Earthquake Engineering

Earthquake forces
BASE SHEAR

Prepared By: Engr. Cirilo S. Monilla

 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

Analysis due to Earthquake:

Lateral Force (Seismic) Procedure

Simplified Static Lateral Force

Procedure
 Static Lateral Force Procedure

Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

Analysis Due To Earthquake
Zone Factor, Seismic Source Type,
Location Distance from the Source, Soil
Parameters
Importance Factor, Height,
Structure Type & Configuration, Period, Near-
Framing System Source Factors, Lateral-
Force Procedure
Base Shear, Lateral Force
Frame Analysis Distribution (Vertical &
Horizontal), Stresses, Drift,
P-Delta Effects
Combined Forces EQ (vertical, horizontal), DL, LL
 Seismic Zone
Map

SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR

ZONE 2 4

Z 0.20 0.40
 Table 208-6: Seismic Source Type
Type Description Maximum Moment
Magnitude
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude M = > 7.0
A
events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity

B All faults other than A&C 6.5<= M < 7.0

Faults that are not capable
of producing large mag.
C EQs and that have a M < 6.5
relatively low rate of
seismic activity
Seismic Source Types
Seismic Source Types
Seismic Source Types
Distance from the Seismic Source
Site Geology/Soil Characteristics

Soil Profile Type Description

SA Hard Rock
SB Rock
SC Very Dense Soil & Soft
Rock
SD Stiff Soil
SE Soft Soil
SF Soil requiring site
specific evaluation
* Site Effect on Ground Shaking
Loma Prieta, California earthquake in
1989
Hard rock

Soft ground

Stiff ground
(Source: USGS)

Soft ground shakes more strongly than

hard rock
* Frm:EDM-EqTAP
→ Site effect
Seismic Importance Factors (Table 208-1)

I. Essential Facilities- hospitals & other medical

facilities, fire & police stations, etc >> I = 1.25
II. Hazardous Facilities- structures housing,
supporting or containing quantities of toxic or
explosive substances >> I = 1.25
III. Special Occupancy Structures – for public
assembly, schools, day care centers >> I = 1.00
IV. Standard Occupancy Structures- structures
having occupancy not listed above >> I = 1.00
V. Miscellaneous Structures >> I = 1.00
Configuration Requirements
Regular Structures : No significant
physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configuration or in their lateral force
resisting systems
• Low height-to-base ratio
• Balanced resistance
• Symmetrical plan
• Uniform section and elevation
• Maximum torsional resistance
• Short spans
• Direct load paths
• Uniform floor heights
 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

B. Design Concept (cont.)

Type of Structural Frame
i. For Reinforced Concrete:
Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) -
Beam – Column Moment Frame
Moment Resisting Frame - a frame in which
members and joints are capable of resisting
forces primarily by flexure
SMRF – moment resisting frame specially
detailed to provide ductile behavior.
Bending Moments in Moment Resisting Frames
Under Combination of Gravity and EQ Loads
Bending Moments in Moment Resisting Frames
Under Combination of Gravity and EQ Loads
Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame with Shearwalls
 SW

Structure Period:
Along Long. Dir
T = 0.915 sec

Along Trans. Dir

T = 0.607 sec

Sample 3D-Dual Frame System

Representative Frame with Interior Shear Wall
with Boundary Element
Representative Frame with Interior Shear Wall
without Boundary Element
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Type of Structural Frame (cont.)

For Reinforced Concrete :
SMRF with Shearwalls

SMRF with Steel Bracings

Lateral forces are resisted through the

interaction of the moment resisting
frames and the shearwalls or bracings

SMRF are recommended in seismic zone 4

 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

Type of Structural Frame (cont.)

ii. For Structural Steel:

SMRF - Beam – Column Moment Frame

SMRF with Concrete Shearwalls
SMRF with Steel Bracings

Ordinary Moment Frames

Steel Moment Resisting Frame
Steel Braced Frames
Steel Frame with Shearwall
Steel Braced Frames
 Configuration Requirements

Irregular Structures: Have significant

physical discontinuities in configuration
or in their lateral force resisting systems

Refer to Table 208-9 & 208-10, NSCP 2001

for Irregularity Types & Definitions
Irregular Structures: Vertical Irregularities
Irregular Structures: Plan Irregularities
Plan Irregularity
Asymmetry in Stiffness
 Table 208-4: Near Source Factor Na

Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

Seismic
Source Type  5 km ≥ 10 km

A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
 REFERENCE TABLE 208-4 (Near-Source Factor Na)

2.0
Na

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km )
Source Type A
Source Type B
 Table 208-4: Near Source Factor Nv

Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

Seismic
Source Type  5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km

A 1.6 1.2 1.0

B 1.2 1.0 1.0

C 1.0 1.0 1.0

 REFERENCE TABLE 208-5 (Near-Source Factor Nv)

