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CIVIL BASICS
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Table – 1: Strength of concrete vs. Structural Member Type & Span for
Formwork Removal

Concrete Structural Member Type and Span

Strength
2.5 N/mm2 Lateral parts of the formwork for all structural
members can be removed
70% of design Interior parts of formwork of slabs and beams
strength with a span of up to 6m can be removed

85% of design Interior parts of formwork of slabs and beams

strength with a span of more than 6m can be removed

Table – 2: Formwork Stripping Time (When Ordinary Portland Cement is

used):

Type of Formwork Formwork Removal

Time
Sides of Walls, Columns and 24 hours to 48 hours (as
Vertical faces of beam per engineer’s decision)
Slabs (props left under) 3 days
Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
Removal of Props of Slabs:
i) Slabs spanning up 7 days
to 4.5m
ii) Slabs spanning 14 days
over 4.5m
Removal of props for beams and arches
i) Span up to 6m 14 days
ii) Span over 6m 21 days

Method-1 for Reinforcement Estimation

The simplest method is based on the type of structure and the volume of the reinforced
concrete elements. Typical values are, for example:

• Warehouses and similarly loaded and proportioned structures: 1 tonne of reinforcement per
105m3

• Offices, shops, hotels: 1 tonne per 13.5m3

• Residential, schools: 1 tonne per 15.05m3

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However, while this method is a useful check on the total estimated quantity it is the least
accurate, and it requires considerable experience to break the tonnage down to Standard
Method of Measurement requirements.

Recommended Values of Slump for Various Purposes:

No. Types of concrete Slump

1 Concrete for road construction 20 to 40 mm

2 Concrete for tops of curbs, parapets, piers, slabs 40 to 50 mm

and wall

3 Concrete for canal lining 70 to 80 mm

4 Normal RCC work 80 to 150 mm

5 Mass concrete 20 to 50 mm

6 Concrete to be vibrated 10 to 25 mm
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IS-10262-2009-CONCRETE MIX DESIGN – INDIAN STANDARD METHOD

The following points should be remembered before proportioning a concrete mix a per IS-
10262-2009.

 This method of concrete mix proportioning is applicable only for ordinary and standard
concrete grades.
 The air content in concrete is considered as nil.
 The proportioning is carried out to achieve specified characteristic compressive strength at
specified age, workability of fresh concrete and durability requirements.

Concrete Mix Design

This method of concrete mix design consist of following 11 steps

1. Design specification
2. Testing of materials
3. Calculating target strength for mix proportioning
4. Selecting water/cement ratio
5. Calculating water content
6. Calculating cement content
7. Finding out volume proportions for Coarse aggregate & fine aggregate
8. Mix calculations
9. Trial mixing and

10. Workability measurement (using slump cone method)

11. Repeating step 9 & 10 until all requirements is fulfilled.

Let us discuss all of the above steps in detail

Step-1. Design Specifications

This is the step where we gather all the required information for designing a concrete mix
from the client. The data required for mix proportioning is as follows.

 Grade designation (whether M10, M15, M20 etc)

 Type of cement to be used
 Maximum nominal size of aggregates
 Minimum & maximum cement content
 Maximum water-cement ratio
 Workability
 Exposure conditions (As per IS-456-Table-4)
 Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing
 Method of transporting & placing
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 Early age strength requirement (if any)

 Type of aggregate (angular, sub angular, rounded etc)
 Type of admixture to be used (if any)

Step-2. Testing of Materials

The table given below shows the list of most necessary tests to be done on cement, coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate and admixture. After doing the test, store the test data for further
calculation.

Concrete
Tests to be done
Ingredients
Specific
Cement — — —
gravity
Coarse Specific Water Free surface Sieve
aggregate gravity absorption moisture analysis
Specific Water Free surface Sieve
Fine aggregate gravity absorption moisture analysis
Admixture
Specific
— — —
gravity
(if any)

Step-3. Target Strength Calculation

Calculate the target compressive strength of concrete using the formula given below.

fck’ = fck + 1.65s

Where,

fck’ = Target compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2.

fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2. (same as grade of concrete,

see table below)

s = Standard deviation

The value of standard deviation, given in the table below, can be taken for initial calculation.

Characteristic
Grade of Assumed standard
Sl.No compressive strength
Concrete deviation (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1. M10 10
3.5
2. M15 15
3. M20 20
4.0
4. M25 25
5. M30 30
6.0
6. M35 35
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7. M40 40
8. M45 45
9. M50 50
10. M55 55

Step-4. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio

For preliminary calculation, water cement ratio as given is IS-456-Table 5 (also given below)
for different environmental exposure condition, may be used.

Note: Use Table-1 for finding out water-cement ratio of Plain Concrete and use Table-2 for
finding out water-cement ratio of Reinforced Concrete.

Table -1
Sl.No. Environmental Plain Concrete
Exposure Condition Minimum Maximum Free Minimum
Cement Water-Cement Grade of
Content Ratio Concrete
(kg/m3)
1 Mild 220 0.60 —
2 Moderate 240 0.60 M15
3 Severe 250 0.50 M20
4 Very Severe 260 0.45 M20
5 Extreme 280 0.40 M25

Table -2
Sl.No. Environmental Reinforced Concrete
Exposure Condition Minimum Maximum Free Minimum
Cement Water-Cement Grade of
Content Ratio Concrete
(kg/m3)
1 Mild 300 0.55 M20
2 Moderate 300 0.50 M25
3 Severe 320 0.45 M30
4 Very Severe 340 0.45 M35
5 Extreme 360

Refer the table given below (As per IS-456) to choose right type of environment depending
upon different exposure conditions to concrete.

Sl.No Environment Exposure condition

1 Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or

aggressive conditions, except those situated in
coastal areas.
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2 Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or

freezing whilst wetConcrete exposed to condensation
and rain

Concrete continuously under water

Concrete in contact or buried under non

aggressive soil/ground water

Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air

in coastal area
3 Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate
wetting and drying or occasional freezing whilst wet
or severe condensationConcrete completely
immersed in sea water

Concrete exposed to coastal environment

4 Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray,
corrosive fumes or severe freezing condition whilst
wetConcrete in contact with or buried under
aggressive sub-soil/ground water

5 Extreme Surface members in tidal zoneMembers in direct

contact with liquid/solid aggressive chemicals

Step-5. Selection of Water Content

Selection of water content depends upon a number of factors such as

 Aggregate size, shape & texture

 Workability
 Water cement ratio
 Type of cement and its amount
 Type of admixture and environmental conditions.

Factors that can reduce water demand are as follows

 Using increased aggregate size

 Reducing water cement ratio
 Reducing the slump requirement
 Using rounded aggregate
 Using water reducing admixture

Factors that can increase water demand are as follows

 Increased temp. at site

 Increased cement content
 Increased slump
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 Increased water cement ratio

 Increased aggregate angularity
 Decrease in proportion of the coarse aggregate to fine aggregate

The quantity of maximum mixing water per unit volume of concrete may be selected from
the table given below.

Maximum water content per cubic meter of concrete for nominal

maximum size of aggregate
Nominal maximum size of Maximum water
Sl.No.
aggregate content
1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165

The values given in the table shown above is applicable only for angular coarse aggregate
and for a slump value in between 25 to 50mm.

Do the following adjustments if the material used differs from the specified condition.

Type of material/condition Adjustment required

For sub angular aggregate Reduce the selected value by 10kg

For gravel with crushed stone Reduce the selected value by 20kg

For rounded gravel Reduce the selected value by 25kg

For every addition of 25mm slump Increase the selected value by 3%

If using plasticizer Decrease the selected value by 5-10%

If using super plasticizer Decrease the selected value by 20-30%

Note: Aggregates should be used in saturated surface dry condition. While computing the
requirement of mixing water, allowance shall be made for the free surface moisture
contributed by the fine and coarse aggregates. On the other hand, if the aggregate are
completely dry, the amount of mixing water should be increased by an amount equal to
moisture likely to be absorbed by the aggregate

Step-6. Calculating Cementious Material Content

From the water cement ratio and the quantity of water per unit volume of cement, calculate
the amount of cementious material. After calculating the quantity of cementious material,
compare it with the values given in the table shown in Step-4. The greater of the two values is
then adopted.
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If any mineral admixture (such as fly ash) is to be used, then decide the percentage of mineral
admixture to be used based on project requirement and quality of material.

Step-7. Finding out Volume Proportions for Coarse Aggregate & Fine
Aggregate

Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to unit volume of total aggregate for different
zones of fine aggregate is given in the following table.

