present HOD for their motivation.

We thank our guide Dr. Mukesh Kirar for his continuous guidance, motivation and support. We
thank him for his valuable time and efforts in conceptualization of our ideas. We owe him to the
technical skills developed in us in the course of the project.

We sincerely thank the staff of the MANIT substation for having allowed us frequent visits to the
substation and providing us with required support and help.

We thank the auxiliary staff of the department for the cooperation during the course of project.

We heartedly acknowledge every support and guidance from the department and the college.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

TABLE OF CO NTENTS
ABSTR ACT 4

LIST OF TABLES 5

CH APTER 1
INTRODUCTION 7

CH APTER 2
SYSTEM DESCRI PTION 9
2.1 Background 9
2.2 General over view of the distr ibution system 10
2.3 Distribution elements connected in the system
2.3.1 Transf ormers
2.3.2. Measuring and Protection Devices
2.3.3 Loads in the campus
2.3.3.1 Maximum loads at dif f erent f eeders
2.3.3.2 Loads at dif f erent hostels
2.3.3.2 Loads at diff erent hostels
2.4 Single Line Diagram of electrical distribut ion syst em of
MANIT

CH APTER 3
LOAD FLOW STUDY
3.1 Theoretical aspects
3.2 Perf orming load f low on Single Line Diagram
3.3 Results and Obser vat ions

CH APTER 4
4.1 CONCLUSIONS
4.2 WORK TO BE DONE

REFERENCES

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

ABSTRACT

MANIT Electrical Power Distribution System has witnessed frequent blackouts, voltage
fluctuations, poor power factor and inaccurate relay coordination. There is a need of power
factor improvement and minimization of distribution losses in the system as well. This project
deals with study and analysis of the distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal by performing the
load flow studies, short circuit studies, Protection coordination studies and Optimal Capacitor
Placement.
The project incepts with the development of the Single line diagram using ETAP for the campus
followed by collection of data pertaining to loads and requirement for performing above stated
studies .Owing to the observations of unjustified tripping of protection devices, the system has
to be analyzed for short circuit studies and protective device coordination which would judge the
system against the events of faults and the consistency of the power system. Post the load flow
studies and identifying the under voltages in the system, reactive power compensation has to be
done using optimal capacitor placement. The project aims at analyzing the distributed reactive
power compensation over the already existing centralized compensation system. This
essentially demands the economic justification which would be taken care once the placement
has been done.

This report focuses on the procedure, difficulties and results of various studies corresponding to
the system and proposes the possible changes in the system for good.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

LIST OF TABLE

Name of the Table Page No.

TABLE 2.1 List of Transformers in the campus 11

TABLE 2.2: List of protection and measuring devices 12

TABLE 2.3 Maximum load at different feeders 13

TABLE 2.4 Load at different hostels 13

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The institute had witnessed a 3 days blackout in April 2014. The transformers at 33kV level blew
away due to poor relay coordination due to which the circuit breakers did not operate and the
power distribution system developed a discontinuity. Moreover, there are frequent complaints of
damage to the electric equipments connected in the system. The system operation is quite
inefficient. During certain seasons, there is also an issue about low power factor due to poor
reactive power profile. The institute pays penalty for this in those specific seasons. Therefore
the electric Power distribution system of the college offers an interesting opportunity to analyze
and improve an existing and working system.

This project is meant to analyze the system shortcomings and propose an improvisation for the
same. Power flow studies give an idea about voltage profile and losses at each bus and creates
a platform for doing short circuit analysis and protection coordination . The protection
coordination study and analysis of system consistency [1].

Analysis and Minimization ordination would judge the system shortcomings in the event of
faults and we will be able to work out the problems associated with the power system
consistency. The issues of voltage fluctuations and poor power factor is dealt using optimal
capacitor placement.

1.1 Objectives:

 Draw complete Single Line Diagram of the power distribution system of MANIT.
 Simulation and analysis of power distribution system of MANIT.
 Rating analysis of distribution equipments i.e. transformers, cable, circuit breakers.
 Analysis of distribution losses in distribution system.
 Capacitor sizing and capacitor placement study for distribution system.
 Proposing an Improved system of distribution.

1.2 Literature Review:

A reliable and economic electric power system should be able to meet load demands
continuously and keep losses. Based on the findings of power studies, a system adjustment
plan can be recommended for the existing power system to realize system-wide
optimization[4].As the objective of this study required by the facility, the power distribution
system needs to be investigated to solve multiple operational issues and concerns, and an
optimal solution needs to be proposed. With reference to IEEE transactions on industry and
general applications, vol. iga-7, no. 2, march/april 1971, the combination of four power studies,
i.e., load flow, short circuit, harmonic analysis, and motor starting, is conducted in order to
achieve this goal[2].
The types of studies to be considered here are as follows:
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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

1) Short-circuit and protective device evaluation;

2) Protective device coordination;
3) Load flow, including voltage drop, demand loading, and power-factor correction.

