Assignment2 Sol PDF
Assignment2 Sol PDF
Assignment 2 Solution
1. Consider a sample of silicon at T = 300 K doped at an impurity concentration of: Nd= 1015 cm‐3.
Assume electron and hole mobilities are 1350 and 480 cm2/V.s, respectively. Calculate the
conductivity of the silicon. If an electric field is E = 35 V/cm is applied, calculate the drift current
density.
J Drift = q (n0 μ n + p 0 μ p )E
n0 ≅ N d = 10 cm ; p 0 =
15 -3 ni2
=
(
1.5 × 1010 )2
= 2.25 × 10 5 cm -3
15
n 10
−19
( )
J Drift = 1.6 × 10 × 10 × 1350 + 2.25 × 10 × 480 × 35 = 7.56 A/cm
15 5 2
Note:
1. The unit of the current density (A/cm2)
Current Density = Charge(q ) • Carrier Density(n) • Mobility(μ ) • Electric Field( E )
1 cm 2 V Coulomb s A
= Coulomb • 3
• • = 2
= 2
cm V.s cm cm cm
2. The drift current is quite high even with a small electric field and moderate doping
density.
3. Since electron concentration n0 is much much larger than hole concentration p0, we
can write,
= 3.1× 10 − 4 cm −3
p0 1.5 × 1016
( )
Q p >> n, σ = q nμ n + pμ p ≈ qpμ p = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 1.5 × 10 16 × 480 = 0.768 S/cm
J Drift = σ • E = 0.768 • 100 = 76.8 A/cm 2
3. It is required to have an n‐type semiconductor with resistivity 0.1 ohm‐cm. Find the doping
density needed to achieve this resistivity. If the semiconductor has a dimension of 1 μm х2 μm х
10μm, calculate the resistance of the material.
ρ=
1
=
1
≅
1
(Assuming n >> p )
σ q (nμ n + pμ p ) qnμ n
1 1
⇒n= = = 4.63 ×1016 cm -3
qμ n ρ 1.6 ×10 ×1350 × 0.1
−19
⎡
⎢Note : p =
ni2 1.5 ×1010
=
2
(
= 4860,
⎤
⎥
)
n 4.63×10 16
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣so our original assumption n >> p is correct.⎥⎦
=
( =
)
dn 1016 − 8 × 1015 cm -3 2 × 1015 cm -3
= 2 × 1018 cm - 4
dx 10 μm 10 × 10 − 4 cm
⎛ ⎞
( )
∴ J n , Diff . = 1.6 × 10 −19 C × ⎜⎜ 34.96
cm 2
( )
⎟ × 2 × 1018 cm - 4 = 11.19 A/cm 2
⎟
⎝ s ⎠
[Note: Relatively small change in carrier concentration can cause large diffusion current]
5. Consider a semiconductor that is nonuniformly doped with acceptor impurity atoms as shown in
the figure below. If the semiconductor is in thermal equilibrium, draw the energy band diagram
showing the intrinsic and the Fermi energy levels through the crystal. Derive an expression for
the induced electric field and show its direction in the diagram.
If the nonuniformly doped semiconductor is in thermal equilibrium and has no external connections,
the individual electron and hole currents must be zero.
dp( x )
J p = 0 = qp( x )μ p E x − eD p
dx
Ex is the induced electric field EInduced.
Solving for Ex
kT 1 dp( x ) ⎡ E − EF ⎤
p( x ) = ni exp ⎢ i
Ex = ⎥
q p( x ) dx ⎣ kT ⎦
kT 1 ⎡ p(x ) dE i ⎤ dp ( x ) ⎡ E − E F ⎤ d ⎛ Ei − E F ⎞
= = ni exp ⎢ i ⎜ ⎟
q p( x ) ⎢⎣ kT dx ⎥⎦ dx ⎣ kT ⎥⎦ dx ⎝ kT ⎠
1442443
n(x )
1 dE i
= p ( x ) ⎛ dEi dE F ⎞
q dx = ⎜ − ⎟
kT ⎝ dx dx ⎠
p ( x ) dEi
= ,
kT dx
⎛ dE F ⎞
⎜Q = 0, as the current is zero ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠
EInduced
[Note: It is not clear from the final expression of Ex = (1/q)(dEx/dx) that if Ex is positive or negative. But
from the 1st line where Ex is expressed in terms of carrier density gradient (dp/dx), it can be said that Ex
is negative since (dp/dx) is negative. So Ex will point towards negative x‐axis and the energy band
diagram will have a negative slope.]
6. An intrinsic Si sample is doped with donors from one side such that Nd = N0exp(‐ax). (i) Find an
expression for E(x) at equilibrium over the range for which Nd >> ni. (ii) Evaluate E when a = 1
(μm)‐1. (iii) Sketch a band diagram showing the intrinsic and the Fermi energy levels through the
crystal and indicate the direction of E.
kT 1 dN d ( x )
E (x ) = −
q N d ( x ) dx
=−
kT 1 d
[N exp(− ax )] For a = 1 (μm ) ,
−1
q N d ( x ) dx 0
= 1 (μm ) × 0.0259 V
kT −1
E=a
=−
kT 1
(− a )N 0 exp(− ax )
q N d (x )
q
( −4
)
−1
= 1 10 cm × 0.0259 V
aN ( x )
kT 1
= = 259 V/cm
q N d (x ) d
kT
=a
q
[Note: • Electric field is expressed in units of V/cm. So the unit of a is converted into cm;
• The induced Electric field is independent of the position x for the exponential
distribution of the carrier density]
kT 1 dEi dEi
E=a = ⇒ = akT
q q dx dx
The energy band diagram will have a constant slope of +qakT. Since the semiconductor is at
thermal equilibrium, Fermi level will be flat, i.e., (dE F dx ) = 0 .