2.0
Nv

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km )
Source Type A
Source Type B
 Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z

Type
Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.36Na
SF To be determined from geotechnical investigation
& dynamic site response analysis
 Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Type
Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.64 0.96Nv
SF To be determined from geotechnical investigation
& dynamic site response analysis
 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)

Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure

Applies to following structures of Occupancy

Category IV or V:
1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single
family dwellings) not more than three
stories in height excluding basements,
that use light-frame construction
2. Other buildings not more than two stories
in height excluding basements.
 Simplified Design Base Shear, V:

W2
Fx2
3.0 Ca
Fx1= ----------- W1
W1 R
Fx1
3.0 Ca W2
Fx2= ----------
- R
V 3.0 Ca
V = ----------- W
R
 Simplified Design Base Shear, V
W- Seismic Dead Load
3.0 Ca
V = ----------- W R from Table 208-11
R
Ca from Table 208-7
The forces at each level shall be calculated using:

3.0 Ca wi- portion of W at level i

Fx= ----------- wi
R

Note: When the soil properties are not known in

Sufficient detail to determine the Soil Profile type,
Used Type SD for Zone 4 and Type SE for Zone 2
 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)

Static Lateral Force Procedure

1. All structures, regular or irregular, in

Occupancy Category IV or V in Seismic
Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 75 m in height

3. Irregular structures not more than five

stories nor 20 meters in height
Design Base Shear, V:
Design Base Shear: Need not exceed:
Cv I 2.5 Ca I
V = --------- W V = ----------- W
RT R

Shall not be less than: V = 0.11 Ca I W

Shall not be less than ( for Seismic Zone 4 only):

0.8 ZNvI
V = ------------- W
R
 Structure Period,T
Method A:
T = Cthn 3/4

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting

frames
= 0.0731 RC moment frames and eccentric
braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height in meters above the base
 Structure Period,T
Method B:
T=2  wii2  gfii
wi - portion of W at level i
i - elastic deflection at level i
g - gravitational acceleration
fi - applied lateral force at level i

Note: The value of T from Method B shall not exceed

value 30% greater than the value of T from Method
A for Zone 4 and 40 % in Zone 2.
 Vertical Distribution of Force
Ft + Fx+3 (V-Ft) Wxhx
Wx+3
Fx = ----------------
n
Vx hx+3  Wihi
i=1
Fx+2 Wx+2
Ft=0.07TV <=0.25V
Vx hx+2
Fx+1 Wx+1 Ft=0 if T<=0.7 sec
Vx hx+1 Fx – design seismic
Fx Wx
force at level x
Vx hx Ft – portion of base
shear concentrated
V at top
V = base shear Vx= story shear
Horizontal Distribution of Shear

The design Story Shear, Vx, is the sum of

forces, Fx and Ft, above that story.

Vx shall be distributed to the various

elements of the lateral force resisting
system in proportion to their rigidities.
 Horizontal Torsional Moment
ex A

CR
B
ey
CM
Vx E-W C
1 2 3 4

VxN-S
Torsional Moments:
Mty = Vx N-S (ex+exa) Mtx = Vx E-W (ey+eya)
 Horizontal Torsional Moment
F2

CR

CM d
VxE-W
d

F1 VxN-S
F = (R/R)V ± Mt Rd/  Rd2 d-dist of each element
from CR
Direct Shear Torsional Shear
 Drift Limitations
Story Drift – displacement of one level relative
to the level above or below it.
Expected Maximum Inelastic Drift – 208.5.9
M = 0.7 R S (208-17)

M m - total story drift due to

S design basis ground motion
V
Drift Limitations – 208.5.10

h •T < 0.7s: M ≤ 0.025 h

•T ≥ 0.7s: M ≤ 0.020 h
S - total story drift due to
design seismic forces
 Building Separation
Clear gap between adjacent buildings

MT =  (M12 + M22 )

M1 M2

MT

M1 & M2 are the displacements of adjacent

buildings
 P-Delta Effects

The resulting member forces and moments

and the story drifts induced by P- effects
shall be considered in the evaluation of the
overall structural frame stability.
P- effects need not be considered when
the story drift does not exceed 0.02/R.
Secondary Moment /Primary M ≤ 0.10
 P-Delta Effects
P
1 P 1 2 P
V
V V

Va=V
h
Ma = (V*h)+
Ma Ma Ma P(1+2)
Va
Va Va
a a a
Va = V Va = V
Ma = V*h Ma = (V*h)+(P*1)
 I. Structural Calculation Review Checklists

Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)

Dynamic Analysis
• Structures 75 m. or more in height
• Structures having stiffness, weight or geometric
irregularity
• Structures over five stories or 20 meters in height
in Zone 4 not having the same structural
system throughout their height
• Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil
Profile Type SF that have a period greater than
0.70 sec. The analysis shall include the effect
of the soil at the site