The advantages of a power system study may include the following:

• Improvements in power quality due to reductions in voltage dips;
•Improvements in the electric bill as losses in the electrical distribution equipment are identified
and changes made in operations or equipment or cabling;
• Improvements in electrical safety as increased fault currents are identified and obsolete
equipment replaced[2].

Load-Flow Studies
A load-flow study calculates voltages, voltage angles, real and reactive power generated by
sources, flowing in lines and transformers, and used by loads, and related data for power
systems. A load-flow study calculates voltages, voltage angles, real and reactive power
generated by sources, flowing in lines and transformers, and used by loads, and related data for
power systems. [6]

Short-Circuit Studies
A short-circuit study calculates the short-circuit current available under specified circumstances
at one or more points in the power system.[6]
The short-circuit study is obligatory to determine deplorable system configuration which results
high fault current and damage system equipments. The short-circuit study determines best
modifications in system configuration that required to reduce short-circuit levels.
2001]. Fault clearance time is estimated as relay time plus switching device opening time.[6]

Protective-Device Coordination Studies

A protective-device coordination study is performed to determine the characteristics and
settings of protective relays, fuses, overcurrent trips, etc., which provides the optimum
combination of protection for the power system and reliable service to the loads[5]. Ordinarily,
these two objectives are to some extent mutually exclusive[3].Protection coordination can be
designed to achieve sensitivity, speed, selectivity and reliability to isolate faults from the rest of
the healthy system and minimize the plant loss due to the faults under all foreseen system
operation condition [IEEE Std 242, 2001]. Fault clearance time is estimated as relay time plus
switching device opening time.[6]

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.1 Background

The institute is in the heart of Bhopal (Mata Mandir) on a beautiful plateau with a verdant 650-
acre campus. It has 10 hostels, with new ones under construction. The campus houses about
4,000 students and faculty members .This necessitates presence of a well-defined distribution
system in the campus along with its own substation.

In 2013, the institute witnessed a blackout because of burning out of the power transformers
connected at the substation. The circuit breakers did not operate according to the fault and as
an outcome of inappropriate coordination amongst them, a total discontinuity of power flow was
observed making the system inconsistent.

Given such historical background of the power system in the campus, as an electrical
engineering student, it is interesting to analyze the system against all odds and proposing
rectifications wherever possible.

For the project we have used ETAP software given its popularity and ease.
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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

2.2 General Overview of the Distribution system

There is a 33/11kV, 2X2 MVA substation fed from 33kV supply by M.P.E.B.There are 2 Power
transformers (33/11 KV) situated at the substation. The 33 kV after being stepped down to 11kv
is fed to three feeders at college, colony and hostel.

There are 2 transformers present locally at the substation to meet the demand of various
components of the substation. Continuous monitoring of all the important electrical quantities
related to all the feeders is done at the substation itself.

The major load in the campus are constituted by Lighting loads , fan loads , motor loads (pumps
, water submersible motors, Air Conditioner load and also the miscellaneous load in the college
including equipments like boilers , motors , and other laboratory instruments.

The total length of the 11kV distribution line is around 4.862km. The type of conductor is ACSR
Archery conductor.

2.3 Distribution Elements connected in the System

2.3.1 Transformers: There are a total of 14 transformers situated at various locations inside
MANIT campus. Two being the main power transformers and rest are distribution transformers.
The below given table enlists the location and details of various transformer in the system.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

TABLE 2.1 List of Transformers in the campus

Location Rating(kVA) Feeder Voltage(kv) %Impedance Cooling

Substation 2000 Main 33/11 5.85 ONAN

Substation 2000 Main 33/11 5.85 ONAN

H3 500 Hostel 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN

Energy Center 250 Hostel 11/0.433 4.0 ONAN
Mech. Dept 315 College 11/0.433 4.0 ONAN
Mech. Dept 500 College 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
PORL 315 College 11/0.433 4.0 ONAN
Near Workshop 500 College 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
Neat H7 500 Colony 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
Colony 500 Colony 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
Substation 500 - 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
Substation 500 - 11/0.433 4.7 ONAN
H8 (2) 630 Hostel 11/0.433 5.05 ONAN

2.3.2 Protection Devices: Protection systems usually comprise five components:

 Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the
electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with
 Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;
 Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and auto recloser commands;
 Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
 Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote terminals of a
line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.