Nominal Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total

aggregate for different zones of fine aggregate
Maximum

Sl.No. Size of
Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I
Aggregate

(mm)
1 10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69

The values given in the table shown above is applicable only for a water-cement ratio of 0.5
and based on aggregates in saturated surface dry condition.

If water-cement ratio other than 0.5 is to be used then apply correction using the rule given
below.

Rule: For every increase or decrease by 0.05 in water-cement ratio, the above values will
be decreased or increased by 0.01, respectively.

If the placement of concrete is done by a pump or where is required to be worked around

congested reinforcing steel, it may be desirable to reduce the estimated coarse aggregate
content determined as above, upto 10 percent.

After calculating volume of coarse aggregate, subtract it from 1, to find out the volume of
fine aggregate.

Step-8. Mix Calculations

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be done as follows.

a Volume of concrete= 1m3

b Volume of cement= (Mass of cement/specific gravity of

cement)*(1/1000)
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c Volume of water= (Mass of water/specific gravity of water)*(1/1000)

d Volume of admixture= (Mass of admixture/specific gravity of

admixture)*(1/1000)

e Volume of total aggregate (C.A+F.A)= [a-(b+c+d)]

f Mass of coarse aggregate= e*Volume of coarse aggregate*specific gravity of

coarse aggregate*1000

g Mass of fine aggregate= e*Volume of fine aggregate*specific gravity of fine

aggregate*1000

Step-9. Trial Mix

Conduct a trial mix as per the amount of material calculated above.

Step-10. Measurement of Workability (by slump cone method)

The workability of the trial mix no.1 shall be measured. The mix shall be carefully observed
for freedom from segregation and bleeding and its finishing properties.

Step-11. Repeating Trial Mixes

If the measured workability of trial mix no.1 is different from stipulated value, the water
and/or admixture content shall be adjusted suitably. With this adjustment, the mix proportion
shall be recalculated keeping the free water-cement ratio at pre-selected value.

Trial-2 – increase water or admixture, keeping water-cement ratio constant

Trial-3 – Keep water content same as trial-2, but increase water-cement ratio by 10%.

Trial-4 – Keep water content same as trial-2, but decrease water-cement ratio by 10%

Trial mix no 2 to 4 normally provides sufficient information, including the relationship

between compressive strength and water-cement ratio.

SLAB

Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based on its support conditions. Slab may be
supported on walls or beams or columns. Slab supported directly by columns are called flat
slab.
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Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction only is
called One Way Slab. On the other hand, when slab is supported on all four sides and
bending take place in two directions are said to be Two Way Slab.

The slabs having ratio of longer length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx) greater than 2 is called one
way slab otherwise as two way slab. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter
direction and the reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel. In two
way slab main reinforcement is provided along both direction.

Slabs could be simply supported, continuous or cantilever. In two way slab the corners may
be held down by restraints or may be allowed to lift up. Additional torsion reinforcement is
required at corners when it is restrained against uplifting as shown in Fig.1.

Thickness of the slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified in IS456-2000. Min
reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15% for mild steel bars. The diameter of bar
generally used in slabs are: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm.
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The maximum diameter of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness of
slab. Maximum spacing of main bar is restricted to 3 times effective depth or 300 mm
whichever is less. For distribution bars the maximum spacing is specified as 5 times the
effective depth or 450 mm whichever is less.

Minimum clear cover to reinforcements in slab depends on the durability criteria and this
is specified in IS 456-200. Generally 15 mm to 20 mm cover is provided for the main
reinforcements. Alternate main bars can be cranked near support or could be bent at 1800 at
the edge and then extended at the top inside the slab as shown in Fig.1. Curtailment and
cranking of bars and is shown in Fig. 2.

Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is simply supported on
both edges meeting at that corner and is prevented from lifting unless the consequences of
cracking are negligible. It shall consist of top and bottom reinforcement, each with layer of
bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a minimum distance
of one fifth of the shorter span. The area of reinforcement per unit width in each of these four
layers shall be three quarters of the area required for the maximum mid-span moment per unit
width in the slab. Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described above shall be provided
at a corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous. Torsion
reinforcement to be provided is shown in Fig. 3 below.
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The drawing showing the detailing of reinforcement has a plan showing typical reinforcement
in both direction and sectional elevations. Typical detailing of slab is shown in Fig.4 and 5.
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Fig.4: Slab spanning in one direction (One-way slab)

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Fig.5: Slab spanning in two-directions (two-way slab)

PUMPED CONCRETE

Pumped concrete is the concrete which is transported to heights by means of pumping using
concrete pumps. This method is used where large quantity of concrete work is involved at
greater height, where other means of transporting is not easy to do. Concrete pumps have
been known for more than 50 years. In modern times, large quantities of concrete can be
transported by means of pumping through pipelines over appreciable distances, often to
locations that may not be easily accessible by other means of delivery.

The system for pumping concrete essentially consists of a hopper into which the concrete is
discharged from the mixer, which in turn, feeds the concrete pump itself and finally the
delivery pipelines through which the concrete is delivered.

TYPES OF CONCRETE PUMPS:

There are basically two types of concrete pumps used for transporting, they are:

1. Direct acting concrete pumps

2. Squeeze type concrete pumps

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1. Direct Acting Concrete Pumps

A majority of the concrete pumps are of the direct-acting, horizontal piston-type with semi-
rotary valves (fig.1). The operation of the direct- acting pump is simple. The concrete is fed
into the pump by gravity and partly by suction created due to the reciprocating motion of the
horizontally-acting piston, while the semi-rotary valves open and close alternately. Suction
pressure of the order of 0.08 N/mm2 is developed in the pumping cylinder under favourable
conditions.

Best suction conditions are obtained if the diameter of the suction pipe is the same as that of
the pumping cylinder so that the concrete can flow unhindered. Concrete should be able to
flow freely through the full cross section of the suction pipe and possible blockages due to
over-sized aggregates should be avoided. Ideally, the diameter of the suction pipe should be
at least three times the maximum size of the aggregate in the concrete to be pumped. The
diameter of the suction pipe therefore controls the maximum size of aggregate, which can be
used in a given mix of concrete to be pumped.

During the ‘suction stroke’ the inlet valve opens and concrete is admitted into the pumping
cylinder, the outlet valve remaining closed. In the ‘delivery stroke’ the outlet valve gets
opened and the inlet valve being closed, the concrete gets pushed into the delivery pipeline.
The concrete moves in a series of impulses, the delivery pipe always remaining full. Outputs
of up to 60 m3/h can be achieved in modern pumps through 220-mm diameter delivery pipes.

2. Squeeze type Concrete pumps

Squeeze type pumps are smaller portable peristaltic type pumps. The concrete from the
collecting hopper is fed by rotating blades into a flexible pipe connected to the pumping
chamber, which is under a vacuum of about 0.08 N/mm2. The vacuum ensures that, except
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when being squeezed by the rotating rollers, the pipe shape remains cylindrical and thus
permits a continuous flow of concrete.

The two rotating rollers mounted on planetary drives progressively squeeze the flexible pipe
and thus push the concrete into the delivery pipe. Outputs of up to 20 m3/h can be obtained
with squeeze pumps using 75-mm diameter pipelines.

Selecting a Suitable concrete pump:

Concrete pumps are selected based on two primary parameters, the maximum desired
volumetric output of concrete per hour and the peak pumping pressure, p. A nominal output
of 30 m3/h is considered sufficient for routine concreting operations related to most civil
engineering applications. For specialized jobs where greater output is desired, pumps with a
capacity in excess of 120m3/h have been known to be deployed. The required power of the
drive unit (prime mover) of the concrete pump depends on the desired delivery output of
concrete, Q, and the pumping pressure, p. The delivery output and the pumping pressure are
co-related by the expression for the hydraulic output, H, of the concrete pump:

Concrete Curing Time – The Right Time to Cure Concrete

Curing of concrete is defined as the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature
conditions of concrete for hydration reaction to normally so that concrete develops hardened
properties over time. The main components which needs to be taken care are moisture, heat
and time during curing process.

Curing of concrete

Curing of concrete is required for the following reasons:

 To prevent the concrete to dry out prematurely due to solar radiation and wind. This
prevents plastic shrinkage of concrete.
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 It helps to maintain the concrete temperature by allowing the hydration process. Hydration
process requires water to carry on and releases heat.
 Curing helps the concrete to harden and bond with internal materials and reinforcement.
This helps to prevent damage to bond between concrete and reinforcement due to vibration
and impact.
 This helps development of impermeable, crack free and durable concrete.

