LESSON 1: GLOBALIZATION Core Claims of Globalism

Glocalization ▸ “the simultaneity-the co-presence-of  Globalization is about the liberation and

both universalizing and particularizing tendencies global integration of markets.
 Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Underlying Philosophies of Globalization Definitions
 Nobody is in-charge of globalization.
▸ It is the process by which regional economies,  Globalization benefits everyone.
societies and cultures have become integrated  Globalization furthers the spread of
through a globe spinning network of communication democracy in the world.
and trade.  Globalization requires a global war on terror.

▸ A set of multiple, uneven and sometimes Globalization in Blending of Cultures ▸ Christian

overlapping historical processes, including economics, missionaries from Europe added to the globalization
politics, and culture, that have combined with the of Christianity.
evolution of media technology to create the
Globalization in Technology ▸ Global news networks,
conditions under which the globe itself can now be
like CNN, contribute to the spread of knowledge.
understood as “an imagined community” (Lule,2017)
Other Globalization Examples ▸ The Olympics began
A long-term effort to integrate the global dimensions
in ancient Greece and continue today
of life into each nation’s economics, politics and
culture. National development has ceased to be an
isolated procedure and has now become part of
LESSON 2. MARKET INTEGRATION INTERNATIONAL
global process (Wishard, 1999).
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Globalization
INTRODUCTION
▹ Dependency Theory
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference
▹ Opposite of Localization
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
• Market imperative
was established in 1945 and based in Washington
• Resource imperative D.C., it has 189 member countries working to
promote global economic growth, financial stability,
• IT imperative
and international trade.
• Ecological imperative
• Function: monitoring, capacity building, and lending

• Conditional loans
Mythology about Globalization
• Decision-making
 The Myth of ‘Time and Space Have
WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG)
Disappeared’
 The Myth of ‘Global Cultural Homogeneity’ It was created following the Bretton Wood
 The Myth of ‘Saving Planet Earth’ agreements to provide financial assistance to
 The Myth of ‘Democracy for Export via countries affected by World War 1 for reconstruction
American TV’ projects in 1945. It has two ambitious goals to end
 The Myth of ‘The New World Order’ extreme poverty and to promote shared prosperity.

Globalization is a process of interaction and WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG)

integration among the people, companies, and
5 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
governments of different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by • International Bank for Reconstruction and
information technology. This process has effects on Development (IBRD)
the environment, on culture, on political systems on
economic development and prosperity, and on human • International Development Association (IDA)
physical well-being in societies around the world • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
(“Globalization 101”).
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)  (2) These states interact with one another
through diplomacy;
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID)  (3) International organizations exist to
facilitate these interactions; and
World Bank has long been criticized due to corruption,
the so called free market reform policies are in  (4) Beyond facilitating meeting among states,
practice harmful to economic development, and or these organizations also take lives on their
investing in projects with human rights issues. own (Claudio, 2018).

WHAT IS STATE AND NATION?

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE  a State may not be a Nation or a Nation may
(GATT) AND WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) not be a State”

ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS  STATE

A global corporation is operating in two or more There four essential elements of a state:
countries and face a lot of challenges and people, territory, sovereignty, and government. Based
opportunities in their quest to capture value in the on these elements, "state is a community of persons,
world market. This includes multinational and more or less numerous, permanently occupying a
transnational corporations. fixed territory, and possessed an independent.

ADVANTAGES  NATION

• Cheaper labor refers to a group of people who share

common characteristics like history or origin, culture,
• Broader market base
religion, and language. A nation may consist of many
• More costumers states.

• Tax cut Ex. Arab Nations and United Nation

DISADVANTAGES The nationalism among the people actually initiated

the formation of states. People came up with social
•potential abuse to workers contract agreement that there must be a government
• Threat to local business may arise where it will serve as an instrument to through which
their will is expressed, formulated, and realized.
• Loss of jobs Hence, state and nation are closely related to each
Lesson 3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTE SYSTEM other.

