The Contemporary World (5) Limitations on National Power:

7 Main Reasons for the Decline of • Rise of World Public Opinion,

Nation State System codification of International Law
and its increased role; a strong
(1) Increased Interdependence movement in favor of
disarmament and arms control
The age of mass production resulting
etc. have been a source of big
from advances registered in
limitation on the national power
scientific, technological and
of a state in contemporary era of
industrial spheres, the consequent
international relations.
possibility of meeting the increased
demands for socio-economic (6) The Erosion of the concept of
welfare of the people, the sovereign Equality of the Nation-
communications revolution, states:
increased mobility of the people all
over the globe, etc. have all In contemporary times the U.S.A.,
combined to provide for increased Russia, Britain, France and China
and ever increasing international as nuclear powers holding the
interdependence. veto power in the U.N. Security
Council, Japan and Germany as
(2) Nationalistic Universalism the two new economically and
technologically advanced states
In this age of internationalism, the
and other four or five local
nation-state finds it essential to
leviathans are the main actors.
formulate the goals of its national
interests in such a way as can help (7) Rise of several powerful Non-
the achievement of universally state Actors:
recognized objectives of
international relations. • The rise of several powerful non-
state actors like the Multinational
(3) Trends towards International Corporations, has still adversely
(regional) Integration: affected the nation-state system.
These non-state actors, called as
The national boundaries are no
transnational, non-government,
longer regarded absolutely sacred
or multinational actors, are
and essential for human well-being.
formed by private companies or
Such a feeling has played an
people living in different parts of
important role in diluting nationalism
the world for carrying out a
in favor of internationalism or at least
particular trade or production
universalistic nationalism.
and distribution of goods and
(4) The Nuclear Age and its Impact: services.

• The emergence of the nuclear • Since the beginning of the 1990s,

weapons has seriously affected globalization has become a high
the nation-state. A modem frequency word in our daily life.
nation-state finds itself incapable
• In 21st century, globalization has
of providing security to its people
become more and more
from a possible nuclear war.
 common in the whole world, no communications and
matter people, organizations, or cultural homogenization,
government, both can see the like the spread of the
changes which globalization American culture and
brings them. McDonald’s culture, those
culture both the symbol of
• Globalization has deeply the cultural globalization.
influence people’s life and
working style, globalization make • As for nation-state, it can
world integrity closely and makes be defined as “a certain
people’s life become more and form of state that derives
more convenient, it brings many its political legitimacy from
benefits to people. serving as a sovereign
entity for a nation as a
• Satellite broadcasts make sovereign territorial unit
people become globally (en.wikipedia.org)” The
audience; they can hear nations is refers a cultural
different kinds of and ethnic entity, and the
information through state is for political and
different countries. The geopolitical entity.
world is becoming a single
place, people sharing the • REGIONALISM AND GLOBAL CIVIL
common understanding of SOCIETY
living together in one
place (Lechner, F.J.& Boli, Regionalism The theory or practice
J, 2000). of coordinating social, economic or
political activities within a
• In economics, globalization refers geographical region comprising a
to internationalization of number of states.
economic, and expands of the
market. The appearance of some • Growth of norms, rules and
international institutions intended structures in this specific region
to supervise the process of
REGIONALISM HAS BOTH NEGATIVE
globalization, these international
AND POSITIVE CONNOTATIONS
institutions includes International
Bank for Reconstruction and - In negative sense, it denotes
Development, and the excessive preference to one’s region
International Monetary Fund over nation
(IMF). It keeps the balance in the
international trade. - In positive sense, it denotes one’s
love for his/her region, culture,
• In international relations, the languages, etc.
importance is the increasing
consistency of the relations CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONALISM
between nations and their global
politics. Local Identity

• In cultural aspect, it is - One of the main characteristics of

focus on global regionalism is its strong local identity
and a loyalty to the region.
Regionalist politicians and many
residents feel pride in the local
culture and its people.