Fig: Curing of Concrete Roof Slab by Ponding

Right time for curing of Concrete

The time to start curing of concrete depends on the evaporation rate of moisture from the
concrete. The evaporation rate is influenced by wind, radiant energy from sunshine, concrete
temperature, climatic conditions, relative humidity.

The evaporation of moisture is driven by the difference in vapor pressure on concrete surface
and the in surrounding air. When the difference is high, evaporation rate is high.
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ACI 308 – Guide to Curing Concrete suggests three phases of concrete curing. These
phases are shown in figure 1.6 of ACI 308.

The right time of curing of concrete depends on:

Initial Curing – Bleeding of Concrete:

When the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through the
surface of concrete due to settlement of concrete. The rate and duration of bleeding depends
on many factors including concrete mix properties, depth or thickness of concrete, method of
compaction of concrete etc.

These bleed water starts to evaporate from the surface. When all the bleeding water has
disappeared from the surface, the drying of concrete starts, then initial curing of concrete is
required to minimize the moisture loss and prevent plastic shrinkage cracks to concrete
before and during finishing operations.

The initial curing of concrete can be done by techniques such as fogging or using the
evaporation reducers, or by providing the sunshades and windscreens.
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Intermediate curing:

Intermediate curing is done when the concrete surface finishing operations has been carried
out before the final setting of concrete. This happens when the required surface texture of
concrete member is achieved rapidly or when the setting of concrete is delayed.

Final Curing:

When the concrete is finished after the final setting of concrete, the final curing of concrete
should be done. This helps to prevent surface drying of concrete because the loss of moisture
from the concrete surface occurs immediately.

W hat is the duration of concrete curing?

Curing of concrete for longer duration increases the strength and durability of concrete
structural member. The following figure explains how the compressive strength of concrete
increases with time when it is cured for longer duration.

Fig: Effect of duration of water curing on strength of concrete

The curing duration of concrete depends on:

 The reason for curing i.e. to prevent plastic shrinkage, temperature control, strength and
durability of concrete.
 The size of concrete structural member
 The type of concrete grade and rate of hardening of concrete
 The temperature and moisture conditions of surroundings
 The exposure conditions of the concrete surface during and after curing
 The requirement of curing duration as per specification of concrete

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 301 recommends a minimum curing
period corresponding to concrete attaining 70 per cent of the specified compressive strength.
The often specified 7 day curing commonly corresponds to approximately 70 per cent of the
specified compressive strengths.
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The Indian Standard IS 456 – 2000 recommends that curing duration of concrete must be at
least 7 days in case of ordinary Portland Cement, at least 10 days for concrete with mineral
admixtures or blended cements are used. It also recommends that the curing duration should
not be less than 10 days for concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions and 14 days
for concrete with mineral admixtures or blended cement in hot and dry weather.

LABOUR REQUIREMENT FOR VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION WORKS:

The cost of construction project highly depends on the requirements of labour for various
activities during construction. There are direct and indirect costs associated with the labour.
They are the salary of labours, their accommodation, food, insurance cost etc. Thus it is
essential to understand the number labours required for each activity of the construction to
estimate the final cost of project.

There are different types of labours that are required for the construction:

 Skilled labours
 Semi-skilled labours
 Unskilled labours

All these types of labours have different skills and different salaries. Their optimum use in
every work in construction is essential to minimize the construction cost.

The table below shows the recommended labour requirement for various civil
engineering/building/construction works:

S. Recommended
Description of work Unit Labour constant in
No. days.
1) Excavation over areas
Mate 0.06
(hard/dense soil),depth up to
3
1.5m and removal (up to one M
Labour 0.62
meter from edge)
2) Excavation in trenches (soft/
loose soil),for foundations not
exceeding 1.5m in width and
Mate 0.05
for shafts, wells, cesspits and
3
the like, not exceeding 10m3 M
Labour 0.50
and on plan, depth up to 1.5m
and removal(up to one meter
away from edge)
3) Returning, filling and
Mate 0.02
ramming of excavated earth
in layers not exceeding 20 cm 3
M Labour 0.25
in depth, watering, well
ramming and leveling, lead up
Bhisti 0.02
to 50m
4) Concrete : Labour 0.50
M3
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Mixing by machine (mixer) at Bhisti 0.10

banker, cement concrete (with
20mm graded coarse Mixer 0.07
aggregate) operator
0.07
Mixer
5) Mixer mixed cement concrete mason
0.10
Labour
1.63
bhisti
0.70
M3
mixer
0.07
operator
0.07
mixer
0.07
vibrator
6) Reinforced cement concrete mason
0.17
in situ in foundations,
footings, bases for columns, Labour
etc excluding form work and 2.00
reinforcement. (The constants bhisti
for items include mixing, 0.90
M3 mixer
pouring, consolidating and
curing. This does not include 0.07
operator
fair finish.)
0.07
mixer
0.07
vibrator
7) Reinforced cement concrete mason
in situ in suspended 0.24
floors/roofs excluding form Labour
work, and reinforcement. 2.50
bhisti
0.90
M3
mixer
0.07
operator
0.07
mixer
0.07
vibrator
8) Mortars:

Mixing by hand, cement Labour 0.75

mortar of any mix/proportions M3
(Labour required will be Bhisti 0.07
approximately same for
different mix proportions.)
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9) Brick work (straight walls):

mason 0.94
Brick work in walls exceeding
one brick thick, in cement / M3 Labour 1.80
lime mortar (The constants
include labour involved in Bhisti 0.20
scaffolding.)
10) Brick work in walls, one brick mason 0.25
thick, in cement/lime mortar.
(The constants could be M2 Labour 0.40
adopted for brick work with
any mix or mortar.) Bhisti 0.10
11) Formwork / Shuttering:
Carpenter 0.25
a) fabrication and erection
with all supports, struts, Labour 0.20
braces, etc, and dressing with M3
oil as cleaning of formwork: Carpenter 0.23
M2
1) rectangular column and Labour 0.20
walls M2
Carpenter 0.30
2) suspended floors/roofs
Labour 0.20
3) sides and soffits of beam
12) Reinforcement:

Bar reinforcement including

cutting to length, hooked Bar
1.00
ends, cranking or bending, bender
Quintal
hoisting and placing in any
1.00
position, binding wire and Labour
holding firmly so as not to be
disturbed while placing and
ramming of concrete
13) Plastering and pointing: mason 0.08

a) 15mm thick cement plaster Labour 0.10

to ceiling including mixing of
mortar. bhisti 0.10
M2
b) 15mm thick cement plaster 2 mason 0.06
M
on brick walls (exterior)
including mixing of mortar Labour 0.10
M2
c) Tuck pointing to random bhisti 0.10
rubble masonry in cement
mortar including mixing mason 0.10
mortar.
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Labour 0.15

Bhisti 0.10
14) Damping proof course:
Mason 0.10
a) Laying damp proof course
40mm thick cement concrete M
3 Labour 0.10
including form work and fair
Bhisti 0.01
finishing to edges and mixing.

Note: Bhisti means water carrier.

The slump and compacting factor test values shown below are of concretes with 20mm or
40mm maximum size of aggregates.

Degree of Slump Compacting factor Use for which concrete is suitable

workability (mm) Small Large
apparatus apparatus
Very low – 0.78 0.80 Roads vibrated by power-operated
machines. At the more workable end of this
group, concrete may be compacted in
certain cases with hand-operated machines.
Low 25 – 75 0.85 0.87 Roads vibrated by hand-operated machines.
At the more workable end of this group,
concrete may be manually compacted in
roads using aggregate of rounded or
irregular shape. Mass concrete foundations
without vibration or lightly reinforced
sections with vibration.
Medium 50-100 0.92 0.935 At the less workable end of this group,
manually compacted flat slabs using
crushed aggregates. Normal reinforced
concrete manually compacted and heavily
reinforced sections with vibration.
High 100-150 0.95 0.96 For sections with congested reinforcement.
Not normally suitable for vibration, for
pumping and tremle placing.
Very high – – – Flow table test is more suitable.

Average Material Cost as Percent of Total Cost

Percentage Industry Groups

of Total
Cost
Above 75 Construction, fabrication, electrodes, tea etc.
65 – 75 Wool, sugar, jute, cotton, yarn, commercial vehicles, earth
moving equipment, scooters, furniture etc.
55 – 65 Cotton textile, bread, ship building, cables, electricity
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generators, refrigerators, heavy machinery etc.