Basic Components:

 Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit breakers surrounding the faulted part of
the network
 Automatic operation, such as auto-re-closing or system restart
 Monitoring equipment which collects data on the system for post event analysis

2.3.3 Measuring Devices:

Instrument transformers are used as measuring devices for power system applications. These
are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels.
The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate instruments or metering from
high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from the high
voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or
high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

TABLE 2.2: List of protection and measuring devices

Protective or Voltage Current Fault Quantity

Measuring unit Rating(KV) rating(A) Current(KA)
VCB 33 1250 25 5
VCB 11 650 25 2
VCB 11 630 25 8
LA 33 - 10 1
LA 9 - 5 2
CT1 33 200-100/5-5 - 1
CT2 33 200-100/5-5 - 1
VT 33KV/√3/110/√3 - - 13

2.3.4 Loads in the campus

Light, fans & power at Institute, Colony & Hostel sector

1. INSTITUTE : Institute Office Area, Class Rooms, Work-shops, Labs, Faculty Rooms, Library, New
Teaching Blocks, 4-Departmental Blocks, Guest Houses & other upcoming buildings, approx. Light
Points (6800), Fans (2200), Power Points (2000) & Induction Motors of Labs & Workshops, Small
New Wiring Works, Industrial & General, Installation of Switchboards, Repair & Replacement of
Wiring, Switch Socket etc.

2. COLONY : All Residential Area, (Quarters: Type-I(2), II(5), III(35), IV(32), VI(68), VII (48), VIII (66)
& IX(77), Girls Hostel (300 rooms + dormitory-2) VIP Guest House, approx. Light Points (9500),
Fans (1450), Power Points (4200), Small New Wiring works,(Industrial & General), Installation of
Switchboards, Repair & Replacement of Wiring, Switch Socket etc.

3. HOSTELS : All Hostels (10 Nos.) approx. 2000 rooms, approx. Light Points (9500), Fans (2350),
Power Points (1200), Small New Wiring works, Industrial & General, Installation of Switchboards,
Repair & Replacement of Wiring, Switch Socket etc.

Common passages, compound lighting and street lighting work.

1. COMMON PASSAGES : Corridors & Common Passage lights of Institute, Hostels, Guest Houses &
Sub-stations approx. Light Points (1200), Fans (80)

2. STREET LIGHTS & COMPOUND LIGHTS of all Institute, Colony & Hostels & Sub-stations, approx.
(550) fittings on compound, street lights poles and roofs

Water supply pumps, Submersible, Mono block pumps & Fountain Plants work.

1. (02) 60 HP Motors, Starters & panels at Kolar Pump. (02) 75 HP Motors, Starters & panels of
hostel sector, (02) 40 HP Motors, Starters & panels at colony sector,
2. (05) Submersible Water Pumps & Starter, (18) 2 HP Mono block water pump motors & starters of
hostels
3. (01) Fountain Plant and its start

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

2.3.5 Maximum Load at Different Feeders: In order to carry out analysis for pessimistic
conditions we have considered maximum loadings at different feeders .The data corresponds to
the maximum load on feeders individually during different seasons.

TABLE 2.3 Maximum load at different feeders

Feeder Colony Hostel College TOTAL

R Current(Amps) 14 14 15 13.5
Voltage(KV) 10.9 10.9 11 32.9
KVA 152.6 152.6 165 444.2
Y Current(Amps) 14 12 13 13.8
Voltage(KV) 11 11 10.9 32.9
KVA 154 132 141.7 454.1
B Current(Amps) 15 13 15 14
Voltage(KV) 11 11 10.9 32.9
KVA 165 143 163.5 460.6
Net 481.6 427.6 470.2 1358.9

2.3.4.2 Load at Different Hostels:

TABLE 2.4 Load at different hostels

Hostel Hostel Hostel Hostel Hostel Hostel Hostel Hostel

Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

Current 22.5 49.2 68.7 90.9 54.7 30 55 58.4

R Voltage 232.6 207.2 233 228 236.5 236.5 226 227

KVA 5.23 10.19 16 20.72 12.93 7.09 12.43 13.25

Current 28.6 33.2 84.3 55.3 41.7 21.7 91 59.2

Y Voltage 217.4 219.8 228 227 235.4 235.4 228 229

KVA 6.21 7.29 19.2 12.5 9.81 5.1 20.7 13.5

Current 28.4 36.4 46.8 23.8 68.5 75 94 61.2

B Voltage 215.8 225.2 225 229.1 233.4 235 229 230

KVA 6.12 8.19 10.53 21.48 15.98 17.62 21.52 14.07

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

2.4 Single Line Diagram

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

CHAPTER 3

THE LOAD FLOW STUDY:

3.1: Theoretical Aspects:

One of the most common computational procedures used in power system analysis is the load
flow calculation. The planning, design, and operation of power systems require such
calculations to analyze the steady-state (quiescent) performance of the power system under
various operating conditions and to study the effects of changes in equipment configuration.
These load flow solutions are performed using computer programs designed specifically for this
purpose. The basic load flow question is this: Given the load power consumption at all buses of
a known electric power system configuration and the power supply, find the power flow in each
line and transformer of the interconnecting network and the voltage magnitude and phase angle
at each bus.
Analyzing the solution of this problem for numerous conditions helps ensure that the power
system is designed to satisfy its performance criteria while incurring the most favorable
investment and operation costs.