 International relations is being studied then. EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ABOUT OF

It is attempting to explain the interactions of GOVERNMENT
states in the global interstate system and the  With the changes around the world
behavior that occurs across the boundaries of associated with globalization, a lot are still
states. A deeper understanding of this will apprehensive. A lot of people are skeptical
lead to a certain phenomenon known as about the role of globalization in human lives.
internationalization.
POSITIVE EFFECTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY
Internationalization - is the process of increasing GLOBALIZATION
involvement of business in the international arena. (Mohammad Abo Gazleh, 2001).
There is an increase importance of international
trade, alliances, and treaties.  In Communicaion – subscribers and users of
internet are remarkably increasing.
 It is important to note that there are four key
attributes in world politics today:  In Education – new communication and
technologies enebled the students and
 (1) There are states that are independent researchers to access ideas and information
from one another; from the best libraries around the globe.
  In different fore issues- almost everyone is Genetically modified organisms
made aware of their rights. (GMO) and cloning emerged under the Genetic
Engineering Science which violates the laws of nature.
 In culture - clear and deeper understanding of
the different communities with their practices INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL
and religions which leads to a possible RELATIONS
demonstration of sympathy and compassion
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION – form a vital
with one another in time of calamities and
part of contemporary international relations.
tragedies
They are the central focus of policymaking
 In resources - while developing countries efforts around the world. These are
need capital, technology and brainpower organizations with international membership,
there is a growing interdependence among scope, or presence.
these countries.
 GENERALIST INTER-STATE ORGANIZATION
 In investment - developed countries flow
are composed of different nations with its member
investment to developing countries which
states having the same aims and purpose.
pushes up the reserve of foreign exchange.
Economic institutions agencies or foundations that
 In competition - every global corporation as
provide production and distribution of goods and
well as domestic corporation will improve the
services which is important to the economy of the
quality of their product and services to
country
compete globally, resulting a survival of the
fittest situation. INTERNATIONALISM VS GLOBALISM
NEGATIVE EFFECTS of this phenomenon identified by INTERNATIONALISM
Gazleh (2001).
The different nations decided to cooperate with one
 In Culture - globalization is a challenge to another in political, economic and cultural aspects for
culture and language. the promotion of the common good
 In Developing Countries- although they INTERNATIONALISM
contributed a lot in the system, they do not
yield benefits from such contribution.  Hegemonic internationalism - is the
dominance of one country over a nation or
The world has become a "global pillage nation-state. Most often, nations with ruling
instead of global village" (Giddens, 2000). power will bring their successions to the less
influenced states.
 In Religion - exchange of information on
different opinions about various religions are  Liberal internationalism - is a belief
made easier by globalization. introduced by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
that nation- states should give up some of
 In Morals - immoral acts are not only
their freedoms and establish a continuously
globalized but also becoming a disease.
growing global system consisting of various
 In International Politics, - the collapse of nations working together to prevent
some countries like the Soviet Union has led lawlessness in the world.
powerful countries like the US to control the
 Revolutionary internationalism - believes
global system and international relations.
that conflict in the society are due to
 In Economy - many national economies international factors and alliances
collapsed dues to the emergence of global
GERMAN PHILOSOPER
corporations that offer cheaper products and
services. It has led to fluctuation in price. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
 In science - contributes to new scientific Friedrich Engels (1820- 1895),
revolutions in many fields, especially in space
and computer sciences. SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
  socialist internationalism existed in which • Modern international system has three main
people belong in the working class nation features; The first stage concerns the
unite one another to protect themselves definition of state as a primary tool of
against exploits, abuses, and oppressions decision in international relations. The second
done by the capitalist class. stage refers to agreement between states.
And the third stage consists of the multilateral
GLOBALISM
system, having in its core the United Nations.
 An ideology based on the belief that people,
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATION
goods and information ought to be able to
cross national borders unfettered. It is the ● The United Nation is the most prominent
attitude of putting the interests of the entire international institution established. It is
world above the interests of individual intergovernmental that promotes
nations. international cooperation and creates and
maintains international order.
GLOBALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
● The name “United Nations” was coined by
 Globalism - is the network of nation-states.
United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Globalization - the degree of relationship, and first used in the Declaration by the United
how thick or thin globalism is, refers to Nation on January 1, 1942, during the Second
globalization which focuses on the changes on World War.
the forces, dynamism or speed.
● The United Nations (UN) was established in
DISTINCT DIMENTION OF GLOBALISM 1945 as a response to the devastation of
World War II. Its primary goals were to
 Economic Globalism prevent future conflicts, promote
involves long distance flows of goods, services, capital international cooperation, and protect human
and information that accompany market exchange. rights. The UN's founding was based on the
principles of sovereignty, international
 Environmental Globalism cooperation, human rights, and peace and
the distant transportation of materials in the aerial, security.
fluvial, or terrestrial aspects 1. General Assembly
 Military Globalism 2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council
The long distance networks in which force, and the 4. Secretariat
threat or promise of force, are deployed. 5. International Court of Justice
6. UN Trusteeship Council
 Social or Cultural Globalism
SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE
involves movements of information, ideas, images
UN
and of people who carry those by people themselves.
UN General Assembly- may deliberate and settle
issues relating to maintaining the peace and security
LESSON 4: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE and make recommendations to nation-states or
suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC).
• How the government is being run and
- Un Secretariat- supports the other UN bodies
managed by the people who are in the
administratively (e.g., organizing of conference,
government is called governance.
writing of reports and studies, and preparing of the
budget).
Global governance is a movement among
- International Court of Justice- decides disputes
transnational actors towards political
between states which observe its jurisdiction; issues
cooperation aimed to solve issues or
legal opinions; and render judgment by relative
problems that affect more than one state or
majority.
region.
UN Security Council- It has 15 members on which five refuges and migration governance that
of them are permanent with veto power and 10 are somewhat posed greater risks to marginalized
elected members. population.
- UN Economic and Social Council- responsible for
• Artificial intelligence is highly relied upon in
cooperation between states with regard to economic
finding solution to this impending problem of
and social matters; and coordinates cooperation
disease, and other emergencies.
between the UN’S numerous specialized agencies.
- UN Trusteeship Council- originally programmed to STATE RELEVANCE AMID GLOBALIZATION
manage colonized countries which were former
mandates of League of Nations. • Despite the many concerns on the loss of
sovereignty due to globalization, the state
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST remains the key actor in the international and
CENTURY domestic arenas even with the assumption of
the emergence of global civil society.
The United Nations has naturally faced numerous
problems and challenges given the scope of its LESSON 5: A WORLD OF REGIONS
responsibilities.
GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
- It functions due to the voluntary cooperation from
states. If one state refused to cooperate, there is REGIONALISM- involves countries in a specific area
always tendency that the influence of UN is working together
compromised. -economic policy cooperation and coordination
GOVERNANCE GAPS among countries