45 – 55 Chemicals, cement, pharmaceuticals, electronics, paper,
engineering, non-ferrous type machine tools, explosives etc.
35 – 45 Fertiliser, steel, cigarettes, transportation, asbestos, news print,
newspapers, ferrow alloys, aircraft manufacturing.

Consider, for example, a small company has total sales of Rs. 1000. Total cost is Rs. 900.
Thus, the profit is Rs. 100 which amount to 10% of the sales. Suppose, out of total cost of Rs.
900, materials cost is Rs. 600. Now if one percent saving in materials cost can be achieved,
then the resultant saving is Rs. 6 (1 percent of 600) which directly adds to the profit, thus,
profit becomes Rs. 106.

Therefore, in this case, we can see that 1 % saving in materials cost results into 6% increase
in profit.

MEASUREMENT OF FORMWORKS

Measurements of formwork (shuttering) is required for payment to the contractor for the
concrete work completed. The payment to contractor depends on whether the cost is included
with the concrete construction per unit quantity or formwork is paid separately, as mentioned
in the conditions of contract.

The formwork is measured in terms of area that is in contact with the concrete surface.
 SOURAV

Fig: Parts of Formworks for Beams and Slabs

For example, the formwork for concrete footing will be calculated as the surface area of four
sides of foundation only. Bottom of the footing is resting on earth, there is no need of any
formwork and top of footing is open.
 SOURAV

Fig: Pan and Elevation of RCC Footing

From the above footing plan and elevation, it can be seen that formwork area required will be

2 x (2 + 3) x 0.6 = 6 m2

Similarly, for a reinforced concrete beam, the measurement of formwork will be taken as the
combined surface area of two sides and bottom of the beam.

Issues in Formwork Measurements:

Normally, the forms are used more than once in concrete construction. But the
payment is calculated based on the total contact area of the formwork with concrete
and reuse of the forms is not taken into account. Thus, the price per unit area of
formwork can be reduced for reuse of the forms. Aluminium and steel forms are
reused for many number of times than wooden forms.
Complicated shape of concrete makes the formwork installation costlier than the
simple formwork installation because of labor cost and inability to reuse these forms.
A construction plan is required to reuse the forms maximum number of times to make
the construction cost effective.

Deduction of formwork area should not be taken for:

 SOURAV

Intersection of beams
Intersection of beams and columns and walls
Any openings or cutouts in slabs

Unit of Formwork Measurement:

Formworks are measured in terms of area. So any unit such as square meter, square foot,
square centimetre can be adopted. But generally, square meter and square foot of the contact
area with concrete is taken as the unit of measurement. The dimensions of a formwork should
be measure correct to the centimetre or inches whichever the case may be.

Formworks are measured as just contact area, not area of formwork, as shown below:

Contact Area = 2h(L+B)

The measurements of formwork are carried out separately for each type of
concrete works such as following:

a) Foundations, footings, bases of columns etc. and for mass concrete and precast shelves.

b) Walls of any thickness including attached pilasters, buttresses, plinth and string courses
etc.

c) Suspended floors, roofs, landings, shelves and their supports and balconies.

d) Lintels beams, girders and cantilevers

e) Columns, pillars, posts and struts.

f) Stairs (excluding landings) except Spiral Staircase

g) Spiral staircases (including landings)

h) Arches

i) Domes, vaults, shells roofs, archribs and folded plates

 SOURAV

j) Chimneys and shafts

k) Well steining

l) Vertical and horizontal fins individually or forming box, louvers and bands

m) Waffle or ribbed slabs

n) Edges of slabs and breaks in floors and walls

o) Cornices and mouldings

Data required for RCC Rate Analysis:

1. Estimation of materials:

Material estimation include sand, cement, coarse aggregate and steel for a particular mix
design. Let us consider a mix design of 1:1.5:3 for our estimation practice. The dry volume of
total materials required is considered as 1.54 times the wet volume of concrete, due to voids
present in sand and aggregates in dry stage. Therefore, for our calculation, we will consider
the total volume of materials required as 1.54 m3 for 1 m3 of wet concrete.

a) Bags of cement required:

Volume of cement required for 1m3 of Concrete =

=0.28 m3

Then number of bags of cement (volume of one bag of cement = 0.0347 m3)

= = 8.07 bags of cement.

b) Volume of Sand required:

Volume of sand required = = 0.42 m3 of sand.

c) Volume of Coarse Aggregate Required

Volume of Coarse Aggregate = = 0.84 m3 of coarse aggregates.

d) Estimation of Reinforced Steel:

 SOURAV

Quantity of steel required depends on components of structure, i.e. slabs, beams, columns,
foundations, roads etc. To estimate the steel required, there are two methods.

First method is, when we have the drawing available, we can calculate the total weight of
steel required divided by total volume of concrete for different components. This will give us
the weight of reinforcement steel per cubic meter of concrete.

Second method is assuming the percentage of reinforcement for different components.

Following are the percentage of reinforcement steel generally required per different
components. Its values can vary from structure to structure, and can be assumed from past
experiences of similar structure.

For slabs = 1.0 % of concrete volume.

For Beam = 2 % concrete volume.
For column = 2.5 % of concrete volume.
For RCC Roads, 0.6% concrete volume.

Lets take example of RCC Column, where reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete
volume, weight of steel required will be:

=196.25 kg.

2. Labour Requirement for 1m3 of RCC:

Labours required are presented in terms of days required by particular labour to complete its
work for the given quantity of concrete. Following are the various labours required:

a) Mason: As per Standard Schedule of Rates and Analysis of Rates, One mason is required
for 0.37 days.

b) Labours: One Unskilled labours required for 3.5 days.

c) Water carrier: One water carrier required for 1.39 days.

d) Bar Bender: Bar bender requirement depends on weight of reinforcement. Lets consider
one bar bender required for 100 kg of steel as for 1 day.

e) Mixer Operator: One mixer operator required for 0.0714 days.

f) Vibrator Operator: One vibrator operator required for 0.0714 days.

3. Equipments and sundries:

Equipment and other charges, such as water charges, miscellaneous items, tools and tackles
etc can be assumed as some percentage of total cost of materials and labours. Lets say it as
7.5%.

4. Contractor’s Profit:
 SOURAV

Contractor’s profit depends on place to place, organization to organization and work to work.
It varies from 10 – 20%. For our case lets assume it as 15% of total cost of materials, labours
and equipments.

We have calculated the quantity of every item in above 1 – 3 steps. For rate analysis of RCC,
we need to multiply each quantity with their rates to get the amount for every item of work.
Rates vary from place to place and time to time. It is advisable to assume local rates or
standard rates of the place.

The sum total of all the four items above will give the rate or cost for 1m3 of concrete.

CUTTING LENGTH OF DIFFERENT BARS.

main bar & anchor bar = L+18d
one side bend up bar = L+18d+ 0.42d
both side bend up bar = L+18d+ 2(o.42d)
stirups = 2(A+B)+24d

For getting a cutting length of rebar accurately you should deduct 2d for every 90 deg bend.

Clear cover to main reinforcement in

Footings : 50 mm
Raft foundation Top : 50 mm
Raft foundation Bottom/ sides : 75 mm
Strap Beam : 50 mm
Grade Slab : 20 mm
Column : 40 mm (d>12mm) 25 mm (d= 12mm)
Shear Wall : 25 mm
Beams : 25 mm
Slabs : 15 mm or not less than diameter of the bar.
Flat Slab : 20 mm
Staircase : 15 mm
Retaining Wall on Earth : 20/ 25 mm
Water retaining structures : 20 / 30 mm
Sunshade (Chajja) : 25 mm

Hook for stirrups is 9D for one side

No. of stirrups = (clear span/Spanning) + 1

For Cantilever anchorage length for main steel is 69D

“L” for column main rod in footing is minimum of 300mm

Chairs of minimum 12 mm diameter bars should be used.

Minimum diameter of dowel bars should be 12 mm

Lap slices should not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.
 SOURAV

In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

Minimum number of bars for a square column are 4 and for circular column are 6.

Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

Weight of rod per meter length = d2/162 where d is the diameter in mm

All reinforcement shall be free from mill scales, loose rust & coats of paints, oil or any other
substances.

Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the
distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.