Some examples of the uses of load flow studies are to determine the following:
— Component or circuit loadings
— Steady-state bus voltages
— Reactive power flows
— Transformer tap settings
— System losses
— Generator exciter/regulator voltage set points
— Performance under emergency conditions

The methods of doing load flow include:

The power flow equations are non-linear, thus cannot be solved analytically. A numerical
iterative algorithm is required to solve such equations.
There are 4 methods of solving the load flow problem.
A) The Gauss Seidel Method
B) The Newton Raphson Method
C) Decoupled Newton Method
D) Fast decoupled method
From these 4 methods we have adopted Newton Raphson method with a tolerance of 0.0001.
Newton Raphson enjoys the advantages of fast convergence and accuracy over other stated
methods.
The basic equations of load flow are:

Let 𝑌𝑖𝑗 = |𝑌𝑖𝑗 |∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 and 𝑉𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |∠𝛿𝑖 [3.1]

Then 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 |𝑌𝑖𝑗 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑉𝑖 |∠(𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 ) [3.2]

Hence, 𝑃𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 |𝑌𝑖𝑗 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑉𝑖 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 ) [3.3]

And 𝑄𝑖 = − ∑𝑛𝑗=1 |𝑌𝑖𝑗 | |𝑉𝑗 ||𝑉𝑖 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 ) [3.4]

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

A load flow calculation determines the state of the power system for a given load and generation
distribution. It represents a steady-state condition as if that condition had been held fixed for
some time

As the load distribution, and possibly the network, will vary considerably during different time
periods, it may be necessary to obtain load flow solutions representing different system
conditions such as peak load, average load, or light load. These solutions will be used to
determine either optimum operating modes for normal conditions, such as the proper setting of
voltage control devices, or how the system will respond to abnormal conditions, such as
outages of lines or transformers.
We have performed load flow on our system with the motive of calculating distribution losses in
the line, voltage fluctuations in the buses, loading profile of each transformer and efficiency of
distribution. The Single line diagram post the load flow is presented below with markings
corresponding to power flow in each line.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

3.2 Performing Load Flow

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

According to the results obtained so far, it is observed that the system needs to be optimally
reloaded to improve its distribution efficiency and voltage profile.

Further the project would progress towards optimal distribution of loads and reactive power
compensation.

As stated earlier about the problems corresponding to the protection coordination, the next step
would be the short circuit analysis and protection coordination studies and account for the
system shortcomings.

In order to improve the reactive power profile, optimal capacitor placement pertains against the
observation of poor power factor and concerned penalty in the campus. The project aims at
analyzing the distributed reactive power compensation over the already existing centralized
compensation system. This essentially demands the economic justification which would be
taken care once the placement has been done.

Finally it is desired to propose a finalized improved layout of the system with better performance
and consistency.

WORK TO BE DONE AHEAD:

 Short Circuit analysis.

 Protective Device Coordination analysis.
 Optimal Capacitor Placement.
 Harmonic Analysis.
 Development of a final improvised distribution system.

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Analysis and improvement of power distribution system of MANIT, Bhopal

REFERNCES

[1]A. Philip Nobile (1987). Power System Studies for Cogeneration: What's Really Needed?
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 23,777-785.

[2] H. Beisdes and G. T. Heydt, “Multi-state power system optimization,” in

Proc. 21st Annu. North-Amer. Power Symp., 1989, pp. 95–104.

[3] J. Riquelme Santos, A. Tronconcoso Lora, A. Gomez Exposito, and

J. L. Martinez Ramos, “Finding improved local minima of power system
optimization problems by interior-point methods,” IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 238–244, Feb. 2003.

[4] M. J. O’Grady, W. T. Briggs, and W. O. Stadlin, “Managing power system

security and optimization,” IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, vol. 7, no. 4,
pp. 50–55, Oct. 1994.

[5] J. A. Momoh, S. X. Guo, E. C. Ogbuobiri, and R. Adapa, “The quadratic

interior point method solving power system optimization problems,” IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1327–1336, Aug. 1994.

[6] D. Chattopadhyay, “Application of general algebraic modeling system to

power system optimization,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 14, no. 1,
pp. 15–22, Feb. 1999.

[7] Dr. Mukesh Kirar (2014),Comprehensive Power System Studies for an Industrial Power
System with Cogeneration ,Wulfenia journal

[8]IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book).1

[9]IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in
Commercial Buildings (IEEE Gray Book).

[10]IEEE Std 242-1986 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book).

[11]Load flows, Chapter 18,Bus classification, Comparison of solution methods, N-R method–
Electrical Power system by C.L.WADHWA.

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