Politicians try to exploit that identity

to gain supporters for their proposals.
The regionalist agendas often claim
that the regional interest should
always come before the national
interest.
• Association of Southeast Asian
Autonomy Nations (ASEAN)

The search of greater autonomy is • Asia-Pacific Economic

usually a priority of regionalism; it Cooperation (APEC)
can be economic or political
• European Union (EU)
PHASES OF REGIONALISM
• North American Free Trade
• First phase 1945 – 1960s Agreement (NAFTA) Southern
African Development Community
OLD REGIONALISM (SADC)
• Old regionalism was created GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
“from above” (often through
superpower intervention). It was - refers to networks of citizens and
inward oriented and protectionist in non-governmental, non-profit
economic terms. It was also specific organizations (NGOs) and
with regard to its objectives (some associations that combine efforts to
organizations being security engage in social, political, and
oriented, others economically economic reform on the local,
oriented). The old regionalism was national, and international levels
concerned only with relations with the intent advancing societal
between nation states. interests and the quality of life
through non-violent practices.
Second phase 1980s
Global Civil Society Actors:
NEW REGIONALISM
 International Non-Governmental
The emergence of new regionalism Organizations
coincided with the end of the Cold
War and a period of increasing  Private Foundations
global economic integration. Its
development ultimately led to  Private Voluntary Organizations
regional organizations that were  Corporate foundations
more open with respect to trade
than those that had formed in the  Coalitions and Committees
era of old regionalism.
 Professional Associations
 Global Civil Society Roles: CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CIVIL
SOCIETY
- to provide social services
 Lack of Funds
- to increase public awareness
 Poor Governance
- to support marginalized
populations  Poor Networking

- to promote civic values  Limited Capacity

- to monitor elections and human GLOBALIZATION

rights violations, etc.
1. Definitions of Globalization
Global Civil society today
Globalization refers to a
- International non-government multidimensional set of social
organizations (INGOs) have been processes that create, multiply,
the most visible part of the global stretch, and intensify worldwide
civil society movement. Their
numbers have grown dramatically in Social interdependencies and
the last few decades, up from 1,083 exchanges while at the same
in 1914 to about 13,000 in 1981 to Time fostering in people a growing
over 47,000 by 2001 (UNDP 2002). awareness of deepening
NGO’s IN THE PHILIPPINES Connections between the local and
the distant.

2. When did Globalization Begin?

Social scientists (esp. sociologists of

globalization) see it as a very recent
phenomenon, something that might
go back to the period following the
major economic crisis of 1973-74,
perhaps to 1945.

2. When did Globalization Begin?

1. Pre-1500

Andre Gunder Frank in his well-

known Re-Orient (1998) argued that
globalization was there well before
1500. This is because:

- Single world economy before 1500

- trade (Silk roads and later

European trade in Asia)
- Centrality of China C. PRESENT 1950 - Business and
- corporations
2. In the Sixteenth Century - Personal
communicatio
Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
n
claims that globalization begun in
1571 when the Spaniards settled
down in Manila in the Philippines and 4. 1820-1913: The Great Phase
opened up trade : Williamson and O’Rourke describe
- Manila to Acapulco the period from 1820 to 1870 as :
- Importance of the Pacific - age of ‘free trade’
- Importance of Silver - liberalization of the state –
3. in the Early 19th Century: Bayly - Increased commodity trade
- Christopher Baily claims that Critiques:
globalization started with the
collapse of 18th century regimes - issues of power forgotten

- This he defines as ‘modern - gunboat diplomacy

globalization’
- colonial control
- and sees it as a process based
on: - Post 1870