In case of spacing of bars

Provide the diameter of the bar, if the diameter of the bar are equal.
Provide the diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

what the minimum nd maximum percetage of steel in column nd beam,slab

0-4% for Slab, 4-8% for beam, 8-12% for footing and 12-16% for column. the percentage is
calculated in unit weight of steel i.e 7850. The result, which is calculated in this is for 1 m3 of
concrete.

Preparation of Bar Bending Schedule

Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars, vis-à-vis, a given
RCC work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table
summarizes all the needed particulars of bars – diameter, shape of bending, length of each
bent and straight portions, angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each
type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.

Figure 1 depicts the shape and proportions of hooks and bends in the reinforcement bars –
these are standard proportions that are adhered to:

(a) Length of one hook = (4d ) + [(4d+ d )] – where, (4d+ d ) refers to the curved portion =
9d.

(b) The additional length (la) that is introduced in the simple, straight end-to-end length of a
reinforcement bar due to being bent up at say 30o to 60o, but it is generally 45o) = l1 – l2 = la

Where,
 SOURAV

Fig: Hooks and bends in Reinforcement

Giving different values to respectively), we get different values of la,

as tabulated below:

Figure 2 presents the procedure to arrive at the length of hooks and the total length of a given
steel reinforcement.
 SOURAV

Fig: Typical Bar Bending Schedule

Concrete formwork is a temporary supporting structure for concrete when it is placed at the
construction site to keep the concrete in position and shape till it gets hardened. Checks for
formwork should be carried out before concreting, during concreting and after removal of
formwork. Concrete formwork possesses both quality and safety threats. If the formwork is
not right for the concrete and work is being done at height, it may cause safety issue. Quality
of concrete is affected when the formwork is not properly aligned, not leak proof etc. Proper
storage of concrete formworks is also required to for cost economy of the project.
 SOURAV

CONCRETE FORMWORK CHECKLIST AT SITE:

FORMWORK CHECKLIST FOR WALLS:

1. Ensure lateral bracings provided firmly supports the forms at all points of support.

2. Block out (stop end) braced to resist vertical and lateral loads.

3. Form panels are adequately braced and tied with each other.

4. Formwork corners shall be adequately tied to prevent leakage or bulging and spreading of
concrete.

5. Ensure sufficient length is provided for wall ties and has sufficient strength and spacing as
required.
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6. Check wales for proper proper spacing and joints between should be staggered from one
tier to the next.

7. In double member wales, one member left continuous across the location of form ties.

8. Wall ties and bolts tightened properly.

9. In case double member wales is used, both wales should have identical depths.

10. Check for adequate lap between forms and previously cast concrete.

11. Ensure that grout leakage does not occur at joints between panels and joints between old
concrete and panels above them.

12. Check the provision of resistance against uplift in case of sloping faces of concrete
formwork.

13. Ensure experienced supervisor is available at site while installing the wall forms and
while placing concrete.

FORMWORK CHECKLIST DURING CONCRETING:

1. Before concreting commences ensure proper access for workers involved in placing,
compacting and finishing concrete.

2. Presence of experienced supervisor keeping a continuous watch for any dangerous

situation.

3. Adequate supply of spare props, clamps, bolts, wedges and skilled workers at site.
 SOURAV

4. Alignment, camber, level and plumb (verticality) maintained while concreting is in

progress.

5. Effective depth between top and bottom reinforcement not disturbed.

6. Cover of concrete around reinforcement steel maintained as specified.

7. Grout loss due to movement at joints and corrective action taken against it.

8. Loosening of wedges and fixings due to vibrations transmitted to the formwork and
corrective action against it.

9. Spilt concrete and/or grout cleaned immediately.

10. All wooden spreaders, to hold vertical form faces apart, removed after placing concrete.

11. Wooden members for creating pockets eased before concrete sets fully.

12. Concrete pouring sequence as per that shown on formwork drawing (avoid eccentric
loading).

13. Prevention of heaping of concrete and high impact drops from concrete buckets.

14. Rate of concreting within allowable limits as shown on working drawing or as assumed
while designing the formwork against lateral pressures.

15. Proper bond between layers of concrete, in case concrete is placed in layers, by ensuring
that needle vibrator while vibrating the top layer also penetrates the lower layer.
 SOURAV

CHECKLIST DURING FORMWORK STRIKING (STRIPPING OR REMOVAL):

1. Formwork design and layout such that smooth striking of formwork in sequential manner
is possible.

2. Strength of concrete capable of taking self weight and construction load on it.

3. Removal time to be ascertained depending on size, shape and span of the member, grade of
concrete mix and its rate of gain of strength, type of cement, ambient temperature and
weather conditions and extent of curing executed.

4. At the time of removal of side form, corners and edges not damaged.

5. Ties, clamps and wedges loosened and removed gradually.

6. Removal time in line with those specified in code of practice (IS 456- 2000).

7. Props in case of beams and slabs removed in stages from mid-span working outwards.

8. Bolts, nuts, clamps, wedges collected in a box and not dropped carelessly.

9. Use of crowbars to prise open forms avoided.

10. Formwork prised loose using wooden wedges.

11. Formwork carefully lowered and not dropped and damaged.

12. Panel faces should be carefully removed and lowered without them hitting the scaffold
projections.

13. Panels placed on leveled surface after removal.

14. Nail projections hammered down.

15. Cordoning off the area below the location where formwork removal is proposed.

16. Presence of competent crane operator and foreman.

CHEKLIST FOR CLEANING AND STORAGE OF FORMWORK:

1. Formwork as soon as it is removed, cleaned with a stiff brush.

2. Dust, dirt, stubborn bits of concrete or grout removed.

3. Timber surface and uncoated ply coated with release agent before storing.

4. Steel form coated lightly with oil to prevent corrosion.

5. Damaged formwork sorted out and repaired before storage.

 SOURAV

6. Depressions, nail holes repaired with suitable materials and lightly rubbed down to give
smooth surface.

7. Panels and plywood sheets stored on a horizontally leveled floor.

8. Panels stored face to face to protect the surface.

9. Storage area protected from rain and moisture and well ventilated.

10. All formwork materials stacked off the ground.

11. Loose wailing, soldiers (struts) etc. stored with respective panels after numbering for
proper match when reused.

12. Bolts, nuts, champs, pins, wedges, keys and ties stored in separate bins or boxes.

Rate Analysis of Excavation:

Following points to be noted before starting rate analysis of soil:

 Type of soil
 Lead distance and transport for carrying excavated soil
 Depth of excavation
 Method of excavation – manual excavation or mechanical excavation
 Capacity of labor for manual excavation
 Capacity of equipment for mechanical excavation and their cost per unit quantity.
 Water charges if used
 Profit of contractor

We will see an example of excavation of soft soil for a depth up to 1.5m and lead distance of
50m per 10m3 of concrete.

Items Units Qty. Rate Amount

Hydraulic Excavator Day 0.04125 5000 206.25

Tractor/Dumper Day 0.04125 1500 61.88

Unskilled Labor Day 1.20 311.2 373.44

641.57

Total

Water charges @1% total 6.42

Contactor Profit @15% 96.23

SUM 744.22
 SOURAV

Gross Amt./CUM up to 1.5m depth COST 74.42

In the above example, the coefficient of quantity of hydraulic excavator, tractor / dumper and
unskilled labors are based on their capacity per day (8 hours of work). Lets say for 10m3, the
hydraulic excavator is taking 0.04125 day. Then its capacity considered is ((1×10)/0.04125) =
242.4242 m3 / day.

That means, a hydraulic excavator can excavate 242.4242 m3 of soil in one day. Its cost per
day including driver and fuel is Rs. 5000. Then the cost of 10m3 of excavation can be
calculated as:

No. of days required for 10m3 excavation = 10/242.4242 = 0.04125 days.

The cost of hydraulic excavator for 10m3 excavation = 0.04125×5000 = Rs.206.25

Likewise, based on the capacity of other equipment, labors etc., their cost is calculated.
Contractors profit is also added to the total cost of labors and machineries. Then grand total
gives the rate of excavation per 10m3 of soil excavation.

Different mechanical equipment have different capacity per day for excavation work. Their
coefficient per m3 or per 10m3 should be considered for calculation.

//////

Spacing of Reinforcement in reinforced concrete members:

Minimum Spacing between Bars in Tension

The minimum horizontal spacing between two parallel main bars shall be diameter of larger
bar or maximum size of coarse aggregate plus 5 mm. However, where compaction is done by
needle vibrator, the spacing may be further reduced to two-third of the nominal maximum
size of the coarse aggregate.