Weiss (2015), identified five global governance gaps; -product of political, economic and social actors
knowledge, normative, policy, institutional, and REGIONALIZATION- concentration of economic flows
compliance within a region
1. Knowledge is a valuable core asset which is -binding together the region’s economy
both intangible and concrete, a general and
specific source. REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS- form for economic and
political purposes
2. Normative role or Norms of the UN which has
been fundamental since it’s creation. -helps member states address their common
challenges, enhance their collective influence, and
3. Policies are enacted and implemented to promote their own interests.
settle problems or issues. There are many
actors involved in the process of making these North-South Divide
policies.  Socio-economic and political division between
4. Institutional gaps would include any failures wealthy developed countries (North) and
to effective mechanisms to ensure that the poorer developing countries (South).
law is in place.  It emphasizes the development gap.

5. Compliance gaps. It is on the issue whether GLOBAL NORTH

the policies are implemented or enforced -Encompasses the West, First World, and parts of the
effectively. Second World.
CHALLENGES IN THIS COVID-19 PANDEMIC -Includes G8 regions and developed regions in Asia.
• During the lockdown, digital technologies are GLOBAL SOUTH
being deployed to continue “business as
usual” as economic recession wrecks the Includes Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceana.
global market.
-Comprises Third World and Periphery Countries
• The government imposes a new travel
BRANDT LINE
restriction by countries which redefine
Proposed by Willy Bandt during 1980’s
-It shows the income inequality IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN LATIN AMERICA

-Rich countries above the line, and poor countries are -Economic Exploitation
below
-Resource extraction and environmental degradation

-Cultural and Social Changes

-Improvement in communication and technology

-Persistent Challenges and Inequalities

LESSON 6: ASIAN REGIONALISM

GLOBAL SOUTH vs THIRD WORLD

- 1969 -1952
- Shift from a focus on -Coined by Alfred Sauvy
development to -Differentiated between
geopolitical relations wealthy(First World),
-South-South Communist GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
Cooperation(SSC) for states(Second World),
mutual benefit and poorer coutries
-Emphasis on -Deep poverty,
collaboration and inequality, and
solidarity among underdevelopment
disadvantaged
countries

GLOBAL RELATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

Colonia Era exploitation by Spain and Portugal

-19th century capitalist exploitation

-Urbanization and “modernization poverty”

-Brutal treatment under fascist dictatorships

Waves of Globalization in Latin America

1. First Wave- military invasion and cultural

annihilation(15th-16th centuries)

2. Second Wave- economic exploitation for

European industrialization(19th century)

3. Third Wave- cultural and technological

impacts, with mixed benefits

Opportunities

-Potential for social renewal and planetary survival

challenges

-Environmental