- colonialism and imperialism - Mass migration

- and the concept of free trade. - infrastructure (railroads and

steamships, and cables
Type of time features
globalizatio 5. 1914-1945: De-globalization?
n
The interwar period saw:
A. PROTO 1500 - European - economic protectionism
- exploration
1750 - Role of silver - economic and monetary
Importance of instability
slavery
- stagnation of the economies
B. MODERN 1750 Revolutions - moribund empires, and the
- (political and confrontation between the US
1900 economic) and the Soviet Union
Colonialisms
and - lack of innovation
imperialism
Free trade 6. 1945-2013: Contemporary
Globalization
The key force of globalization after
1945 was the action of institutions
and governments Movement Integration Global
issues
And of markets after 1973:

- Liberal economic policies People migration Communication Population

and regimes cities and and
geographies inequality
- Growth of world trade and
financial transactions Things Trade and transport Resources
commodities and the
- Advances in Information environment
Technologies
Actions Capitals Business and Economic
and easier access to information
organisations crises
- Performance of services
remotely Values Ideas and States and Human
ideologies institutions Rights
- New business organizations:

- A high degree of convergence

in NATION–STATE
consumer culture STATE
7. Post 2014: A second de- In the broadest terms, the state is
globalization? a body of government. All the rules
and laws, the government officials
Is it possible that we are going and their titles, the physical
towards de-globalization once
boundaries and those who define
again? them - these make up the state. The
- the 2008 financial crisis state is what makes a country run
from a political, practical standpoint.
- the US is overstretched
BASIC TERMS:
- great power rivalry (US-China)
and a sclerosis of Europe • Sovereign State

- global alliances not working; • Non-Sovereign State

and rogue regimes • Sovereignty Dispute\
- revolutionary terrorism • Multistate

• Stateless Nation

• Four Elements of State:

Citizen/Population, Territory,
Government, Sovereignty
 Citizen/Population: Functions of Government:

The inhabitants/ people living in a • Constituent- includes peace and

state. order (Mandatory)

• Enough Population • Ministrant- social welfare: helping

the needy etc. (Non-Mandatory)
There’s no specific number of
population required to be a state Take note: There can be a
but it must have an enough government even without a state
population to execute some
functions needed for the growth of Sovereignty:
the state
Sovereignty is the full right and
• Self-perpetuating power of a governing body over
itself, without any interference from
Must have a population that can outside sources or bodies. In political
pursue or continue the life in a state theory, sovereignty is a substantive
term designating supreme authority
Territory: over some polity.
An administrative division, usually Aspects of Sovereignty:
an area that is under the jurisdiction
of a state. • Internal Sovereignty- the ability of
the state to implement laws or
Aerial, Terrestrial, Fluvial and policies
Maritime are all considered as part
of states’ territory. • External Sovereignty- the right of
a state to be free from external
Acquisition of Territory: forces of interference that would
challenge, disrupt, or remove its
• Discovery- oldest way to expand
rights & freedom.
or have a territory
NATION
• Prescription- through governing
the state Group of people who shares the
same culture but do not have
• Conquest- forced procurement
sovereignty.
• Cession- agreement between
Created by a shared belief that
states
the people inside a country are
• Accretion- caused by connected to each other.
geographic/geologic process
“Nationalism”
Government: The idea that people of a nation
are connected to each other
A government is the system or
group of people governing an NATION-STATE
organized community, often a state.
When a nation of people has a
sovereign state of their own, it is
 called a nation-state. Populations sovereignty is vested in the Japanese
living in nation-states share a history, people (National Diet of Japan, 2007)
language, ethnicity, and culture
(though, of course, most nation- Japan traditionally seen as an example
states now include populations of of a nation-state and also the largest of
immigrants who do not share the the nation states, with population in
local culture). Places like Iceland
excess of 120 million. It should be noted
and Japan are excellent examples
of nation-states: the vast majority of that Japan has a small number of
people born in those nation-states minorities such as Ryukyu peoples,
share the same ancestry and Koreans, and Chinese, and on the
culture. northern island of Hokkaido, the
indigenous Ainu minority.
Feudal System