The minimum vertical distance between two main bars shall be

(a) 15 mm,

(b) two-third of the nominal size of coarse aggregate, or

(c) maximum size of the bar or whichever is greater.

Maximum Spacing between Bars in Tension

Normally these spacing will be as mentioned below :

(a) For beams, these distances are 300 mm, 180 mm and 150 mm for grades of main
reinforcement of Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe 500, respectively.
 SOURAV

(b) For slabs

(i) the maximum spacing between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall be 3dor 300 mm
or whichever is less, and

(ii) the maximum spacing between two secondary parallel bars shall be 5dor 450 mm or
whichever is less.

Fig: Spacing of reinforcement in beams

Reinforcement Requirement in Members

Beams

(a) Minimum tensile steel is given by the ratio (For Flanged Beams b= bw)

(b) Maximum Tensile Reinforcement in Beams shall not exceed 0.04 bD.

(c) Maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD.

(d) Beam having depth exceeding 750 mm, side face reinforcement of 0.1% of webarea shall
be provided. This reinforcement shall be equally distributed on two faces at a spacing not
exceeding 300 or web thickness or whichever is less.
 SOURAV

TYPES OF FORMWORK (SHUTTERING)

Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould, fresh
concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and
involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of
these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the
formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are
known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms.

Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber
formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the
surface of wood mitigates these defects.

A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

.1 . It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
.2 . It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally
and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
.3 . The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
.4 . Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
.5 . The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable
for reuse.
.6 . The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have
plane surface.
.7 . It should be as light as possible.
.8 . The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to
the elements.
.9 . It should rest on firm base.

Economy in Formwork

The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:

.1 . The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size of
rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
.2 . Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
.3 . Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the
material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of the
formwork.

Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fibre glass used
separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use
of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fibre
glass made of pre-cast concrete and aluminium are used in cast-in-situ construction such as
slabs or members involving curved surfaces.

Timber Formwork:

Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:

 SOURAV

It should be

1. well seasoned
2. light in weight
3. easily workable with nails without splitting
4. free from loose knots

Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface
on all faces which come in contact with concrete.

Normal sizes of members for timber formwork:

Sheeting for slabs, beam, column 25 mm to 40mm thick
side and beam bottom

Joints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150 mm

Posts 75 x 100mm to 100 x 100 mm

Plywood Formwork

Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required
sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably with that of timber shuttering and
it may even prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:

.1 . It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.
.2 . By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing
and dismantling.
.3 . Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation
purpose, number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

Steel Formwork

This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small
steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts
and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size.
Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the
shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or
curved structures.

Steel forms compared with timber formwork:

.1 . Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and
their reuses are more in number.
.2 . Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
 SOURAV

.3 . The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such surfaces
need no further treatment.
.4Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete. 5
. Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

Construction of formwork:

This normally involves the following operations:

1. Propping and centring

2. Shuttering
.3 . Provision of camber
.4 . Cleaning and surface treatment

Order and method of removing formwork:

The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:

.1 . Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
.2 . Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
.3 . Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should
be removed in the end.

Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early removal of
formwork. The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed to be removed until all
the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses to which the concrete may be
subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All formworks should be eased gradually and
carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.

Figure 1 to 6 shows formwork for different types of members in civil engineering

construction.

Table: Period of removal of formwork

S. No. Description of structural member Period of time

1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days

2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days

3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days

 SOURAV

4 Removal of props to slabs

(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days

(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days

5 Removal of props to beams and arches

(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days

(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days

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Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.

Water absorption should not be more than 15 %.

Dimension tolerance for cubes + – 2 mm.

Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm2

Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.50 m.

In soil filling as per IS code for every 100 sqm 3 sample for core cutting test should be taken.

Electrical conduits shall not run in column

Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m should be stepped form

Any back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content and
in layers not more than 200mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for no structure

F soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid at 45° to 60° inclination (and not vertical)
with interstices filled with sand or moorum.
 SOURAV

A set of cube tests shall be carried out for each 30 cum of concrete / each levels of casting /
each batch
of cement.

Water cement ratio for different grades of concrete shall not exceed 0.45 for M20 and above
and 0.50 For M10 / M15 contractor

For concrete grades M20 and above approved admixture shall be used as per mix design
requirements.

Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor level and
300mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in such a manner
that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination.

Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be
prepared and
cured. 3 Cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for compressive strength. The test
results
should be submitted to engineer for approval. If results are unsatisfactory necessary
action/rectification/remedial measures has to be exercised.

Water used for both mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils,
acids, alkalies, salts, sugar and organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious
to concrete or steel. The ph shall be generally between 6 and 8.

Cement shall be tested for its setting.

1. The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes.
2. The final setting time shall not be more than 10 hours.

Slump IS 456
Lightly reinforced 25 – 75 mm
Heavily reinforced 75 – 100 mm
Trench fill (insitu & Tremie) 100 – 150 mm (For Tremie no need of vibrator)

Curing Days Required

Super Sulphate cement : 7 days
Ordinary Portland cement OPC : 10 days
Minerals and Admixture added cement : 14 days

Cube Samples
1 – 5 M3 : 1 No.
6 – 15 M3 : 2 No’s
16 – 30 M3 : 3 No’s
31 – 50 M3 : 4 No’s
Above 50 M3 : 4 + 1 No of addition sample for each 50 M3.

//////////////////////////////

As Per Indian Guidelines Only.

 SOURAV

Clear cover to main reinforcement in

Footings : 50 mm
Raft foundation Top : 50 mm
Raft foundation Bottom/ sides : 75 mm
Strap Beam : 50 mm
Grade Slab : 20 mm
Column : 40 mm (d>12mm) 25 mm (d= 12mm)
Shear Wall : 25 mm
Beams : 25 mm
Slabs : 15 mm or not less than diameter of the bar.
Flat Slab : 20 mm
Staircase : 15 mm
Retaining Wall on Earth : 20/ 25 mm
Water retaining structures : 20 / 30 mm
Sunshade (Chajja) : 25 mm

Hook for stirrups is 9D for one side

No. of stirrups = (clear span/Spanning) + 1

For Cantilever anchorage length for main steel is 69D

“L” for column main rod in footing is minimum of 300mm

Chairs of minimum 12 mm diameter bars should be used.

Minimum diameter of dowel bars should be 12 mm

Lap slices should not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.

In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

Minimum number of bars for a square column are 4 and for circular column are 6.

Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

Weight of rod per meter length = d2/162 where d is the diameter in mm

All reinforcement shall be free from mill scales, loose rust & coats of paints, oil or any other
substances.

Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the
distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.

In case of spacing of bars

Provide the diameter of the bar, if the diameter of the bar are equal.
Provide the diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate.
 SOURAV

///////////////////

0-4% for Slab, 4-8% for beam, 8-12% for footing and 12-16% for column. the percentage is
calculated in unit weight of steel i.e 7850. The result, which is calculated in this is for 1 m3 of
concrete.///////////////////

/////

 Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
 Chair Spacing Maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2
 For Dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.
 Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
 Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.
 Minimum bars of square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column.
 Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain Bars) and the
distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
 Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
 Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
 Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50 m.
 Lap slice not to be used for bar larger than 36 mm.
 Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
 PH value of water should not be less than 6.
 Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N/mm2
 In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

 In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100
m

//////////////////

Density of Materials:
Material Density

Bricks 1600 – 1920 kg/m3

Concrete block 1920 kg/ m3

Reinforced concrete 2310 – 2700 kg/ m3

Curing time of RCC Members for different types of cement:

Super Sulphate cement: 7 days

Ordinary Portland cement OPC: 10 days

Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days

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De-Shuttering time of different RCC Members

RCC Member De-shuttering time

For columns, walls, vertical form works 16-24 hrs.

Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days (props to be refixed after removal)

Soffit to beams props 7 days (props to refixed after removal)

Beams spanning upto 4.5m 7 days

Beams spanning over 4.5m 14 days

Arches spanning up to 6m 14 days

Arches spanning over 6m 21 days

Cube samples required for different quantity of concrete:

Quantity of Concrete No. of cubes required

1 – 5 m3 1 No’s

6 0 15 m3 2 No’s

16 – 30 m3 3 No’s

31 – 50 m3 4 No’s

4 + 1 No’s of addition of
Above 50 m3
each 50 m3

W eight Calculator

Standard conversion factors

INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE
FOOT = 0.3048 METRE
YARD = 0.9144 METRE
MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER
ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE
POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM
DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE CELSIUS
MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH
METRE = 3.2808FOOT
METRE = 1.0936YARD

1) MILD STEEL (MS)

SHEET
WEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X WIDTH (MM) X 0. 00000785 X THICKNESS
example – The weight of MS Sheet of 1mm thickness and size 1250 MM X 2500 MM shall
be
 SOURAV

2500MM X 1250 MM X 0.00000785 X 1 = 24.53 KGS/ SHEET

—————————————————
ROLLED STEEL CHANNELS

MS SQUARE
WEIGHT (KGS ) = WIDTH X WIDTH X 0.00000785 X LENGTH.
Example : A Square of size 25mm and length 1 metre then the weight shall be.
25x25X 0.00000785 X 1000mm = 4.90 kgs/metre

MS ROUND
WEIGHT (KGS ) = 3.14 X 0.00000785 X ((diameter / 2)X( diameter / 2)) X LENGTH.
Example : A Round of 20mm diameter and length 1 metre then the weight shall be.
3.14 X 0.00000785 X ((20/2) X ( 20/2)) X 1000 mm = 2.46 kgs / metre

SS ROUND
DIA (mm) X DIA (mm) X 0.00623 = WEIGHT PER METRE
SS / MS Pipe
OD ( mm) – W.Tthick(mm) X W.Thick (mm) X 0.0248 = Weight Per Metre
OD ( mm) – W.Tthick(mm) X W.Thick (mm) X 0.00756 = Weight Per Foot

SS / MS CIRCLE
DIA(mm) X DIA (mm) X THICK(mm) 0.0000063 = Kg Per Piece

SS sheet
Length (Mtr) X Width (Mtr) X Thick(mm) X 8 = Weight Per Piece
Length (ft) X Width (ft) X Thick(inch) X 3 /4 = Weight Per Piece

S.S HEXAGONAL BAR

DIA (mm) X DIA (mm) X 0.00680 = WT. PER Mtr
Dia (mm) X Dia (mm) X 0.002072 = Wt. Per foot.

BRASS SHEET
WEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X BREADTH (MM) X 0. 0000085 X THICKNESS
Example – The weight of brass sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 1220mm and breadth 355mm
shall be
1220 X355X 0.0000085 X 1 = 3.68 Kgs/Sheet

COPPER SHEET
WEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X BREADTH (MM) X 0. 0000087 X THICKNESS
 SOURAV

Example – The weight of coppper sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 1220mm and breadth
355mm shall be
1220X355 X 0.0000087 X 1 = 3.76 Kgs/Sheet

BRASS / COPPER PIPE

OD (mm) – THICK (mm) X THICK(mm) X 0.0260 = WEIGHT PER METRE

ALUMINUM SHEET
WEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X BREADTH (MM) X 0. 00000026 X THICKNESS
Example – The weight of Aluminum sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 2500mm and breadth
1250 mm shall be
2500x1250X 0.0000026 X 1 = 8.12 Kgs/Sheet

ALUMINIUM PIPE
OD (mm) – THICK(mm) X THICK(mm) X0.0083 = WEIGHT PER METRE

We are extremely thankful to Er. Harpal Aujla for sharing this on our site and thus
helping civil engineering students.

Filed under Measurement Units | 452 Comments

More Useful Measurement Units

The E indicates an exponent, as in scientific notation, followed by a positive or negative

number, representing the power of 10 by which the given conversion factor is to be
multiplied before use.

Continue Reading »

Filed under Measurement Units | 12 Comments

Detailed Units – Convert Units

Following table shows how can we convert various most commonly used units from one unit
system to another.

Units to convert Value

Square foot to Square meter 1 ft² = 0.092903 m²
Foot per second squared to Meter per second squared 1 ft² = 0. 3048 m²
Cubic foot to Cubic meter 1 ft³ = 0.028316 m³
Pound per cubic inch to Kilogram per cubic meter 1 lb/in³ = 27679.9 047102
kg/m³
Gallon per minute = Liter per second 1 Gallon per minute =
0.0631 Liter per second
Pound per square inch = Kilopascal 1 Psi (Pound Per Square
Inch) = 6.894757 Kpa
(Kilopascal)
Pound force = Newton 1 Pound force = 4.448222
Newton
 SOURAV

Pound per Square Foot to Pascal 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.88025 Pascal

Acre foot per day = Cubic meter per second 1 Acre foot per day= 1428
(m3/s)
Acre to square meter 1 acre = 4046.856 m²
Cubic foot per second = Cubic meter per second 1 ft³/s = 0.028316847 m³/s
Filed under Measurement Units | 4 Comments

Measurement Units

Measurement units and standards are different in different countries but to maintain a
standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different countries or
even different states. Small projects can be done with the locally used unit system but when
the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.

Two most common system used in the United States are

United States Customary System (USCS)

System International (SI)

But the SI unit system is more widely used all over the world. Following is the table which
shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurements. ( Just multiply the
USCS amount with the corresponding figure given in table below

Convert USCS into SI Units

USCS unit X Factor = SI unit SI symbol

Square foot X 0.0929 = Square meter M2

Cubic foot X 0.2831 = Cubic meter M3

Pound per square inch X 6.894 = Kilopascal KPa

Pound force X 4.448 = Newton Nu

Foot pound torque X 1.356 = Newton meter N-m

Kip foot X 1.355 = Kilonewton meter LN-m

Gallon per minute X 0.06309 = Liter per second L/s

Kip per square inch X 6.89 = Megapascal MPa

//////////////////////////////////////
 SOURAV

 Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.

 Water absorption should not be more than 15 %.
 Dimension tolerance for cubes + – 2 mm.
 Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm2
 Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.50 m.
 In soil filling as per IS code for every 100 sqm 3 sample for core cutting test should
be taken.
 Electrical conduits shall not run in column
 Earth work excavation for basement above 3 m should be stepped form.
 Any back filling shall be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture
content and in layers not more than 200mm for filling above structure and 300 mm for
no structure
 A set of cube tests shall be carried out for each 30 cum of concrete / each levels of
casting / each batch of cement.
 Water cement ratio for different grades of concrete shall not exceed 0.45 for M20 and
above and 0.50 For M10 / M15 contractor
 For concrete grades M20 and above approved admixture shall be used as per mix
design requirements.
 Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor
level and 300mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in
such a manner that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination.
 Samples from fresh concrete shall be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm
shall be prepared and cured. 3 Cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for
compressive strength. The test results should be submitted to engineer for approval. If
results are unsatisfactory necessary action/rectification/remedial measures has to be
exercised.
 Water used for both mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalies, salts, sugar and organic materials or other substances that may
be deleterious to concrete or steel. The ph shall be generally between 6 and 8.
 Cement shall be tested for its setting.
1. The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes.
2. The final setting time shall not be more than 10 hours.
 Slump IS 456
Lightly reinforced 25 – 75 mm
Heavily reinforced 75 – 100 mm
Trench fill (insitu & Tremie) 100 – 150 mm (For Tremie no need of vibrator)
 Curing Days Required
Super Sulphate cement : 7 days
Ordinary Portland cement OPC : 10 days
Minerals and Admixture added cement : 14 days

///

CONCRETE GRADES:
M5 = 1:4:8
M10= 1:3:6
M15= 1:2:4
M20= 1:1.5:3
M25= 1:1:2
 SOURAV

CLEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

1. FOOTINGS : 50 mm
2. RAFT FOUNDATION.TOP : 50 mm
3. RAFT FOUNDATION.BOTTOM/SIDES : 75 mm
4. STRAP BEAM : 50 mm
5. GRADE SLAB : 20 mm
6. COLUMN : 40 mm
7. SHEAR WALL : 25 mm
8. BEAMS : 25 mm
9. SLABS : 15 mm
10. FLAT SLAB : 20 mm
11. STAIRCASE : 15 mm
12. RET. WALL : 20/ 25 mm on earth
13. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES : 20/30 mm

WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH:

DIA WEIGHT PER METER
6mm = 0.222Kg
8mm = 0.395 Kg
10mm = 0.616 Kg
12mm = 0.888 Kg
16mm = 1.578 Kg
20mm = 2.466 Kg
25mm = 3.853 Kg
32mm = 6.313 Kg
40mm = 9.865 Kg

1bag cement-50kg
1feet-0.3048m
1m-3.28ft
1sq.m-10.76sq.f t
1cu.m-35.28cu.ft
1acre-43560sq.ft
1hectare-2.47acre