The feudal system had been used What is ideology

in France by the Normans from the  Ideology is the study of beliefs of
time they first settled there in about a society within the basis of
900AD. It was a simple, but effective political or economic systems.
system, where all land was owned
by the King. One quarter was kept  “An ideology is a system of
by the King as his personal property, collectively held normative and
some was given to the church and reputedly factual ideas and
the rest was leased out under strict beliefs and attitudes advocating
controls. a particular pattern of social
relationships and arrangements,
• The King: Leader of the Feudal and/or aimed at justifying a
System particular pattern of conduct,
• Barons: Executors of the Feudal which its proponents seek to
System promote, realize, pursue or
maintain.” (Hamilton, 1987)
• Knights
Origin of the Term
• Villeins
 The term was created during the
Japan is considered a nation as it has French revolution by Antione
defined territories, government and the Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) and
residents share a common culture. was first used in public in 1796
meaning “science of ideas”
Japan is also seen as a state due to the
limited authority powers of the Emperor  from French idéologie, from
he is seen as a ceremonial figurehead, Greek idea ‘form, pattern’ + -
logos (denoting discourse or
he is defined by the constitution as “the
compilation)
symbol of the state and of the unity of
the people”. Power is held chiefly by the  Originally "philosophy of the mind
Prime Minister of Japan and other which derives knowledge from
elected members of the Diet, while the senses" (as opposed to
metaphysics), from French
 idéologie "study or science of function within society. To better
ideas," understand how things effect
one another you have to look at
 In the sense defined by French the ideology of that society.
Marxist philosopher Louis
Althusser, ideology is "the  Each society has different
imagined existence (or idea) of ideologies and to understand
things as it relates to the real issues within the society so must
conditions of existence" look at the ideologies.

Karl Marx and Ideology Function of Ideology

 it is derived from the notion of  Ideology today is generally taken

“superstructure “ to mean not a science of ideas,
but the ideas themselves, and
 distinguishes two levels of reality moreover ideas of a particular
to the conscience of the kind.
individual: the infrastructure,
which means the real world, that  Ideologies are ideas whose
of matter, means of production purpose is not epistemic, but
and political.

 superstructure, which returns to  Daniel Bell (1960) dubbed

the world of ideas, the world of ideology ‘an action-oriented
illusions dominated by the ideas system of beliefs,’ and the fact
of the ruling class, the capitalists that ideology is action-oriented
indicates its role is not to render
Characteristics reality transparent, but to
motivate people to do or not do
An ideology is composed of four basic
certain things.
characteristics:
Elements of Ideology
 it must have power over
cognition. Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements
 it must be capable of guiding 1. Hatred
one's evaluations;
 “Mass movements can rise and
 it must provide guidance towards spread without a God, but never
action; and. without belief in a devil”
 it must be logically coherent. 2. Imitation
Ideology in Society  “The less satisfaction we derive,
from being ourselves, the greater
 Ideology is the study of beliefs of
is our desire to be like others …
a society within the basis of
the more we mistrust our
political or economic systems.
judgment and luck, the more we
 Therefore one could argue that are ready to follow the example
Ideology is plays a huge role as a of others.”
Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

3. Persuasion

 “a passionate search for

something not yet found more
than a desire to bestow
something we already have”

4. Coercion

 Hoffer asserts that violence and

fanaticism are interdependent.
“It takes fanatical faith to
rationalize our cowardice”

Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

5. Leadership

 The skill required to be a leader

include: audacity, brazenness,
iron will, fanatical conviction;
passionate hatred, cunning, a
delight in symbols; ability to
inspire blind faith in the masses
and a group of able lieutenants

 Charlatanism is indispensable. He
will not lead followers towards the
“promised land” but only “away
from their unwanted selves”

6. Action

 Original thoughts are suppressed,

and unity encouraged.

Eric Hoffer: Unifying Elements

7. Suspicion

 “There is prying and spying, tense

watching and a tense awareness
of being watched.”

 Encourages conformity, not

dissent