DESIGN MIX:
M10 ( 1 : 3.92 : 5.62)
Cement : 210 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 708 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 472 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 823 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3
Fresh concrete density: 2398 Kg/M 3

M20 ( 1 : 2.48 : 3.55)

Cement : 320 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 683 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 455 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 794 Kg/ M 3
 SOURAV

Total water : 176 Kg/ M 3

Admixture : 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2430 Kg/ M 3

M25 ( 1 : 2.28 : 3.27)

Cement : 340 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 667 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 445 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 775 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.6%
Fresh concrete density: 2414 Kg/ M 3
Note: sand 775 + 2% moisture, Water185 -20.5 =
164 Liters,
Admixture = 0.5% is 100ml

M30 ( 1 : 2 : 2.87)
Cement : 380 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly : 654 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly : 436 Kg/ M 3
River sand : 760 Kg/ M 3
Total water : 187 Kg/ M 3
Admixture : 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2420 Kg/ M 3
Note: Sand = 760 Kg with 2% moisture
(170.80+15.20)

STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS

INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE
FOOT = 0.3048 METRE
YARD = 0.9144 METRE
MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER
ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE
POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM
DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE
CELSIUS
MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH
METRE = 3.2808FOOT
METRE = 1.0936YARD

MATERIAL CALCULATION:
CEMENT IN BAGS
01. PCC 1:5:10 1440/5*0.45 129.60Kg 2.59
02. PCC 1:4:8(M 7.5) 1440/4*0.45 162.00Kg 3.24
03. PCC 1:2:4(M 15) 1440/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
04. PCC 1:3:6(M 10) 1440/3*0.45 216.00Kg 4.32
05. RCC 1:2:4(M 15) 144/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
06. RCC 1:1.5:3(M 20) 1440/1.5*0.45 32.00Kg 8.64
07. RCC 1:1:2(M 25) 370.00Kg 7.40
08. RCC M 30 410.00Kg 8.20
 SOURAV

09. RCC M35 445.00Kg 8.90

10. RCC M40 480.00Kg 9.60
11. Damp Proof Course CM 1:3,20mm tk 1440/3*0.022 10.56Kg 0.21
12. 2"tk precast slab M15 324*0.05 16.20Kg 0.32
13. 3"tk precast slab M15 324*0.075 24.30Kg 0.49
14. GC Masonry CM 1:7 1440/7*0.34 70.00Kg1.40
15. Brick Work CM 1:6 1440/6*0.25 60.00Kg 1.20
16. Brick Work CM 1:4, 115tk 1440/4*0.25*0.115 10.35Kg 0.21
17. Grano Flooring CC 1:1.5:3 1440/1.5*0.45*0.05 21.60Kg 0.43
18. Plastering CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1440/3*0.014 6.72Kg 0.13
19. Wall Plastering CM 1:4, 12mm tk 1440/4*0.014 5.00Kg 0.10
20. Laying Pressed Tiles Over
a CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1440/4*0.022 7.92Kg 0.16

01. Any Concrete Work

(PCC, RCC) 0.45*35.315= 20.00
02. Damp Proof Course
CM `1:3, 20mm tk 1.00
03. 2"tk Precast slab M15 1.00
04. 3"tk Precast slab M15 1.50
05. SS Masonry in CM 1:7 15.00
06. Brick Work in CM 1:6 15.00
07. Brick Work in CM 1:4,115mm tk 2.00
08. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3 1.00
09. Plastering in CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1.00
10. Wall Plastering CM 1:4, 12mm tk 1.00
11. Laying Pressed Tiles over a CM 1:4, 20mm tk
1.00
12. Ceramic Tiles, Marble, Granite, Cuddapah slab
CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1.00

UNIT WEIGHT:
01. Concrete 25 kN/m3
02. Brick 19 kN/m3
03. Steel 7850 Kg/m3
04. Water 1000 Lt/m3
05. Cement 1440 Kg/m3
06. 1Gallon 4.81 Litres
07. Link 8" = 200mm
08. 1 Hectare 2.471 acr(10000m2)
09. 1 Acr 4046.82m2 = 100 cent

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:
01. Compression 38d
02. Tension 47 & 60d
03. 1 Cent 435.60 Sft
04. 1 Meter 3.2808 ft
05. 1 M2 10.76 ft2
06. 1 Feet 0.3048m
07. 1 KN 100Kg
 SOURAV

08. 1kN 1000N

09. 1 Ton 1000Kg = 10,000 N = 10 kN
10. 1 kG 9.81N

BRICK:
Weight = 3.17 - 3.80 Kg
Water absorption 12 to 15%
Compressive strength = 36Kn/cm2
230mm Wall/m3 = 460 Bricks + 20Cft Sand +
66Kg Cement

////////////

)- BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION

Lab test of Rock,Brick,Cement,Aggregate,Concrete etc

ex.

sand + Cement = Mortar

Mortar + Coarse aggregate = Concrete

Different Test of Brick

1) Crushing strength test by UTM in lab

Standard result are 10.5N/mm2 (1st class) 7.5(2nd class) 3.5(3rd class)

Stand. Size of brick- 19x19x9

2)- Water absorption test - Not more than 20% Of water by Wt. If immersed in water for 24hr
- 1st class

Not more than 22% water- 2nd class & 24% - 3rd class

Many other test of brick- Hardness test,Toughness test.

English,Fleming,strecher & Header bond of brick masonary.

CONCRETE

Strong in Compression & weak in tension (i.e we provide steel bar)

Grade(Nominal mix)- M10- 1:3:6 M15- 1:2:4 M20- 1:1.5:3 M25- 1:1:2

Know about admixture

Geo-technical engg.
 SOURAV

Index properties of soil, Phase diagram of soil, Classification of soil

If you are into site execution, know these facts. They'll be useful forever.

 Dimension tolerance for cubes + – 2 mm.

Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.50 m

In soil filling as per IS code for every 100 sqm, 3 sample for core cutting test should be
taken.

Cement shall be stored in dry places on a raised platform about 200mm above floor level and
300 mm away from walls. Bags to be stacked not more than 10 bags high in such a manner
that it is adequately protected from moisture and contamination.

Cement shall be tested for its setting.

1. The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes.
2. The final setting time shall not be more than 10 hours.
 SOURAV

IS 14687 (1999): Guidelines for falsework for concrete structures

IS 1200 : Part 5 : 1982 Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works:
part 5 form work

IS 14835 (2000): Guidelines for Estimating Unit Rate of Items of Work

IS 2502 (1963): Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars

IS 10262 (2009): Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning

Height Regulation:

1. Habitable rooms: The minimum height from the surface of the floor to the ceiling or bottom
of slab should be not les than 2.75m. For air-conditioned rooms, a height of not less than
2.4 m measured from the top of the floor to the lowest point of the air-conditioning duct or
the false ceiling should be provided.
2. Bathrooms, water closets and stores: The height of all such rooms measured from the floor
in the ceiling should not be less than 2.4m. In the case of a passage under the landing, the
minimum headway may be kept as 2.2m.
3. Kitchen: The height of the kitchen measured from the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling
should not be less than 2.75m except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the floor.
4. Ledge: It shall have a minimum head room of 2.2m.

Size of Rooms:

1. Habitable rooms: The area of habitable rooms should not be less than 9.5 sq.m where there
is only one room. Where there are two rooms, one of these should not be less than 9.5 sq.m
and other be not less than 7.5 sq.m with a minimum width of 2.4m.
2. Kitchen: Minimum floor area required is not less than 5.5 sq.m. It should not be less than
1.8min width at any part. With a separate storeroom, the area may be reduced to 4.5 sq.m.
A kitchen cum dining room should have a floor area not less than 9.5 sq.m with a minimum
width of 2.4m. Each kitchen should be provided with a flue.
3. Bathrooms and water closets: The size of bathroom should not be less than 1.5m x 1.2m or
1.8 sq.m. If it is combined with water closet, its floor area should not be less than 2.8 sq.m.
the minimum floor area of a water closet should be 1.1 sqm.
4. Ledge: A ledge in a habitable room shall not cover more than 25% of the floor area of the
floor on which it is constructed and should not interfere with the ventilation of the room
under any circumstances.
5. The minimum size of a mezzanine floor, if it is used as a living room, should not be less than
9.5 sq.m.

Reinforcement wt.
6mm 0.22kg
10mm 0.62kg
12mm 0.88kg
16mm 1.58kg
20mm 2.47kg
 SOURAV

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